Swarthmore College Catalogue, 1951-1952

AUG 2 5 1951
/ SW \ ftTHMORE
COLLEGE
_____

\ L I B R A R Y

SWARTHMOREC>
COLLEGE
BULLETIN

CATALOGUE
1951-1952

SWARTHMORE

PENNSYLVANIA

The Bulletin, of which this publication is Volume XLIX, No. 1, is published
quarterly by Swarthmore College, frpm the College Office, Swarthmore, Pa.
Entered at the post office at Swarthmore, Pa., as second-class matter,
in accordance with provision of the Act of Congress of August 24, 1912.

(Printed, in U. S. A .)

Parrish Hall

Magill Walk

SWARTHMORE COLLEGE
BULLETIN

CATALOGUE
1 9 5 1 -1 9 5 2

SW A R T H M O R E , P E N N S Y L V A N IA

Volume XLIX

Number 1

Ninth Month, 1951

Directions for Correspondence
For information about:
GENERAL COLLEGE POLICY

John W . Nason, President
ADMISSIONS AND SCHOLARSHIPS

For men: Dean Everett L. Hunt
For women: Dean Susan P. Cobbs
RECORDS, TRANSCRIPTS AND CATALOGUES

John M. Moore, Registrar
FIN A N CIA L IN FO R M A TIO N

Edward K. Cratsley, Vice-President
Charles G. Thatcher, Business Manager
VOCATIONAL PLA C EM EN T A ND GUIDANCE

Gilmore Stott, Assistant Dean
Barbara Colbron, Associate Dean
A L U M N I AFFAIRS

Joseph B. Shane, Vice-President
GENERAL IN FO R M A TIO N

George A. Test, Director of Publicity
DIRECTORY O F STUD ENTS

Obtainable upon request to the Registrar

SWARTHMORE COLLEGE

•

SWARTHMORE, PENNSYLVANIA

2

Table of Contents
Calendar ..............................................................................
P ersonnel ..............................................
The Corporation and The Board of Managers .................................................
Alumni Association Officers and Alumni C o u n c il.............................................
The Faculty ...............................................................................................................
Divisions and Departments .................
Standing C om m ittees.................................................
Administrative Officers and Assistants ................................................................
Honorary Curators of the Biddle Memorial L ib ra ry .........................................
I ntroduction to Swarthmore College .........................
Admission .............................................................................................
Expenses ...................................................................................................................
Student Aid and' Scholarships .......................... . „.......... ......................................
Educational Resources'....................................................................
College lif e ................................................... . .......................................................
Student Community ................................................................................................
T he Educational P rogram ........................................................................................
Program for Freshmen and Sophom ores...................
Program for Juniors and S e n io rs..................................
Honors W ork .........................
Pre-Medical Program .................
Faculty Regulations ................................................................................................
Requirements for G ra d u a tio n .................................................................................
Advancd Degrees .......................
Awards and Prizes .......................... i ......................................................................
Fellowships ...................................’.................... ......................................................
Courses of I n s t r u c t io n ...................
B io lo g y ........................................................................................................................
Chemistry .......................................................
Classics .................................................
Economics ........................................
Engineering ...........................................................................................................I .
English Literature .....................
Fine Arts ............
History ......................................................................
International Relations .............................................' .............................................
Mathematics and Astronomy .................................................................................
Modern Languages and Literature .................
Music .........................
Philosophy and R e lig io n ...................................................
Physical Education for Men ..................................................................
Physical Education for W o m e n .....................
Physics .......................................................
Political'Science.................
Psychology and Education ..................................
Russian Studies
Reference Section ..........
Visiting Examiners ..................................................................................
Degrees Conferred ...................................................
Distribution of Students ........................................................................
Recent Publications About Swarthmore C o lle g e.................................................
Index .............................
P lan o f College G r o u n d s .................
3

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College Calendar
1951

Fall Semester
Ninth Month 20-23 .............. Freshman placement days
Ninth Month 2 4 ............ ..........Registration, 1: 00 p:m.
Ninth Month 25 .....................Classes and honors seminars begin
Tenth Month 2 .......................Meeting of the Board of Managers
Eleventh Month 6 .................. Executive Committee of the Board of Managers
Eleventh Month 22 .................Thanksgiving Day (holiday)
Twelfth Month 4 ................... Annual Meeting of the Board of Managers
Twelfth Month 1 9 ................. Christmas recess begins, 6: 00 p. m.

1952
First
First
First
First
First
First
First
First
First

Month
Month
Month
Month
Month
Month
Month
Month
Month

3 ....................... Christmas recess ends, 8: 00 a. m.
8 ....................... Executive Committee of the Board of Managers
17 .......................Classes end
18 .......................Registration, 1: 30 p. m.
18, 1 9 ................ Review period for course students
19 .......................Honors seminars end
21 .......................Mid-year examinations begin
23 ....................H o n o rs seminars begin for spring semester
31 .......................Mid-year examinations end

Spring Semester
Second Month 4 ....................... Classes begin
Second Month 5 .......................Executive Committee of the Board of Managers
Third Month 4 .......................Meeting of the Board of Managers
Third Month 22. . . . . . . . . . . Spring recess begins, 11: 00 a. m.
Third Month 3 1 ...................... Spring recess ends, 8: 00 a. m.
Fourth Month 1 ...................... Executive Committee of the Board of Managers
Fifth Month 6 ........................ Executive Committee of the Board of Managers
Fifth Month 6 .........................Honors seminars end
Fifth Month 16 .......................Honors written examinations begin
Fifth Month17 .......................Classes end for seniors
Fifth Month22 ....................... Classes end
Fifth Month23 ....................... Enrollment in classes for winter semester, 1: 30 p.
Fifth Month 23-24 ...................Review period for course students
Senior comprehensive examinations
Fifth Month2 6 ........................Final examinations begin
Fifth Month 27 .......................Honors written examinations end
Fifth Month 2 9 -3 1 .................Honors oral examinations
Sixth Month 5 ........................Final examinations end
Sixth Month 6 ......................... Meeting of the Board of Managers
Sixth Month 7 ....................... Alumni Day
Sixth Month 8 ....................... Baccalaureate Day
Sixth Month 9 ........................Commencement Day

5

College Calendar
1952

Fall Semester
Ninth Month 18-21 ................ Freshman placement days
Ninth Month 2 2 .......................Registration, 1: 00 p. m.
Ninth Month 2 3 .......................Classes and honors seminars begin
Tenth Month 7 .......................Meeting of the Board of Managers
Eleventh Month 6 ...................Executive Committee of the Board of Managers
Eleventh Month 27 . . . . . . . . . Thanksgiving Day (holiday)
Twelfth Month 2 .................... Annual Meeting of the Board of Managers
Twelfth Month 2 0 .............. . .Christmas recess begins, 12:00 noon

1953
First
First
First
First
First
First
First
First
First

Month 5 .........................Christmas recess ends, 8: 00 a. m.
Month 6 ........................... Executive Committee of the Board of Managers
Month 15 .......................Classes end
Month 1 6 .........................Registration, 1:30 p. m.
Month 1 6 -1 7 ...................Review period for course students
Month 17 .......................Honors seminars end
Month 1 9 ........................ Mid-year examinations begin
Month 21 .......................Honors seminars begin for spring semester
Month 2 9 ........................ Midryear examinations end

Spring Semester
Second Month 2 ...................... Classes begin
Second Month 3 .......................Executive Committee of the Board of Managers
Third Month 3 .......................Meeting of the Board of Managers
Third Month 2 1 ....................... Spring recess begins, 12: 00 noon
Third Month 3 0 ....................... Spring recess ends, 8: 00 a. m.
Fourth Month 7 ....................... Executive Committee of the Board of Managers
Fifth Month 5 .........................Executive Committee of the Board of Managers
Honors seminars end
Fifth Month 15 ..................... Honors written examinations begin
Fifth Month 16 ..................... Classes end for second-semester seniors
Fifth Month 21 ..................... Classes end
Fifth Month 22 ..................... Enrollment in classes for winter semester, 1: 30 p. m.
Fifth Month 22-23 ...... ..
Review period for course students
Senior written comprehensives
Fifth Month 25 .......................Final examinations begin '
Honors written examinations end
Fifth Month 28-30 .................. Honors oral examinations
Sixth Month 3 .........................Final examinations end
Sixth Month 5 ........................Meeting of the Board of Managers
Sixth Month 6 ........................Alumni Day
Sixth Month 7 ........................Baccalaureate Day
Sixth Month 8 ........................Commencement Day
6

The Corporation
H oward Cooper J ohnson , President

801 Market St., Philadelphia 5, Pa.
Claude C. Sm ith , Vice-President

1617 Land Title Building, Philadelphia 10, Pa.
E leanor Stabler C larke, Secretary

Crumwald Farm, Wallingford, Pa.
H elen G awthrop W orth , Assistant Secretary

Claymont, Delaware
E. Lawrence W orstall, Treasurer
421 Chestnut St., Philadelphia 1, Pa.

Board of Managers
Emeriti
H etty Lippinco tt M iller , Riverton, N. J.
E lsie P almer Brow n , 1622 Twenty-ninth Street, N. W., Washington 7, D. C.
H enry C. T urner , Buck Hill Falls, Pa.
Clem ent M. Biddle, P. O. Box 743, Church St. Sta., Mew York 8, N. Y.
Robert P yle, West Grove, Pa.

Life Members
E leanor Stabler C larke, Crumwald Farm, Wallingford, Pa.
I saac H. C lothier , J r ., 801 Market Street, Philadelphia 5, Pa.
M ary Lippinco tt G riscom, 314 East Central Avenue, Moorestown, N. J.
H oward Cooper J ohnson , 801 Market Street, Philadelphia 5, Pa.
H adassah M oore Leeds, 1025 Westview Street, Philadelphia 19, Pa.
C laude C. Sm ith , 1617 Land Title Building, Philadelphia 10, Pa.
Barclay W hite , 22 North Thirty-sixth Street, Philadelphia 4, Pa.
H elen G awthrop W orth , Claymont, Del.

Term Expires Twelfth Month, 1951
Robert E. Lamb, 3429 West Indiana Avenue, Philadelphia 32, Pa.
T homas B. M cCabe, Front and Market Streets, Chester, Pa.
A n n a E ngle T aylor, 8240 Fairview Road, Philadelphia 17, Pa.
Boyd T. Barnard, 914 Lincoln-Liberty Building, Philadelphia 7, Pa.
* Raymond K. D enworth , 117 South Seventeenth Street, Philadelphia 3, Pa.
♦D orothy M errill G ulick , Proctor Academy, Andover, N. H.

Term Expires Twelfth Month, 1952
T. Stockton M atthews , Garrett Building, Baltimore, Md.
Edith W ilson J ackson, 317 North Chester Road, Swarthmore, Pa.
Frank Aydelotte , 88 Battle Road, Princeton, N. J.
P h ilip T. Sharples , Twenty-third and Westmoreland Streets, Philadelphia 40, Pa.
♦Richard H. M c Feely , George School, Bucks County, Pa.
♦M argaret Ball D ellm uth , 12 Country Club Road, Camp Hill, Pa.

Term Expires Twelfth Month, 1953
P hebe U nderhill Seaman , Jericho, N. Y.
E lisabeth H allowell Bartlett , 1922 Mount Royal Terrace, Baltimore 17, Md.
N icholas K elley , 70 Broadway, New York 4, N. Y.
E. Lawrence W orstall, 33 Dudley Avenue, Lansdowne, Pa.
♦G ertrude W ood T hatcher , 21 College Avenue, Swarthmore, Pa.
♦W illiam H. W ard, 630 Strath Haven Avenue, Swarthmore, Pa.
* Nominated by the Alumni Association.
8

Term Expires Twelfth Month, 1954
R uth P otter A shton , 409 Elm Avenue, Swarthmore, Pa.
I sabel J enkins Booth , 400 Delaware Street, New Castle, Del.
Lydia F oulke T aylor, 23 Summit Avenue, Larchmont, N. Y.
T heodore W iding , 800 Lincoln-Liberty Building, Philadelphia 7, Pa.
*A mos J. P easlee, Clarksboro, N. J.
*E llen F ernon Reisner, 43 Wooddale Road, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia 18, Pa.

Committees o f t h e Board
The President is ex-Officio a Member of Every Committee
Executive
Barclay W hite
M ary Lippincott G riscom
I saac H. Clothier , J r .
Robert E. Lamb
Lydia Foulke T aylor
E leanor Stabler Clarke
Raymond K. D enworth
Edith W ilson J ackson

Claude C. Sm ith
R uth P otter A shton
H adassah M oore Leeds
Boyd T. Barnard
T heodore W iding
P h ilip T. Sharples
E. Lawrence W orstall
H elen G awthrop W orth

Finance
T heodore W iding
Claude C. Sm ith
N icholas K elley

P h ilip T. Sharples
E. Lawrence W orstall
W illiam H. W ard

Instruction and Libraries
Claude C. Sm ith
Ru t h P otter A shton
P hebe U nderhill Seaman
Edith W ilson J ackson
H adassah M oore Leeds
Barclay W hite

Lydia Foulke T aylor
H elen G awthrop W orth
T heodore W iding
Frank A yde lotte
Richard H. M c Feely

Property
Robert E. Lamb
M ary Lippincott G riscom
Barclay W hite
Boyd T. Barnard

I sabel J enkins Booth
Raymond K. D enworth
A mos J. P easlee
W illiam H . W ard

Trusts
H oward Cooper J ohnson
I saac H . Clothier , J r .
T. Stockton M atthews

Boyd T. Barnard
T homas B. M cCabe
E. Lawrence W orstall

Household and Student Affairs
M ary Lippincott G riscom
E leanor Stabler Clarke
E lisabeth H allowell Bartlett
Richard H . M c F eely
E llen F ernon Reisner

A n n a Engle T aylor
G ertrude W ood T hatcher
T heodore W iding
D orothy M errill G ulick
M argaret Ball D ellmuth

Nominating
Richard H . M c F eely
Claude C. Sm ith
H elen G awthrop W orth

Boyd T. Barnard
I sabel J enkins Booth
H adassah M oore Leeds

Nominated by the Alumni Association.
9

Alumni Association Officers
President, W illiam F. Lee ’33, 5 Guernsey Road, Swarthmore, Pa.
Vice-President for Men, H erbert L. Brown '16, 3730 Woodland Avenue, Drexel
Hill, Pa.
Vice-President for Women, V irginia Brow n G reer ’26, Farnura Road, Media, Pa.
Secretary, I n ez Coulter R ussell ’25, 416 Haverford Place, Swarthmore, Pa.

Alumni Council
Zone I
T erm E xpires
1952 W illiam L. Cornog T9, 9 Green Ridge Road, Gradyville, Pa.
T. H. D udley P erkins , J r . ’37, Shipley Road, Wyckwood, Wilmington,

R. D. Del.

1953

Frank H. J ackson ’23, 1114 Beech Road, Rosemont, Pa.
Lewis M. G ill ’33, 527 Baird Road, Merion, Pa.

1954 G eorge C. Corson TO, Butler Pike, Plymouth Meeting, Pa.
Edward L. N oyes ’31, 490 Riverview Road, Swarthmore, Pa.
Barclay W hite , J r . ’43, 314 Vassar Avenue, Swarthmore, Pa.
1952 Esther Ridpath D elaplaine ’44, 1020 S. Harvard Avenue, Swarthmore, Pa.
J ulia Y oung M urray ’17, 105 Princeton Avenue, Swarthmore, Pa.
1953

A n n a Roberts Brosius ’23, Russell Road, Berwyn, Pa.
N ancy D eane P assmore ’30, Box 209, Rutledge, Pa.

1954

Catharine R. Belville T9, Box 372, Trenton 3, N. J.
K atherine W arren Coles ’32, 517 Walnut Lane, Swarthmore, Pa.
P hyllis H arper T ow nley ’28, 329 Hamilton Road, Merion, Pa.

1952
1953
1954
1952
1953
1954

W illiam R. Cisney ’22, 6 Montague Terrace, Brooklyn 2, N. Y.
E llis G. Bishop ’28, 61 Normandie Place, Cranford, N. J.
Frank S. Christian ’31, Harrington Road, R. D. 2, Framingham, Mass.
V irginia M elick T urner ’27, Acorn Hill, Oakwood Lane, Greenwich, Conn.
V irginia Cobb '46, 19 Hilliard St., Cambridge 38, Mass.
Caroline J ackson R ushmore ’31, 24 Atlanta Ave., East Williston, N. Y.

1952
1953

H enry L loyd Pike ’33, 3315 Idlewild Drive, Chattanooga, Tenn.
Frederick S. D onnelly , J r . ’41, Armstrong Cork Co., 295 Fifth Ave.,

Zone 11

Zone III
New York 16, N. Y.
1952 Edna Shoemaker M allen ’28, 1712 Preston Road, Alexandria, Va.
1953 M ary F. B lackburn T3, 407 Hollen Road, Baltimore 12, Md.
1952
1953

1952
1953

Robert L. T estwuide ’31,
R. F letcher Seymour ’26,
Chicago 3, 111.
E lizabeth C lack M c Caul
E lizabeth G eddes Baker
Glenview, 111.

Zone IV
636 Michigan Ave., Sheboygan, Wisconsin.
Lake Michigan Mortgage Co., 105 S. LaSalle St.,
’29, 462 Pilgrim Ave., Birmingham, Mich.
’34, 1637 E. Ridgewood Lane, Glen Oak Acris,

Zone V
1954 W illiam P. W ood ’36, 28 Crest View Drive, Orinda, Calif.
1954 J ean B. W alton '35, 136 East Seventh Street, Claremont, Calif.
10

The Faculty
J o h n W . N ason , President ................................................... ............324 Cedar Lane

B.A., Carleton College; B.A., University of Oxford; M.A., Harvard University;
LL.D., University of Pennsylvania, Carleton College; Litt.D., Muhlenberg
College, Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital of Philadelphia.
Edward K. Cratsley, Vice-President— Financial Operation and Control, and
Professor of Economics ............................................... 925 Strath Haven Avenue
B.A., College of Wooster; M.B.A. and D.C.S., Harvard University.
J oseph B. Sha ne , Vice-President-—Public Relations and Alumni Affairs, and
Professor of Education ........................................................... Cunningham House
B.A., Swarthmore College; M.A., University of Pennsylvania.
Susan P. Cobbs, Dean and Professor of Classics...................................West House
B.A., Randolph-Macon Woman’s College; M.A., New York University; Ph.D.
University of Chicago.
Everett L. H u n t , Dean and Professor of E nglish........................... 604 Elm Avenue
B.A., Huron College; M.A., University of Chicago; D.Litt., Huron College.
*J o h n M. M oore, Associate Dean, Registrar and Associate Professor of Philosophy,
2 Whittier Place
B.A., Park College; B.D., Union Theological Seminary; M.A., Harvard Uni­
versity; Ph.D., Columbia University.
Barbara Colbron , Associate D e a n ..................................... 120 South Chester Road
B.A., Bryn Mawr College.
G ilmore Stott , Assistant Dean ...........................................318 Dartmouth Avenue
B.A. and M.A., University of Cincinnati; B.A. and M.A., Oxford University;
M.A. and Ph.D., Princeton University.
Charles G. T hatcher , Business Manager ...............................613 Ogden Avenue
B.A., Swarthmore College; M.E., Cornell University; M.M.E., Johns Hopkins
University.

E meriti
A lfred M ansfield Brooks, Professor Emeritus of Fine Arts . . . . Gloucester, Mass.

B.A., and M.A., Harvard University; M.A., Indiana University.
H enrietta J osephine M eete Er , Professor Emeritus of Greek and Latin

309 Warwick Road, Haddonfield, N. J.
B.A., Indiana University; Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania.
Samuel Copeland P almer , Professor Emeritus of Botany,
26th and Chestnut Streets, Chester, Pa.
B.A. and M.A., Swarthmore College; M.A. and Ph.D., Harvard University.

P rofessors
M ary A lbertson, Professor of H isto ry .........................................405 Walnut Lane

B.A., M.A., and Ph.D., Bryn Mawr College.
»♦S olomon E. Asch , Professor of Psychology...................................513 Elm Avenue

B.S., College of the City of New York; M.A. and Ph.D., Columbia University.
H einrich Brinkm ann , Professor of Mathematics...........................403 Walnut Lane

B.A., Leland Stanford Junior University; M.A. and Ph.D., Harvard University.
Samuel T. Carpenter , Professor of Civil Engineering.............. 612 Ogden Avenue

B.C.E., C.E. and M.S., Ohio State University.
♦♦E dward H. Cox, Professor of Chemistry . . .......................................8 Whittier Place

B.S., Earlham College; M.A., Harvard University; Sc.D., University of Geneva.
♦H enry J ermain M aude Creighton , Edmund Allen Professor of Chemistry,

515 Elm Avenue
B.A., M.A. and LL.D., Dalhousie University; M.Sc., University of Birming­
ham; D.Sc., Das eidgenössische Polytechnikum, Zurich.
Richard S. Crutchfield , Professor of Psychology .........................8 Crum Ledge
B.S., California Institute of Technology; Ph.D., University of California.

* Absent on. leave, Fall Semester.
* * Absent on leave, Spring Semester.

11

A rnold D resden, Edward H . Magill Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy,

606 Elm Avenue
M.S. and Ph.D., University of Chicago.
Robert K. Enders, ¡Professor of Z oology........................................... 311 Elm Avenue
B.A. and Ph.D., University of Michigan.
H erbert F. F raser, Professor of Economics................................. W allingford Hills
M.A., University of Aberdeen; F.R.Econ.S.
P h ilip M arshall H icks, Alexander Griswold Cummins Professor of English,
525 Elm Avenue
B.A. and M.A., Swarthmore College; Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania.
♦H oward M alcolm J enkins , Professor of Electrical Engineering,
506 North Chester Road
B.A. and E.E., Swarthmore College.
♦W olfgang K ohler , Research Professor of Philosophy and Psychology,
603 Elm Avenue
Dr. Phil., University of Berlin; D.Sc., University of Pennsylvania.
H arold M. M arch, Professor of F rench......................................... 600 Elm Avenue
B.A., Princeton University; Ph.D., Yale University.
Ross W. M arriott, Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy. (Half-time)
213 Lafayette Avenue
B.A., Indiana University; M.A., Swarthmore College; Ph.D., University of
Pennsylvania.
J o h n D. M c Crum m , Professor of Electrical Engineering............ 515 Elm Avenue
B.S. and M.S., University of Colorado.
♦J. R oland P ennock , Professor of Political Science.......................3 Whittier Place
B.A., Swarthmore College; M.A. and Ph.D., Harvard University.
♦♦E dith P hilips , Susan W . Lippincott Professor of F rench.............. 517 Elm Avenue
B.A., Goucher College; Docteur de l’Université de Paris.
IT ownsend Scudder, III, Professor of English
B.A. and Ph.D., Yale University.
Charles B. Shaw , Librarian ....................................................... 606 Ogden Avenue
B.A., M.A. and L.H.D., Clark University.
L. R- Shero , Professor of G re e k ........................................... 651 North Chester Road
B.A., Haverford College; B.A., University of Oxford; M.A. and Ph.D., Uni­
versity of Wisconsin.
A lfred J. Sw an , Professor of Music (on joint appointment with Haverford College)
519 Walnut Lane
B.A. and M.A., University of Oxford.
P eter VAN de K amp , Professor of Astronomy and Director of Sproul Observatory
602 Elm Avenue
B.S. and M.S., University of Utrecht; Ph.D., University of California; D.Phil.,
University of Groningen.
JC lair W ilcox, Joseph Wharton Professor of Political Economy
510 Ogden Avenue
B.S., University of Pennsylvania; M.A., Ohio State University; Ph.D., Uni­
versity of Pennsylvania.
E lizabeth Cox W right , Professor of E nglish...........................Rose Valley, Moylan
B.A., Wellesley College; M.A. and Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania.
W inthrop R. W right , Morris L. Clothier Professor of Physics . .4 Whittier Place
A. B. and Ph.D., University of-Michigan.

A ssociate P rofessors
Lydia Baer, Associate Professor of G erm an.............. Brookside Road, Wallingford

B.

A., Oberlin College; M.A. and Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania.

G eorge J. Becker, Associate Professor of E n g lish ...................... 401 Walnut Lane

B.A.; M.A., and Ph.D., University of Washington.
* Absent
** Absent
t Absent
j Absent

on
on
on
on

leave, Fall Semester.
leave, Spring Semester,
leave,
leave, part-time.
12

P aul H. Beik , Associate Professor of H istory........ .......................... 512 Elm Avenue

B.A., Union College; M.A. and Ph.D., Columbia University.
Richard B. Brandt, Associate Professor of Philosophy.............. 521 Elm Avenue

B.A., Denison University; B.A., University of Cambridge; Ph.D., Yale Uni­
versity.
1 P h ilip W. Carruth , Associate Professor of M athematics.......... 317 Chester Road
B.A., Hamilton College; M.A., Syracuse University; Ph.D .,' University of
Illinois.
JG eorge P. Cuttino , Associate Professor of History (on a joint appointment with
Bryn Mawr College) ............................................................. 506 Ogden Avenue
B.A., Swarthmore College; M.A., University of Iowa; D.Phil., University
of Oxford.
R obert H. D u n n , Associate Professor of Physical Education for Men,
811 Westdale Avenue
B.S., Temple University.
W. C. E lmore, Associate Professor of Physics . . . .Baltimore Pike, R. D. 3, Media
B.S., Lehigh University; Ph.D., Yale University.
Lewis -H. E lverson, Associate Professor of Physical Education for Men,
519 Walnut Lane
B.S., University of Pennsylvania.
E. J. Faulkner , Associate Professor of Physical Education for Men,
235 Dickinson Avenue
t J ames A. Field , J r ., Associate Professor of H isto ry ...........................7 Crum Ledge
B.S., M.A., and Ph.D., Harvard University.
Launce J. F lemister , J r ., Associate Professor of Zoology,
Rogers Lane and Plush Mill Road, Wallingford
B.S., M.A. and Ph.D., Duke University.
D uncan G raham F oster, Associate Professor of Chem istry............ 15 Crest Lane
B.A. and M.A., Harvard University; Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University,
tM ilan W. G arrett, Associate Professor of Physics . . 336 North Princeton Avenue
B.A. and M.A., Leland Stanford Junior University; B.A. and D.Phil., Uni­
versity of Oxford.
W alter B. K eighton , J r ., Associate Professor of C hem istry___ 311 Cedar Lane
B.A., Swarthmore College; Ph.D., Princeton University.
L uzern G. Livingston , Associate Professor of Botany,
422 Highland Avenue, Morton
B.S., Lawrence College; Ph.D., University of Wisconsin.
N orman A. M einkoth , Associate Professor of Zoology . . . .835 Harvard Avenue
B. of Ed., Southern Illinois Teachers College; M.S. and Ph.D., University of
Illinois.
Frank C. Pierson , Associate Professor of Economics.............. 740 Ogden Avenue
B.A., Swarthmore College; Ph.D., Columbia University.
J o h n H imes P itm an , Associate Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy,
328 Vassar Avenue
B.A. and M.A., Swarthmore College.
W illiam C. H. Prentice , Associate Professor of Psychology . . . . 1 Whittier Place
B.A., Swarthmore College; M.A. and Ph.D., Harvard University.
♦V irginia Rath , Associate Professor of Physical Education for Women,
T55 Yale Avenue
B.A., Hollins College; M.A., Columbia University.
W illiam E. Reaser, Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering,
2 Crum Ledge
B.S. in M.E., M.E., Lafayette College; M.S. in M.E., Lehigh University.
**K arl Reuning , Associate Professor of German . . . .211 South Swarthmore Avenue
Dr. Phil., University of Giessen.
W alter J. Scott , Associate Professor of Z o o lo g y.......... 306 North Chester Road
Ph.B., Lafayette College; Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania.
r t Absent on leave.
* Absent on leave, Fall Semester.
* * Absent on leave, Spring Semester.

13

James D. Sorbeé, Associate Professor of Spanish and Director of Musical Activities,

404 Walnut Lane
B.A., Lehigh University; M.A., University of Nebraska.
W illis J. Stetson , Associate Professor of Physical Education for Men and Director
of Athletics ............................................. 144 North Highland Road, Springfield
B.A., Swarthmore College; M.A., University of Pennsylvania.
^F rederick B. T olles, Associate Professor of History and Librarian of the Friends
Historical L ibrary.................................Huntington Library, San Marino 9, Cal.
B.A., M.A., Ph.D., Harvard University.
Robert M. W alker , Associate Professor of Fine A r t s ...................6 Whittier .Place
B.A. and M.F.A., Princeton University; Ph.D., Harvard University.
JH ans W allach , Associate Professor of Psychology.............. 805 Harvard Avenue
Dr. Phil., University of Berlin.
J N eal A...W eber , Associate Professor of Z o o lo g y...................................West House
B.A. and M.S., University of North Dakota; M.A. and Ph.D., Harvard Uni­
versity.
Leon W encelius , Associate Professor of F rench............................. 6 Crum Ledge
D. es L., University of Paris; L.Th., University of Strasbourg; Th.D., Union
Theological Seminary.

A ssistant P rofessors
E lisa A sensio , Assistant Professor of Spanish,

Oakley Road and Railroad Avenue, Haverford
MA.., Middlebury College.
D ennison Bancroft , Assistant Professor of P hysics.............. 733 Harvard Avenue
B.A., Amherst College; Ph.D., Harvard University.
M onroe C. B eardsley, Assistant Professor of Philosophy.............. 1 Crum Ledge
B.A. and' Ph.D., Yale University.
H ilde D. Co h n , Assistant Professor of G erm an...................... 805 Harvard Avenue
Dr. Phil., University of Heidelberg.
JOSEPH D. Conard, Assistant Professor of Economics . . ........ .... . 132/Park Avenue
B.A., Grinnell College; M.A., University of California.
Carol F. Creedon , Assistant Professor of Psychology .............915 Harvard Avenue
B.A., and Ph.D., University of California.
+BrIice D earing , Assistant Professor of English .................................3 Crum Ledge
B.A., Allegheny College; M.A. and Ph.D., University of Iowa.
Edward A. F eh nel , Assistant Professor of Chemistry . . . .317 North Chester Road
B.S., M.A. and Ph.D., Lehigh University.
Roderick Firth , Assistant Professor of Philosophy.......... 302 North Chester Road
B.S., Haverford College; M.A. and Ph.D., Harvard University.
C. J ustjjs G arrahan , Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering,
301 College Avenue
B.S., and M.S., University of Pennsylvania.
H enry G leitman , Assistant Professor of Psychology.............. Swarthmore College
B.S., City College of New York; Ph.D., University of California.
**F redric S. K lees, Assistant Professor of E nglish...................................The Damsite
B.A., Bowdoin College.
Laurence D. Lafore , Assistant Professor of History . . . . . . . . .506 Ogden Avenue
B.A., Swarthmore College; M.A., Ph.D., Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy.
Roy F. Linsenmeyer , Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering,
555 Sheffield Drive, Springfield, Pa.
B.S. in C.E., University of Pittsburgh; M.S.E., University of Michigan.
P eter M adison, Assistant Professor of Psychology...............................4 Crum Ledge
B.S., University of Oregon; M.A., Harvard University.
G erard J. M angone , Assistant Professor of Political Science . .317 N. Chester Road
B.A., College of the City of New York; M.A. and Ph.D., Harvard University.
t Absent on leave, 1950-51.
* * Absent on leave, Spring Semester.

14

J o h n I. M ichaels , J r., Assistant Professor of Political Science (on joint appoint­

ment with Bryn Mawr and Haverford Colleges) ___ 317 North Chester Road
B.A., University of Wichita; M.A., Ohio State University.
Irene M oll , Assistant Professor of Physical Education for Women,
805 Harvard Avenue
B.S. in Ed., University of Kansas; M.A., Texas State College for Women.
Bernard M orrill, Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering,
915 Harvard Avenue
B.S. in M.E., Massachusetts Institute of Technology; M.M.E., University of
Delaware.
Charles W! N ew lin , Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering,
204 Sunnybrook Road, Springfield, Pa.
B.C.E., Rose Polytechnic Institute; M.S., Harvard University.
H elen F. N orth , Assistant Professor of Classics.......................120 S. Chester Road
B.A., M.A., Ph.D., Cornell University.
M ay E. P arry, Assistant Professor of Physical Education for Women,
Swarthmore Apartments
B.A., Swarthmore College; B.S., Temple University.
H edley H. Rhys, Assistant Professor of Pine Arts _____ 120 South Chester Road
B.A., West Virginia University; M.A., Harvard University.
M urray S. Stedman , J r ., Assistant Professor of Political Science . . 3 Crum Ledge
B.A., Williams College; M.A. and Ph.D., Columbia University.
■(■Theodore H. von Laue , Assistant Professor of H istory.....................5 Crum Ledge
B.A. and Ph.D., Princeton University.
♦W illis D. W eatherford, Assistant Professor of Economics,
805 Harvard Avenue
B.A., Vanderbilt University; B.D., Yale University; M.A., Harvard University.
St e ph en E. W hicher , Assistant Professor of E n g lish .................. 5 W hittier Place
B.A., Amherst College; M.A., Columbia University; Ph.D., Harvard Unversity.
M erton J. W illis , Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering . .915 Harvard Avenue
B.C.E., University of Washington; M.S., Cornell University.
I rma W olpe , Assistant Professor (part-time) of Music,
39th and Chestnut Streets, Philadelphia
Certificate and Diploma of the Institute Jaques Dalcroze, Geneva.
♦P aul N . Y lvisaker, Assistant Professor of Political Science . . . .8B Whittier Place
S.B., Mankato State Teachers College; M.P.A. and Ph.D., Harvard University.

I nstructors
K urt K. Bohnsack -, Instructor in B io lo g y......................... 302 North Chester Road

B.S., Ohio. University; M.S., University of Michigan.
J o h n W. C hapm an , Instructor in Political Science.................... 8B Whittier Place

B.A., Swarthmore College.
D avid Cowden , Instructor in E n g lish ................................. 302 North Chester Road

B.A., Swarthmore College; M.A. and Ph.D., Harvard University.
J oanne E lliott , Instructor in Mathematics...................................519 Walnut Lane

B.A., Brown University; M.A. and Ph.D., Cornell University.
H elen M. H all , Instructor (part-time) in E n g lish .............. 607 Hillborn Avenue

B.A., Wellesley College; M.A., Swarthmore College; Ph.D., University of
Pennsylvania.
W illiam H ordern, Instructor in Religion .........................317 North Chester Road
B.A., University of Saskatchewan; B.D., St. Andrew’s; S.T.M. and Th.D.,
Union Theological Seminary.
Samuel L. H ynes, Instructor in English ........................................ 519 Walnut Lane
B.A., University of Minnesota; M.A., Columbia University.
O lga Lamkert , Instructor in Russian ............................................. 315 Cedar Lane
Diploma, Demidoff Teachers Training College, Russia.
t Absent on leave, 1950-51.
* Absent on leave, Fall Semester.

15

Barbara P earson Lange , Director of Dramatics and Instructor (part-time) in

English ............................................................................................319 Cedar Lane
Robert W. M erriam , Instructor in Electrical Engineering . 307 North Chester Road

B.S. and M.A., Harvard University.
P h ilip C. P rager, Instructor in Mechanical Engineering,

91 Lownes Lane, Springfield
B.S. in M.E., University of Pittsburgh.
N evin A. Schall , Instructor in Economics.................................Swarthmore College
B.A.,' Pennsylvania State College; M.B.A., University of Pennsylvania.
Erna F. Schneider , Instructor (part-time) in Philosophy . . . .835 Harvard Avenue
B.A., Wellesley College.
Em il J. Slowinski, J r ., Instructor in Chem istry.......................805 Harvard Avenue
B.A., University of Massachusetts; Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Tech­
nology.
J o h n L. T eall , Instructor in H isto ry........................................... Swarthmore College
B.A. and M.A., Yale University.
J eanne T heis , Instructor in F rench..................................... 120 South Chester Road
B.A., Swarthmore College.
Rush E. W elter , Instructor in History ................. ................805 Harvard Avenue
B.A., M.A., and Ph.D., Harvard University.

L ecturers and A ssistants
A lice Brodhead, Lecturer in Psychology and Education,

227 N. Swarthmore Avenue
B.S. and M.A. University of Pennsylvania.
Sarah F lemister , Lecturer (part-time) in Biology,
Rogers Lane and Plush Mill Road, Wallingford
B.A., M.A. and Ph.D., Duke University.
P h ilip E. J acob, Lecturer in Political Science.......... 14 South Swarthmore Avenue
B.A., Yale University; M.A., University of Pennsylvania; Ph.D., Princeton
University.
Captain W endell P. Roop , Research Consultant in Civil Engineering,
Anchorage Farm, Sewell, N. J.
U.S.N., Retired.
Robert F leischer , Research Associate in Astronomy ....................... West House
B.S., M.A., Ph.D., Harvard University.
Sarah Lee Lippincott , Research Associate in Astronomy . . 120 South Chester Road
B.A., University of Pennsylvania; M.A., Swarthmore College.
R obert Bach , Assistant in Physical Education for Men,
25 North State Road, Upper Darby
B.A., Dartmouth College; M.A., University of Pennsylvania.
Avery B lake , Assistant in Physical Education for M e n .......... 49 Amherst Avenue
A. W ayne Conger , Observer (part-time) in Astronomy,
Brooke Hall, Baltimore Pike and Lemon Street, Media
JULIA E. D amkoehler , Assistant in A stronom y.................... . . . 4 0 3 Park Avenue
B.A., Smith College.
J ames J. M cA doo, Assistant in Physical Education, for Men,
513 East Bringhurst Street, Germantown
J ames H. M iller , Assistant in Physical Education for Men,
834 Seventh Avenue, Prospect Park
M.S., University of Pennsylvania.
J anet Scantlebury , Assistant in Physical Education for Women,
1'414 Pine Street, Philadelphia
H oward D. Sipler , Assistant in Physical Education for Men,
318 Dartmouth Avenue
B.A., Swarthmore College.
P aul Stofko , Assistant in Physical Education for Men,
1008 Hempstead Road, Pennfield Downs, Havertown
F lorence W ilcox , Director of Arts and C ra fts.........................510 Ogden Avenue
B.A., Ohio Wesleyan University; M.A., University of Pennsylvania.
16

D

I.

iv is io n s

an d

D

epartm en ts

Division of the Humanities—L. R. Shero, Chairman.

Classics, L. R. Shero , Chairman.
English, P h ilip M. H icks, Chairman.
Fine Arts, R obert M. W alker, Chairman.
History, M ary Albertson , Chairman.
Modern Languages, Edith P hilips , Chairman.
Music, A lfred J. Sw an , Chairman.
Philosophy and Religion, Richard B. Brandt, Chairman.
Psychology and Education, Richard S. Crutchfield , Chairman.

II.

Division of the Social Sciences— Frank C. P ierson , Chairman.

Economics, Clair W ilcox , Chairman.
History, M ary A lbertson, Chairman.
Philosophy and Religion, Richard B. Brandt, Chairman.
Political Science, J. Roland P ennock , Chairman.
Psychology and Education, Richard S. Crutchfield , Chairman.

III.

Division of Mathematics and the Natural Sciences—
Robert K. Enders, Chairman.

Biology, Robert K. E nders, Chairman.
Chemistry, Edward H. Cox , Chairman.
Electrical Engineering, H oward M. J enkins , Chairman.
Mathematics and Astronomy, Arnold D resden, Chairman.
Physics, W illiam C. Elmore , Chairman.
Psychology, Richard S. Crutchfield , Chairman.

IV.

Division of Engineering—J o h n D. M c Crumm , Chairman.

Civil Engineering, Samuel T. Carpenter , Chairman.
Electrical Engineering, H oward M. J enkins , Chairman.
Mechanical Engineering, W illiam E. R easer, Chairman.
Chemistry, Edward H. Cox, Chairman.
Mathematics, A rnold D resden , Chairman.
Physics, W illiam C. E lmore, Chairman.
17

St a n

d in g

C

o m m it t e e s

o f

th e

Fa c u

lty

1951-52
Brinkmann, Chairman.
Bancroft, Carpenter, Cobbs, Crutchfield, Hunt, Moore, Philips.

academic requirements :

( m e n ) : Hunt, Chairman.
Cobbs, Elverson, Foster, Moore, Prentice, Reaser, Shane, Stott, Ylvisaker.

admissions

( w o m en ) : Cobbs, Chairman.
Beardsley, Beik, Colbron, Hunt, Meinkoth.

admissions

Stetson, Chairman.
Beik, Carpenter, Faulkner, Rath, Reaser, Scott, Thatcher, with Charles C. M

athletics :

Becker, Chairman.
Beik, Colbron, Creedon, Keighton, Stott, Willis.

awards and prizes :

Firth, Chairman.
Meinkoth, Shane, Sorber, W. Wood.

collection :

Lafore, Chairman.
Brandt, Elmore, Pierson, Rhys, Swan, van de Kamp.

cooper foundation :

L. Flemister, Chairman.
Bancroft, Becker, Beik, Carpenter, Carruth, Conard, Jenkins, Moore.

curriculum :

Brinkmann, Chairman.
Crutchfield, Fehnel, Fraser, Lafore, Linsenmeyer, E. Wright.

swarthmore fellow ships :

Prentice, Chairman.
Albertson, Cobbs, Cohn, Foster, Hunt, Stott.

fellowships from other institutions :

Nason, Chairman.
Becker, Cdbbs, Enders, Hunt, McCrumm, Pierson, Shero.

instruction :

Whicher, Chairman.
Baer, Firth, Foster, Gleitman, Lafore, Rhys, Shaw.

library :

van de Kamp, Chairman.
Albertson, Crutchfield, Jenkins, Whicher.

master of arts :

Meinkoth, Chairman.
Bowie, Keighton, Livingston, Prentice.

pre -medical program :

Brinkmann, Chairman.
Bancroft, Garrahan, Pierson, Moore, Shero, Walker.

schedule of classes:

Hunt, Chairman.
Cobbs, Colbron, Conard, Lafore, Prentice, Stott, Ylvisaker.

student affairs :

Jenkins, Chairman.
Livingston, North, Reuning.

travel allowance :

SECRETARY TO THE FACULTY: Jenkins.
18

Administrative Officers and Assistants
P r esid en t ’s O f fic e
President, J o h n W. N ason , B.A., Carleton College; B.A., University of Oxford;
M.A., Harvard University; LL.D., University of Pennsylvania, Carleton Col­
lege; Litt. D., Muhlenberg College, Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital
of Philadelphia.
Secretaries, J anet G. Bourne , E lsa P almer J enkins , B.A., Swarthmore College.
V ic e -P resid en ts ’ O ffic e
Vice-President—Financial Operation and Control, Edward K. Cratsley.
B.A., College of Wooster; M.B.A. and D.C.S., Harvard University.
Vice-President—Public Relations and Alumni Affairs, J oseph B. Sha n e .
B.A., Swarthmore College; M.A., University of Pennsylvania.
Secretary, Elizabeth S. M icheals, B.A., Dickinson College.
D e a n s ’ O ffic es
Deans:
Susan P. Cobbs, B.A., Randolph-Macon Woman’s College; M.A., New York

University; Ph.D., University of Chicago.

E verett L. H unt , B.A., Huron College; M.A., University of Chicago; D.Litt.,

Huron College.

Associate Deans:
*J o h n M. M oore , B.A., Park College;

B.D., Union Theological Seminary;
M.A., Harvard University; Ph.D., Columbia University.
Barbara Colbron , B.A., Bryn Mawr College.

Assistant Dean:
G ilmore Stott , B.A. and M.A., University of Cincinnati;

B.A. and M.A.,

Oxford University; M.A. and Ph.D., Princeton University.
Head Residents in Dormitories:
M argaret Clark N eal, Parrish Hall;

B.A., Vassar College; R.N., Massa­
chusetts General Hospital.
Sara M. Little , Worth Dormitory; B.A., Smith College.

J ean O rton Rhys, Palmer Hall.
H elen C. Bowie , Pittenger Hall; B.A., University of Colorado.
Barbara Colbron , Roberts Hall; B.A., Bryn Mawr College.

Secretaries to the Deans:
H elene M. D avis.
M yrtle R. K eeny , B.A., Dickinson College.
M ary W . Ricksecker .
Frances W ills Slaugh , B.A., Swarthmore College.

R egistrar ’s O f fic e
Registrar, *J o h n M. M oore, B.A., Park College; B.D., Union Theological Seminary;
M.A., Harvard University; Ph.D., Columbia University.
Acting Registrar, H einrich Brinkm ann , B.A., Leland Stanford Junior University;
M.A. and Ph.D., Harvard University.
Secretaries, M ildred T. W alichuck , B.A., Bucknell University.
D orothy C. A llen .
* Absent on leave, Fall Semester.
19

L ib r a r y St a

ff

College Library
Librarian: Charles B. Shaw , B.A., M.A., and L.H.D., Clark University.
Technical Services Librarian: M artha A. Connor , B.S., M.A., University of
Pennsylvania; B.S. in L.S., Drexel Institute.
Assistant Librarians:
Cataloging: E lizabeth L. H arrar, B.A., University of Delaware; M.A.,
University of Pennsylvania; B.S. in L.S., Drexel Institute.
E lizabeth S. Sharpless, B.A., Swarthmore College; B.S., in L.S., Drexel
Institute.
Order and Binding: C atherine J. Sm ith , B.A., Swarthmore College; B.S.
in L.S., Drexel Institute.
Clerical Assistants: E lizabeth Collins , Frances Fredrick
Readers Services Librarian: H oward H . W illiams, B.A., Lake Forest College;
M.A., and B.S. in L.S., Columbia University.
Assistant Librarians:
Circulation: D oris Beik , B.A., and B.S. in L.S., New York State College
for Teachers.
Periodicals: M ary G. T ait , B.A., Wells College; B.S. in L.S., Drexel In­
stitute.
Reference and Circulation: D avid P eele , B.S., Swarthmore College; B.L.S.,
Western Reserve University.
Circulation Assistant: G enevieve, May, B.A., Juniata College.
Curator of the John William Graham Collection of Literature of Psychic Science:
S. Rowland M organ.

Friends Historical Library
Librarian, IF rederick B. T olles, B.A., M.A., and Ph.D., Harvard University.
Acting Librarian: D orothy G. H arris, B.A., Wellesley College; B.S. in L.S.,
Drexel Institute.
Assistant Librarian: Lyman W. Riley , B.A., Oberlin College; B.D., Chicago
Theological Seminary; M.A., University of Oklahoma.
Cataloger: M ildred H irsh , B.S. in L.S., Columbia University.
Secretary: E lizabeth L. M angelsdorf, B.A., Swarthmore College.
Swarthmore College Peace Collection:
Curator: M ary G. Cary, B.A., Bryn Mawr College;' M.A., University of
Pennsylvania; B.S. in L.S., Drexel Institute.
Assistant: Barbara V an T uyl M olstad, B.A., Carleton College; B.S., Sim­
mons College.
Field Representative: E llen Starr Brinton .

B usiness M anager ’s O ffice
Business Manager, Charles G. T hatcher , B.A., Swarthmore College, M.E., Cornell
University; M.M.E., Johns Hopkins University.
Accountant, G. Caroline Shero , B.A., Swarthmore College; M.B.A., University of
Pennsylvania.
Bookkeeper, E lizabeth R. H irst.
Assistants, G race R. Babbitt, Sylvia J. Scott .
Purchasing Agent, A lvin R. Carney .
Secretaries, E lizabeth L. J acobs, B.A., Swarthmore College; G ertrude G erould .
Manager of Bookstore, J ean M. Sorber.
Stenographic Staff, M arian Ransburg.
Postmistress, N ancy Lewis.
Switchboard Operators, A yme G osman , K athryn G oldsmith , Edna Corson .

f Absent on leave.
20

H

ouse

D

i r e c t o r ’s

O

f f ic e

Acting House Director, Sara M. Little , B.A., Smith College.
Assistant to the House Director, K athryn A. D avisson.

Su per in ten d en t ’s O ffice
Superintendent and Head Gardener, H arry W ood.
Director of Arthur Hoyt Scott Horticultural Foundation, J o h n C. W ister, B.A.,
Harvard University, D.Sc., Swarthmore College.
Consulting Engineer, A ndrew Simpson , B.A., Swarthmore College; M.S., Cornell
University.
Assistants to the Superintendent, C lifford R enshaw , Sr ., Arlington A ckerman .
Secretaries, V eronica Sullivan , Francis K avanagh.

D ietitian ’s O ffice
Dietitian, R uth E. Carr, B.S., Simmons College.
Assistant Dietitian, H ilda H opkins Sm ith , B.S„ Simmons College.

A lu m n i O ffice
Assistant, K athryn Bassett.
Alumni Recorder, E lnora Cox Swartz .

F und O ffice
Director, H arriet M. W elsh .
Secretary, H arriet G ilbert .

P ublicity O ffice
Director, G eorge A. T est, B.A., Swarthmore College; M.A., University of Pennsyl­
vania.

H ealth Service
Physician, M orris A. Bowie , B.A., University of Colorado; M.D., Harvard Uni­
versity.
Consulting Psychiatrists:
Leon J. Saul , B.A. and M.A., Columbia University; M.D., Harvard University.
J. W. Lyons, B.A., University of Scranton; M.D., University of Pennsylvania.
Nurses:
A nn e A ustin , R.N., Blanche D evereux, R.N., R egina L. H oltzman , R.N.,
Camille J ones , R.N.

H onorary C urators o f t h e Biddle M emorial Library
Frank A y d e l o t t e ......................................................... 88 Battle Road, Princeton, N. J.
Clem ent M. Biddle ...................P. O. Box 743, Church Street Station, New York 8
La V erne F o r b u s h ........................................... 5014 Embla Avenue, Baltimore 10, Md.
J ames R. Fr o r e r ................................................... Weldin Road, Wilmington 284, Del.
H annah C lothier H ull ............................................... 504 Walnut Lane, Swarthmore
J esse M erritt ............................................................................................ Farmingdale, L. I.
Louis N. Ro b in s o n ....................................................... 411 College Avenue, Swarthmore
J ane P. R ushmore ........................................................................................ Riverton, N . J.
21

In tr o d u c tio n T o
SWARTHMORE COLLEGE

Introduction to Swarthmore C ollege
Swarthmore College, founded in 1864 by members of the Religious Society
of Friends, is a small co-educational college situated twelve miles southwest
of Philadelphia. In accordance with the traditions of its Quaker background,
Swarthmore students are expected to prepare themselves for full, wellrounded lives as individuals and as responsible citizens through exacting in­
tellectual study supplemented by a varied program of sports and extra­
curricular activities.
The college campus contains about 250 acres of rolling wooded land in
the borough of Swarthmore in Delaware County, Pennsylvania. The borough
of Swarthmore is a small residential suburb within half an hour’s commuting
distance of Philadelphia on the West Chester branch of the Pennsylvania
Railroad. Situated near the intersection of U. S. Route 1 (Baltimore Pike)
and Pennsylvania State Highway 320, Swarthmore i$ easily accessible by car.*
Because of its location, Swarthmore College students are able to combine
the advantages of a semi-rural setting with the opportunities offered by
Philadelphia. Especially valuable is the cooperation possible with three
other nearby institutions, Bryn Mawr and Haverford Colleges and the Uni­
versity of Pennsylvania.
O bjectives and P urposes

The purpose of Swarthmore College is to make its students more valu­
able human beings and more useful members of society. It shares this
purpose with other educational institutions, for American education is a
direct outgrowth of our democratic principles. Democracy is based on the
infinite worth of each individual. It can operate successfully only when
men are willing to seek together a common good. It depends upon knowl­
edge and understanding of the complex problems of modern society. The
debt of our educational system to democracy is equalled only by the debt
of democracy to education.
W hile a common purpose underlies all American education, each
school and college and university seeks to realize that purpose in its own
way. Each must select those tasks it can do best. Only in this way can it
be most effective. Only by such selection can it contribute to the diversity
and richness of educational opportunity which is a part of the American
heritage and the American strength.
T h e R eligious T radition

Swarthmore College was founded by the Religious Society of Friends and
it seeks to illuminate the life of its students with the spiritual principles of
* To reach the college, motorists should turn off U. S. Route 1 to State Highway 320 in the direc­
tion of Chester and continue south along Chester Road in the borough of Swarthmore about half a
mile until reaching College Avenue. There a, right turn is made to the college campus.

24

that Society. Although it has been non-sectarian in control since the begin­
ning of the present century and although the children of Friends are in a
minority, the college seeks to preserve the religious tradition out of which
it sprang.
The essence of Quakerism is the individual’s responsibility for seeking
truth and for applying whatever truth he believes he has found. As a way
of life, it emphasizes hard work, simple living, and generous giving; personal
integrity, social justice, and the peaceful settlement of disputes. The college
does not seek to impose on its students this Quaker view of life, or any
other specific set of convictions about the nature of things and the duty
of man. It does, however, have the two-fold aim of encouraging conscious
concern about such questions t and unceasing re-examination of any view
which may be held regarding them. That is the kind of ethical and
religious character which Swarthmore seeks to develop.
During recent months a special joint committee of the Board of Managers,
the faculty, and the students has been working on ways to apply and to
make effective the Quaker concerns of the college in the present world
situation. One result of its labors thus far is the provision for a field of
concentration in International Relations, outlined on page 107 below.
T h e Com m u n ity L ife

Swarthmore is a small college by deliberate policy. Its enrollment in
normal years is about 850 students, of whom about 400 are women and 450
are men. It is semi-rural in location, residential and co-educational in
character. These features create an ideal environment for personal growth.
Co-education provides the most natural environment for both men and
women, who in their common work and play come to value each other for
their true worth. Almost all of the students live in the college dormitories
and eat together in the dining rooms. A large number of faculty houses
are within campus boundaries, making it possible for students to have valu­
able social contacts with their professors outside the classroom. The resi­
dential character is the basis for a community life in which the ideals of the
college influence every member. Growth in emotional maturity, necessary
both for personal satisfaction and for effective action, is an integral part of
the total educational program.
For this reason the college encourages a wide variety of extra-curricular
activities. Participation in sports has many values, social as well as indi­
vidual. Membership in student organizations is important. In practising
parliamentary procedure and in facing the victories and defeats of elective
office, students learn to live together, ironing out the clash of personalities
and the friction of different views. They learn the effectiveness of enthus­
iasm and the frustration of indifference. They learn to soften their un­
25

critical intolerance as they struggle to live successfully together. They learn
the meaning of responsibility as they become responsible for their activities.
T h e Educational P rogram

Swarthmore’s educational program is based on the philosophy that selfdiscovery and self-development are more valuable than the simple demon­
strative method of teaching. Therefore, whenever it is possible, students
are encouraged to make their own analyses, based on original source material
or on laboratory experiments.
Believing also that a liberal education is based on knowledge of many
areas of human experience, the college requires that freshmen and sopho­
mores take a wide variety of courses. This plan allows them to test their
ability in subjects they have already studied and to explore new fields. By
the end of their sophomore year, students are expected to make two de­
cisions: first, what their field of concentration will be for the last two years;
and second, whether they prefer to take "honors work” or to continue
their study in regular courses.
Honors work, more fully described on pages 54 to 56, is a method
of study open to juniors and seniors who have shown independence and re­
sponsibility in their academic work. They are freed from classroom routine
and meet with their instructors in small weekly seminar groups for dis­
cussion and evaluation of their work. Since an honors student pursues only
one major and one related minor subject during a semester, this system
facilitates greater concentration and greater independence than is possible
under the usual academic routine. The development of the "honors” or
seminar method was begun under President Aydelotte in 1922, and because
of its success, it has been widely imitated in other institutions.
A cademic Com petence

Democracy demands a broad base of intelligent understanding of issues.
It also necessitates a high order of excellence in those who are destined to
become its leaders. Swarthmore can best serve society by the maintenance
of high standards. It is peculiarly fitted by tradition and performance for
this essential role, and it is precisely this readiness to do a particular job
well that gives the College its value in the educational mosaic of American
democracy.
Education is largely an individual matter, for no two students are exactly
alike. Some need detailed help, while others profit from considerable
freedom. The program of honors study, in which Swarthmore pioneered,
is designed to give recognition to this fact. It is the most distinctive feature
of our educational program. For many students it provides an enriching
and exciting intellectual experience. It has as its main ingredients freedom
from class work, maximum latitude for the development of individual
26

responsibility, concentrated work in broad fields of study, and close associa­
tion with faculty members in small seminars. The honors program and the
course program are parallel systems of instruction for students during their
last two years. Both are designed to evoke the maximum effort and develop­
ment from each student, the choice of method being determined by individ­
ual need and capacity.
A college is never static. Its purposes and policies are always changing
to meet new demands and new conditions. The founders of Swarthmore
would find in it today many features they never contemplated when they
shaped the College in the middle of the nineteenth century. Swarthmore,
if it is to remain alive, must be forever changing. And many people are
continually engaged in shaping its destiny—the Board of Managers, administrktion, faculty, students, alumni, parents, and the community as a
whole. The goal is to achieve for each generation, by means appropriate
to the times, that unique contribution and that standard of excellence which
have been the guiding ideals of Swarthmore from its founding.

27

Admission
Inquiries concerning admission and applications should be addressed to
the Deans of the College: from men, to Dean Everett L. Hunt; from
women, to Dean Susan P. Cobbs.
G e n e r a l St a t e m e n t

In the selection of students the college seeks those qualities of character,
social responsibility, and intellectual capacity which it is primarily concerned
to develop. It seeks them, not in isolation, but as essential elements in the
whole personality of candidates for admission.
In the competition for admission preference is given to the children of
Friends and alumni who can meet the requirements. It is also the policy
of the college to have the student body represent not only different parts
of the United States but many foreign countries, both public and private
secondary schools, and various economic, social, religious, and racial groups.
Selection is important and difficult. N o simple formula will be effective.
The task is to select those who give real promise of distinction in the quality
of their personal lives, in service to the community, or in leadership in their
chosen fields. Swarthmore College must choose its students on the basis of
their individual future worth to society and of their collective realization of
the purpose of the college.
Admission to the freshman class is, normally based upon the satisfactory
completion of a four-year program preparatory to advanced liberal study.
Applicants are selected on the following evidence:
1. Record in secondary school;
2. Recommendation of the school principal or headmaster and of others
who know the applicant;
3. Ratings in the Scholastic Aptitude Test and in three Achievement Tests
of the College Entrance Examination Board. In some cases, special
tests may be given by the college.
4. Personal interview with one of the Deans or an appointed representa­
tive.
5. Reading and experience, both in school and out.
Applicants must have satisfactory standing in school, and in aptitude and
achievement tests, and should show strong intellectual interests. They should
also give evidence of sturdiness of character, promise of growth, initiative,
seriousness of purpose, and a sense of social responsibility. As future mem­
bers of the college community, they should represent varied interests, types,
and backgrounds.
28

Pre

p a r a t io n

Applicants are urged to make their choice of college as early as possible
in order to plan the work of their school years with the assistance of the
Committees on Admission. In general, preparation should include:
1 . Skills: The following skills are essential to success in college work

and should be brought to a high level by study and practice through­
out the preparatory period:
a. The use of the English language with accuracy and effectiveness in
reading, writing, and speaking.
b. The use of the principles of arithmetic, algebra, and plane geometry.
c. The use of one, or preferably of two, foreign languages to the point
of reading prose of average difficulty at sight, and of writing and
speaking with some ease and proficiency.
2. Subjects: All, or almost all, of the preparatory course should be com­
posed of the subjects listed in the following four groups. Variations
of choice and emphasis are acceptable although some work should be
taken in each group.
History and Social Studies: American, English, European, and ancient
history; political, social, and economic problems of modern society.
Literature and A rt: American, English, and foreign literature, ancient
and modern; music, art, architecture.
Natural Science and Mathematics: chemistry, physics, biology, astron­
omy; algebra, geometry, trigonometry. A college major in science
or engineering presupposes substantial work in algebra, in plane and,
if possible, solid geometry, and in trigonometry.
Languages: English, Latin, Greek, German, French, Spanish, other
European or Oriental languages. Applicants who expect to major
in science are strongly advised to include German and, if possible,
French in their school programs.
A pplications

and

Examinations

Applications must be filed in the office of the Deans by February 15
of the year in which the candidate wishes to be admitted. An application
fee of $5.00, which is not refundable, is required of all candidates.
All applicants for admission are required to take the Scholastic Aptitude
Test and three Achievement Tests given by the College Entrance Examina­
tion Board.
The Achievement Test in English Composition is required of all candi­
dates; the other two Achievement Tests are chosen by the candidate from
29

two different fields. Candidates for enginering must take the test in Ad­
vanced Mathematics.
In 1951-52 these tests will be given in various centers throughout this
country and abroad on December 1, January 12, March 15, May 17 and
August 13. Applicants are normally expected to take the required tests in
March of their Senior year. Scholarship candidates are urged to take the
Scholastic Aptitude Test in December or January, and other applicants may
do so if they wish. Those who wish to take the tests fo r practice at the
end of the Junior year are encouraged to do so. All such applicants must
repeat the tests in their Senior year, however, in order to give themselves
the advantage of maximum preparation.
Application to take the tests should be made directly to the College
Entrance Examination Board, Box 592, Princeton, New Jersey. A bulletin
of information may be obtained without charge from the Board. Students
who wish to take the tests in any of the following western states, territories,
and Pacific areas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada,
New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming, Alaska, Hawaii, Al­
berta, British Columbia, Mexico, Australia, and all Pacific Islands including
Formosa and Japan, should address their inquiries and send their applica­
tions to the College Entrance Examination Board, Box 9896, Los Feliz
Station, Los Angeles 27, California. Application should be made to the
Board at least a month before the date on which the test will be taken.
No additional tests are required of candidates for scholarships. They
must, however, write for a special application blank at least two weeks in
advance of the date on which applications for admission are due. Informa­
tion concerning scholarships will be found on pages 33 to 39.
Notices of the action of the Admissions Committee will be mailed about
May 1.
Advanced Standing
For favorable consideration, applicants for advanced standing must have
had a good scholastic record in the institution from which they wish to
transfer, and must present full credentials for both college and preparatory
work and a letter of honorable dismissal. They must take the College
Ability Test given by the College Entrance Examination Board on the dates
mentioned in the preceding section.
As a general rule, students are not admitted to advanced standing later
than the beginning of the sophomore year. Four terms of study at Swarthmore College constitute the minimum requirement for a degree, two of which
must be those of the senior year.

30

Expenses
Charges per academic year of two semesters:
Board, room, and tuition ......................................................... $1300*
General fee .............................................................................
100
Total charges ................................................................................. $1400
While a general charge for board, room and tuition is made, this may
be divided into $650 for tuition and $650 for board and room. The general
fee of $100 per year covers the costs of student health, library and laboratory
fees, athletic fees, arts and crafts, and the support of several other extra
curricular activities.
An additional deposit of $25 per semester is required of each student,
payable in advance, to cover incidental bills. Students may charge purchases
at the college bookstore, and certain other charges agreed to by the Business
Office. When this deposit has been exhausted a new one will be required
immediately. Any unused balance is returned at the time of graduating or
leaving college.
One half of the total sum is due not later than Registration Day at the
beginning of the fall semester. Bills are mailed before the opening of the
current term. Payments should be made by check or draft to the order of
Swarthmore College. A student is not a registered student at Swarthmore College, nor on any class roll, until his bill is paid. Correspondence
about financial matters should be addressed to the Business Manager, Mr.
Charles G. Thatcher.
No reduction or refunding of tuition can be made on account of absence,
illness, voluntary withdrawal, or dismissal from college. No reduction or
refund will be made for failure to occupy the room assigned for a given
term, nor is the general fee refundable. In case of absence or withdrawal
from the college and provided due notice has been given in advance to the
Business Manager, there will be a refund for board for any time in excess
of six weeks. Exceptions will be made for students who are required by
the draft to leave during the course of the academic year. In these cases
tuition, general fee, board and room charges will be refunded on a pro rata
basis.
T he T uition P lan
Many of the parents of students may wish to pay all tuition, fees, and
residence charges on a monthly basis. It is now possible to arrange this
* An advance deposit of $25 is required of all new students in order to reserve a place in
college for the coming year. A similar deposit of $15 is required of returning students. These
deposits are credited against the bill for tuition, board, and room.

31

under The Tuition Plan. The cost is four percent greater than when pay­
ments are made in cash in advance. Details of its operation will be furnished
by the College with the first semester’s bill in September.
A ccident

and

Sickness I nsurance

The college makes available both accident and accident and sickness in­
surance to students through John C. Paige & Company of Boston, Massa­
chusetts. The accident coverage alone, which is strongly recommended for
all students, is required of all students who participate in intercollegiate
athletic activities. This coverage costs $ 6 .0 0 per year (12 months) for
women and $12.00 for men. A combined accident and sickness policy is
also available at an annual cost of $18.00 for women and $22.00 for men.
Application forms are mailed to each student during the summer.

32

C lo th ie r M e m o r ia l

Student Aid and Scholarships
The college furnishes scholarships and financial assistance. to a sub­
stantial number of students from its general funds and from special en­
dowments. About fifty scholarships are awarded to freshmen each year.
During the current academic year the college has budgeted more than $ 9 0 ,0 0 0
for scholarships. About one-quarter of that sum is provided by the en­
dowed scholarships listed below. The income from many of these endow­
ments is assigned each year to entering freshmen in accordance with the
will of the donor and in his name. Where satisfactory records have been
maintained these awards are normally renewed annually from the general
funds of the College. Seniors who have had substantial aid may in some
cases be asked to finance themselves in part from a College loan fund.
All awards are based upon the college record, the financial need of the
family as revealed in confidential statements to the Scholarship Committee,
and the efforts of the student in earning his own expenses. All applica­
tions for scholarships are handled by the Committee on Admissions, and
Scholarships and should be addressed to the Deans.
G rants-in -aid, to a limited number, may be awarded to students- of
average scholastic standing and financial need who could not earn all they
need without serious detriment to their academic work.
College Employment affords opportunity to earn money by regular
work at current wage rates in one of the college offices, shops, laboratories
or libraries. A student may hold a college job in addition to a scholarship
or a grant-in-aid. The distribution of jobs among those authorized to hold
them is made by the Student Employment office. Residents of the borough
of Swarthmore often send requests for services to the college, which co­
operates in making these opportunities known to students. Last year over
four hundred students secured work through this office. Many students
earn from eight to ten dollars a week and still maintain an excellent
scholastic standing.
Scholarships

for

M en

The G eorge F. Baker Scholarships. The George F. Baker Scholar­
ships, awarded for the first time in 1950, have been given to the college
as part of a national scholarship program. They are the gift of the George
F. Baker Foundation and will be awarded to four freshmen men each year.
The actual amount of the scholarships, in part determined by financial need,
will be a maximum of $1,200 for each year of the student’s college career.
33

Students will be chosen for these awards primarily on the basis of achieve­
ment and promise of leadership in business, government and the professions.
O pen Scholarships for M en . Swarthmore College awards annually
five four-year scholarships to men entering the freshman class. These
scholarships, based on the general plan of the Rhodes Scholarships, are
given to candidates who, in the opinion of the Committee of Award, ra n g
highest in scholarship, character and personality. The amount of the
annual award varies from $100 to $1000 according to the financial need
of the winner.
The Scott B. Lilly Scholarship, endowed by Jacob T. Schless of the
Class of 1914 at Swarthmore College, was offered for the first time in 1950.
This scholarship is in honor of a former distinguished Professor of En­
gineering and, therefore, students who plan to major in engineering will be
given preference. The stipend will be a maximum of $900 a year for
four years; the exact amount of the award will be determined by the
financial needs of the winning applicant.
The D onald R enwick Ferguson Scholarship, established by Mrs.
Amy Baker Ferguson, in memory of her husband, Donald Renwick Ferguson,
M.D., of the Class of 1912, who died during the Second World War, is
awarded to a young man who is looking forward to the study of medicine.
The scholarship will pay a maximum of $600.
The A aron B. I vins Scholarship is awarded annually to a young man
of the graduating class of Friends Central School, Overbrook, Philadelphia.
It is awarded under the following conditions: The recipient must have
been a student at Friends Central for at least two years, he must have good
health, high grades, and must be the best all-around student in his class de­
sirous of entering Swarthmore College. This scholarship, awarded by the
faculty of Friends Central School, and subject to the approval of Swarth­
more College, has a maximum value of $650.
The T. H. D udley P erkins M emorial Scholarship is awarded annually
to a young man selected by a committee of the faculty appointed by the
President of the college for the purpose. The award having a maximum
value of $500 will be made on the basis of qualities of manhood, force of
character and leadership; literary and scholastic ability; physical vigor
as shown by participation in out-of-doors sports or in other ways.
The W illiam G. and M ary N. Serrill H onors Scholarship is a
competitive Scholarship for Men, awarded to a candidate for admission to
the college, based upon the general plan of thè Rhodes Scholarships. It
is tenable for four years, subject to the maintenance of a high standing in
college. The annual stipend is $375. Preference will be givn to men who
are residents of Abington Township, including Jenkintown and Glenside,
34

Montgomery County, Pa., but if there is no outstanding candidate from this
locality, the scholarship will be open to competition generally.
The Sarah K aighn Cooper Scholarship, founded by Sallie K. Johnson
in memory of her grandparents, Sarah Kaighn and Sarah Cooper, is awarded
to a man in the Junior Class who is judged by the faculty to have had, since
entering College, the best record for scholarship, character, and influence.
The value of this scholarship is approximately $225 annually.
Scholarships

for

W omen

O pen Scholarships for W omen . Mr. and Mrs. Daniel S. White, of
the Class of 1875, on the occasion of the Fiftieth Reunion of that class,
established three open competitive scholarships for women, in the names of
Howard White, Jr., Serena B. White, and Walter W. Green. These
scholarships are given to candidates who, in the opinion of the Committee
of Award, rank highest in scholarship, character and personality. The
amount of the award varying from $100 to $ 1 0 0 0 is determined in the
same way as the scholarships for men.
The A lumnae Scholarship, established by the Philadelphia and New
York Alumnae Clubs, is awarded on the same basis as the Open Scholarships.
It is awarded for one year and has a maximum value of $5 0 0 .
The A nnie Shoemaker Scholarship is granted annually to a young
woman of the graduating class of Friends Central School, Overbrook, Phila­
delphia. The recipient must have been a student at Friends Central for at
least two years, she must have good health, high grades, and must be the
best all-around student in her class desirous of entering Swarthmore College.
This scholarship, awarded by the faculty of Friends Central School, and
subject to the approval of Swarthmore College, has a maximum value of
$500.
The G eorge K. and Sallie K. J ohnson F und provides $450 a year,
to be used, at the discretion of the President of the College, in granting
financial aid to young women during their senior year, it being the donor’s
desire that the President must be satisfied that the applicant is fitted to
become a desirable teacher.
T he M ary Coates P reston Scholarship F und . A sum of money has
been left by will of Elizabeth Coates, the annual interest of which will be
about $450. This amount is given as a scholarship to a young woman
student in Swarthmore College, preferably to a relative of the donor.
The H arriet W. P aiste F und is limited by the following words from
the donor’s will: "the interests to be applied annually to the education of
female members of our Society of Friends (holding their Yearly Meeting at
Fifteenth and Race Streets, Philadelphia) whose limited means would ex35

elude them from enjoying the advantages of an education at the college.”
The value of this scholarship is approximately $350 annually.
T he M ary T. Longstreth Scholarship was founded by Rebecca C.
Longstreth in memory of her mother and is to be awarded annually "at
the discretion of the President of the College to assist a young woman
student to pursue her studies in the College.” The value of this scholarship
is approximately $225 annually.
The J essie Stevenson K ovalenko Scholarship F und , the gift of
Michel Kovalenko in memory of his wife, provides an annual income of
$225. This sum is to be awarded to a student, preferably a woman, who
is in her junior or senior year and who is a major in astronomy, or to a
graduate of the college, preferably a woman, for graduate work in astronomy
at Swarthmore or elsewhere.
The income of the K appa A lpha T heta Scholarship F und , given by
members and friends of the Kappa Alpha Theta Fraternity at Swarthmore,
is awarded annually to a woman student. The award amounts to approx­
imately $125 annually. One or more members of the fraternity who are
on the Board of Managers serve on the Committee of Award.
The M ary W ood F und provides approximately $65 a year and may be
awarded to a young woman who is preparing to become a teacher.
Scholarships O pen

to

M en

and

W omen

The Edward Clarkson W ilson Scholarship. A scholarship with
an annual value of $625 has been established at Swarthmore by friends of
Edward Clarkson Wilson, ’91, formerly Principal of the Baltimore Friends
School. It will be awarded each year to a former student of the Baltimore
Friends School, who has been approved by the faculty of the school, on the
basis of high character and high standing in scholarship. In any year when
there is no outstanding candidate from the students of the Baltimore Friends
School, the scholarship may be awarded to another young man or woman
who shall meet the required standards and who is approved by the school
faculty and the college.
The Class of 1915 Scholarship F und was established on the occasion
of the Twenty-fifth Reunion of the Class and provides an income of ap­
proximately $550. This sum is to be awarded either to freshmen or other
students, with preference given to descendants of the members of the Class
of 1915. The Business Manager, the Deans, and members of the Class
of 1915 designated by Thomas B. McCabe shall constitute the Committee
of Award. This Fund will become a part of the General Endowment of the
College on Alumni Day, 1970.
36

The D aniel U nderhill Scholarship, given by Daniel Underhill ’94,
in memory of his grandfather, Daniel Underhill, member of the first Board
of Managers, provides $500 annually for a deserving student in need of
financial aid.
The Rachel W. H illborn Scholarship was founded by Anne Hillborn Philips of the Class of 1892 in memory of her mother, with the
stipulation that the income shall go to a student in the junior or senior
class who is studying for service in the international field. Preference will
be given to a Friend or to one who intends to contribute to world under­
standing through diplomatic service, participation in some international
government agency, the American Friends Service Committee, or similar
activities. The annual income amounts to approximately $450.
The Jonathan K. T aylor Scholarship, in accordance with the donor’s
will, is awarded by the Board of Trustees of the Baltimore Monthly Meet­
ing of Friends. This scholarship is first open to descendants of the late
Jonathan K. Taylor. Then, while preference is to be given to members of
the Baltimore Yearly Meeting of Friends, it is not to be confined to them
when suitable persons in membership cannot be found. The value of
this scholarship is approximately $450 annually.
The P hebe A nn a T horne F und provides an income of approximately
$2250 for scholarships for students needing pecuniary assistance whose
previous work has demonstrated their earnestness and their ability. This
gift includes a clause of preference to those students who are members of
the New York Monthly Meeting of Friends. These scholarships are awarded
by the college under the regulations fixed by the board.
The W estbury Q uarterly M eeting , N. Y., Scholarship, amounting
to $250, is awarded annually by a committee of that Quarterly Meeting.
The James E. M iller Scholarship. Under the will of Arabella M.
Miller, who died Sixth Month 24th, 1922, the sum of $5,986 was awarded
to the Cambridge Trust Company, Trustee under the will of James E.
Miller, to be applied to scholarships in Swarthmore College. An annual
income of approximately $200 is available and may be applied toward the
payment of board and tuition of students of Delaware County (preference
to be given to residents of Nether Providence Township) to be selected
by Swarthmore College and approved by the Trustee.
The Chi O mega Scholarship was established by members and friends
of the Chi Omega Fraternity. The income provides an award of approx­
imately $225 annually to a member of the freshman class who is in definite
need of financial aid. Preference is given to daughters or sons of members
of the fraternity, but if in any year such a candidate does not apply, the
committee will select a freshman woman to receive the award. Applications
37

should be sent to the Office of the Deans before January 1st of the year
in which the award is to be made. A member designated by the Fraternity
serves on the Committee of Award.
The Presser M usic Scholarships, given by the Presser Foundation of
Philadelphia, makes available one or more scholarships annually, amounting
to $250 each, for those students whose special interests are in the field of
music.
The income from each of the following funds is awarded at the discretion
of the college to students needing pecuniary aid:
The Barclay G. A tkinson Scholarship F und .
The R ebecca M. A tkinson Scholarship F und .
The W illiam D orsey Scholarship F und .
The G eorge Ellsler Scholarship F und .
The J oseph E. G illingham F und .
The T homas L. Leedom Scholarship F und .
T he Sarah E. Lippincott Scholarship F und .
The M ark E. Reeves Scholarship F und .
The H elen Squier Scholarship F und .
The M ary Sproul Scholarship F und .
The J oseph T. Sullivan Scholarship F und .
The D eborah F. W harton Scholarship F und .
The T homas W oodnutt Scholarship F und .
The Samuel W illets F und yields an income of approximately $4,300
annually, "to be applied to educate in part or in whole such poor and deserv­
ing children as the Committee on Trusts, Endowments and Scholarships
of said college may from time to time judge and determine to be entitled
thereto.”
In addition to the above fund, Samuel Willets gave scholarships in the
name of his children, Frederick W illets, Edward W illets, W alter
W illets, and Caroline W. Frame. These scholarships have the value of
$225 each. They are awarded by the respective parties, their heirs or as­
signs, or in the event that the heirs do not exercise their right, by the col­
lege authorities.
The p V. W illiamson Scholarships. Ten scholarships of the value
of $150 each are offered to graduates of designated Friends schools: two
each to graduates of Friends Central and George School, one in the boys’
and one in the girls’ department; and one each to New York Friends
Seminary, Baltimore Friends School, Wilmington Friends School, Moorestown Friends School, Friends Academy at Locust Valley, Sidwell Friends
School and Brooklyn Friends School. Any income not utilized in accord­
ance with these conditions is used for free scholarships in accordance with
the will of the donor.
38

Friends College Scholarships. Swarthmore College, with a group of
other Friends Colleges, has established scholarships to enable students
from the smaller Friends Collegs to spend a year at one of the three cooper­
ating colleges in the Philadelphia areal Bryn Mawr, Haverford and
Swarthmore. These scholarships will be granted in varying amounts ac­
cording to need and ability.
Special Loan F unds
Several loan funds are administered by a commitee to which application
should be made through the Business Manager of the college.
T he Class of 1913 Loan F und was established by the Class of 1913
at their twenty-fifth reunion. Both principal and income are to be used
to provide a loan fund for students in the three upper classes. Individual
students may borrow up to $200 in any one year, the loans to be repayable
within five years with interest at four percent.
T he Class of 1916 Loan F und was established by the Class of 1916
at their twenty-fifth reunion. The fund is designed to provide loans to
senior students, preferably descendants of members of the Class of 1916, or
to other students at the discretion of the administering committee. The
loans are repayable not later than five years after graduation, with interest
at the rate of four percent.
The J ohn A. M iller Loan F und was established by the Class of 1912
at their twenty-fifth reunion. Both principal and income are to be used to
provide a loan fund for students in the three upper classes. Individual
students may borrow up to $200 in any one year, such loans to be repay­
able within five years with interest at four percent.
The Paul M. P earson Loan F und was established by a number of
Dr. Pearson’s friends as a memorial for perpetuating his life and spirit.
Both principal and income may be used for loans to students, repayable not
later than five years after graduation, with interest at the rate of four percent.
The Swarthmore C ollege Student Loan F und was established by
Mr. Clarence J. Gamble, who, feeling such a fund to be of unusual benefit
to worthy students, gave a sum to the college on condition that the Board
should set aside an equal amount to be added to the fund. Both principal
and income may be used for loans to students, repayable not later than
five years after graduation with interest at the rate of four percent.
The Ellis D. W illiams F und . By the will of Ellis D. Williams, a
legacy of $25,000 was left to the college, the income from which is to be
used for loans to students, repayable not later than five years after gradua­
tion, with interest at the rate of four percent.
39

Educational Resources
The primary educational resources of any college are the quality of its
faculty and the spirit of the institution. Second to these are the physical
facilities, in particular the libraries, laboratories and equipment.
Laboratories, well equipped for undergraduate instruction and in some
cases for research, exist in physics, chemistry, zoology, botany, psychology,
astronomy, and in civil, mechanical and electrical engineering. The Sproul
Observatory, with its 36-foot visual refracting telescope, is the center of
much fundamental research in multiple star systems. The Edward Martin
Biological Laboratory provides exceptional facilities for work in psychology,
zoology, botany and pre-medical studies. Recent additions to Beardsley Hall
increase the facilities for laboratory instruction and research in engineering.
The Swarthmore College Library, in part the gift of Andrew Car­
negie, contains reading rooms, offices and a collection of 161,445 volumes.
Some 4500 volumes are added annually. About 600 periodicals are re­
ceived regularly. The general collection, including all but the scientific and
technical books and journals, is housed in the library building, situated on
the front campus. An addition providing storeroom for 150,000 volumes
was erected in 1935. The library is definitely a collection of books and
journals for undergraduate use. The demands of honors work, however,
make necessary the provision of large quantities of source material not
usually found in collections maintained for undergraduates. It is a point
of library policy to try to supply, either by purchase or through inter-library
loan, the books needed by students or members of the faculty for their
individual research.
In addition, the library contains certain special collections—the British
Americana collection, the Wells’ Wordsworth and Thompson collections,
and a collection of the issuances of 406 private presses. The latest special
addition is the John William Graham Collection of Literature on Psychic
Science.
A number of special features enrich the academic background of the col­
lege. Among these are the following:
The Biddle M emorial Library is an attractive fire-proof structure of
stone and steel given by Clement M. Biddle, ’96, in memory of his father,
Clement M. Biddle, who served for over twenty years as a member of the
Board of Managers or as an officer of the Corporation of the College. This
Library contains two important Collections: the Friends Historical Library
and the Swarthmore College Peace Collection.
40

The Friends H istorical Library, founded in 1870 by Anson Lapham,
is one of the outstanding collections in the United States of manuscripts,
books, pamphlets, and pictures relating to the history of the Society of
Friends. The library is the central depository for the records of Friends
meetings belonging to Philadelphia Yearly Meeting (Race Street). More
rhan 1,000 record books have been deposited; many of them have been
reproduced on microfilm, for which a reading machine is available. The
William Wade Hinshaw Index to Quaker Meeting Records indexes the
material of genealogical interest in the records of 305 meetings in various
parts of the United States. Notable among the other holdings are the
Charles F. Jenkins Whittier Collection (first editions and manuscripts of
John Greenleaf W hittier), the Mott Manuscripts (over 400 autograph
letters of Lucretia Mott, antislavery and women’s rights leader), and the
Hicks Manuscripts (more than 300 letters of Elias Hicks, a famous Quaker
minister). The Library's collection of books and pamphlets by and about
Friends numbers approximately 20,000 volumes. Ninety Quaker periodicals
are currently received. There is also an extensive collection of photographs
of meeting houses and pictures of representative Friends. It is hoped that
Friends and others will consider the advantages of giving to this Library
any books and family papers which may throw light on the history of the
Society of Friends.
The Swarthmore College P eace Collection , also housed in the
Biddle Memorial Library, is of special interest to research students and
others seeking the records of the Peace Movement. Beginning with Jane
Addams’ personal papers and books relating to peace, the collection contains
a rich variety of the documents of early peace groups as far back as the
first peace committees in England and the United States about 1815, as
well as rare peace posters from many lands, and correspondence and writings
of peace and arbitration leaders. Individual writings on peace date back to
about 1642. The collection includes some 750 titles of magazines and
bulletins devoted to peace, published in the United States and abroad during
the past 120 years. There are about 160 titles of bulletins and magazines
currently received in eleven languages from 25 countries. This collection
is the official depository for the leading peace organizations in the United
States. A more complete description of the collection will be found in the
G u ide to th e S w arth m ore C o lleg e Peace C ollection , A M e m o ria l to ]ane
A d d a m s, published by the College and available on request.

The W illiam J. Cooper Foundation provides a varied program of
lectures and concerts which enriches the academic work of the college. The
Foundation was established by William J. Cooper, a devoted friend of the
college, whose wife, Emma Mcllvain Cooper,, served as a member of the
Board of Managers from 1882 to 1923. Mr. Cooper bequeathed to the
college the sum of $100,000 and provided that the income should be used
41

“in bringing to the college from time to time eminent citizens of this and
other countries who are leaders in statesmanship, education, the arts, sciences,
learned professions and business, in order that the faculty, students and the
college community may be broadened by a closer acquaintance with matters
of world interest.” Admission to all programs is without charge.
The Cooper Foundation Committee works with the departments and with
student organizations in arranging single lectures and concerts, and also
in bringing to the college speakers of note who remain in residence for a
long enough period to enter into the life of the community. Some of these
speakers have been invited with the understanding that their lectures should
be published under the auspices of the Foundation. This arrangement has
so far produced eight volumes:
Lindsay, Alexander Dunlop. The Essentials of Democracy. Philadelphia,
University of Pennsylvania Press, 1929.
Lowes, John Livingston. Geoffrey Chaucer and the Development of His
Genius. New York, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1934.
Weyl, Hermann. Mind and Nature.
sylvania Press, 1934.

Philadelphia, University of Penn­

Americas Recovery Program, by A. A. Berle, Jr., John Dickinson, A.
Heath Onthank . . . and others . . . Londofi, New York, etc., Oxford Uni­
versity Press, 1934.
Madariaga, Salvador de. Theory and Practice in International Relations.
Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1937.
Streit, Clarence Kirshman. Union N ow ; a Proposal for a Federal Union
of the Democracies of the North Atlantic. New York, Harper, 1939.
Krogh, August. The Comparative Physiology of Respiratory Mechanisms.
Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1941.
Wilcox, Clair, Editor. Civil Liberties under Attack. A series of lectures
given in 1950-51. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1951.
The A rthur H oyt Scott H orticultural Foundation . T wo hun­
dred and forty-seven acres are contained in the College property, including a
large tract of woodland and the valley of Crum Creek. Much of this tract
has been developed as an horticultural and botanical collection of trees,
shrubs and herbaceous plants through the provisions of the Arthur Hoyt Scott
Horticultural Foundation, established in 1929 by Mrs. Arthur Hoyt Scott
and Owen and Margaret Moon as a memorial to Arthur Hoyt Scott of the
Class of 1895. The plant collections are designed both to afford examples
of the better kinds of trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants which are hardy
in the climate of Eastern Pennsylvania and suitable for planting by the
average gardener, and to beautify the campus. There are exceptionally fine
42

displays of Japanese cherries, flowering crab apples and tree peonies, and a
great variety of lilacs, rhododendrons, azaleas, daffodils, iris, herbaceous
peonies, hemerocallis and chrysanthemums. Many donors have contributed
generously to the collections. (For full information see B u lletin o f Sw arthm ore C ollege, Vol. xxxvii, No. 5.)
The Bronson M. Cutting M emorial Collection of R ecorded
M usic was established at Swarthmore College in 1936 by a gift of approx­
imately four thousand phonograph records, a radio-phonograph, books and
musical scores, from the family of Bronson Murray Cutting, late Senator
from New Mexico; Its object is to make the best recorded music available
to the undergraduates, faculty, and friends of Swarthmore College, in co­
operation with the work of the college Department of Music. The collec­
tion is kept up to date with current additions.
The Benjam in W est Society, an organization of alumni, members of
the faculty and friends of the college, is building up a collection of paint­
ings, drawings, and etchings, which are exhibited as space permits in vari­
ous college buildings. The Society owes its name to the American artist of
the eighteenth century who was born in a house which still stands on the
Swarthmore campus, and who became President of the Royal Academy.

43

College Life
H ousing
Swarthmore is primarily a residential college, conducted on the assumption
that an important element in education comes from close association of
students and instructors. Most students live in dormitories. Many mem­
bers of the faculty live on or near the campus.
Residence Halls
There are four dormitories for men: Wharton Hall, named in honor
of its donor, Joseph Wharton, at one time President of the Board of Man­
agers, Woolman House and two buildings on the former Mary Lyon School
property.
The women’s dormitories include the upper floors in the wings of Parrish
Hall; Worth Hall, the gift of William P. Worth, 1876, and J. Sharpless
Worth, ex-1873, as a memorial to their parents; Palmer, Pittenger and
Roberts Halls on South Chester Road.
Dining Rooms
All students, both men and women, have their meals in two adjoining
College Dining Rooms in Parrish Hall.
R eligious Life
The religious life of the college is founded on the Quaker principle
that the seat of spiritual authority lies in the Inner Light of each individual.
The. Society of Friends is committed to the belief that religion is best ex­
pressed in the quality of everyday living. There are accordingly no com­
pulsory religious exercises, save in so far as the brief devotional element in
Collection may be so considered. Students are' encouraged to attend the
churches of their choice. Episcopal, Presbyterian, Methodist, and Christian
Science churches are located in the borough of Swarthmore; Catholic and
other churches in the nearby towns of Morton, Media, and Chester. The
Swarthmore Meeting House is located on the campus. Students are cordi­
ally invited to attend its meeting for worship on Sunday. Extra-curricular
groups with faculty cooperation exist for the study of the Bible and the
exploration of common concerns in religion.
An assembly of the college, called Collection, is held at 10: 00 a. m. every
Thursday in Clothier Memorial; attendance of students is required. There
is regularly a period of silence according to the Friendly tradition and, when
these are in keeping with the remainder of the program, the singing of
hymns and a reading from the Bible. Lasting from one-half to three44

quarters of an hour, Collection normally includes an address; but this is
varied by the occasional introduction of musical, dramatic, and other pro­
grams.
Student W elfare
Health
The college physician holds daily office hours at the college, where stu­
dents may consult him without charge. A student must report any illness
to the college physician, but is free to go for treatment to another doctor if
he prefers to do so.
At the time of admission each student must present a brief medical his­
tory and health certificate, prepared by the family physician on a form
supplied by the college. Pertinent information about such matters as
physical reserve, unusual medical episodes, severe allergies, or psychiatric
disturbances will be especially valuable to the college Health Service. All
new students must have been successfully vaccinated against smallpox within
five years, in accordance with Pennsylvania State law.
The college physician gives physical examinations to all students at the
beginning of each year. There is close cooperation with the Department of
Physical Education. Recommendations for limited activity are made for
those students with physical handicaps. In some cases a student may be
excused entirely from the requirements of the Physical Education Depart^
ment.
The college health program includes an annual chest x-ray which is com­
pulsory for all students. Should the student fail to meet his x-ray appoint­
ment, he is required to have one taken at his own expense.
There are two infirmaries, one for men and one for women. The in­
firmary for men is in Section F of Wharton Hall; the women’s infirmary
is at the east end of Parrish Hall. A registered nurse is in charge of each,
under the direction of the college physician.
Each student is allowed ten days care in the infirmaries per term without
charge unless the services of a special nurse are required. After ten days,
a charge of $2.00 per day is made. Students suffering from a communicable
disease or from illness which makes it necessary for them to remain in bed,
must stay in the infirmary for the period of their illness. A charge is made
for special or expensive medicines and certain immunization procedures,
but ordinary medicines are furnished without cost.
The medical and infirmary facilities of the college are available to students
injured in athletic activities or otherwise, but the college cannot assume ad­
ditional financial responsibility for medical and surgical expenses arising
from accidents. Accident insurance coverage is, therefore, required for all
45

students participating in athletics and is recommended for all others.
details see p. 32.)

(For

The college psychiatric consultants hold office hours by appointment each
week. A student may have from one to three interviews, for which a fee
of five dollars is charged by the college. The purpose of this service is to
be of help to all types of emotional problems.
Vocational Office
The college provides vocational information and advice to assist students
in their choice of a career. Conferences and field trips are planned periodi­
cally and interviews are arranged with prospective employers. Help is offered
to students in finding employment. In addition, summer work is planned
to give students job experience in various fields.
Alumni Office
The Alumni Office keeps records of the addresses of all living graduates
and alumni of the college. It also publishes periodically the Swarthmore
alumni magazine, T h e G a r n e t L e t t e r . The Alumni Office acts as liaison
for the college with all alumni and alumni groups, interpreting to them pres­
ent plans and policies of the college.
Student Advisers
The Deans and their assistants hold the primary responsibility for advising
all students. However, there are many other advisers available to each
student.
Each freshman is assigned to a faculty member who acts as his course
adviser until this responsibility falls to the chairman of the student’s major
department at the end of his sophomore year. Faculty members have also
been appointed as advisers for each of the men’s varsity athletic teams.
They work closely with the team, attending practice as well as all home
and away games.
Members of the senior honorary societies, Book and Key and Mortar
Board, help the Deans with the placement program conducted during fresh­
man week. A group of upperclass women, under the direction of the
Women’s Student Government Association, serve as counselors for all
freshman women, several counselors being assigned to each freshman hall.
There are also proctors in each of the men’s dormitory sections.
A marriage course is given each year under the direction of the Marriage
Council of Philadelphia. This course may be attended by juniors and
seniors, and students may seek advice from a member of the marriage Coun­
cil staff at any time. A non-credit course analyzing the development of
46

emotional maturity is also given by the college psychiatric consultant, Dr.
Leon Saul, to a limited number of students.
Special problems may be referred by the Deans to the college physician
or to the consulting psychiatrists.
T he Student Community
Student Council
The semi-annually elected Student Council represents the entire under­
graduate community and is the chief body of student government. Its
efforts are directed toward the coordination of student activities and the
expression of student opinion in matters of college policy.
Committees of the Council include the Budget Committee, which regulates
distribution of funds to student groups; the Community Service Committee,
which administers welfare projects; and the Elections Committee, which
supervises procedure in campus elections. The Curriculum Committee co­
operates with a similar committee of the faculty in the discussion of matters
relating to the academic program of the college. In addition to these, there
are several joint Faculty-Student Committees, whose student membership is
appointed by the Council: Collection, Cooper Foundation, Motion Pic­
tures, Men’s Athletics and Student Affairs.
Men’s Executive Committee
The men students of the college are represented by the Men’s Executive
Committee, a group elected to take responsibility fpr specified problems
which have to do primarily with dormitory life.
Women’s Student Government Association
All women students are members of the Women’s Student Government
Association, headed by an Executive Committee elected to promote a great
variety of women’s interests. This committee includes the chairmen of
certain important committees: Conduct, which maintains social regulations;
Personnel, which has a special concern for helping freshmen; Social (see
below ); Vocational, which assists the women’s Vocational Director; Somer­
ville, which arranges the program for Somerville Day, on which alumnae
are invited to return to the College, and fosters student-alumnae rela­
tionships.
Social Committee
An extensive program of social activities is managed by the Social Com­
mittee, under the direction of two elected co-chairmen, a man and a woman.
The program is designed to appeal to a wide variety of interests, and is
open to all students. At no time is there any charge for college social
functions.
47

Extra-Curricular Activities
In addition to the foregoing organizations, Swarthmore students have an
opportunity to participate in a program of extra-curricular activities wide
enough to meet every kind of interest. No credit is given for work in
such varied fields as sculpture, play-writing, publishing the college news­
paper or playing the cello in the orchestra. However, the college encourages
a student to participate in whatever activity best fits his personal talents
apd inclinations, believing that satisfactory avocations are a necessary part of
life for the well-rounded individual. It has provided instruction or advisers
wherever there has been sufficient demand. A handbook describing all
activities, written by the students themselves, can be had upon request to
the Deans’ Office.

48

T he
E d u c a tio n a l P ro gram
of

SWARTHMORE COLLEGE

General Statement
Swarthmore College offers the degree of Bachelor of Arts and the degree
of Bachelor of Science. The latter is given only in the Division of Engineer­
ing; the former, in the Divisions of the Humanities, the Social Sciences,
and Mathematics and the Natural Sciences.* Eight semesters of resident
study, which are normally completed in four years, lead to a Bachelor’s
degree.
The selection of a program will depend upon the student’s interests
and vocational plans. Programs in engineering, pre-medical courses, and
chemistry, for example, are the necessary preparation for professional work
in these fields. Students planning a career in law, business, or government
service find majors in the social sciences of great value.
The purpose of a liberal education, however, is not primarily to provide
vocational instruction, even though it provides the best foundation for one’s
future vocation. Its purpose is to help students fulfill their responsibilities
as citizens and grow into cultivated and well rounded individuals. A liberal
education is concerned with our cultural inheritance, the world of thought,
and the development of aesthetic, moral, and spiritual values.
It is necessary for most students to concern themselves with the problem
of making a living. But this concern should not lead them to a specializa­
tion that is too early and too narrow. They still have need of broadening
the scope of their experience. Particular skills may afford readier access to
routine employment, but positions of greater responsibility will be occupied
by those who are equipped to think their way through new problems and
to conceive of their functions in a larger context of time and place. Liberal
education and vocational training may be the joint products of a common
process, and the courses here offered should be selected with this large
purpose.
For this reason, all students, during the first half of their college program,
are expected to complete the general college requirements, to choose their
major and minor subjects, and to prepare for advanced work in these sub­
jects by taking certain prerequisites. Five full courses or their equivalent
in half courses constitute the normal program for each of the first two
years. Each course represents from eight to twelve hours of work a week
including class meetings, laboratory periods and individual preparation.
The program for upper class students affords, a choice between two meth­
ods of study: Honors Work, leading to a degree w ith H on ors, and General
Courses. An honors student concentrates on three related subjects which he
studies by the seminar method. At the end of his senior year he must take a
* For groupings of departments, see page 17.

50

battery of eight examinations on the work of his seminars, set by outside
examiners. (The system will be explained more fully below.)
A student in general courses has a somewhat wider freedom of election
and takes four full courses or their equivalent in each of the last two years.
At the end of his senior year he is required to pass a comprehensive
examination given by his major department.
The program for engineering students follows a similar basic plan, with
certain variations which are explained on page 84. Courses outside the
technical fields are spread over all four years.
In addition to scholastic requirements for graduation, all students must
meet certain standards of participation in Physical Education as set forth
in the statement of those departments (see pp. 128 to 130) and must attend
the Collection exercises of the college (see p. 44).
The course advisers of freshmen and sophomores are members of the
faculty appointed by the Deans. They are assisted by a number of student
advisers. For juniors and seniors the advisers are the chairmen of their
major departments or their representatives.

Program for Freshmen and Sophomores
The curriculum for the first two years is designed primarily to contribute
to a student’s general education by giving him an introduction to the methods
of thinking and the content of knowledge in a variety of fields important to
a liberal education.
1. The traditional humanistic studies—those studies through which man
learns to understand himself and his relationship to his fellows as indi­
viduals, and the enduring values in human experience.
2. The social sciences—those studies through which man learns to under­
stand the nature of organized society, past and present, and his relationship
to it.
3. The natural sciences—those studies through which man learns to
understand his physical environment, both organic and inorganic, outside of
his own individual and social being.
All students must include in their program:
1. One year course in the natural sciences to be selected from Physics 1-2,
Chemistry 1-2, Astronomy 1-2, Biology 1-2. By special provisions,
students may meet this requirement in 1951-52 by a course consisting of
one semester of mathematics (Mathematics 7) and one semester of
astronomy (Astronomy 8 ).
2. One year course in the social sciences, either Economics 1-2 or Political
Science 1-2.
51

3. Two semester courses in the humanities. Students majoring in the Di­
visions of Engineering and of Mathematics and the Natural Sciences shall
select these courses from among philosophy, literature (English or for­
eign), fine arts, music and religion. Students majoring in the Divisions
of the Humanities and the Social Sciences shall select from the same
subjects, but must include a semester course in literature (English or
foreign) and may include any course in philosophy except Philosophy i ,
which partially meets the requirement described below.
4. In addition, one year or two semester courses in departments outside the
division in which the major work is to be done. Students majoring in
the Humanities or the Social Sciences shall fulfill this requirement by
Philosophy 1 and Psychology 1. Students majoring in the Division pf
Mathematics and the Natural Sciences may offer psychology in partial
or complete fulfillment of this requirement, as well as any introductory
course listed in the catalogue in the Divisions of the Humanities and
the Social Sciences.
In addition to these general requirements, there are the following special
requirements:
5. All students majoring in the Humanities and the Social Sciences shall
take History 1-2.
6. All students except those majoring in engineering must include in
their program sufficient work in a modern or classical language to com­
plete course 4 or its equivalent. This may be met in whole or in part by
secondary school preparation as measured by the appropriate achievement
test of the College Entrance Examination Board.
Not more than one year in any one department will be counted toward
the fulfillment of requirments 1-5. Students entering college with special
preparation in any one of these subjects may apply for exemption.
In addition to the requirements listed above, prerequisites must be com­
pleted for the work of the last two years in major and minor subjects, and
sufficient additional electives must be taken to make up ten full courses. In
the Divisions of the Humanities and the Social Sciences it is strongly recom­
mended that these electives shall include:
Half courses (preferably in the first semester of an academic year) in
at least two of the following: Foreign Literature (classical or mod­
ern, either in the original or in translation), Fine Arts, Music.
A full course in whichever social science (Economics or Political Sci­
ence) is not taken in fulfillment of the general requirements.
A third half course in a natural science or a half course in Mathematics
or courses in each of these.
52

It is expected that, after completion of the minimum courses in the gen­
eral program of the first two years, the student will devote the remainder
of his sophomore year to preparing himself for more advanced study of
those subjects which have most interested him and to other courses which
will increase the range of his knowledge. He should decide, as early in
his sophomore year as possible, upon two or three subjects in which he might
like to major and should consult the statements of the departments concerned
as to required and recommended courses and supporting subjects. In most
cases he is advised to take not more than one semester of work in any sub­
ject beyond the first course.
The requirement in foreign language (either classical or modern) is
such that an exceptionally well prepared freshman may demonstrate his
completion of it before entering college by his rating in an Achievement
Test given by the College Entrance Examination Board. The results of the
tests indicate, however, that most students need to devote from one to four
terms to further language study. The desired standard is normally met on
the basis of four years’ work in high school, or of three or two years’ work
in high school followed by one or two terms in college. If a student
fulfills the requirement with a language which he begins in college, he will
need to study it for four terms. If he fulfills it with a language begun
elsewhere, his progress toward the degree of competence demanded is
measured by a placement test. This may be one of the achievement tests
of the College Entrance Examination Board which he has taken as a re­
quirement for admission. Additional placement tests are given when neces­
sary by the Swarthmore departments of language.

Program for Juniors and Seniors
W ork in Course
The work of juniors and seniors in course includes some intensive,
specialized study within a general area of interest. This comprises enough
work in a single department' (designated as a "major” ) to make an
equivalent of four full courses. Work taken during the first two years
may be counted toward fulfillment of the major requirements but not more
than six full courses or twelve half courses may be taken in the major field.
Before graduation the student must pass a comprehensive examination in his
major subject.
A student must choose his major subject at the end of the sophomore
year, and apply formally through the Registrar to be accepted by the division
concerned. The decision will be based on an estimate of his ability in his
major subject as well as on his record. If a student does not secure di­
visional approval, he cannot be admitted to the junior class.
A student’s course adviser during his junior and senior years is the
chairman of his major department (or a member of the department desig53

nated by the chairman) whose approval he must secure for his choice of
courses each semester.
In addition to major and recommended supporting subjects, juniors and
seniors usually have room for at least one elective a year.
The completion of eighteen full courses, with a minimum average of C,
normally constitutes the course requirement for a degree. A student may
carry extra work after the freshman year with the approval of his course
adviser and of the Committee on Academic Requirements, provided that
his record in the previous year has been satisfactory.
H onors W ork
Honors work is a system of instruction designed to free from the limita­
tions of class-room routine those students whose maturity and capacity
enable them to do independent work. Students who are chosen toward the
end of their sophomore year to read for honors are exempt from further
course requirements. Instead, during their junior and senior years they
study a few subjects intensively and independently.
They meet their instructors weekly in small seminars lasting from three to
four hours. In these meetings it is customary for students to present frequent
papers, although the methods of stimulating discussion vary greatly. In
scientific subjects additional time is spent in the laboratory. A student in
the honors program ordinarily takes two seminars each semester, making a
total of eight seminars during his last two years. Departments sometimes
permit their major students to substitute for one seminar the preparation
of a thesis.
If a department, supported by the division concerned, is of the opinion
that seven seminars instead of eight, plus one full course or two half
courses, form a better educational program than the usual eight seminars,
such a program will be allowed, and will be completed by seven examinations
instead of eight.'
A student whose work shows unusual distinction but who has not elected
to read for honors at the end of his sophomore year may be permitted to
take the regular honors examination and receive the degree of honors recom­
mended by the visiting examiners. He must petition the division concerned
for this permission before the end of his seventh semester and must submit
a list of eight examinations which he feels prepared to take.
Honors work involves a concentration of the student’s efforts upon a
limited and integrated field of studies. He chooses seminars in three (or
sometimes four) allied subjects, and customarily devotes at least one-half
of his time to a single department in the line of his major interest, in which
he is expected to demonstrate real achievement. Combinations of seminars
are not governed by rigid rules but must be approved by the departments
54

and divisions in which work is taken. Combinations involving seminars
from two divisions must be approved by the divisions involved.
N o examinations or grades are given from semester to semester, although
it is customary for honors students to take practice examinations at the end
of the junior year over the work covered thus far. These papers are read
by the instructors concerned and are used as a basis for advice and guidance
for the work of the senior year. At the end of the senior year honors
students take written and oral examinations given by examiners from other
institutions.*
The student should attain a degree of proficiency which will enable him
to meet a rigorous and searching examination. This examination is designed
to test his competence in a field of knowledge rather than his mastery of
those facts which an instructor has seen fit to present in seminar. This is
one of the chief ends for which the system of visiting examiners has been
instituted. The examiners first set a three-hour written examination on the
subject of each seminar, and after reading the written examination have an
opportunity to question each student orally, in order to clarify and enlarge
the basis of their judgment of the.student’s command of his material.
Upon recommendation of the examiners, successful candidates are awarded
the bachelor’s degree with honors, with high honors, or with highest honors.
Highest honors are awarded only to those who show unusual distinction.
When the work of a candidate does not, in the opinion of the examiners,
merit honors of any grade, his papers are returned to his instructors, who
decide, under rules of the faculty, whether he shall be given a degree in
course.
Students admitted to honors work who prove unable to meet the require­
ments or who for other reasons return to regular classes may receive pro­
portional course credit for the work they have done while reading for
honors.
Regulations governing possible combinations of major and minor sub­
jects in the four divisions appear below. Lists of seminars offered in prep­
aration for examinations follow departmental statements.
C o m b in a t io n s

of

M

a jo r s a n d

M

in o r s f o r

H

onors

W

ork

Division o f the Humanities
Major and minor subjects include English Literature, Fine Arts, French,
German, Greek, History, Latin, Music, Philosophy, Psychology, and Span­
ish. At least half of the student’s time will probably be devoted to his
major subjects, the remainder being divided between two related subjects.
* For list of examiners in June 1951, see page 144.

55

Division of the Social Sciences
Major and minor subjects include Economics, History, Philosophy, Psy­
chology, and Political Science. Students in this division normally devote
half their time to their major subject, dividing the remainder among related
minor subjects according to plans approved by the division.
Division of Mathematics and the Natural Sciences
Major subjects include Botany, Chemistry, Electrical Engineering, Mathe­
matics, Physics, Psychology, Zoology; related minor subjects include the
subjects listed, and Astronomy and Philosophy. At least half of the student’s
time will probably be devoted to his major subject, with the remainder
divided between two other related subjects within the division.
Division of Engineering
Major subjects for honors work in this division include Civil Engineering,
Electrical Engineering and Mechanical Engineering; a minor may be taken
in either or both of the engineering departments in which the student
does not have his major, or in Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics or Economics.
At least one-half of the student’s time will be devoted to his major in en­
gineering. The degree granted is the B.S. in Engineering.
The final examination will include papers on the fundamentals of the
three professional departments of engineering, four papers on the seminars
of the senior year, and one or two additional papers based upon the course
which the student has taken, the number of papers and their subjects to be
determined by the faculty of the division.
Procedure

for

A dmission

to

H onors W ork

A candidate for admission to honors should consult the chairmen of his
prospective major and minor departments during the second semester of his
sophomore year and work out a program for his junior and senior years.
This proposed program must be filed in the office of the Registrar who
will forward it to the division or divisions concerned. The acceptance of
the candidate by the division depends in part upon the quality of his
previous work as indicated by the grades he has received but mainly upon
his apparent capacity for assuming the responsibility of honors work.
The names of accepted candidates are announced later in the spring. The
major department is responsible for drawing up the original plan of work,
for supervising the candidate’s choice of seminars in all departments and
for keeping in touch with his progress from semester to semester. The
division is responsible for approval of the student’s original program and
any subsequent changes in that program. Proposals for combinations of
subjects or departments not provided for in the divisional arrangements
must be approved by the divisions involved.
56

P r e -M

e d ic a l

Program

The pre-medical student’s program is planned and his work supervised
by the Pre-medical Advisory Committee. There is more than one program
of courses by which a student may prepare himself for admission to medical
school. In mapping out a program for each student the Committee keeps
in mind (a) the particular interests of the student, (b) the entrance re­
quirements of the medical schools of the student's choice, (c) the need for
an understanding of basic social problems and the cultivation of a sensitive­
ness for the enduring values in the arts and literature, and (d) the value
of intensive work in at least one field.
Students who plan to meet medical school requirements will ordinarily
take Biology 1-2; Chemistry 1-2, 11 and 21; English Composition; Math­
ematics 1-2; Physics 1-2; Zoology 11 and at least one other half course;
a modern foreign language, preferably German, to a point equivalent to the
completion of course 4. The work of the junior and senior years may be
taken in the honors program or in course. Intensive work may be carried
out in a single field or in closely related departments. Pre-medical students
may fulfill the major requirements in the departments of their own choice,
usually, but not necessarily, in chemistry, mathematics, physics, or zoology;
or they may fulfill the requirements by completing three full courses in each
of two related departments in the division of mathematics and the natural
sciences. In the latter case the comprehensive examinations will be ar­
ranged jointly by the departments concerned.
Although some students have been admitted to medical schools upon the
completion of three years of college work, many of the best medical schools
strongly advise completion of four years of college.

Faculty Regulations
A ttendance

at

C lasses

and

Collection

Members of the faculty will hold students responsible for regular at­
tendance at classes and will report to the Deans the name of any student
whose repeated absence is in their opinion impairing the student’s work.
The number of cuts allowed in a given course is not specified, a fact which
places a heavy responsibility on all students to make sure that their work
is not suffering as a result of absences. Since freshmen must exercise par­
ticular care in this respect and since the faculty recognizes its greater re­
sponsibility toward freshmen in the matter of class attendance, it is ex­
pected that freshmen, especially, will attend d l their classes.
When illness necessitates absence from classes the student should report
at once to the nurses or to the college physician.
57

The last meeting before vacation and the first meeting after vacation
in each course must be attended. ' The minimum penalty for violation of
this rule is probation.
Absences from Collection are acted upon by the Deans as instructed by
the faculty. All students are allowed two absences from Collection each
term.
G rades

Instructors report to the Deans’ office at intervals during the year upon
the work of students in courses. Informal reports during the semester
take the form of comments on unsatisfactory work. At the end of each
semester formal grades are given in each course under the letter system,
by which A means excellent work, B good work, C fair work, D poor work,
and E failure. W signifies that the student has been permitted to withdraw
from the course by the Committee on Academic Requirements. X desig­
nates a condition, and Inc. means that a student’s work is incomplete in
respect to specific assignments or examinations. These marks may be re­
moved as indicated below.
The mark "conditioned” indicates that a student has done unsatisfactory
work in the first half of a course, but by creditable work during the second
half may earn a passing grade for the full course, and thereby remove his
condition. "Incomplètes” must normally be made up in the term im­
mediately following that in which they were incurred. A date is set at the
end of the first six weeks of each term when make-up examinations must
be scheduled and late papers submitted. Under special circumstances in­
volving a use of laboratories or attendance at courses not immediately avail­
able, a student may secure permission to extend the time for making up an
incomplete until the second term following. This permission must be given
in writing and filed in the Office of the Registrar. Any not made up within
a year from the time it is imposed shall thereafter be recorded as E, i.e.,
co m p lete failu re, which cannot be made up.
Reports are sent to parents and to students at the end of each semester.
For graduation in general courses, a C average is required ; for graduation
in honors work, the recommendation of the visiting examiners.
Extra

or

F ewer Courses

A regular student is expected to take the prescribed number of courses
in each semester, If more or fewer courses seem desirable, he should con­
sult his course adviser and file a petition with the Committee on Academic
Requirements. A student who wishes to take fewer than the normal
number of courses should register for the regular program and file a petition
to drop one or more courses.
58

Applications involving late entrance into a course must be received
within the first two weeks of the semester. Applications involving with­
drawal from a course must be received not later than the middle of the
semester.
Examinations
Any student who is absent from an examination, announcement of which
was made in advance, shall be given an examination at another hour only
by special arrangement with the instructor in charge of the course.
No examination in absentia shall be permitted. This rule shall be in­
terpreted to mean that instructors shall give examinations only at the
college and under direct departmental supervision.
Summer School W ork
Students desiring to transfer credit from a summer school are required
to obtain the endorsement of the chairman of the department concerned
before entering upon the work, and after completing the work are required
to pass an examination set by the Swarthmore department.
R esidence
All freshmen are assigned to rooms by the Deans. Other students choose
their rooms in an order determined by lot. Special permission must be
secured to room outside the dormitories.
Students may occupy college rooms between terms only by special ar:
rangement with the Deans and the payment of the required fee. The
college dining room is closed during all vacations.
Freshmen are asked to leave the college immediately after their last ex­
amination in June so that their rooms may be used by Commencement visitors.
P rohibition

of

A utomobiles

at

Swarthmore

By action of the faculty, approved by the Board of Managers, no under­
graduate may maintain an automobile while enrolled at the college without
the permission of the Dean. This rule prohibits equally the maintenance
of an automobile owned by students and those owned by other persons but
placed in the custody or control of students.
Day students may, with the permission of the Deans, use cars in com­
muting to college. Under exceptional circumstances a student may obtain
permission from one of the Deans to keep an automobile in the borough for
a limited time.
The prohibition of automobiles is important in order to maintain the
kind of academic community for which Swarthmore stands. Parents and
students must realize that this regulation will be strictly enforced; students
who fail to observe it may be asked to withdraw from college.
59

Exclusion

from

College

The college reserves the right to exclude at any time students whose con­
duct or academic standing it regards as undesirable, and without assigning
any further reason therefor; in such cases fees will not be refunded or
remitted, in whole or in part, and neither the college nor any of its officers
shall be under any liability whatsoever for such exclusion.

Requirements for Graduation
Bachelor

of

A rts

and

Bachelor

of

Science

The degree of Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science are conferred
upon students who have met the following requirements for graduation:
1. The candidate must have completed eighteen full courses or ten courses
and eight seminars with an average grade of C.
2. He must have complied with the course requirements for the first two

years.
3. He must have met the requirements in the major and supporting
fields during the last two years.
4. He must have passed satisfactorily the comprehensive examinations in
his'major field or met the standards set by visiting examiners for a degree
with honors.
5. He must have completed four terms of study at Swarthmore College,
two of which have been those of the senior year. 1
6. He must have completed the physical education requirements set forth
in the statements of the Physical Education Departments (see pages 128 to
130).
7. He must have attended the Collection exercises of the College in accord
ance with the regulations (see page 44).
8. He must have paid all oustanding bills and returned all equipment
and library books.

Advanced Degrees
M aster

of

A rts

and

M aster

of

Science

The degree of Master of Arts or Master of Science may be conferred
subject to the following requirements:
Only students who have completed the work for the Bachelor’s degree
with some distinction, either at Swarthmore or at another institution of
satisfactory standing, shall be admitted as candidates for the Master’s degree
at Swarthmore.
60

The candidate’s record and a detailed program setting forth the aim of
the work to be pursued shall be submitted, with a recommendation from
the department or departments concerned, to the Committee on the Master’s
Degree. If accepted by the division, the candidate’s name shall be reported
to the faculty at or before the first faculty meeting of the year in which the
candidate is to begin his work.
The requirements for the Master’s degree shall include the equivalent
of a full year’s work of graduate character. This work may be done in
courses, seminars, reading courses, regular conferences with members of
the faculty or research. The work may be done in one department or in two
related departments. The catalogue statements of departments which offer
graduate work indicate the courses or seminars which may be taken for
this purpose.
At the option of the department or departments concerned, a thesis may
be required as part of the work for the degree.
A candidate for the Master’s degree will be expected to show before ad­
mission to candidacy a competence in those languages deemed by his depart­
ment or departments most essential for his field of research. Detailed
language requirements will be indicated in the announcements of departments
which admit candidates for the degree.
A candidate for the Master’s degree shall be required to pass an examina­
tion conducted by the department or departments in which his work was
done. He shall be examined by outside examiners, provided that, where
this procedure is not practicable, exceptions may be made by the Committee
on the Master’s Degree. The department or departments concerned, on the
basis of the reports of the outside examiners, together with the reports of
the student’s resident instructors, shall make recommendations to the faculty
for the award of the degree.
The tuition fee for graduate students who are candidates for the Master’s
degree is $650 per year, and the general fee for these students is $25 per
semester.
Advanced Engineering D egrees
The advanced degrees of Mechanical Engineer (M .E.), Electrical Engineer
(E.E.), and Civil Engineer (C.E.), may be obtained by graduates who
have received their Bachelor’s degree in Engineering upon fulfilling the
requirements given below:
1. The candidate must have been engaged in engineering work for five
years since receiving his first degree.
2. He must have had charge of engineering work and must be in a
position of responsibility and trust at the time of application.
61

3. He must make application and submit an outline of the thesis he ex­
pects to present, one full year before the advanced degree is to be conferred.
4. The thesis must be submitted for approval one calendar month before
the time of granting the degree.
5. Every candidate shall pay a registration fee of $5 and an additional
fee of $20 when the degree is conferred.

Awards and Frizes
The Ivy M edal F und was created by a gift from Owen Moon, ’94.
The income of the fund is used to purchase a medal which is placed in the
hands of the faculty for award on Commencement Day to a male member
of the graduating class. The qualifications for the Ivy Medal are similar
to those for the Rhodes Scholarships and include ( a ) qualities of manhood,
force of character, and leadership; ( b ) literary and scholastic ability and
attainments. These have been phrased by the donor in the words "leader­
ship based upon character and scholarship.”
The O ak Leaf M edal was established by David Dwight Rowlands of
the Class of 1909. It was later permanently endowed in memory of him by
Hazel C. Rowlands, ’07, and Caroline A. Lukens, ’98. The medal is placed
in the hands of the faculty to be awarded each year to the woman member
of the Senior Class who is outstanding for loyalty, scholarship and service.
The M cCabe Engineering A ward, founded by Thomas B. McCabe,
1915, is to be presented each year to the outstanding engineering student
in the Senior Class. The recipient is chosen by a committee of the faculty
of the division of Engineering.
The Crane Prize, a memorial to Charles E. Crane, Jr., of the Class of
1936, is an award of about $20, given for the purchase of philosophical
books, and presented annually to the junior who, in the opinion of the
department, has done the best work in Philosophy.
The A. Edward N ewton Library P rize of $50, endowed by A. Edward
Newton, to make permanent the Library Prize first established by W. W.
Thayer, is awarded annually to that undergraduate who, in the opinion of
the Committee of Award, shows the best and most intelligently chosen col­
lection of books upon any subject. Particular emphasis is laid in the award,
not merely upon the size of the collection but also upon the skill with which
the books are selected and upon the owner’s knowledge of their subjectmatter.
The K atherine B. Sicard Prize of $5, endowed by the Delta Gamma
Fraternity in memory of Katherine B. Sicard, ex ’34, is awarded annually
to the freshman woman who, in the opinion of the department, shows great­
est proficiency in English.
62

P ublic Speaking Contests. Prizes for annual contests in public speak­
ing are provided as follows: The Ella Frances Bunting Extemporary
Speaking F und awards prizes totalling $45 for the best extemporaneous
short speeches. The O w en M oon F und provides the Delta Upsilon
Speaking, Contest prizes totalling $25 for the best prepared speeches on
topics of current interest.
The W illiam P lummer P otter P ublic Speaking F und was estab­
lished in 1907. The income of the fund is used to sponsor three different
annual contests: 1) the Potter Public Speaking Contest prizes totalling
$100.00, 2) the Potter Poetry Contest, $50.00, 3) the One-Act Play Con­
test, $50.00. The Potter Fund has also been used to establish a collection
of dramatic and poetic records.
The Lois M orrell Poetry Award, given by her parents in memory of
Lois Morrell of the Class of 1946,' goes to that student who, in the opinion
of the faculty, submits the best original poem in the annual competition for
the award. The award, consisting of $100, is made in the spring of the
year. All entries should be submitted by April 1.
The J ohn R ussell H ayes P oetry P rizes, of approximately $25 for a
first prize and $15 for a second prize; are offered for the best original poem
or for a translation from any language. Manuscripts should be ready by
April 1 of each year.

Fellowships
There are seven fellowships offered to graduates of Swarthmore College.
Four fellowships are awarded annually by the faculty, on recommendation
of the Committee on Fellowships, to graduates of the college for the pursuit
of advanced work under the direction of the faculty or with their approval.
Applications for fellowships must be in the hands of the committee by April
15. .Applicants for any one of these fellowships will be considered for all
four.
These four fellowships are:
The Catherwood F ellowship, established by the Catherwood Founda­
tion of Philadelphia, is awarded annually to an outstanding man or woman
student of the senior class who proposes to carry on graduate studies.
Requirements for the Fellowship are similar to those for Rhodes Scholar­
ships, including "some quality of distinction in character or intellect or
both.” The amount of the award is $1,000.
The H annah A. L eedom F ellowship of $500, founded by the bequest
of Hannah A. Leedom.
63

The J oshua Lippincott Fellowship of $600, founded by Howard W.
Lippincott, of the Class of 1875, in memory of his father.
The J ohn Lockwood M emorial F ellowship of $600, founded by the
bequest of Lydia A. Lockwood, New York, in memory of her brother, John
Lockwood. It was the wish of the donor that the fellowship be awarded
to a member of the Society of Friends.
The other three fellowships are:
The L ucretia M ott Fellowship, founded by the Somerville Literary
Society and sustained by the contribution of its life members, has yielded
an annual income since its foundation of $525. It is awarded each year
by a committee of the faculty (selected by the society), with the concur­
rence of the life members of the society, to a young woman graduate of
that year who is to pursue advanced study at some other institution approved
by this committee.
The M artha E. T yson Fellowship, founded by the Somerville Literary
Society in 1913, is sustained by the contributions of life members of the
society and yields an income of $500 or more. It is awarded biennially by a
joint committee of the faculty and the society (elected by the society) with
the concurrence of the life members of the society to a woman graduate
of Swarthmore College, who has entered or plans to enter elementary or
secondary school work. The recipient of the award is to pursue a course
of study fitting her for more efficient work in an institution approved by the
Committee of Award.
Sigma X i R esearch F ellowship. The Swarthmore Chapter of Sigma
Xi appoints, from time to time, as funds are available, Fellows with re­
search grants with a maximum value of $1,000. The holders of this fellow­
ship are usually associates of the chapter who have shown conspicuous ability
in graduate studies. The purpose of the chapter in awarding these fellow­
ships is to relieve worthy students from teaching and other distracting
duties so that they may concentrate as much as possible upon their research.
Applications for these fellowships should be made to the secretary of the
chapter not later than the middle of March. Appointments will be an­
nounced about the middle of April.

64

M artin Biological Laboratory

Courses
N umbering

of
of

Instruction

Courses

and

Seminars

A system of uniform numbering is used in all departments.
numbered as follows:
1 to

Courses are

9—introductory courses

11 to 49— other courses open to students of all classes
51 to 69—advanced courses limited to juniors and seniors
Above 100—seminars for honors students
Full courses the numbers of which are joined by a hyphen (e. g., 1-2)
must be continued for the entire year; credit is not given for the first
semester’s work only.

Biology
P rofessor: Robert K. Enders, Chairm an
A ssociate Professors: Launce J. F lemister
Luzerne G. Livingston
N orman A. M einkoth
W alter J. Scott
N eal A. W eber f
I nstructor : K urt K. Bohnsack
L ecturer : Sarah C. Flemister
Through its elementary course, the Department of Biology introduces the student
to a comprehensive view of those principles, problems and phenomena common to all
organisms, with animals and plants interpreted on a comparative basis. The advanced
courses in the Biological Sciences (except Genetics) deal specifically with plant biology
(botany), or animal biology (zoology) and are listed under these respective headings.
Following the broad review of the plant and animal kingdoms as given in the course
in general biology, advanced work is taken up in two different ways: first, specific
aspects of the broad subjects are treated in a comparative manner as in anatomy and
physiology; second, broader aspects of a specific subject are treated as in entomology,
parasitology, embryology, genetics and developmental plant anatomy. The structural
and functional consideration is extended to include problems of interdependence of
organisms in the structure and function of plant and animal societies and the influence
of physical, chemical and biological factors in the survival of those societies.

R equirements

for

M ajors

in

Course

A student may major in biology, botany, or zoology. Students in course should
include the following supporting subjects in their programs, in addition to the four
full courses in their major subject: chemistry, including one semester in organic
chemistry, one course in physics, one course in mathematics and a modem language
(German preferred) through course 4. These courses are required for majors in
botany or zoology. The program for biology majors may be modified, but any program
must be approved in advance by the department.

Biology
Staff.
Course
An introduction to the study of living things. A consideration of the properties
of protoplasm and the structure of the cell; a brief survey of living forms, both
plant and animal. The methods by which animals and plants maintain themselves,
grow and reproduce, and a discussion of the mechanism of heredity. Some time
will be devoted to the interrelationships of plants and animals in communities,
and the place of man in the whole structure. Evidence for and against theories of
evolution will be discussed.
Two lectures and one discussion period, one three-hour laboratory per week.
Credit is not given for a single semester of this course.

1-2. G eneral Biology.

f Absent on leave, 1951-52.

66

Spring Semester
A study of the fundamental principles of inheritance as they apply to living
organisms generally. The course includes a detailed consideration of the principles
of Mendelian inheritance, an analysis of the underlying chromosomal mechanisms,
the gene theory, and the relationship of the principles of genetics to evolution, to
plant and animal improvement, and to man.
Three lectures per week, with assigned problems and laboratory and/or library
projects in lieu of formally organized laboratory work.
Prerequisite: Biology 1-2.

20. G enetics .

G reek and Latin N omenclature (Classics X ).

Miss North.
This course is designed to help students of the biological sciences to understand
terminology derived from Greek and Latin. Principles of word formation, the
meaning of common roots, the use of prefixes and suffixes, the nature of com­
bining forms, and rules for English pronunciation will be stressed.
Required of majors in the junior year. One hour per week. No credit.

Botany
Mr. Livingston.
The fundamentals of anatomy of seed plants approached from a developmental
standpoint. The structure and behavior of meristems, problems and processes of
differentiation, and a detailed analysis of cellular, tissue and organ structure in
higher plants.
Two lectures and two three-hour laboratory periods per week.
Prerequisite: Biology 1-2.

16. D evelopmental P lant A natomy .

18. Survey of the P lant K ingdom . Mr. Livingston.

Pall Semester
A comparative study of the structure, reproduction, and life habits of the algae,
fungi, mosses, and lower vascular plants from a phylogenetic viewpoint. Partic­
ular attention is given to current concepts of evolutionary relationship from the
standpoints of both comparative morphology and' paleobotanical evidence.
Two lectures and two laboratories or field trips per week.
Prerequisite: Biology 1-2.

67. P lant P hysiology. Mr. Livingston.
Spring Semester
(Not offered—1951-52.)
An integrated study of the physiological processes of higher plants, including
general cellular physiology, water relations, mineral nutrition, enzyme action,
photosynthesis, metabolic processes, translocation, the physiology of growth and
development, and related topics.
Two lectures, one discussion period, and one laboratory period per week.
Prerequisite: Biology 1-2, Chemistry 1-2, Organic Chemistry desirable.
68. Biology of Bacteria . Mr. Livington.

Pall Semester
(Not offered—1951-52.)
An approach to the study of bacteriology with principal emphasis on the con­
sideration of bacteria as organisms, rather than as causative agents of disease, etc.
The morphology, physiology and biochemistry, and classification of bacteria.
Two lectures and two laboratory periods per week.
Prerequisites: Biology 1-2, Chemistry 1-2, Organic Chemistry desirable.
67

69. T axonomy of Seed P lants . Mr. Livingston.
Spring Semester
A study of the classification and evolutionary relationships of seed plants* includ­
ing a detailed consideration of the characteristics of the more important families
of flowering plants. A study of the methods of identification and recognition of
the local flora, both native and horticultural.
Two lectures and two laboratories or field trips per week.
Prerequisite: Biology 1-2.
H ono rs W ork
The seminars given each year vary according to the Choices of the students and the
convenience of the department.
111. P lant P hysiology.

An extension of the area covered in course 67, with particular emphasis on a
critical study of original sources, both classical and current. The seminar discus­
sion is accompanied by a full day of laboratory work each week.
112. P roblems of G row th and D evelopment .

A correlated anatomical and physiological approach to developmental plant an­
atomy and morphogenesis. The seminar discussion is accompanied by a full day
of laboratory work each week.
113. G enetics .

An extension of the area covered in course 20, with particular emphasis on cur­
rent research in the field of inheritance in all its aspects. The seminar discussion
is accompanied by a full day of laboratory work each week.
114. T axonomy and D istribution of F lowering P lants .

An extension of the area covered in course 69, integrated with a study of plant
geography and distribution. Seminar discussions and field work, supplemented by
laboratory work.

Zoology
11. Comparative V ertebrate A natomy . Mr. Meinkoth, Mr. Weber.

Fall Semester
This course normally follows General Biology. It deals with the comparative
and unique aspects of the anatomy of the integument, skeleton, muscular, digestive,
respiratory, circulatory, -excretory and nervous systems of the various vertebrate
types. Classification, phylogeny and adaptive radiation are considered with stress
placed on anatomical adaptations to the various habitats. The protochordates,
lamprey, dogfish, necturus and cat are studied as representative forms in the
laboratory. The course has three lecture and two laboratory meetings per week.
This course is among those required by medical schools.
12. Elementary P hysiology. Mr. Scott.
Spring Semester
A consideration of the physiology of muscle, nerve, circulation, respiration,
central nervous system, special senses and digestion; the treatment is designed to
give a broad understanding of the mechanism of the vertebrate body. In the
laboratory standard experiments on living tissue are performed. Two lectures,
one conference and one laboratory period' per week.
68

51. H istology. Mrs. Flemister.
Fall Semester
This course consists of a detailed study of the microscopic structure of vertebrate
tissues, together with the functions of such tissues. In the laboratory the student
examines both prepared and living material, and becomes familiar with the princ­
iples of microtechniques. Three lectures and two laboratory periods per week.
Prerequisites: 1-2, 11.
Spring Semester
A study of development of vertebrate anatomy. The lectures are concerned with
an investigation of the events which precede development, an analysis of the
development processes, and a brief survey of the contributions of the field of ex­
perimental embryology. Laboratory periods are devoted' to the embryology of the
frog, chick and pig. Three lectures and two laboratory periods per week.

52. E mbryology.

53. Entomology . Mr. Weber.
Fall Semester
The study of insects and their relatives, their morphological and physiological
adaptations and their effect on man. Each student will prepare a study collection
from field trips.
54. Biology of Parasitism. Mr. Meinkoth.
Alternate Years, Spring Semester
A consideration of parasitology with reference to evolution and adaptation to the
parasitic habit. Surveys are made of parasites in native animals. Classification,
life cycles and epidemiology are reviewed.
Prerequisite: 11 Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy.
55. Field Z oology.
Emphasis is on
relationships to
will be done on

Mr. Weber, Mr. Bohnsack.
Fall Semester
the living animals as they occur in nature, their systematics,
the environment, habits and distribution. Most of the work
field trips.

56. I nvertebrate Z oology. Mr. Meinkoth.
Alternate Years, Fall Semester
(Not given in 1951-52.)
A course designed to acquaint the student with the fundamental morphology,
classification, phylogeny and special problems of the invertebrate phyla.
Three lectures and two laboratories per week. Occasional field trips.
Prerequisite: 11 Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy.
57. Comparative P hysiology. Mr. Flemister.
Fall Semester
A course of lectures and laboratory experiments treating functional processes
from the Standpoint of adaptation of the animal to its environment. These
processes in representative animals are compared in order to follow their elabora­
tion from the more general to the more specialized.
Two lectures, one conference and two laboratory periods per week.
Prerequisites: Comparative Anatomy and Organic Chemistry.
58. P hysiological Ecology. Mr. Flemister.

Spring Semester
A course of lectures, discussions and laboratory experiments concerning the
physiological adaptations of representative animals to environmental stress. Re­
quirements and availability of optimum conditions of temperature, oxygen, food­
stuffs and the maintenance of ionic independence are critically appraised. More
than half of the laboratory work is done in the field.
Two lectures, one conference and two laboratory periods per week.
Prerequisite: 57 Comparative Physiology. Offered Spring term of even years.
69

59. N euro -Anatomy . Mr. Scott.
Given on demand
This course is planned to give an account of the structure and something of the
functioning of the central nervous system of man. In the discussions special at­
tention is given where possible to consideration of the comparative features of the
evolution of the central nervous system.
One laboratory period and one three-hour conference per week.
Prerequisites: Comparative Anatomy and Physiology.
61. Biology for Seniors . Mr. Enders.

Spring Semester
A course designed to integrate the student’s knowledge in abstract sciences with
living animals, both captive and wild, and to give an opportunity to work on
some phase of Biology of interest to him.

63, 64. Special T opics. Staff.

Full or Half Course
For advanced students. Open to those who, on account of fitness, have arranged
a program of special work in the department.

70-71. F undamentals of Systematics. Academy of Natural Sciences.
This course presents the study of variation, speciation, and the evolution of tax­
onomic categories. It acquaints the student with the use of the methods and tech­
niques of cytology, genetics, statistics, and plant and animal distribution in solving
taxonomic problems. Each student will attack an individual problem in the
taxonomy or some group of plants or animals.
One hour lecture, 4 hours laboratory. Saturdays 8-1.
H onors W ork
A student with a major in zoology and a minor in chemistry, or a minor in chem­
istry and physics must complete in the first two years the following: three half
courses in zoology (including 1-2), two courses in chemistry, one course in mathematics
(11 and 12 required for advanced chemistry and physics) and two courses in German
(preferred) or French. Honors students majoring in zoology normally take four
seminars in zoology, with the remaining seminars usually in botany, chemistry, physics,
mathematics and psychology.
Prerequisites for students in the honors curriculum with a minor in zoology consist
of three half courses in biology and zoology (including 1-2). In addition, 104 re­
quires one course in physics and chemistry through organic chemistry.
Seminars: The following seminars prepare students for examinations for a degree
with Honors.
101. Biology of Parasitism. Mr. Meinkoth.
An intensified version of course 54 with emphasis on individual student projects,
and an acquaintance with both the classic problems and the current literature deal­
ing with the phenomenon of parasitism.
102. Cytology.

A study of the structure and function of the cell. Living material will be ex­
amined and the modern microscopical techniques employed in the laboratory.
103. E mbryology. Mr. Enders.
An analysis of reproduction and development. The laboratory work includes
individual projects by the students, a study of developmental anatomy of the chick
and pig, and frog, and the observation of living material under normal and
experimental conditions.
70

104. C omparative P hysiology (for Biology Majors). Mr. Flemister.
An intensive consideration of the physical and chemical phenomena underlying
the function of animals. A comparative approach is maintained in order to
consider the progression from more general to the more specialized adjustments,
acclimatizations and adaptations of animals to physical, chemical and biological
stresses in the environment. The terminal portion of the laboratory program is
devoted to the pursuit of, original, independent work by the student. Prerequisites
for this seminar are courses in Comparative Anatomy and1 Organic Chemistry.
One afternoon of discussion and one full day in the laboratory per week. Offered
in the Fall term.
105. P hysiology (for non-Majors). Mr. Scott.
A general consideration of the functional processes in animals with emphasis
placed on mammals and other vertebrates. The aspects of adaptation of the
animal to environmental stress are treated in such a way as to serve the individual
student’s area of concentration. In preparation an introductory course in Zoology
is desirable. One afternoon of discussion and one full day in the laboratory per
week. Offered in the Spring term of alternate years.
106. Entomology . Mr. Weber, Mr. Bohnsack.
Following a survey of insects in general a detailed study of one aspect of the
field will be undertaken. This will involve use of a scientific library and inde­
pendent work on one topic.
110. Special T opics. The Staff.

Open to students who, having satisfied all requirements, desire further work in
the department. Frequently this will include acting as junior assistants in the
research of staff members.

71

Chemistry
Professors: Edward H. Cox,** Chairm an
H. J ermain Creighton *
A ssociate Professors: D uncan G. Foster
W alter B. K eighton , J r.
A ssistant P rofessor: Edward A. Fehnel
I nstructor : Emil J. Slowinski, J r .
The aim of the Department of Chemistry is to provide a sound training in the
fundamental theories and basic techniques of the science rather than to deal with
specialized branches of the subject. The courses offered are designed' to meet the needs
of four classes of students:
1. Students with a primary interest in the humanities or social sciences, who turn
to chemistry as a scientific study of general educational value. For these students
Chemistry 1 or Chemistry 1 and 2 offers training in the scientific approach to
problems, experience with the laboratory method of investigation, and a presen­
tation of the major intellectual achievements of chemistry.
2. Students who seek training in chemistry as a supplement to their training in
astronomy, botany, engineering, mathematics, medicine, physics, or zoology.
Courses 1, 2, 11, 12, 21 (or 22 and 55), 61-62 and the seminars in Organic
Chemistry and in Physical Chemistry include those most frequently recommended
for this class of students. The departmental statements contain specific recom­
mendations.
3. Students interested in chemistry as a scientific study of general educational value,
but who have no intention of pursuing chemistry as a profession. Such students
may meet the college requirements for a major in chemistry by completing the
following courses in chemistry as a minimum: 1, 2, 11, 12, 22, 55, 61 and 62.
They should also take Mathematics 1, 2, 11, 12; Physics 1-2; and an additional
advanced course in mathematics, physics, or zoology. By wisely planning his
elective courses the student may obtain a broad education with emphasis on
chemistry and its supporting subjects.
4. Students who expect to practice chemistry as a profession or to do graduate
study in chemistry need somewhat more chemistry, mathematics and physics than
listed in the previous paragraph. In addition they must complete German 4 or
7-8. The typical curricula outlined below provide for a well-rounded and thor­
ough training in the fundamentals of chemistry and practice in its techniques.
In addition, they satisfy the minimum requirements of the American Chemical
Society for the undergraduate training of chemists.
The following are typical curricula for the student in course and' in honors. Some
variation from either curriculum is possible, and all students intending to major in
chemistry should consult with members of the staff regarding the courses best suited
to their purpose.
* Absent on leave, first semester, 1951-52.
Absent on leave, Spring Semester, 1951-52.

**

72

In Course
freshman Year
Introductory Chemistry 1, 2
Mathematics 1, 2
♦German 1-2
English Literature 1 and a half course in
philosophy, fine arts, music or religion
Economics 1-2, or Political Science 1-2

Junior Year
Organic Chemistry 22
Gravimetric Analysis 51
Differential Equations 52
Advanced Calculus 51
Psychology 1
Physics 11-12
Elective

Sophomore Year
Qualitative Analysis 11
Volumetric Analysis 12
Differential Calculus 11
Integral Calculus 12
♦German 3, 4
Physics 1-2
A year course in humanities or social
science

Senior Year
Organic Chemistry 55, 56
Advanced Inorganic Chemistry 65
Physical Chemistry 61-62
Electives (3)

I n H o n o rs
The Freshman and Sophomore years are identical with the program above for
students in course, except that Organic Chemistry 22 is substituted for Volumetric
Analysis 12 in the spring semester of the sophomore year.
Junior Year
Courses:
Gravimetric Analysis 51
Volumetric Analysis 12
Organic Chemistry 55, 56
Seminars:
Advanced Calculus

Differential Equations
Senior Year
Seminars:
Elementary Physical Chemistry
Advanced Physical Chemistry
Electricity and Magnetism
Modern Physics

1. I n troductory C h em istry . Mr. Keighton and Staff.
Pall Semester
A study of some of the central concepts and fundamental principles of chemistry,
showing how the basic facts of the science are collected and interpreted, how
the theories or fundamental laws are arrived at, and how they are used in ex­
plaining or predicting the behavior of matter. The course is designed to meet the
needs of those students who wish to study chemistry as a part of their general
education as well as of those professionally interested in chemistry.
No previous training in chemistry is required, but ample work is provided for
those who have already studied chemistry. A small group of students, who have
the interest and ability, meet with some member of the staff for the discussion
of more advanced topics. Students who enter college with exceptional training in
chemistry are encouraged to take a placement examination during freshman
orientation week. If found to be sufficiently well prepared they may omit
Chemistry 1 and start with Chemistry 2 in the spring term.
One semester. Prerequisite for all other courses in chemistry.
Three lectures and recitation periods and one four hour laboratory period weekly.
Textbooks: Hildebrand and Latimer, Principles of Chemistry and Reference Book
of Inorganic Chemistry; Bray and Latimer, A Course in General Chemistry.*
* Students who have completed the foreign language requirement in another language may
substitute German 7-8.

73

2. Introductory Chemistry. Mr. Creighton.

Spring Semester

This course is a continuation of Chemistry 1, but with a shift of emphasis
towards the needs of those students who expect to major in the sciences or in
engineering. Chemistry 1 and 2 together constitute a survey of the field.
One semester. Prerequisite: Chemistry 1.
Three lectures and recitation periods and one four hour laboratory period weekly.
Textbooks: Same as Chemistry 1.
Mr. Foster.
Each Semester
Modern theory of solutions of electrolytes and its application to inorganic
qualitative analysis.
One semester. Prerequisite: Chemistry 2 with a minimum grade of C.
Two lectures, one conference period and four hours of laboratory weekly.
Textbook: Fai es and Kenny, Inorganic Qualitative Analysis.

11. Q ualitative Analysis .

12. V olumetric A nalysis . Mr. Foster.

Spring Semester
The theory and practice of inorganic volumetric analysis, including examples of
physico-chemical methods. Acid-base, oxidation-reduction, and precipitation
analyses are covered thoroughly in class, with examples in the laboratory.
One semester. Prerequisite: Chemistry 11, with a minimum grade of C.
One lecture, one optional conference period and eight hours of laboratory weekly.
Textbook: Kolthoff and Sandell, Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis.

21. O rganic C hemistry Survey. Mr. Cox.
Fall Semester
This course is designed to meet the needs of students who do not elect chemistry
as their major interest. The course covers classification, nomenclature and re­
actions of organic compound's of both the aliphatic and aromatic series. Structural
relationships and chemical behavior of representative members of the various
classes of compounds are stressed. No attempt is made to pursue the more com­
plicated syntheses nor to deal at length with current modem theories.
One semester. Prerequisite: Chemistry 2, with a minimum grade of C.
Three lectures, four hours of laboratory and one optional conference per week.
22. O rganic Chemistry . Mr. Cox or Mr. Fehnel,
Spring Semester
An introduction to the principles of organic chemistry, with special emphasis
on the nomenclature, structure, synthesis and reactions of aliphatic compounds.
This course is not intended to be a terminal course, but is designed to be taken
in conjunction with Chemistry 55 by all chemistry majors and by other students
who desire a more thorough training in the theory and practice of organic
chemistry than is provided by Chemistry 21.
One semester. Prerequisite: Chemistry 11 with a minimum grade of C.
Three lectures and one laboratory period per week.
51. G ravimetric Analysis . Mr. Foster.
Fall Semester
The theory and practice of inorganic gravimetric analysis, including some special
methods, such as colorimetry and polarography, elementary gas analysis, and, if
time allows, organic combustion methods.
One semester. Prerequisite: Chemistry 12.
One lecture and eight hours of laboratory weekly.
Textbook: Kolthoff and Sandell, Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis.
74

55. O rganic Chemistry. Mr. Fehnel.

Fall Semester

A continuation of Chemistry 22, with special emphasis on the chemistry of
aromatic compounds. Laboratory experiments are selected to illustrate the more
important synthetic methods for the various classes of aromatic compounds and
to develop skill in the use of fundamental organic laboratory techniques.
One semester. Prerequisite: Chemistry 22 with a minimum grade of C.
Three lectures and two laboratory periods per week.
56. Advanced O rganic C hemistry . Mr. Fehnel.
Spring Semester
Selected topics in organic chemistry, including resonance .theory, reaction mechan­
isms, molecular rearrangements, free radicals and other topics of current interest.
Use of the literature of organic chemistry is discussed and library assignments
provide opportunities for the student to become familiar with the, more important
journals and handbooks. One of the two weekly laboratory periods is devoted
to qualitative organic analysis and the other to advanced preparations and tech­
niques.
One semester. Prerequisite: Chemistry 55 with a minimum grade of C.
Three lectures and two laboratory period’s per week.
Mr. Keighton and Mr. Slowinski.
The principles of theoretical chemistry are studied and a number of numerical
exercises are worked; the gaseous, liquid and solid states, solutions, colloids,
elementary thermodynamics, chemical equilibria, electrochemistry, the kinetics of
chemical reactions. In the laboratory the student uses a variety of physicalchemistry apparatus.
Two semesters, credit given only for the completion of both semesters.
Prerequisites: Ghemistry 2 with a minimum grade of C, Mathematics 12, Physics 1.
Three lectures and one laboratory period weekly.
Textbook: Prutton and Maron, Fundamental Principles of Physical Chemistry.

61-62. P hysical Chemistry .

65. Advanced I norganic C hemistry . Mr. Fehnel.
Fall Semester
The periodic classification of elements is studied from the point of view of cor­
relation of structure and properties. Consideration is given to such topics as
atomic and molecular structure, coordination complexes, metal carbonyls, intermetallic and interstitial compounds, modem concepts of acids and bases, chemistry
of the transition metals and rare earths and other phases of inorganic chemistry.
One semester. Prerequisite: Chemistry 61 either previously or concurrently.
Three hours of conference and lectures per week with an additional four hours per
week devoted to selected readings on modern developments in inorganic chemistry.
69. Special T opics

in

O rganic Chemistry . Mr. Fehnel.

Fall and Spring Semesters
An elective half-course which provides an opportunity for qualified advanced stu­
dents to undertake original investigations in the field of organic chemistry. The
course is designed to give the student practical experience in the application of
the scientific method to the solution of a research problem, to develop facility in
the use of advanced laboratory techniques, and to stimulate interest in current
developments in organic chemical research. A thesis is required in lieu of a
final examination.
One semester. Prerequisites: Chemistry 55 with a minimum grade of C, and
Chemistry 56 either previously or concurrently.
Approximately ten hours of laboratory work and conferences per week.
75

H o n o r s W o rk
Before admission to honors work the chemistry major will have completed the cur­
riculum of the first two years, outlined above, or its equivalent. At the end of their
senior year, honors students majoring in chemistry normally take four examination
papers in chemistry, with the remaining four papers usually selected from mathematics,
physics, or zoology. The following seminars are offered as preparation for the honors
examination in chemistry.
Mr. Keighton and Mr. Slowinski.
Fall and Spring Semesters
The gaseous, liquid, .and solid states, solutions, colloids, elementary thermo­
dynamics, chemical equilibria, electrochemistry, the kinetics of chemical, reactions.
Prerequisites: Chemistry 2, Mathematics 12, Physics 1.
One four-hour seminar and one eight-hour laboratory period1 weekly for one
semester.

101. Elementary P hysical C hemistry .

102. A dvanced P hysical Chemistry . Mr. Keighton and Mr. Slowinski.
Spring Semester
Thermodynamics, the Debye-HUckel theory of strong electrolytes, the structure of
matter, chemical kinetics, including photochemistry and acid-base catalysis.
Prerequisite: Elementary Physical Chemistry Seminar.
One four-hour seminar and one eight-hour laboratory period weekly.
Mr. Cox and Mr. Fehnel.
Spring Semester
This seminar is for minor students who wish to fit this subject into their honors
program. The material given has much of the content covered in courses 22,
55 and 56.
Prerequisite: Chemistry 21.
Weekly Seminars and laboratory.

103. O rganic Chemistry .

76

Classics
Professors: Susan P. Cobbs
L. R. Shero , Chairm an
A ssistant Professor: H elen F. N orth
The Department of Classics offers courses in Greek and Latin that are designed to
develop a capacity for the fruitful study of works written in those languages. A
knowledge of Greek is particularly valuable for students of modern literature, phi­
losophy, or the Christian religion; a knowledge of Latin, for students of the romance
languages, mediaeval history, or law. Study in either field is helpful for the broad­
ening and deepening of a student's educational experience.
Another group of courses (numbered from 31 on) deals with the history of the'
Greeks and Romans and with various aspects of their culture that have been of special
significance for the modern world. These courses presuppose no knowledge of the
Greek or Latin languages and are open without prerequisites to all students.

R equirements

and

R ecommendations

for

M ajors

Greek or Latin may be offered as the major subject either in course or in honors
work. Major students in course are normally required to complete during the first
two years either Intermediate Greek (course 11-12) or Introduction to Latin Literature
(course 11-12). Both of these courses are prerequisite for honors seminars for a
major student and one of them for honors seminars for a minor student. The course
in Ethics (Philosophy 11) and a course in the history of either Greece or Rome are
also recommended for major students either in course or in honors work.
Major students in honors work may substitute for one of the four seminars normally
required in this department either the seminar in Plato given by the Department of
Philosophy or a thesis. Students of Latin may substitute a seminar in Greek for one
of their seminars in Latin (or vice versa).

Greek
1-2. E lem en ta ry G r e e k . Miss Cobbs.

Full Course
The essentials of Greek grammar are covered and' easy selections from Greek
literature are read.

11, 12. I n term ed ia te G r ee k . Mr. Shero.

Full Course
Selections from Homer, a play of Euripides, and Plato’s Apology are read.

13, 14. G reek Reading. Miss North.

Full Course
The reading of some of the masterpieces of poetry and of prose, including selec­
tions from lyric poetry and from Herodotus and a play of Aeschylus or Sophocles,
is supplemented by a survey of the history of Greek literature. Credit is given
for each semester. The course will be offered only when required.

15, 16. A dvanced G reek R eading. Mr. Shero.

Full Course
The works read are determined by the interests and needs of the members of the
class but will usually include portions of Thucydides, some speeches of the
Attic orators, and a comedy of Aristophanes. Credit is given for each semester.
The course will be offered only when required.
77

Latin
1-2. E lementary Latin . Mr. Shero.
Full Course
The course is designed for students who begin Latin in college or who are not
prepared to enter Intermediate Latin, and it normally covers the equivalent of two
years’ work in secondary school. The course will be offered only when required.
3, 4. I ntermediate Latin . Miss North.

Full Course
The course is primarily concerned with the reading of Virgil’s Aeneid. For
the benefit of students who have had only two years of preparatory Latin, a brief
introductory period is devoted to a review of the fundamentals of Latin grammar.
Credit is given for each semester.

11, 12. I ntroduction

to

Latin Literature . Mr. Shero and Miss North.

Full Course
The course aims to give some conception of the scope and characteristic qualities
of Latin literature. The reading includes essays by Cicero in the first semester
and the Odes of Horace in the second. Credit is given for each semester. It is
open to students who have had four years of preparatory Latin or who have
completed Intermediate Latin.
13. Catullus and Elegy. Mr. Shero.

Fall Semester

A study of the poems of Catullus and the elegiac poets.
14. M ediaeval Latin . Miss North.
Spring Semester
The reading done in this course consists of prose and verse selected chiefly from
the writings of mediaeval Latin authors, with particular emphasis on history,
philosophy, satire, and poetry. Some attention is given, early in the course, to
Christian authors, such as Minucius Felix, St. Jerome, and St. Augustine, in
order to clarify the transition from ancient to mediaeval modes of thought and
expression.

Ancient History and Civilization
31. H istory of G reece. Mr. Shero.
Fall Semester
The course is devoted to the study of the political and social history of the
Greek states to the time of the Hellenistic kingdoms. This is preceded by a
brief survey of the Oriental civilizations by which the Greeks were influenced.
Special attention is given to the 6th and 5th centuries B. C. Considerable reading
is done in the primary sources in translation. The course is given in alternate
years and will be offered in 1951-1952.
33. G reek Civilization . Mr. Shero.
Fall Semester
Special stress is laid on those aspects of Greek culture which have had most
significance for the modern world, and a detailed study is made of some of the
masterpieces of Greek art and of Greek literature (in translation). The course
is given in alternate years and will be offered in 1952-1953.
34. H istory of R ome . Mr. Shero.
Spring Semester
The course is devoted to the study of the political and social history of Rome to
the time of Constantine. Special attention is given to the last century of the
Republic and the first century of the Empire. Considerable reading is done in
the primary sources in translation.
78

35. C lassical Archaeology. Mr. Sfaero.

The methods of archaeological investigation in general and the contributions of
archaeology to our knowledge of Greek and Roman life and art are studied.
A visit is paid' to the University of Pennsylvania Museum. The course will be
offered only when required.
Miss North.
Spring Semester
The works read in this course include the Iliad and the Odyssey, much of Greek
tragedy and comedy, selections from the historians, the lyric and elegiac poets,
and the Ionian physicists, and, in its entirety, the Republic of Plato. These works
are considered both from the point of view of literary criticism and in relation to
their influence on the development of western thought.

36. G reek Literature in T ranslation .

Miss North.
Fall Semester
The works studied in this course range in time from the age of the Roman Re­
public to the .twelfth century after Christ and are selected from those masterpieces
written in the Latin language which possess significance for the history and
literature of Western Europe, and which retain their value when read in trans­
lation. They include, from the classical period, such major authors as Cicero,
Lucretius, Virgil, Livy, and Seneca; from the Latin Fathers, St. Jerome and
St. Augustine; and from the Middle Ages, Boethius, Prudentius, Bede, the chief
figures of the Carolingian Renaissance, and the writers of Mediaeval Latin hymns
and secular poetry. The course is given when required and will be offered in the
first semester of 1951-1952.

37. Latin Literature in T ranslation —Classical and M ediaeval.

39. Classical M ythology in Literature and Art . Mr. Shero.
Fall Semester
The course is designed to give familiarity with those myths and legends that
have served as material for writers and artists from ancient times to the present.
Plays, both ancient and modern, based on the more influential myths are read,
and a study is made of the manner in which the themes have been handled in
painting- and sculpture of various periods. Special attention is given to the use
made of stories from mythology by recent writers. The course is given in alternate
years and will be offered in 1951-1952.
X . G reek and Latin N omenclature . Miss North.

Fall Semester
This course is designed to assist students of the biological sciences in understand­
ing terminology derived from Greek and Latin. Principles of word formation,
the meaning of common roots, the nature of combining forms, and rules for
English pronunciation are stressed. The class meets one hour a week and is not
counted towards a degree.
H o n o r s Sem in a rs

101. Latin Language. Miss North.
This seminar serves as an introduction to classical philology, stressing the study
of the Latin language in its development from Indo-European to the Vulgar Latin
period. It also includes practice in reading and writing Latin, and an introduction
to epigraphy and palaeography. The seminar is given in the fall semester and
will be offered in 1953-1954.
102. Latin H istorians. Mr. Shero.

This seminar combines a survey of Latin historical writing to the end of the
Silver Age with intensive study of selected books of Livy and Tacitus. The
seminar is given in the spring semester and will be offered in 1951-1952.
7?

103. Latin E pic . Miss North.

This seminar traces the development of Roman epic poetry, with particular
emphasis on the De Rerum Natura of Lucretius and the Aene'td of Virgil. Some
attention is also given to early Roman epic, as represented by the Annales of
Ennius, and to the period of its decline, typified by Lucan’s Pharsalia. The
seminar is given in the fall semester and will be offered in 1952-1953.
104. La t in C omedy and Sa tire . Mr. Shero.
Representative comedies of Plautus and Terence are read, and a study of the
Satires and Epistles of Horace and the Satires of Juvenal is supplemented by a
general survey of the development of Roman satire. The seminar is given in the
spring semester and will be offered in 1952-1953.
In addition, seminars in Greek literature and in particular periods of ancient history
will be offered when required.

80

Economics
P r o fessors : E dw ard K . C ratsley
H erbert F. F raser
C lair W ilco x , Chairm an
A ssociate P r o fesso r : F r a n k C. P ier so n
A ssistant P ro fesso rs : J o se p h W . C o na rd
W illis D . W e a t h e r fo r d * *
I n s t r u c t o r : N ev in A. Sc h a ll *
The courses in economics are designed: first, to acquaint the student with the insti­
tutions and the processes through which the business of producing, exchanging, and
distributing goods and services is organized and carried on; second, to train him in
the methods by which the operation of these institutions and processes may be analyzed;
and third, to enable him to arrive at informed judgments concerning relevant issues
of public policy.
Course 1-2 is prerequisite to all other work in the department except courses 3 and
4. Students intending to major in economics are also advised to take courses 3 and 4
and Political Science 1-2. Majors in course are required to take course 51 in the
junior year and courses 61 and 62 in the senior year. Majors in honors are advised
to take seminars 102 and 103. Courses and seminars should be taken, insofar as
possible, in the order in which they are listed.
1-2. I n tr o d u c tio n to E co no m ics . Messrs. Conard, Fraser, Pierson, Schall, Weather­
ford and Wilcox.
fu ll Course
This course is designed both to afford the general student a comprehensive survey
of the field and to provide students doing further work in the department with a
foundation upon which to build. It explains the organization and operation of
free, planned, and mixed economies and analyzes the major problems involved in
the allocation of resources, the distribution of income, the maintenance of in­
dustrial stability, and the provision of social security, and in international
economic relationships. Texts used are Samuelson, Economics and -Taylor and
Barger, The American Economy in Operation.
3. A c c o u n t in g . Mr. Cratsley.
fa ll Semester
Analysis of the problems of business organization and finance, banking, taxation
and public regulation requires familiarity with the methods of corporate account­
ancy. It is the purpose of this course to equip the student with the rudiments
of accounting that he will need to employ in his advanced courses and seminars
in economics.
4. Statistics. Mr. Cratsley.
Spring Semester
A large part of the literature of the social sciences presents generalizations based
upon the results of statistical investigations. The validity of such generalizations
is often dubious. It is the purpose of this course, by providing the student with
an elementary knowledge of statistical methods, to enable him to appraise the
studies that he will encounter in his later work.*
** Absent on leave, first semester, 1951-52.
* First semester, 1951-52.
81

19-20. So viet E co no m ics and P o litics . Mr. Michaels.
Full Course
(Also listed as Political Science 19-20 and Russian Studies 19-20.)
The structure and operation of the economic and political institutions of the
Soviet Union, described and analyzed in the light of their theoretical and historical
background.
51. M o n e y and B a n k in g . Mr. Schall.
Fall Semester
The organization and operation of the commercial banking system in the United
States. Central banking and the Federal Reserve system. Monetary policy and
economic stability.
52. P u blic F in a n c e . Mr. Fraser.
Spring Semester
The revenues and expenditures of Federal, state, and local governments. The
principles of taxation and borrowing. Budgetary control and debt management.
Fiscal policy and economic stability.
53. 54. E co no m ics o f B u sin ess . Mr. Fraser.
The economic problems which confront the business executive. Fall semester:
corporate organization and finance, investment banking and the securities ex­
changes. Spring semester: marketing, risk, speculation, insurance and the com­
modities exchanges.
55. L abor P ro blem s . Mr. Pierson.
Fall Semester
The structure and functions of labor unions. Employer approaches to labor
relations. Analysis of wage policies. Government control of labor relations.
56. Social E co n o m ics . Mr. Weatherford
Spring Semester
An examination of the extent, consequences, and causes of poverty, insecurity, and
inequality. An appraisal of economic reforms; social insurance, medical care,
housing, the social use of the taxing power, the "welfare state.”
Mr. Wilcox.
Fall semester: competition and monopoly in American industry, enforcement and
interpretation of the anti-trust laws, delivered pricing, the patent system, regula­
tion of extractive industries and distributive trades. Spring semester: regulation
of municipal utilities, transportation, communications; American agricultural
policy; control of prices in war-time; public ownership and operation of industry.

57. 58. P ublic Control of Business.

60. I n t e r n a t io n a l E co n o m ics . Messrs. Conard and Wilcox.
Spring Semester
The theory and practice of international trade, the balance of payments, foreign
exchange, national commercial policies, international investment; world economic
development; post-war reconstruction; relations between free and controlled
economies.
61. E c o n o m ic T h eo r y . Mr. Conard.
Fall Semester
The determination of prices in economic theory and in business practice. The
distribution of income. Determinants of the level of income and employment.
Fluctuations in economic activity.
62. Se n io r M a jo r s Sem in a r . M r. Pierson.
Spring Semester
Individual readings and reports on subjects not otherwise covered in the student’s
program. Common readings in contemporary literature appraising the operation
of free and controlled economies. Discussion of current issues of public policy.
82

H onors W ork
Mr. Fraser.
Private finance: commercial banking, corporation finance, investment banking,
the securities and commodities exchanges, insurance, public regulation of financial
practices. Public finance: the expenditures and revenues of federal, state, and
local governments; the principles of taxation and borrowing.

101. Finance .

Mr. Pierson.
Income and employment. The business cycle. The theories of Lord Keynes.
The monetary policies of central banks. The fiscal policies of governments. The
stabilization of economic activity.

102. M onetary and Fiscal P olicy.

Mr. Conard.
Contemporary economic theory: price determination, the functional distribution
of income, the level of employment. The function served by economic theory for
Smith, Marx, and contemporary students. Criticism of theory in the light of
empirical studies and simplifying assumptions.

103. Economic T heory .

104. P ublic Control of B usiness.

Mr. Wilcox.

The anti-trust laws, the patent system, price discrimination, delivered price systems,
resale price maintenance. The control of prices and production in agriculture,
bituminous coal, petroleum and urban markets for fluid milk. Public regulation
of municipal utilities, transportation and communications. Price control in war­
time. The public ownership and operation of industry.
105. I nternational Economics . Messrs. Conard and Wilcox.

The theory of international trade. Monetary problems, cyclical fluctuations, and
international monetary cooperation. Restrictionism and discrimination, cartels, com­
modity problems, shipping, aviation and telecommunications. Relations between
free and controlled economies. Post-war reconstruction, economic development and
international investment. International economic organization.
106. Social Economics . Messrs. Weatherford and Wilcox.

Poverty, inequality, and insecurity. Labor legislation, organization, collective
bargaining, wage-policy and the public control of labor relations. Public assistance,
i social insurance, medical care, housing, free income and the social use of the
taxing power. Regional planning. The "welfare state.”
T h esis

A thesis may be substituted for a course or a seminar under exceptional circum­
stances and by special arrangement.

83

Division of Engineering
(The staff members of the Division of Engineering
are listed under their respective departments)
The engineering profession of today requires of its followers skill and resourceful­
ness as well as an integrated and thorough education in the natural and social sciences.
The educational plan of the Division has been prepared with these requirements in
mind. The objective of our program is to train the student professionally while
providing the foundation of a liberal education. This is accomplished by educating
the student in the professional disciplines of the engineer, such as critical analysis,
humanistic studies, and the communication of ideas, as well as training in the tech­
niques of the engineering sciences. Specifically, the three Engineering Departments
intend that each student shall (1) master the fundamental concepts of Engineering;
(2) extend this mastery in the field of Civil, Electrical or Mechanical Engineering
with a view to later professional practice; (3) obtain a sufficient amount of general
education to enable him to understand how his engineering activities fit into the
great purposes of society.
A student who intends to major in Engineering * follows a common course of study
for the first two years.' This course adheres as far as possible to the general college
program for freshmen and sophomores (see page 51), and prepares the student
for his professional work of the junior and senior years. At the end of the sophomore
year, the student may enter his major field of Civil, Electrical, or Mechanical Engineer­
ing. The last two years are largely spent in his major field. The three curricula of
the Engineering Departments lead to the degree of Bachelor of Science; these
curricula are accredited by the Engineers’ Council for Professional Development.
Each curriculum provides that the student of Engineering will take about one-fifth
of his work in the Divisions of the Humanities and Social Sciences, one-fourth of
his work in the Departments of Chemistry, Mathematics, and Physics, and the re­
mainder of his work in the three Departments of Engineering. All students devote
their last two years: (1) to certain basic courses required of all engineers; (2) to
fulfilling the major requirements of one of the departments of Engineering; (3) to
developing their special interests. It is possible for students in any of the three
departments whose interests lie in the field of administration, physics, mathematics,
or chemistry, to elect courses having a more direct bearing on these subjects.
The entire engineering program is outlined on the pages following. First is given
the detail of the curriculum for the freshman and sophomore years. Modifications
in this program may be made in individual cases, but it is essential that this body
of work be completed before the junior year. Next follows a description of certain
general courses in engineering open to all students. This is followed by an outline
of the curriculum and a description of the courses offered by each department.
* High school students intending to enter Engineering should take algebra, advanced algebra,
plane and solid geometry, and trigonometry in secondary school,
84

O utline

of the

Basic Engineering C urriculum
First T wo Y ears

for the

First Semester
English Literature
Chemistry
Algebra and Trigonometry
Engineering Drawing
Surveying I
Social Science Elective

Second Semester
Freshman Year
English Composition
Chemistry
Analytic Geometry
Descriptive Geometry
Surveying II
Social Science Elective

Physics
Differential Calculus
Statics
Materials & Shop Processes
Non-Technical Elective

Sophomore Year
Physics
Integral Calculus
Dynamics
Electric & Magnetic Circuits
Non-technical Elective

G eneral Courses
GEl. E ngineering D rawing . Mr. Prager.
Fall Semester
Instruction in the use of drafting equipment; study of fundamental principles
of engineering drawing; practice through rendering of detailed elements and
machine assemblies; lettering and sketching. Required for freshman engineers.
Open to all students.
Two three-hour periods per week.
GE2 D escriptive G eometry . Mr. Prager.
Spring Semester
An extension of the basic conception of orthographic projection as applied to
the location and definition in space of three-dimensional structures; analysis of
the geometric relation of distances, angles, intersections of lines and planes;
development of surfaces; emphasis upon practical applications of descriptive
geometry in the various fields of engineering. Required for freshman engineers.
Open to all students who have had GEl or equivalent.
Two three-hour periods per week.
G E ll M aterials and Sh o p P rocesses. Staff.
Each Semester
Study of elementary metallurgy of ferrous and non-ferrous materials; investigation
in fhe laboratory of various engineering materials as they are affected by stress,
temperature, and heat treatment; analysis of purposes and practice in use of
machine tools with emphasis on their performance with the variety of materials
used in manufacturing processes.
Three class periods per week; two three-hour laboratories each week.
GE51 I ndustrial M anagement . Mr. Reaser.
Study of organization and management of industrial enterprises; historical back­
ground and evolution of present-day scientific practices; significance of arrange­
ment of physical plant, production control, financial policies, wage payment, and
personnel relations. Open to all students.
Three class periods per week; one three-hour laboratory each week.
GE57 Engineering Economy . Mr. Carpenter.
Spring Semester
A study of the methods of determining the relative economy of engineering alter­
natives; compound interest and the calculation of annual cost, present worth and
prospective rates of return. A method of analysis which the engineer uses when
he investigates a proposed course of action to decide whether it will prove to
be economical. Open to all students.
Three class periods per week; one three-hour laboratory each week.
85

Civil Engineering
P rofessor: Samuel T. C arpenter , Chairm an
A sssistant Professors: R oy F. Linsenmeyer
Charles W. N ewlin
M erton J. W illis
R esearch Consultant : Captain W endell P. R oop
Civil Engineering is the oldest recognized branch of the Engineering profession,
and the work of the present-day Civil Engineer is in construction, design of bridges,
buildings and dams, sanitary engineering, foundations, hydroelectric power, highways,
airports, and railroads. A major in the Department of Civil Engineering studies the
science of soil, water, structures, and materials.
The Civil Engineering Department realizes the importance for the Civil Engineer
of an understanding of Economics, Political Science, and the Liberal Arts, and provides
for appropriate electives to be taken throughout the four-year program.
Students may elect to enter the Civil Engineering honors program at the beginning
of the junior year, although the establishment of an honors seminar depends upon
the number of students who wish to enroll.

Standard P rogram

for

Course Students

Vail Semester

Spring Semester
Junior Year

EE51 D. C. Apparatus
CE51 Mechanics of Materials & Lab.
ME61 Applied Mechanics
ME 11 Thermodynamics I

ME54 Fluid Mechanics
EE53 A. C. Apparatus & Circuits
CE52 Structural Theory
Non-Technical Elective

Senior Year
CE53 Structural Design
CE55 Soil Mechanics
CE56 Sanitary Engineering
Elective

CE54 Adv. Structural Theory
CE57 Reinforced Concrete
GE57 Engineering Economy
Elective

CEl Surveying , I. Mr. Newlin, Mr. Willis.
Vail Semester
Surveying instruments and their adjustment; practice in taping, leveling, running
traverses. Required course for freshman engineers. Open to all students who
have had trigonometry in high school or college. (1 recitation and 1 3-hour
laboratory per week.)
CE2 Surveying , II. Mr. Newlin, Mr. Willis.
Spring Semester
Topography, stadia work, preparation of profiles and maps from field notes, ele­
ments of photogrammetry, celestial observations, highway curves and earth work.
Required course for freshmen engineers.
Prerequisite: CEl Surveying. (1 recitation and 1 3-hour laboratory per week.)

86

C E ll Statics . Mr. Carpenter, Mr. Linsenmeyer.
Fall Semester
Concept and definition of force, scalar, and vector quantities; combination and
resolution of forces; principle of moment and couples; graphical and analytical
conditions for equilibrium; stress diagrams, cables; centroids of areas, volumes,
and masses; area and volume theorems. Open to students who have taken
Mathematics 1 and 2. (3 recitations and 1 3-hour laboratory per week.)
CE12 D y na m ics . Mr. Carpenter, Mr. Linsenmeyer.
Spring Semester
Principles of dynamics, motion of a particle, Newton’s laws, general equation of
motion, rectilinear motion, displacement, velocity, speed, and acceleration; simple
harmonic motion, free and forced vibration; inertia forces, work and energy,
momentum and impulse; curvilinear motion; kinetic energy of rotation; balancing
of rotating bodies; relative motion, angular momentum; combined translation
and rotation.
Prerequisite: C E ll. (3 recitations and 1 3-hour laboratory per week.)
CE51 M ech a n ics o f M aterials a n d Laboratory . Mr. Carpenter, Mr. Linsenmeyer,
Mr. Newlin.
Fall Semester
This course deals with the internal stresses and changes of form which always
occur when forces act upon solid bodies. The mechanics involved in the design
of simple engineering structures is presented so that the student may realize
the problems which must be solved in order to secure the required strength and
stiffness in such structures. The laboratory work of this course is planned to
clarify the theoretical considerations of beams, columns, combined stress, torsion
and methods of strain measurement.
Prerequisite: C E ll, Statics. (3 recitations and 1 3-hour laboratory per week.)
CE52 Stru ctu ra l T h eo r y . Mr. Linsenmeyer, Mr. Newlin
Spring Semester
Analysis of determinate and indeterminate structures. A study of stresses in
truss and rigid frame systems, influence lines.
Prerequisite: CE51 Mechanics of Materials. (3 recitations and 1 3-hour labora­
tory per week.)
CE53 Stru ctu ra l D esign . Mr. Carpenter.
Fall Semester
Design of structural members and connections for metallic and timber structures.
Prerequisite: CE52 Structural Theory. (3 recitations and 1 3-hour laboratory
per week.)
CE54 A dvanced Structu ra l T h eo r y . Mr. Carpenter.
Spring Semester'
A study of complex structural systems and advanced mechanics of materials.
Photoelasticity and the study of structural models.
Prerequisite: CE52 Structural Theory. (3 recitations and 1 3-hour laboratory
per week.)
CE55 So il M ech a n ics . Mr. Linsenmeyer, Mr. Newlin.
Fall Semester
The theory and practice of soil mechanics as applied to foundations, highways,
and airports.
Prerequisite: CE51 Mechanics of Materials. (3 recitations and 1 3-hour laboratory
per week.)
CE56 Sa nitary E n g in e e r in g . Mr. Willis.
Fall Semester
The activities of the sanitary engineer, including the development and purification
of water supplies; sewerage and sewage disposal. Also includes subjects dealing
with advanced hydraulics.
Prerequisite: ME54 Fluid Mechanics. (3 recitations and 1 3-hour laboratory
per week.)
87

CE57 R ein fo rced C o n c r e te . Mr. Newlin.
Spring Semester
The analysis and design of concrete structures including concrete building frames,
concrete bridges and retaining walls.
Prerequisite: CE52 Structural Theory. (3 recitations and 1 3-hour laboratory
per week.)
CE69 C ivil E n g in ee r in g T h esis . Staff.
The time allotted to a civil engineering thesis is generally one semester. The
subject matter of the thesis must be approved six weeks before the beginning
of the semester.

88

Electrical Engineering
Professors: H oward M. J enkins ,* Chairm an
J ohn D. M cCrum m
A ssistant Professor: G J ustus G arrahan
I nstructor : Robert W. M erriam
Electrical Engineering deals largely with the development and application of precise
notions of electricity and its allied physical sciences in the broad field of the conversion,
transmission, control, and utilization of electrical energy for the purposes of trans­
mitting power and communicating intelligence. The program in Electrical Engineering
gives full recognition to the natural sciences basic to the profession, and includes
considerable work in the Humanities and Social Sciences, since the needs of the
profession are best served by engineers who are vitally aware of the society in which
they work.
The educational objectives of the Department are to provide the student with a
thorough understanding of the fundamental principles of the natural sciences related
to Electrical Engineering, and to inculcate in the student the confidence to apply these
principles to new situations. Considerable emphasis is placed on the experimental
evidence underlying these fundamentals, and mathematical methods are used to facili­
tate the application of these principles. Since most engineering problems can be
solved only• by making certain simplifications, the student is encouraged to m m m f
problems critically and to make such simplifying assumptions as are possible without
destroying the significance of the results; The importance of the presentation of
work is also stressed, the student being required to gain some proficiency in com­
municating the results of his work clearly, completely, and in a well organized form.
The courses in Electrical Engineering are each a series of inquiries dealing with
fundamental concepts of electrical phenomena. The common aim is to carry the
student to such a point that he will understand the basic sciences involved and can
apply this knowledge to the problems of his later professional practice.

Standard Program

for

Course Students

First Semester

Second Semester
Junior Year

EE54
EE56
CE51
ME51

A. C. Circuits
Engineering Analysis I
Mechanics of Materials
Thermodynamics I

EE55 Electronics
EE57 Engineering Analysis II
ME54 Fluid Mechanics
Elective
Senior Year

EE52 D. C. Machinery
EE58 A. C. Machinery I
EE60 Vacuum Tube Circuits
Elective

EE61 Networks and Fields
EE59 A. C. Machinery II
Engineering Elective
Elective

* Absent on leave, fall semester, 1951-52.

89

EE11 E lectric and M agnetic Circuits. Mr. Jenkins.
Spring Semester
The experimental basis of electricity and magnetism; elementary electrostatics
and magnetostatics; voltage, current power, energy. Bilateral and linear networks
with constant driving voltages. Induced electromotive forces; capacitance and
inductance; elementary problems in ferro-magnetism.
Three class periods per week; one laboratory every other week.
Prerequisites: Physics 1 and to be preceded or accompanied by Integral Calculus.
EE5I D irect Current A pparatus. Mr. Merriam.
Fall Semester
Theory of direct-current generators and motors; fundamentals of control for direct
current machines. Topics include flux, generated voltage, armature reaction, com­
mutation, torque, speed, voltage and speed regulation, losses, efficiency, and effects
of control on motor characteristics.
Three class periods per week; one laboratory each week.
Prerequisite: EE 11 Electric and Magnetic Circuits.
EE52 D irect Current M achinery . Mr. Jenkins.

Fall Semester
Theory of direct-current generators and motors; fundamentals of control for
direct-current machines; effect of control on motor characteristics; rotating ampli­
fiers and their use in closed-cycle control systems.
Three class periods per week; one laboratory each week.
Prerequisite: EE11 Electric and Magnetic Circuits.

EE53 A lternating Current Circuits

Mr. Jenkins
Spring Semester
Relations of simple harmonic electromotive forces and currents, power, power
factor; single phase circuits; polyphase circuits, balanced and unbalanced. The
construction, characteristics, and operation of alternators, induction motors, trans­
formers, synchronous motors, mercury arc rectifiers and their regulating and control
devices.
Three class periods per week; one laboratory each week.
Prerequisite: EE51 Direct Current Apparatus.
and

A pparatus .

EE54 A lternating Current Circuit T heory . Mr. Garrahan.
Spring Semester
A systematic study of single and polyphase electric circuits under steady state
conditions.
Three class periods per week; one laboratory each week.
Prerequisite: EE11 Electric and Magnetic Circuits.
EE55 E lectronics. Mr. Garrahan.
Fall Semester
Motion of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields; thermionic emission;
the high vacuum diode; electrical discharges in gases; rectifiers and thyratrons;
power supplies and filters; the triode; multi-electrode tubes; voltage amplifiers.
Three class periods per week; one laboratory each week.
Prerequisite: EE54 A. C. Circuit Theory.
EE56 Engineering Analysis I. Mr. McCrumm.
Fall Semester
Formulation and application of the method of engineering analysis based upon
fundamental physical laws, mathematics, and practical engineering considerations.
Emphasis is placed on the professional approach to the analysis of a new, bona
fide engineering problem. A study is made of the common physical and mathe­
matical aspects shared by different systems such as mechanical, thermal, electrical
and acoustical. The theory and application of ordinary differential equations is
systematically covered.
Three class periods per week; one laboratory each week.
Prerequisites: EE 11 Electric and Magnetic Circuits, and Integral Calculus.
90

EE57 Engineering A nalysis II. Mr. McCrumm.
Spring Semester
Further analysis of physical systems, employing the following branches of mathe­
matics: Gamma and Bessell functions, elliptic integrals, Fourier series and other
infinite series, partial differential equations, conformal mapping, dimensional
analysis, the Laplace transform.
Three class periods per week.
Prerequisite: EE56 Engineering Analysis I.
EE58 A lternating Current M achinery I. Mr. Jenkins.
Pall Semester
The transformer: equivalent circuits, regulation and efficiency, parallel operation,
balanced and unbalanced polyphase operation, the autotransformer, three winding
transformer, etc. The induction motor: polyphase and single phase machines,
equivalent circuits, graphical methods of analysis, effect of unbalanced voltages, etc.
Three class periods per week; one laboratory each week.
Prerequisites: EE54 A. C. Circuit Theory.
EE59 A lternating Current M achinery II. Mr. Jenkins.
Spring Semester
The alternator: determination of the performance and the principle machine para­
meters, the two reaction theory, operation under unbalanced and transient condi­
tions. The synchronous motor: a generalized study of the synchronous machine
correlating motor and generator action, the two reaction theory of the motor, etc.
Commutator type A. C. motors and synchronous converters. The basic aspects
of power system stability.
Three class periods per week; one laboratory each week.
Prerequisite: EE58 A. C. Machinery I.
EE60 V acuum T ube Circuits. Mr. Garrahan.
Pall Semester
An introduction to the analysis and design of circuits containing vacuum tubes.
The circuits studied include: voltage and power amplifiers; modulators and
detectors; oscillators and pulse generators.
Three class periods per week; one laboratory each week.
Prerequisites: EE54 A. C. Circuit Theory; EE55 Electronics, and EE57 Engineer­
ing Analysis II, or equivalent.
EE61 N etworks and Fields. Mr. Garrahan.
Spring Semester
The first part of this course is a study of electrical networks, such as artificial lines,
transmission lines with distributed parameters, and electric wave filters. The
second part is an introduction to electromagnetic field theory. The topics dis­
cussed are: Maxwell's hypothesis; propagation and reflection of electromagnetic
waves; antennas; wave guides and resonant cavities.
Three class periods per week; one laboratory each week.
Prerequisites: EE54 A. C. Circuit Theory, and ÉE57 Engineering Analysis II.
EE71 E lectrical Engineering T hesis .

Staff.

An engineering thesis may be substituted for a course or for the examination on
the subject matter covered in a seminar, by special arrangement with the staff.
H o n o rs
The four following seminars are offered by the Department to prepare in part for
examinations for a degree with Honors. Students who plan to take honors seminars
in Electrical Engineering should note that Circuit Theory is a desirable preparation
for Electronics (although not a prerequisite if a seminar in Electricity and Magnetism
has been taken). Adequate training in electrical machinery, and the Circuit Theory
seminar or its equivalent, are prerequisites for the seminar in Servomechanisms. Some
knowledge of A. C. Circuit Theory is a prerequisite for the Machinery Seminar.
91

101. Circuit T heory .

A systematic treatment of the transient and steady-state analysis of electrical net­
works. The operational methods of analysis based on complex algebra and the
Laplace Transform are studied. These methods are then used to investigate the
performance of single and polyphase systems, the general two-terminal pair, long
transmission lines, and electric wave filters. The seminar is accompanied by a
full-day laboratory.
102. E lectronics .

A study of electron ballistics and the characteristics of electron tubes and their
application in amplifiers, modulators, detectors, oscillators, pulse generators, etc.
Some elementary aspects of radiation and ultra-high frequency techniques may be
included. The seminar is accompanied by a full-day laboratory.
103. Servomechanisms .

A systematic investigation of the characteristics of closed cycle control systems
and their components. The mechanisms may be any combination of electrical,
thermal, mechanical or hydraulic systems. Synthesis rather than analysis is stressed
thus requiring use of the'more powerful methods of the Laplace transform, and
a study of transfer function loci and equations in the complex domain. Modern
techniques are employed^ extensive reading in the literature is expected of each
student. There is one full-day laboratory per week, in addition to the seminar.
104. M achinery .

An intensive study of the basic aspects shared in common by transformers and
rotating electrical machinery. A further study of the operating characteristics and
the engineering application of electrical machines as specific direct current and
alternating current devices. There is one full-day laboratory per week, in addition
to the seminar.

92

M echanical Engineering
A ssociate Professor: W illiam E. Reaser, C hairm an
A ssistant Professor: Bernard M orrill
I nstructor : Philip C. Prager
The curriculum in Mechanical Engineering is planned to develop an individual
through scientific training for positions in manufacturing industries, with organizations
engaged in power production, and in the field of transportation. Based upon the
fundamental sciences of physics, chemistry, and mathematics, the program aims to
provide an adequate background for the solution of the variety of problems related
to the design, construction and operation of mechanical equipment used in industrial
establishments. The arrangement of courses is intended also to prepare mechanical
engineers for such activities as those which deal with fabrication of products and the
eventual assumption of managerial responsibilities.
Coincident with the need for a broad and fundamental technical training, all of the
engineering profession should be conscious of the impact upon society resulting from
their efforts. To stimulate this awareness, students are encouraged to choose electives
in the Humanities arid Social Sciences throughout their undergraduate careers.

Standard Program

for

Course Students

Junior Year
ME 51
EE51
CE51
ME61

Fall Semester
Thermodynamics I
D. C. Apparatus
Mechanics of Materials & Lab
Applied Mechanics

ME53 Thermodynamics III
ME62 Adv. Strength of Materials
ME63 Kinematics and Design
Elective

Spring Semester
ME52 Thermodynamics II
ME 54 Fluid Mechanics
EE53 A. C. Apparatus & Circuits
Elective

Senior Year
ME64 Engineering Design
ME55 Adv. Fluids and Heat Transfer
GE51 Industrial Management
Elective

ME51 T hermodynamics I. Mr. Reaser.
Energy and first law of thermodynamics; application of general energy equation
to steady-flow and non-flow processes; properties of liquids; vapors, gases, mix­
tures; reversible cycles; second law of thermodynamics; entropy.
Three class periods per week; one three-hour laboratory each week.
Prerequisite: Integral Calculus.
ME52 T hermodynamics II. Mr. Reaser.
Extension of ME51; analysis of steam cycles basic to modern power plant prac­
tice; heat balance calculations; flow of elastic fluids through nozzles and orifices;
combustion; air-conditioning; refrigeration. Study of application of fundamental
principles as exemplified in steam power stations with emphasis upon design and
test of fuel firing equipment, furnaces, boilers, air preheaters, economizers; aux­
iliary equipment such as pumps, condensers, fans. Class and laboratory investi­
gations supplemented by field trips.
Prerequisite: ME51.
93

ME53 T hermodynamics III. Mr. Prager.
Extension of ME51 and ME52; analysis of gas cycles basic to internal combustion
engine practice; behavior of real gases and mixtures; general thermodynamic
equations; combustion of liquid and gaseous fuels; gas compression. Study of
application of fundamental principles as demonstrated in design, test and operation
of spark-ignition and compression-ignition engines, gas turbines and compressors.
Class and laboratory investigations supplemented by field trips.
Prerequisites: ME51 and ME52.
ME54 F luid M echanics . Mr. Prager.
An introductory course in fluid statics; kinematics; equation of continuity; steady
flow energy and momentum; dynamics of an ideal fluid; dimensional analysis and
similitude; incompressible flow in closed conduits and compressibility phenomena.
Three class periods per week; one three-hour laboratory each week.
Prerequisites: Integral Calculus, ME51, Thermodynamics.
ME55 Advanced F luid M echanics and H eat T ransfer .
Theory of fluid mechanics in turbines, pumps, fans, jets, fluid couplings, funda­
mental principles of heat transfer by conduction, free and forced convection,
radiation; parallel and counterflow heat exchangers; insulated pipes and related
equipment; relation to practical engineering problems.
Three class periods per week; one three-hour laboratory each week.
Prerequisite: ME54 Fluid Mechanics.
ME61 A pplied M echanics .

The development of fundamental concepts in problems dealing with mechanical
vibrations; Euler’s equation; theories of failure; metallurgical problems in design;
use of statistical analysis and theory of probability for solving engineering
problems.
Three class periods per week; one three-hour laboratory each week.
Prerequisite: Integral Calculus.
ME62 A dvanced Strength of M aterials.
Review of stress and strain; torsion; bending; beams on elastic foundations;
thick cylinders; failure of metals under stress; plastic flow; influence of stress
concentration and working stresses.
Three class periods per week; one three-hour laboratory each week.
Prerequisite: ME61 Applied Mechanics.
ME63 K inematics and D esign. Staff.
A study of the complex motions and velocities of machine linkwork and gearing;
design of cams, screws, fastenings, belts, straight and curved frames, gears and
shafting.
Three class periods per week; one three-hour laboratory each week.
Prerequisite: ME61 Applied Mechanics.
ME64 E ngineering D esign . Staff.
Design of elements under rotational stress; various classifications of fits; vibra­
tion analysis leading to isolation and engine balancing; lubrication and bearing
design; design of machine assemblies.
Three class periods per week; one three-hour laboratory each week.
Prerequisite: ME63 Kinematics and Design.
Staff.
W ith departmental approval, an undergraduate may undertake a thesis project
as a portion of the program in the senior year.

ME71 M echanical E ngineering T hesis .

94

English Literature
Professors: Philip M arshall H icks, C hairm an
Everett L. H unt
T ownsend Scudder, 3rd f
Elizabeth Cox W right
A ssociate Professor: G eorge J. B ecker
A ssistant Professors: Bruce D earing I
Fredric S. K lees **
Stephen E. W hicher
I nstructors: D avid Cowden
H elen M. H all (part-time)
Samuel L. H ynes
Barbara P earson Lange (part-time)
This department might more properly be called the Department of Literature in
English, since it offers a study both of literature originally written in the English
language and of works translated from other tongues. Literature is considered as a
fine art, as a cultural record, and as a guide to the student’s interpretation of his
own experience in life. The program of courses and seminars comprises four
approaches to the subject: the intensive study of the work of major writers, examina­
tion of the literature produced in certain limited periods, the historical development
of the major literary types, and the grouping of various types or forms on the basis
of their subject matter or point of view. The general purposes of this study are
the broadening of the student’s understanding and enjoyment of literature, the de­
velopment of a basis for intelligent criticism, and the provision of a foundation for
further study in the field. Stress is also laid upon accurate reading and writing
through critical explication of texts and criticism of student papers.

R equirements

for

M ajors

in

Course

The work of the major in this department in course normally consists of at least
four full courses in the department, including Modern Literature in the first year,
either Chaucer or Milton in the second year, a full course or two half courses in
one of the types (numbers 21-28 below) in the third year, and Shakespeare and the
Senior Conference in the final year. The comprehensive examination at the close of
the senior year is based on this work, but also includes questions on other courses
offered by the department for those prepared in these fields. A reading list in
English and American literature is given to all majors to act as a guide in the
selection of courses and to independent reading in preparation for the Senior Confer­
ence. Majors are expected to take a semester’s work in either Fine Arts or Music
and are advised to take a semester’s work in some foreign literature. Students ex­
pecting to do graduate work shall acquire a reading knowledge in the languages
required by the schools they propose to attend.
t Absent on ieave, 1951-52.
Absent on leave, second semester, 1951-52.

**

95

Courses
1. M odern Literature : Introduction to Literary Study.

Staff.
Each Semester
An introduction to the critical study of the four principal types of literature:
poetry, drama, novel, and non-fictional prose. The materials are drawn chiefly
from modern American literature for the purpose of emphasizing the relationship
of literature to life through the study of works produced from backgrounds
familiar to the student in terms of his own experience.
Prerequisite to all other literature courses offered by the department.

5. Composition . Mr. Cowden and Mr. Hynes.

Each Semester
Training in the writing of non-fictional prose. Designed to meet the require­
ments of Engineering and Pre-Medical students. Other students admitted on
the basis of need for this work.

11. M ilton and the 17th Century . Mr. Hunt and Mrs. Wright. Each Semester
Paradise Lost, selections from Milton’s shorter poems, The Old Testament,
Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, and the lyrics of John Donne are read. Study is
made of narrative, epic, and lyric writing, and the relationship of the literature to
the thought of the period.
12. C haucer . Mr. Klees and Mr. Scudder.
Pall Semester
Reading of Troilus and Criseyde, The Canterbury Tales and some of the minor
poems in the original Middle English, with greater attention to the literary
than to the linguistic aspects.
21, 22. P oetry . Mrs. Wright and Mr. Dearing.
Full Course
A survey of English poetry from its beginnings, with a study of the principles
of poetic criticism and a detailed examination of the work of two or three poets.
The first semester may stand alone, but new students are not admitted in the
middle of the year. Primarily for juniors and seniors; open to sophomores by
special arrangement.
23, 24. T he N ovel. Mr. Hicks and Mr. Cowden.
The first semester covers the development of the English novel from Fielding
to Trollope with emphasis on the chronicle form prevalent during this period.
In contrast, the second semester emphasizes developments in technique and content
from Meredith to the present day. Credit given for either semester, but students
desiring both should take them in the regular sequence.
Mr. Klees.
Fall Semester
Dramatic comedy in its various forms, English and American, with particular
attention to the Elizabethan, Restoration, and modern periods.

25. Comedy .

26. T ragedy. Mr. Klees.
Spring Semester
Dramatic tragedy from the Agamemnon trilogy to Death of a Salesman, with
emphasis on Elizabethan and modern American tragedy.
27. Biography and T ravel. Mr. Klees.
Fall Semester
Biography from Pepys to the present, with stress on the times as well as the
lives; representative travel literature from Hakluyt to Dos Passos.
96

Lamb-M iller Field House

28. Social Criticism . Mr. Becker.
Pall Semester
Tilf „reactions oi such major figures as Carlyle, Mill, Henry Adams, Bellamy
and Morris to the changed conditions of life after the Industrial Revolution. An
attempt is made both to analyze the social comment or protest in individual
works and to explore the part that social forces play in modern literature.
31-32. A merican A uthors . Mr. Whicher.
Full Course
Interpretation and comparison of some major writings by significant American
authors. Texts include Franklin, Autobiography; Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letter;
Thoreau, Walden; Melville, Moby Dick; Twain, Huckleberry Finn; Adams,
Education, which should be read in advance of the course. A year course, not
ordinarily divisible.
33. Satire. Mr. Bearing and Mr. Hynes.
An historically oriented consideration of some of the principal satires in world
literature, with emphasis upon interpretation and evaluation as literature.
35. Realism . Mr. Becker.

Spring Semester
A study of realism as a literary movement. Beginning with Madame Bovary,
the course traces the development of realistic techniques and concepts in Zola,
in the Russians, and in American writers such as Norris, Dreiser, and Farrell.

4l. E lizabethan Literature . Mr. Klees.
Comprehensive study of the literature of the period, exclusive of the work of
Shakespeare.
42. Shakespeare . Mr. Klees and Mr. Hynes.
Each Semester
A study of the major plays. Not open to majors in this department.
49. A rgument . Mr. Becker.
Each Semester
The analysis and orderly presentation of large bodies of material in speech and
writing. The work comprises a series of short analytical papers, a research
paper of some magnitude (usually correlated with the work of another course)
and a series of argumentative speeches. Admission only with consent of the
instructor.
51-52. Shakespeare . Staff.
pau Semester
A study of the complete works of Shakespeare, tracing the development of his
craftsmanship and ideas. For majors in this department only; normally offered
in seminar form in the first semester of the senior year.
54. Senior Cqnference . Staff.
Spring Semester
Group meetings of departmental majors held in the second semester of the
senior year for the purpose of reviewing, integrating, and supplementing the
student's course program.
56. Literary Criticism . Mr. Hunt.
Spring Semester
The theories and doctrines of English literary criticism and their background.
Greek Literature in T ranslation (Greek 36). Miss North.
Latin Literature in T ranslation (Latin 3 7).

97

Miss North.

V

W riting

and

Speaking

Students in need of training in Composition may be required to take tutorial work
or to complete Course 5 before entering the junior year.
Instruction in Public Speaking is given weekly, by Mrs. Lange, in a non-credit
course. Students are asked to prepare and deliver formal and informal speeches,
introductions, presentations, and to partake in roundtable discussions. Frequent record­
ings of each student are made to aid in self-criticism.
Extra-curricular student groups for practice in creative writing, acting, and debating
meet with members of the departmental faculty.
A special course in English for foreign students is offered by Mrs. Helen Hall.
Selected readings in American Civilization are used, and intensive practice in writing
and speaking is provided. The course may be given either as a half-course for one
semester, or as a full course for the entire year.
Mrs. Hall also provides individual or group work in remedial reading and methods
of study for students referred to her by the Deans or other members of the faculty.
No academic credit is given, but students who need this work may be required to
drop other courses in order to make room for it.

H onors W ork
Prerequisites: The course requirements for a major in honors are the same as for
a major in course, Modern Literature and either Chaucer or Milton. The election
of an additional course in the sophomore year is advised when the schedule permits
it, and The History of England is also recommended.
For admission with a minor in this department, the requirement is one year of
work, including Modern Literature.
Program: Majors in honors must take four seminars in the department, including
Shakespeare and one of the types seminars from Group II. Minors in honors may
enroll in any two or three of the seminars offered as may seem best suited to the
purposes of their whole program.
Seminars: The following seminars prepare for' examinations for a degree with
Honors.
Group l
101. Shakespeare . Mr. Cowden, Mr. Hicks and Mr. Whicher.

Each Semester
A study of the mind and art of Shakespeare as dramatist and poet. The emphasis
is on the major plays, with a more rapid reading of the remainder of his work.
Students are advised to read through the whole of the plays before entering the
seminar.

102. M ilton and the 17t h Century . Mr. Hunt.

Fall Semester

Milton, Donne, and the poetry of the Bible.
103. Chaucer . Mr. Klees and Mr. Scudder.

Pall Semester

A study of Chaucer’s poetry and age.
Group II
105. P oetry . Mrs. Wright and Mr. Dearing.

Spring Semester
Chiefly Victorian poetry. The basic elements of poetic expression, thought,
imagery, and sound are studied separately, and then brought together in the
investigation of four long poems.
98

106. D rama. Mr. Hicks and Mr. Klees.
Spring Semester
Survey of the development of the drama in England and America following a
preliminary study of classic drama.
107. N ovel. Mrs. Wright and Mr. Cowden.
Each Semester
Chiefly 19 th century. Principles of aesthetics applied to the novel form are
developed from the study of selected novels outside the Victorian tradition.
108. Literary Criticism . Mr. Hunt.
Spring Semester
English literary criticism from Sidney to Pater, with some study of
backgrounds and contemporary developments.
Group III
110. Comparative Literature . Mr. Becker.
Fall Semester
Using the realistic movement as a starting point, this seminar considers some of
the major themes and philosophic attitudes embodied in recent literature. The
chief figures studied are Flaubert and Zola; Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, and Chekhov;
and Mann, Joyce, and Kafka.
111. Social Criticism . Mr. Becker.
Spring Semester
The development of social criticism as a major constituent of American literature
from Jefferson and Paine to the present.
112. T he English A ugustans. Mr. Dearing.
Spring Semester
A study of ideas and forms in the works of Dryden, Pope, Swift, and Johnson.
The intent is primarily to evaluate the literary achievement of four major
authors, and to relate them on the one hand to the literature of Greece and Rome,
and on the other to philosophical and literary currents of the Eighteenth Century.
113. A merican Literature . Mr. Whicher.

Fall Semester

A study of the major writers in this field.
120. Problems o f Literary Study. Mrs. Wright.
Fall Semester
This seminar gives training in bibliography, selection of problems for critical
writing, and leads to the presentation of a thesis. Students read and criticise
each other’s work at intervals and confer individually with the instructor. Students
who wish to write theses not properly within the scope of this seminar may
apply to the Chairman of the Department for permission to substitute such
projects for the fourth seminar of work in the major field.
130. Linguistic Science . Mr. Reuning.

(German.)
Admitted as a seminar in English for majors who concentrate on English or
American language problems; may also be considered as a m in o r for students
majoring in the department.

99

Fine Arts
A ssociate P r o fe sso r : R obert M. W a l k e r , Chairm an
A ssistant P r o fesso r : H edley H . R hys
The aim of the Department is to study the historical-cultural significance and
aesthetic value of architecture, sculpture, painting and graphic art (prints and
drawings). Methods and problems of criticism are considered: observation, analysis,
interpretation and evaluation. Instruction is given by means of original works of
art as well as by the usual visual aids. Field trips are made to public and private
collections in New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington and to significant
examples of architecture in those areas.
• Since it is the objective of the Department to foster an intelligent comprehension
of the visual arts rather than to train professional artists, no courses in drawing,
painting and sculpture are offered for credit. However, instruction in such work is
available under the extracurricular Arts and Crafts Program.
R e q u ir e m e n t s

and

R e c o m m e n d a t io n s

Prerequisites: Majors in course and majors and minors in honors must take the
full year course Fine Arts 1, 2. For other students the prerequisite for all advanced
courses is one semester of Fine Arts 1, 2 only (i. e., Fine Arts 1 or Fine Arts 2).
Sequence of Courses: Whenever possible, majors will take advanced courses in
their numerical order. For other students advanced courses need not be taken in
numerical sequence.
Majors in Course: The program of a major consists of at least eight half courses
(including Fine Arts 1-2) in the Department. The courses supporting this program
depend on the needs of the individual student and may be found in both the Division
of the Humanities and the Division of the Social Sciences.
Majors and Minors in Honors: Majors in honors take four seminars in the Depart­
ment. In special cases the seminar in Aesthetics may be substituted for one in Fine
Arts. A minor in honors usually consists of two seminars. The seminars offered in
any one semester vary according to the requirements of the students and the con­
venience of the Department.
Language Requirements for Graduate Schools: Students are advised that graduate
work in Fine Arts usually demands a knowledge of French or German.
C ourses
1, 2. I ntroduction to Art H istory. Mr. Rhys and Mr. Walker.

Full Course
Fine Arts 1 (Fall semester). Consideration is given in the first four weeks to
basic problems of the nature of the work of art, the factors of influence upon
its conception, formation and development (geographic, social, economic, etc.),
the principles of value judgments, and methods of analysis. A limited number
of representative examples of architecture, sculpture, and painting are studied
within the historical context of the civilizations and cultural epochs which prdduced them: Ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome and Medieval France.
Fine Arts 2 (Spring semester). European and American architecture, sculpture
and painting from the fifteenth century to the present day are studied from the
same points of view and with the same methods as in the first semester.
Three hours of lectures a week and one bi-weekly conference hour.
100

11. D esign in D rawing and P ainting . Mr. Rhys.

Spring Semester
The basic elements of design and their function in drawing and painting. Types
of harmony, sequence and balance such as linear, tonal and spacial. The methods
of design and representation that characterize the various historical styles. Practical
exercises required demand no special technical aptitude, since the purpose of the
course is to develop a critical understanding of drawing and painting and not
technical skill.

12. A ncient Art . Mr. Walker.
Pall Semester
The development of the forms of architecture, sculpture and painting as express­
ing various cultural patterns of ancient civilizations: Egypt, Iran, Mesopotamia,
Greece and Rome.
13. M edieval A rt . Mr.

alker.
Spring Semester
A study of the relationship between art and society in Europe and the Near
East from the fourth through the fourteenth centuries. The ideas and institutions
which were instrumental in shaping Christian art during its formative stages of
development. Special emphasis is placed on the Romanesque and Gothic periods
in France: the abbey and the cathedral.

14. I talian Renaissance Art . Mr. Rhys.
Pall Semester
A study of certain aspects of the Renaissance in Italy as expressed in architecture,
sculpture and painting. Emphasis is placed on such great masters as Donatello,
Masaccio, Alberti, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo and Titian.
15. N orthern Renaissance and Baroque P ainting . Mr. Walker. Spring Semester

Developments in painting and drawing during the fifteenth, sixteenth and seven­
teenth centuries in France, the Netherlands, Germany and Spain through the study
of individual artists such as the Van Eycks, Roger van der Weyden, Jean Fouquet,
Durer, Gruenewald, Holbein, El Greco, Rubens, Rembrandt, Vermeer, Poussin
and Velasquez.
16. M odern Painting . Mr. Rhys.
Pall Semester
Important stylistic developments in European painting from the French Revolu­
tion to 1939: the meanings of the various movements and their relationship to
changing social and political attitudes.
17. A merican Art . Mr. Rhys.
Pall Semester
Architecture, sculpture and painting in North America from the Colonial Period
to the present day, their connection with European art and their significance as a
reflection of American culture.
18. M odern Building . Mr. Walker.
Spring Semester
An introduction to the nature of architecture and the function of the architect
through a study of developments in European and American building during the
late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The specific influence of economic, tech­
nological and social changes upon design and structure. Emphasis placed on the
study of original examples in the Philadelphia area and on the work of such
men as Sullivan, Wright, Mies van der Rohe, Gropius and Le Corbusier.
The prerequisite of Fine Arts 1-2 is waived for students in Engineering.
H o n o r s Sem in a rs
101. I talian Renaissance P ainting . Mr. Rhys.
A study and analysis of painting in Italy from Giotto to Titian: the decisive
contributions -of the outstanding masters to its stylistic development and its rela­
tionship to the Renaissance movement as a whole.

101

102. N orthern R enaissance and Baroque P ainting . Mr. Walker.

Developments in painting and drawing during the fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in France, the Netherlands, Germany and Spain through the
study of individual masters such as the Van Eycks, Roger van der Weyden, Jean
Fouquet, Albrecht Durer, Gruenewald, Holbein, El Greco, Rubens, Rembrandt,
Vermeer, Poussin and Velasquez.
103. M odern P ainting . Mr. Rhys.
Important stylistic developments in European painting from the French Revolution
to 1939: the meanings of the various movements and their relationship to
changing social and political attitudes.
Mr. Walker.
A consideration of certain problems in the history of the graphic arts. A study
of the significance of the work of such men as Schongauer, Diirer, Rembrandt,
Goya, Daumier, Munch and Rouault for the development of expression in the
media of the woodcut, engraving, etching, aquatint and lithography. Students
work almost exclusively with original material in the Print Room ot the Phila­
delphia Museum and the Lessing J. Rosenwald Collection in Jenkintown.

104. M aster P rint M akers.

102

History
P rofessor: Mary A lbertson, C hairm an
A ssociate Professors: Paul H. Be k
G eorge P. Cuttino (part-time) *
James A. Field, J r .*
Frederick B. T olles (part-time) *
A ssistant Professors: Laurence D. Lafore
T heodore H. V on Laue *
I nstructors: J ohn L. T eall
R ush E. W elter
The department plans its offerings for majors in other departments as well as for
its own majors. Students with special interests will note that there are courses empha­
sizing, for instance, intellectual history or economic history, but in most of the
courses and all of the seminars the emphasis is on the whole context of the event.
There is a group of courses (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) designed primarily to familiarize
students with contemporary American civilization: its European backgrounds; Eng­
land’s influence, particularly through her literature, her law, and her constitution;
and the heritage and the place in the world of the United States itself.
There is’ another group of courses (11, 12, 13, and 14) which are intended to
introduce history majors as well as majors in other departments to the understanding
of a foreign culture. All except course 14 may be taken by special arrangement
without any prerequisite. It is suggested that freshmen and sophomores who do
not intend to major in history should whenever possible elect these courses, even at
the expense of not being able to take some of the work offered on England and the
United States, for the reason that the cultures they treat are different from our own
and can be touched on only briefly in History 1-2.

R equirements and Recommendations
for a M ajor in H istory
The requirement for acceptance as a major in history is successful completion of
course 1-2 and a C average in the first two years in 18 half courses. Any freshman
or sophomore who wishes to keep open the possibility of a major in history should
ask the chairman of the department for advice on courses. Languages which are
most useful to students of history and which are required by most graduate schools
are French and German.

Course W ork

for a

M ajor

History 1-2 should be taken in the freshman year if possible. Most of the courses
listed below may be taken in the sophomore year, but in most cases it is wise to
* On leave of absence, 1951-52.

103

make one of the choices either a term of American history (4 or 5) or a term of
English history (3 ). If the choice has to be made between a second term of American
history and a first term of English history, the latter should be chosen.
The comprehensive examination includes a choice of questions on all the history
courses taken by the individual major during the junior and senior years, and also
more general questions on the fields of European, English, and American history re­
viewed in Special Topics (Course 65). All major students should elect this course.
The department takes a special responsibility for help in planning the entire program
from at least the beginning of the sophomore year. W e record the whole field of
special competence of our majors so that the information can be given in letters of
recommendation, etc. when it is desirable. A major in history may, for instance, be
described as a major in history with emphasis on the social sciences, or with emphasis
on American civilization, or French civilization, or with emphasis on international rela­
tions or Russian studies.
C ourses
1-2. E urope . All members of the department.

Full Course
One of the basic courses in the curriculum. It is intended to be an introduction
to the study, understanding, and use of history. It is a requirement for gradu­
ation for all students in the divisions of the humanities and the social sciences,
and it is a prerequisite to all other work in history except in cases indicated.
It begins with a brief discussion of the classical backgrounds of European civiliza­
tion and ends with a brief discussion of post-war Europe. Sections are small
enough for discussion.
Miss Albertson.
A survey of the history of the English people from the middle ages to the
present day.

3. England .

4. T he U nited States Before 1865. Mr. Field or Mr. Welter.
Fall Semester
An advanced course on American history. Special help on the writing of long
papers is given in connection with this course.
5. T he U nited States Since 1865. Mr. Field or Mr. Welter.
An advanced course on American history.

Spring Semester

11. T he O ther A merican R epublics . Mr. Lafore.
Fall Semester
The emphasis is on Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina. This is recommended for
majors in Spanish as well as for majors in history, and as a general elective.
12. F rance . Miss Albertson.

The history of France from Roman times to the present day. This is recom­
mended for majors in French as well as for majors in history and as a general
elective.
13. G ermany . Mr. Von Laue.

(Not offered in 1951-52.)
The history of modern Germany from the Napoleonic era to the present. This
is recommended for majors in German as well as for majors in history and as a
general elective.

14. R ussia. Mr. Beik or Mr. Von Laue.
Fall Semester
The history of modern Russia. The course begins with the reign of Peter and
gives half its time to the period since the Revolution.

104

21. Q uakerism . Air. Tolies. (N o t
The history of the Society of
religwiis and social ideas of the
A large part of the reading is
without a prerequisite.

offered in 1951-52.)
Friends to the present day. The characteristic
Quakers are considered in their historical setting.
done in the original sources. It may be taken

30. R ecent H istorical T rends. Mr. Beik or Mr. Lafore.

Fall Semester
A course designed for students who do not intend to take more than one half
course in history. It is not open to anyone who has taken History 1-2.

31. A n I ntroduction to Economic H istory.

ITie emphasis is on the economic history of Europe and America from the
htteenth century to the present.
51. T he W estward M ovement . Mr. Field or Mr. Welter.

European colonization, the struggle for North America, westward expansion,
sectional development, problems of growth and integration of newly settled
regions.
Mr. Lafore
Social thought and institutions from 1688 to 1945. Much of the reading is in
fiction and biography. Open to juniors and seniors only.

52. M odern Britain .

53. T he French Revolution and N apoleon . Mr. Beik.
The significance of the period 1789-1815 in the development of modern European
social theories and political institutions. Open to juniors and seniors only.
54. M edieval E urope . Mr. Cuttino or Mr. Teall.

Spring Semester
TTie history of western Europe from the decline of the Roman Empire through
the thirteenth century. Open to juniors and seniors only.

Miss Albertson.
The history of the period of the Renaissance in Europe.
seniors only.

55. T h e Renaissance .

Open to juniors and

65. Special T opics. All members of the department.
Spring Semester
Individual programs are planned to prepare majors in history for the compre­
hensive examinations. The discussion of review problems, of papers, and of
reading is conducted in groups and in individual conferences with the instructor.
H o n o rs Sem in a rs
The following seminars are offered by the department to juniors and seniors to
prepare for the examinations for a degree with Honors. They may be taken in
any combination. The prerequisite is History 1-2 except in the seminars for which
an additional prerequisite is indicated.
American History
101. T he Colonies and T he R evolution . Mr. Tolies.
(Not offered in 1951-52.)
Topics in the history of the thirteen colonies and the American states to 1783.
102. P roblems in A merican H istory. Mr. Field or Mr. Welter.
Selected topics in the history of the United States. Open only to students who
have taken course 4.
105

103. P roblems in A merican H istory : F oreign . Mr. Field.
(Not offered in 1951-52.)
A study of the United States in the world community. It takes into account
wars, industrial, technological and population changes abroad, and changes in
national attitudes at home, with special reference for instance to the Louisiana
Purchase, the Monroe Doctrine, the Mexican War, the problem of the Pacific,
and the World Wars. Open only to students who have taken course 4.
104. T he Supreme Court .
For seniors. The emphasis is on common law cases and principles. The work in
this seminar is not designed to anticipate or overlap the courses in constitutional
law offered in law schools.
English History
106. M edieval England . Miss Albertson.
The period from 1066 to 1485.
108. T udor and Stuart England . Miss Albertson.
The period from 1485 to 1688.

Spring Semester

109. M odern England . Mr. Lafore.
The nineteenth century.
European History
111. M edieval Europe . Mr. Cuttino or Mr. Teall.

Spring Semester

The civilization of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.
112. T he Renaissance and R eformation . Miss Albertson.

Europe from the fourteenth to the seventeenth centuries.
114. E urope 1760 to 1870. Mr. Beik.
The decay of the old regime and the rise of liberalism.
115. E urope 1870 to 1939: M odern E urope . Mr. Beik or Mr. Lafore.

Political and social changes which preceded the second world war.
116. E urope 1870 to 1939: D iplomatic H istory. Mr. Lafore.
The management of international affairs and problems.
117. E urope 1900 to the P resent : Eastern E urope . Mr. Von Laue.

(Not offered in 1951-52.)
The internal development of Russia and Russia’s cultural and political position
in eastern Europe.
T hesis (1 2 0 ).

A thesis may be substituted for one of the honors examinations by special per­
mission of the department. The topic should be selected and approved by the
end of the junior year. It must be finished and a copy filed in the Library by
the middle of the senior year.

106

International Relations
Students who plan to enter upon a career in the field of international relations
should include in their programs, during the first two years, the introductory courses
in economics, history, and political science and should complete the intermediate
course in one or more modern languages.
Advanced courses selected from the groups listed below may be incorporated in
the programs of students who do their major work in economics, history, political
science, or a modern language.
Those students who wish to concentrate in international relations may take their
Senior Comprehensive Examination in this field. Students preparing for this examina­
tion should take eight, nine, or ten half courses from among those listed below,
including all of those listed in Group I, one or more in Group II, and one or
more in Group III. The examination is administered by a committee appointed
by the chairmen of the Departments of Economics, History, and Political Science,
under the Chairmanship of the Department of Political Science.
Group 1
Political Science 12. I nternational P olitics
Political Science 13. I nternational Law and O rganization
Political Science 57, 58. A merican Foreign P olicy
Economics 60. I nternational Economics
Group II
History
History
History
History
History

3. E ngland
T he O ther A merican Republics
France
G ermany
R ussia

li.
12.
13.
14.

Group III
Political Science 15. Comparative G overnments
Political Science 16. D emocracy and D ictatorship
Russian Studies 19-20. Soviet Economics and P olitics
Students who plan to enter the honors program will find it possible to select a
similar combination of courses and seminars in the field of international relations. In
planning such programs, they should consult with the chairman of their prospective
major departments.

107

Mathematics and Astronomy
Professors: H einrich Brinkmann
A rnold D resden, Chairm an
P eter

van de

K amp, D ire cto r o f S proul O bservatory

lo s s W. M arriott
Associate P rofessors: P hilip W. Carruth
J ohn H. Pitman
Instructor : J oanne Elliott
R esearch A ssociates: Robert F leischer
Sarah L. Lippincott
A ssistant: J ulia E. D amkoehler
O bserver: A. W ayne Conger (part-time)
M athem atics
Pure mathematics is an abstract subject and may be looked upon as the model of a
deductive science. On the other hand, the subject matter of mathematics has for, the
most part arisen out of concrete applications to the physical sciences, among which
geometry occupies a central position. The courses offered in the department of
Mathematics attempt to combine these points of view and to give a picture of the
power and beauty of the subject when studied for its own sake, as well as its many
relations to other fields of thought. The study of mathematics is essential as a
tool for the understanding of the principles of the physical sciences and engineering;
a knowledge of its techniques is indispensable for a successful pursuit of these
subjects. The same is becoming increasingly true in the biological sciences and in
some of the social sciences.
For students who intend to major in mathematics in course, the normal sequence
of courses is the following: Freshman year, courses 1-2; Sophomore year, courses
11-12; Junior and Senior years, two half-courses selected each year from courses
14, 15, 19, 51, 52, 53, 54. The completion of Physics 1-2 is strongly recommended.
In order to be admitted to honors seminars in mathematics, either as a major or
as a minor, a student must have completed courses 1-2 and 11-12. An honors
student whose major is mathematics must also take Physics 1-2; it is furthermore
highly desirable that he have a reading knowledge of French or German. A junior
honors student will normally take the seminars in Advanced Calculus and Differential
Equations; these seminars are offered each year. The remaining seminars are usually
taken by senior students and are offered as they are required.
108

1-2. First Y ear M athematics. Mr. Dresden, Miss Elliott, Mr. Marriott.
J r L ^ teir\al T ei ediLn {,heAe courses consists of Algebra and Trigonometry
(Course 1) and Analytical Geometry (Course 2 ). The subjects studied are
required for any further work in mathematics; they will also serve to give the
student who intends to take no other courses in mathematics an introduction to
mathematical principles and methods. Students taking Course 1 must also take
Course 2 in order to receive credit for the course. However, properly qualified
students may take Course 2 without first taking Course 1; such students will
receive credit for Course 2 separately. Course 1 is given during the first semester;
Course 2 is offered in each semester.
7. I ntroduction to M athematics . Mr. Brinkmann.

The purpose of this course is to acquaint the student with the principles and
some of the fundamental concepts of mathematics, as well as to bring out its
relationship to physical sciences. The course is planned for students who do
not intend to take further work in mathematics or natural science and cannot be
used as a prerequisite for other courses in mathematics.
11-12. D ifferential and I ntegral Calculus. Miss Elliott, Mr. Carruth, Mr
Dresden, Mr. Marriott.
These courses introduce the student to the principles and applications of the
calculus. They form a necessary basis for any further work in mathematics and
are essential for an understanding of the fundamentals of physics and other
sciences, as well as engineering. These courses constitute a full course and cannot
be taken separately; both are usually offered in each semester.
Prerequisite: Courses 1-2.
U . T heory of E quations .
Spring Semester
In is course begins with a study of complex numbers and continues with a study
oi polynomials and algebraic equations, based on the notion of a field and its
algebraic extensions. The numerical calculation of roots of numerical equations
is also considered briefly.
Prerequisites: Courses 1-2, 11-12.
15. Solid Analytic G eometry .

Fall Semester
(Not given in 1951-52.)
Metric theory of planes, lines and quadric surfaces in Euclidean three-dimensional
space, emphasis on the use of determinants and matrices.
Prerequisites: Courses 1-2, 11-12.

19. Projective G eometry . Mr. Brinkmann.
pap Semester
The principles of plane projective geometry are studied in this course, by analytic
as well as synthetic methods. The projective properties of the conic sections
isra n s 'd J r 4116 re atlon °* e^mentary metric geometry to projective geometry
Prerequisites: Courses 1-2, 11-12.
51. Advanced Calculus . Mr. Carruth.
pan Semester
This course deals with the differential calculus of functions of several variables
and its geometric applications, multiple integrals, line and surface integrals
improper integrals and infinite series. The treatment is sufficiently rigorous to
strengthen the student's understanding of the principles of the calculus. Appli­
cations to the physical sciences are given whenever possible.
Prerequisites: Courses 1-2, 11-12.
109

52. D ifferential Equations . Mr. Carruth.

Spring Semester
A study of ordinary differential equations, with applications to problems from
geometry, physics and other sciences. Certain classical linear differential equa­
tions are also studied in some detail.
Prerequisites: Courses 1-2, 11-12, 51.

Spring Semester
53 H igher Analysis.
A number of different subjects will be studied in this course, both because of
their intrinsic importance and in order to give the student practice in the processes
of analysis. Some of the topics to be considered are: Fourier Series, with appli­
cations to physical problems; Orthogonal polynomials; Gamma Function; Elliptic
Integrals; Functions of a Complex Variable.
Prerequisites: Courses 1-2, 11-12, 51, 52 (Course 52 may be taken concurrently).
54. P robability and Statistics.
Spring Semester
This course deals with the mathematical theory of statistics, based upon a study
of the theory of probability. An introduction to . the theory of sampling and
statistical inference will be given.
Prerequisites: Courses 1-2, 11-12, 51 (Course 51 may be taken concurrently).
60. R eading Course in M athematics .

This course is to provide an opportunity for students to do special work in
fields not covered by the undergraduate courses, listed above. The work consists
in the preparation of papers requiring extensive and detailed examination of the
literature of a problem.
H o n o r s Sem in a rs

in

M a th em a tic s

f a^ Semester
The subject matter of this seminar includes the differential calculus of functions
of several variables, the elements of vector analysis, multiple integrals, line and
surface integrals, improper integrals, infinite series, uniform convergence of
infinite processes. The treatment of these various subjects is sufficiently detailed
to give the student an introduction to the rigorous processes of analysis.

101. Advanced Calculus .

Spring Semester
This seminar begins with a formal treatment of ordinary differential equations
and their applications to various types of problems. This is followed by a study
of existence theorems for ordinary differential equations, certain classical linear
differential equations, Fourier series and a brief introduction to boundary value
problems of certain partial differential equations of the second order.

102. D ifferential Equations .

103. Statistics and P robability.
The purpose of this seminar is to give the mathematical background necessary
for an understanding of the mathematical analysis of statistical data. In addition,
the modern development of this subject provides a valuable application of the
concepts and techniques acquired in the study of advanced calculus. The topics
treated include: the axiomatic approach, the use of Stieltjes integrals, correlation
and regression, some special distributions, sampling theory and a short introduction
to the theory of statistical estimation.
104. M odern A lgebra.
This seminar deals with the theoretical properties of such formal systems as groups,
rings, fields and vector spaces. While these concepts will be illustrated by
many concrete examples, the emphasis will be on the abstract nature of the
subject; the student will thus be introduced to an important aspect of modern
mathematics. Among the specific topics to be studied are the algebra of matrices,
of classes and of ideals.

110

105. T heory of F unctions of a Com plex 'V ariable.

A brief study of the geometry of complex numbers is followed by a detailed
treatment of the Cauchy theory of analytical functions of a complex variable.
Various applications are given and some special classes of functions, such as
elliptic functions, are studied. Analytic continuation and the theory of Weierstrass
are briefly considered.
106. F oundations of M athematics.
Postulational treatment of mathematics. The problem of consistency. Relation
of logic and mathematics. Some of the systematic treatments of the foundation
of logic. Modern developments.
107. D ifferential G eometry .

The subject of this seminar is the metric differential geometry of curves and
surfaces in three dimensional space.
108. T heory o f N umbers.

Among the subjects studied in this seminar are: Elementary properties of integers,
the congruence relation, quadratic residues, certain quadratic forms, certain classical
Diophantine equations, simple examples of fields of algebraic numbers.
109. A lgebraic G eometry .

Astronomy
Astronomy deals with the nature of the universe about us and the methods employed
to discover the laws underlying the observed phenomena.
The elementary courses present the problems in broad outlines and trace the growth
of our knowledge of the facts and the development of more comprehensive theories.
The advanced courses consider some of these problems in detail; the order in
which they may be taken depends upon the extent of the student’s mastery of
mathematics and physics.
The principal instrument of the Sproul Observatory is the twenty-four-inch visual
refractor of thirty-six-foot focal length, used almost exclusively for photography. The
instrument has been in continuous operation since 1912 and provides a valuable and
steadily expanding collection of photographs. A number of measuring and calculating
machines are available for the measurement and reduction of the photographs. The
principal program of the Observatory is an accurate study of the distances, motions
and masses of the nearer stellar systems.
Advanced study in conjunction with the research program of the Observatory may
be arranged in consultation with the Director of the Sproul Observatory.
The Students' Observatory contains a six-inch visual refractor, a nine-inch photo­
graphic telescope, and a transit instrument.
The Sproul Observatory is open to visitors on the second and fourth Tuesday
nights of each month, except those Tuesday nights that fall in a vacation period.
Visitors thus have an opportunity of seeing, in the course of a year, many celestial
objects of various types.

Ill

1-2. D escriptive A stronomy . Mr. van de Kamp.
These courses provide an introduction to the methods and results of astronomy.
Fundamental notions of physics are studied as they are needed to provide an
adequate scientific basis for the course. These courses are prerequisite for all
further work in astronomy. Three class periods each week, practical work to
be arranged.
8. I ntroduction to Astronomy . Mr. Pitman.
This course is designed to give the student an acquaintance with some of the
problems in astronomy, the methods of investigation, and results obtained,
emphasis is placed on the overlapping of astronomy and the other sciences, and
its role in art, history and literature. Those planning to take additional work m
astronomy should enroll in Astronomy 1-2. Three class periods each week. Text:
Baker, Introduction to Astronomy, and current periodicals.
13. P ractical Astronomy .
Theory and use of the transit instrument for the determination of time, latitude
and longitude. Reduction of star positions. Solution of observation equations
by the method of least squares. Two class sessions and one laboratory period each
week.
Prerequisites: Mathematics 1-2 and Astronomy 1-2 or 8.
14. Laboratory A stronomy .

Theory and practice of micrometric measures of double stars, comets and asteroids.
Photography of selected objects. Determination of positions from photographic
plates. Two class sessions and one laboratory period each week.
Prerequisites: Mathematics 1-2 and Astronomy 1-2 or 8.
19. D ouble Stars. Mr. van de Kamp.

The two body problem. Visual, spectroscopic and eclipsing binaries. The masses
of binary components and of unseen companions.
Prerequisite: Mathematics 11-12.
31. U ndergraduate R eading Course in Astronomy .

Undergraduate students may, under direction, prepare papers upon subjects re­
quiring a rather extensive examination of the literature of a problem.
51. O rbit Com putation . Mr. Pitman.
The principles and methods of orbital analysis for planets, asteroids, comets and
double stars.
Students who intend to pursue astronomy as a major subject in course should have
Astronomy 1-2 during the freshman or sophomore year; advanced courses in astronomy
selected from the list given above combined with work in mathematics constitute the
further requirement.
H o n o r s S em in a rs

in

A stro n o m y

Prerequisites for admission to honors seminars in astronomy, either as a major
or as a minor, are the completion of the following courses: Mathematics 11-12;
Astronomy 1-2, a course in general Physics, reading knowledge of French or German.

112

101. Spherical Astronomy .

Outline of spherical trigonometry. The astronomical triangle. Determination of
time and latitude. Reduction of astronomical positions. Precession, aberration
proper motion, parallax.
102. O rbit Com putation .

The principles and methods of orbital analysis for planets, asteroids, comets and
double stars.
103. Celestial M echanics .

The problems of two, three and n bodies. Perturbations.
104. D ouble Stars.

The two body problem. Theory and observational technique of visual, spectro­
scopic and eclipsing binaries. Special attention is given to the photographic
study of both resolved and unresolved astrometric binaries. The masses of
binary components and of unseen companions.
105. P hotographic A strometry.
The long-focus refractor. Photographic technique, measurement and reduction of

photographic plates. Choice of reference stars. Attainable accuracy. Application
to the problems of parallax, proper motion, mass-ratio, and perturbations.
Resolved and unresolved astrometric binaries; orbital analyses.

106. Stellar Astronomy .

Fundamental data. Stellar motions and parallaxes. Distribution of stars and
globular clusters. The dimming of star light. Pattern of stellar motions The
galactic system.
G raduate W o r k

In conformity with the general regulations for work leading to the master's degree
(see p. 60), this department offers the possibilty for graduate work.
Candidates for the master’s degree will normally take four honors seminars, two
each semester, selected from those listed in astronomy, mathematics or physics, in
consultation with the faculty member under whose direction the work is to be done.
A thesis may be substituted for one of the seminars.
Candidates for the master’s degree must have a good reading knowledge of French
and German.

113

Modern Languages and Literatures
P rofessors: H arold M arch (French)
Edith P hilips, C hairm an (French)
A ssociate Professors: Lydia Baer (German)
K arl R euning (German)
J ames D. Sorber (Spanish)
Leon W encelius (French)
A ssistant Professors: H ilde D. Cohn (German)
Elisa A sensio (Spanish)
I nstructors: O lga Lamkert (Russian)
J eanne T heiss (French)
The department of modern languages and literatures aims to give its majors a
comprehensive view of the literature and culture represented by these languages, in
relation to other humanistic studies. Courses are conducted in the language of the
literature being studied, and progress in the language is always one of the aims.
The elementary and intermediate courses are designed to prepare the students for
advanced work in literature as well as to meet college and departmental requirements.
It is not impossible, with some extra reading, to major or to enter honors seminars
in a language started in college. Prerequisites and recommended subjects for majors
are noted under the listing of each language section.

French
All students offering French for entrance are placed at the level where they
will presumably profit best by the course, according to _their rating in the College
Entrance Examination or a test given by the department.
French may be offered as a major in course or as a major or minor in honors work.
Prerequisites and recommended supporting subjects are the same for both course and
honors students and are as follows:
Required:
French 11-12 Introduction to Literature, or evidence of equivalent work.
French 6 Advanced Composition and Diction.
Recommended supporting subjects:
French History, History of Modern Philosophy, Psychology, courses in other
literatures, i Fine Arts.
Majors are expected to speak French with sufficient fluency to take part in discussion
in courses and seminars in the language and to pass an oral comprehensive or oral
honors examination in French.
Note: All advanced courses are not offered every year. Students wishing a major
or minor in French should plan their course carefully in advance with the department
in order to get a well rounded program.

114

/

C ourses
1-2. E lementary French .

For students who begin French in College. Equivalent to two years’ French in
high school. The initial approach is oral but a foundation is laid for a reading
knowledge. No credit is given for French 1 alone. Both courses offered each
semester.
3, 4. I ntermediate French .

For students who have had French 1-2 or its equivalent (2 years’ French in high
school). Students who have had three years in high school usually enter
French 4. Grammar is reviewed. Reading is from contemporary literature in
French editions without notes or vocabulary. Every effort is made to help the
student to increase his vocabulary and to discuss what he has read in the French
language. Completion of French 4 satisfies the language requirement. The
normal course to follow French 4 is French 11. (Both courses are offered
each semester.)
6. A dvanced Composition and D iction . Miss Theiss.

For those who intend to major in French or who wish an advanced course in
which the emphasis is not primarily literary. An effort is made to correct faulty
pronunciation and to improve self-expression in the language, both oral and
written.
11, 12. I ntroduction to Literature .
In Course 11 the transition is made from reading as an aid to language learning
to the consideration of literary values. The material is selected from classics of
the nineteenth century, but it is not a systematic survey course. Prerequisite:
French 4 or equivalent.
In Course 12 the treatment is more historical with selected readings in Larousse
editions from Rabelais to Rousseau. (Both courses are offered each semester.)
14. P rose de la Renaissance.
Readings from Rabelais, Calvin, Montaigne.

15. La P ensée D u 17e Siècle .
Descartes, Pascal, La Rochefoucauld and other prose writers of the seventeenth
century, their importance in the formation of French "classicism.”

16. Les "P hilosophes .”
Montesquieu, Voltaire, Diderot and Rousseau; their contribution to the develop­
ment of the ideas on art, literature and society which characterize the French
eighteenth century.

17. T héâtre Classique.
The plays of Corneille, Racine and Molière and the growth of the classic ideal in
French literature.
18. T héâtre M oderne .
The development of the French theater from the breaking down of the dominance
of the classical ideal in the eighteenth century. Plays of Marivaux and Beau­
marchais. Theories of Diderot. Characteristic examples of the theater of the
nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
115

20. P oésie M oderne .
Baudelaire, the Symbolists, modem tendencies.
21. Littérature du M oyen A ge.

Readings from medieval literature in modem French translations.
22. Roman M oderne .
Representative novelists from Balzac to the present.
23. P roust and G ide.

(N ot' given in 1951-52.)
The dominant writers of the early twentieth century. Novels and essays which
illustrate their importance in contemporary literature.
24. Saint -Exupéry , M alraux, Sartre, Camus.

Neo-humanism and contemporary tendencies.
30. M ouvement D es Idées.
Ideological background of modern literature.
51. Special T opics. (For senior majors.)
Readings selected to fit the needs of individual seniors and to supplement their
selection of courses. Not designed to prepare for any specific type of compre­
hensive examination but to give an opportunity in the senior year for the student
to see his courses in perspective and to see possible relationships with work in
other fields.
H onors Seminars
100. Littérature du M oyen A ge .

Old French readings in lyric poety, theater and fiction.
101. La Renaissance e n France .

Rabelais, Calvin, Montaigne, Ronsard et la Pléiade.
102. Le T héâtre Classique.
Corneille, Racine, Molière.
103. Les "P hilosophes .”

Montesquieu, Voltaire, Diderot, Rousseau.
104. Balzac, Stendhal , F laubert .
105. P roust and G ide.
106. P oésie M oderne .

Baudelaire, Rimbaud, Verlaine, Mallarmé, Claudel, Valéry.
While some honors seminars treat the same subject matter as the courses, the read­
ing required is more extensive both in the texts and in critical material. The work
of a seminar corresponds to two half courses.
116

Gennaa
A ssociate P rofessors : Lydia Baer
K arl R eu n in g *
A ssistant P rofessor : H ilde D. Co h n
All students offering German for entrance are placed at the level where they can
presumably profit best by the course, according to their rating in the College Enhance
Examination or a test given by the department,
“ ay
° ffered as,a ,mai°r in course or as a major or minor in honors work.
Prerequisites and recommended supporting subjects are the same for both course and
honors students and are as follows:
Required:
German 11-12. Introduction to German Literature.
Recommended supporting subjects:
An advanced course in German literature, Shakespeare, Modern Philosophy,
Psychology, Fine Arts, courses in other literatures, History of Germany.
As far as possible German is the language of the classroom in all advanced courses
and seminars. Since not all advanced courses and seminars are offered every year
students wishing a major or minor in German should plan their courses carefully
in advance with the department in order to get a well rounded program.
1-2. E lementary G erman .
Pull CoUfSe
For students who begin German in college. Equivalent of two years’ secondary
school preparation. Fundamentals of German and simpler texts such as Appelt
and Funke: Modern German Prose.
3. I ntermediate G erman .

Prerequisite: German 1-2 or two years’ secondary school preparation. Review
grammar and texts of average difficulty such as Hill: Drei Nobelpreisträger.
4. I ntermediate G erman .

Fulfills the college requirement for all students who wish to learn reading through
the medium of literary and cultural material, of the type of Werfel: Jacobowsky
und der Oberst; Fleissner and Fleissner: Die Kunst der Prosa; Goethe: UrfaustEruns: A Book of German Lyrics.
Prerequisite: German 3 or equivalent.
6 . W riting and Speaking G erman .
Composition and conversation. Introduction to Volkskunde:
cultural backgrounds of modern Germany.
Prerequisite: Course 3-4 or equivalent.

the social and

7-8. E lementary G erman (S pecial Reading Course ).
Full Course
A special reading course designed for those who wish to acquire a reading knowl­
edge of German in a single year. German 7-8 may be used to fulfill the require­
ments of certain departments or of graduate schools, but not to satisfy the college
foreign language requirement. German 7-8 supplants the former Half Course in
Scientific German (German 5).

* Absent on leave, spring semester, 1951-52.
117

11, 12. I ntroduction to G erman Literature .

Either half or both may be taken for credit. Prerequisite for majors and minors.
A study of representative German authors from the classical period to the present;
reading and discussion of dramas, stories, and lyric poems. Writing of critical
reports.
Prerequisite; Course 3-4 or equivalent.
Half Course
An introductory study of the romantic movement in Germany, with illustrative
readings from representative authors such as Novalis, Tieck, Arnim, Brentano,
Eichendorff. Lectures, discussion, papers in German.
Prerequisite: Course 11-12 or equivalent.

13. D ie D eutsche Rom antik .

14. D ie D eutsche N ovelle von G oethe bis T homas M a n n .
Significant examples of this typically German genre will be read and interpreted
as to contents, form and historical importance, as well as its relations to other
European literatures. Authors: Goethe, Eichendorff, Kleist, Stiffen, Meyer,
Keller, Storm, Thomas Mann.
15-16. D ie G oethe Z eit .

Goethe, Schiller and their contemporaries in relationship to their times.
ideas and aesthetic problems discussed and reflected in their works.

Their

Half Course
A study of four or five leading German writers of the twentieth century, in­
cluding Thomas Mann, Gerhart Hauptmann, Rainer Maria Rilke. Lectures, dis­
cussion, papers.
Prerequisite: Course 11-12 or equivalent.

18. M oderne D eutsche Literatur .

19. G erman A uthors in T ranslation .
Half Course
Lectures in English; discussion; frequent book reports in English by students.
Open to all students.

H onors W ork
The following seminars prepare for examinations for a degree with Honors. Those
actually given in any year vary according to the choices of the students and the con­
venience of the department.
101. M iddle H igh G erman Literature and P hilology .

Introduction into Indo-European and Germanic philology and phonetics. Out­
line of development of the German language. Middle High German grammar.
Brief survey of Old and Middle High German literature. Reading of MHG
texts in the original, especially Nibelungenlied, Wolfram’s Parzival, and Walther
von der Vogelweide.
102. T h e A ge of Luther .

Study of literary, historical, sociological and religious problems of the sixteenth
century. Reading of outstanding authors of the period, such as Luther, Hans
Sachs, Brant, Hutten, Fischart. A course or seminar in History of the Reforma­
tion is recommended as preparation for this seminar.
103. D eutsches Barock und A ufklaerung .

A study of German literature in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries.
The reforms of Opitz, the lyric poetry of the period, the mysticism of Angelus
Silesius and Jakob Bohme, the plays of Gryphius, and the prose of Grimmelshausen; a study of Lessing in his most important dramas and critical writing.
118

104. G oethe .

Goethe’s life and work in th e ' classical age of German literature, in its chief
phases.
105. D ie D eutsche Rom antik .
Romanticism as the dominant movement in German literature of the first half
of the nineteenth century.
106. P oetischer R ealismus.

Studies in the works of-Grillparzer, Hebbel, Ludwig, Keller, Meyer, and Storm,
and other writers of the drama, novel, and "Novelle” in the second half of the
nineteenth century.
107. D eutsche Literatur Seit 1900.

The chief writers of "Neuromantik” and impressionism: Gerhart Hauptmann’s
dramas; Thomas Mann’s epic prose; Rainer Maria Rilke’s poetry; Hugo von
Hofmannsthal’s lyric prose and poetry.
130. Linguistic Science . (In cooperation with other departments in the Division
of the Humanities.)
The most important problems of Linguistics, e. g., sound change, changes in
accidence and syntax, semantic changes, geographical distribution and relation of
languages. Indo-European, English, and American language problems. Relation­
ship between linguistics and psychology. Some knowledge of German, French,
Latin, or Greek is desirable, reading knowledge of at least one foreign language
required. Students^ who know non-Indo-European languages are especially
welcome. The seminar is conducted in English.
(See also schedules of Honors Seminars in English and Psychology.)

Italian
(N ot given in 1951-52)
Since few students enter with previous preparation in Italian, there is no system
for placement. Any student who wishes advanced standing can arrange his status in
conference with the instructor.
The department does not offer a major or minor in Italian.
There are no honors seminars in Italian.
Not more than one Italian course is usually offered in any given year and plans
for the study of Italian should be carefully made in consultation with the department;
C ourses
I - 2. E lementary I talian .
Full Course
A course aimed to give the student ability to read ordinary Italian with ease,
and to write and speak simple Italian.
3. I ntermediate I talian .

Grammar review and composition.

Reading from modern literature.

4. I ntermediate Italian .

Readings from Dante’s Inferno.
II-

12. I ntroduction to M odern I talian Literature .

Representative texts of modern Italian writers.

119

Russian
I nstructor : O lga Lamkert
Courses in the Russian language may be used to fulfill the college’s language re­
quirement, but cannot comprise a major subject. These courses are part of the
Russian Studies program offered at Bryn Mawr, Haverford and Swarthmore Colleges
(see p. 141).
1-2. E lementary Russian . Miss Lamkert.
Full Course
Vocabulary and grammar. Reading of easy short stories and dialogues. Area
reader. Short stories by Lermontoff, Pushkin, Tchehoff. Oral and written trans­
lation into Russian. Easy compositions.
3, 4. I ntermediate R ussian . Miss Lamkert.
Full Course
Readings: Inspector General by Gogol, Captain’s Daughter by Pushkin, and other
short stories. Discussion of readings in Russian. Translation of essays and
stories from English to Russiah.
11. I ntroduction to Literature . Miss Lamkert.
Literature of 19th and beginning of 20th century.
Turgenev, Tolstoy. Compositions.

Readings:

12. I ntroduction to Literature . Miss Lamkert.
Additional reading in contemporary literature and periodicals.

Dostoyevsky,

Compositions.

Spanish
A ssociate Professor: J ames D. Sorber
A ssistant P rofessor: Elisa Asensio
All students offering Spanish for entrance are placed at the level where they will
presumably profit best by the course according to their rating in the College Entrance
examination or a test given by the department.
Spanish may be offered as a major in course or as a major or minor in honors
work. Prerequisites and recommended supporting subjects are the same for both
course and honors students and are as follows:
Required:
Spanish 11-12 Introduction to Literature.
Recommended supporting subjects:
Introduction to Philosophy, Psychology, English or another foreign or classic
literature, Fine Arts, South American History.
Majors are expected to speak Spanish with sufficient fluency to take part in dis­
cussion in courses and seminars in the language and to pass an oral comprehensive
or oral honors examination in Spanish.
C ourses
1-2. E le m en ta ry Sp a n is h .

For students who begin Spanish in college. Equivalent to two years' Spanish
in High school. The emphasis is both on the spoken language and on reading.

120

3, 4. I ntermediate Spanish .

For students who have had Spanish 1-2 or its equivalent (two years’ in high
school). Students who have had three years usually enter Spanish 4. Grammar
is reviewed. Reading is from Spanish and South American literature with em­
phasis on increasing the student’s vocabulary and his ability to discuss his read­
ing in oral and written Spanish.
9. Advanced Com position and D iction .

For majors and others who wish an advanced course in which the emphasis is
not primarily literary. An effort is made to correct faulty pronunciation and
to improve self expression in the language both oral and written.
11, 12. I ntroduction to Spanish Literature .
Representative texts of modern Spanish and Latin American writers.
in Spanish with frequent written work in Spanish.

Conducted

13. E l T eatro M o dern e .

Plays of the major Spanish writers in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
14. La N ovela H ispanoamericana .

Representative novelists from Mármol in Argentina to Revueltas in Mexico.
15. 16. Las O bras de Cervantes.

Novelas ejemplares. The Quixote. (A year course giving a thorough study of
Cervantes. The first semester may stand alone.)
17. La P oesía H ispanoamericana .

Some procursors of Modernism; Modernism; contemporaries.
18. La N ovela Española D el Siglo XIX.
Outstanding novelists from Fernán Caballero to Blasco Ibanez.
20. Special T opics for Senior M ajors .
Readings selected to fit the needs of seniors and to supplement their selection of
courses. Not designed to prepare for any specific type of comprehensive
examination, but to give an opportunity in the senior year for the student to
see his courses in perspective and to see possible relationships to work in other
fields.
Sem in a rs
101. La N ovela H ispanoamericana .
10 2 .

La N ovela Española D el Siglo XIX.

103. Las O bras de Cervantes.
104. E l T eatro M oderno .
105. E l T eatro , D el Siglo

de

O ro .

N ote : While the titles of seminars in Spanish correspond to the titles of courses, honors students
read more extensively both in the texts and critical work. The work of a seminar corresponds to
that of two half courses.

121

Music
P rofessor: A lfred J. Swan , Chairm an
A ssistant Professor: I rma W olpé (part-time)
The study of music is concerned with a gradual and growing understanding of the
language of the great composers. This may be approached from without: through
a study of the general style of the epoch in which the composer lived, its ideas, its
art, its manner of life; through a historical tracing of the forms used by the com­
poser; through listening to his music accompanied by certain directives of the
teacher. Yet the better and surer approach is from within: through a study of the
musical laws underlying the composition and a gradual application of these laws
(counterpoint, harmony, etc.) to thematic material either invented by the student
himself, or set before him by the teacher; through acquiring the ability to perform
his own work or the models of the masters (chiefly at the piano).
A reasonable amount of inherent musical talent is presupposed for the second,
surer method of studying music. There are not a few students in the college, how­
ever, who, considering themselves lacking in this talent, would prefer the former,
more outward way. The ensuing music courses are devised to satisfy both types
of student.

R equirements

and

R ecommendations

for

Majors

If, in the course of his first two years in college, the student has shown an ex­
ceptional aptitude for either composition, or musicology (an interest in all music
history plus an absorbing interest in one phase, preferably the Middle Ages or
the Renaissance), or both, he may elect to major in music. It is also desirable that
he show a certain gift, or at least skill, in handling the piano.
and A ppr e c ia t io n . M r. Swan.
Full Course
This course is devised for the unprepared music lover. It will deal primarily
with the fundamental laws of the musical language: intervals, scales, musical
notation, inter-relation of consonance and dissonance, and the formation of melody,
chords, etc. In the course of the above, a number of models will be referred to,
from the works of medieval, Renaissance, and modern composers, also Bach and
the classics.

I- 2. E lem en ta ry M usic T h eo ry

I I - 1 2 . H a rm o n y a n d C o u n t e r p o in t .

Mr. Swan.
This course is devised for beginning composers.
its equivalent.

Full Course
Prerequisite is Music 1-2, or

21-22. P ia n o Litera tu re . Mrs. Wolpé.
Full Course
The acquisition of the art of piano playing through the study of Cramer, Bach’s
Inventions and French Suites, Mozart and Beethoven Sonatas. Students of com­
position may be beginners; others must show at least four years of previous
study.
The course includes a weekly class session of two hours in which the successive
styles in piano music are demonstrated, and individual appointments with each
of the students—lessons in piano playing, one hour per week. There is a charge
of seventy-five dollars for this course.
122

3 1 -32 .

Advanced M usical Composition and H istory. Mr. Swan.
Full Course
Conducted as a Seminar for advanced students who have already had some of
their works performed at student concerts and who can take part in discussions
of orchestral writing, scoring a cappella, and the large musical forms (historically
and practically).

H onors W ork
To be admitted to honors a student must have completed Music 1 1 - 1 2 and have
shown his aptitude for either composition or musicology, or for both. Honors
students and music majors in course should take advantage of the offerings at Bryn
Mawr College and the University of Pennsylvania. They should normally also have
had prolonged instruction in piano playing, so as to be able to show their new
compositions at the piano.

123

Philosophy and Religion
Professor: W olfgang K ohler,1“ Research P rofessor o f P h ilo so p h y an d
P sych ology

A ssociate Professors: Richard B. Brandt, Chairm an
John M. M oore *
Assistant P rofessors: M onroe C. B eardsley
R oderick Firth
Instructors: W illiam H ordern
Erna F. Schneider (part-time)
The study of philosophy consists in examining the beliefs to which one is com­
mitted by accepting scientific knowledge and common-sense views of the world;
clarifying basic concepts; determining the circumstances under which statements may
properly be said to be true in all fields of human inquiry and concern, including
ethical and aesthetic discourse; and drawing the outlines of an account of human
experience coherent with the evidence of the sciences. Because of the role of phil­
osophy in the history of human thought, and because of the relation of philosophical
ideas to problems in other fields, philosophy may be studied as instrumental to the
understanding of wider areas of history or thought.
Religion is studied primarily as a system of ideas, both ethical and theological:
systematically, through a consideration of representative forms of contemporary relig­
ious thought; and historically, through an examination of the great religions and the
development of religion, particularly of the Judaeo-Christian tradition.

R equirements

and

R ecommendations

for

M ajors

and

M inors

The minimum prerequisite to admission as a major in either philosophy or religion
will normally be the completion of course 1 and one additional course in philosophy
or religion, respectively. Students who major in philosophy must obtain permission
in order to count for credit in fulfillment of their major requirement more than one
course in religion; and students who major in religion must obtain permission in
order to count for credit in fulfillment of their major requirement more than one
course in philosophy. (Course 25 may be counted either as a course in philosophy
or as a course in religion.) As supporting material for a major program in phil­
osophy, the department recommends work in psychology and physics.
to P h il o so p h y . All instructors.
Both Semesters
Several of the most important problems of philosophy, and alternative answers
to them, are discussed. The nature and criteria of knowledge are emphasized,
and implications of this issue for traditional problems are analyzed. Stress
is laid on the writing of philosophical essays. This course should be taken to
satisfy the college requirement for the freshman year.

1. I n tr o d u c tio n

Note: This course is a prerequisite for any other course in philosophy. Other
courses may be taken in any order that is convenient. Members of the department
will offer advice> on request concerning an order of courses to suit individual needs.
Students planning to do honors work should not take courses dealing with material
to be covered in honors seminars.
* Absent on leave, first semester, 1951-32.

124

11.

Ethics. Mr. Brandt and Mr. Firth.
Both Semesters
A systematic study of the principal ethical theories, historical and contempor­
ary, absolutistic and relativistic, with the object of developing an understand­
ing of the nature and scope of rational criticism in ethics and of the principles
and problems involved in the analysis of ethical issues. Psychological, anthro­
pological, metaphysical and religious issues are examined where they are relevant.

12. Logic. Miss Schneider.
First Semester
A beginning study of the tests of valid reasoning, both inductive and deductive.
Practical application of logic and scientific method will be emphasized. The
formal apparatus will be kept to a minimum.
13. Selected M odern P hilosophers . Mr. Firth.

Second Semester
A history of modern philosophy with primary emphasis on Descartes, Hume,
and Schopenhauer, considered as representatives of three great traditions of
modern thought. This course may appropriately be combined with work in
any of the three divisions.

14. A ncient P hilosophy . Mr. Firth.
First Semester
A study of ancient philosophy in all its aspects: ethics, political theory, meta­
physics, and aesthetics. Primary emphasis is placed on the dialogues of Plato;
briefer attention is given to the pre-Socratics, Plato's contemporaries, and Aris­
totle. Recommended for students of literature and the social sciences.
15. P hilosophy of Science .
Second Semester
A consideration of scientific knowledge, its scope and limitations; of problems
resulting from theory construction and the validation of scientific assertions; of
probability and induction.
16. Contemporary P roblems. Mr. Brandt.
First Semester
Contemporary answers to fundamental problems, such as the functions of langu­
age, the definition of truth, the foundations of knowledge, the nature of the self,
and the perception of physical things. Readings in the works of the leading
philosophers, such as Russell, Lewis, Ayer, and Dewey.
17. A esthetics . Mr. Beardsley.

Second Semester
A study of some problems that arise in describing and evaluating works of art.
The course includes: ( 1 ) clarifying such basic terms of criticism as "form,”
"style,” and "meaning” ; ( 2 ) examining the principles and underlying assump­
tions of criticism; and (3) analyzing the nature of aesthetic value, especially
the claim that works of art are "good,” "beautiful,” and "true.”

Second Semester
A study of the methods of the social sciences, and of philosophical problems
arising in this domain. Attention will be given to theories of sociocultural
change, with particular emphasis on problems of historical interpretation.

18. Social P hilosophy .

25. Philosophy o f Religion . Mr. Moore.
Second Semester
The nature of religion; the psychology and interpretation of religious experience;
the problem of religious knowledge; the validity and difficulties of Christian
theology and ethics.
32. Biblical R eligion and Ethics . Mr. Moore.
First Semester
(Not offered in 1951-52.)
Important parts of the Old and New Testament are examined, in order to trace
the growth of Hebrew and Christian religions and the development of the ideas
of the Judaeo-Christian tradition, both ethical and theological.
125

33. E arly C h ristia n T h o u g h t . Mr. Hordern.
First Semester
The rise and development of Christian thinking from the time of the New
Testament to the Reformation; the influence of Judaism and Greek philosophy;
, the formation of the creeds, Scholasticism, the rise of Humanism, and Protestant
beginnings.
34. M odern C h ristia n T h o u g h t . Mr. Hordern.
Second Semester
The development of Christian thought from the Reformation to the twentieth
century, with emphasis upon the relationship between Christian and secular
thinking; the main ideas of the Reformation, church and sect in the Reforma­
tion, Roman Catholic development, Protestant orthodoxy, Protestant liberalism.
35. H istory o f Religio n s . Mr. Hordern.
First Semester
An historical and comparative study of the world’s religions: primitive religions,
ancient religions, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Mohammedanism. Stress
will be placed upon the ethical and philosophical teachings of these religions
and their role in the interaction of modern cultures. Comparisons and contrasts
will be made between these religions and Judaism and Christianity.
36. P roblem s o f Ch r ist ia n ity T oday . Mr. Hordern.
Second Semester
A study of Humanism, Naturalism, Liberalism, the Social Gospel, Barthianism,
Neo-Orthodoxy, as the major answers to modern issues. Emphasis will be
on the relevance of these answers to contemporary philosophical and scientific
thinking.
3 7 . R eligio n s o f A m erica .

Mr. Hordern.
Second Semester
A study of some of the more important American religious groups with regard
to their history, teaching and present status. Visits will be made to representative
churches and synagogues.

P sychology 60.

Sy stem atic P sychology . Mr. Kohler.
A study of recurrent problems of psychology, in historical perspective and in the
light of various systematic views. Open to qualified students of philosophy.
Prerequisites: Psychology 1 and 2. (May be counted toward a major or minor
in philosophy.)

H onors W ork
For admission to honors work in philosophy, the requirement is normally at least
two semester courses, one of which must be the Introduction to Philosophy, unless
with special permission. Students should normally present as their second course
one selected from courses numbered 11 to 25. For admission to honors work in
religion, the requirement is at least two semester courses, one of which, unless
with special permission, will be the Introduction to Philosophy, and the other of
which will normally be selected from courses numbered 25 to 45.
101. M oral P h il o so p h y . Mr. Firth.
A seminar in ethics, both systematic and historical. The first part of the
semester is devoted to the basic theory of value and obligation; the second part
to problems concerning justice, liberty, reward, punishment, human rights, and
other issues of social ethics.
Mr. Firth.
Reading and interpretation of all the major and some of the minor dialogues of
Plato in an effort to understand his contributions to metaphysics, the theory of
knowledge, ethics and politics, and to appreciate his importance for Western
thought. Attention will be paid to the pre-Socratic elements of his philosophy,
to his scientific and social background, and to the germs of future developments
contained in his work.

102. P lato .

126

o f M odern P h il o so p h y . Mr. Beardsley.
The development of modern thought from Bacon and Descartes to Kant. This
seminar may appropriately be combined with work in any of the three divisions.

103. H istory

in P h il o so p h y . Mr. Kohler and Mr. Brandt.
A systematic study of some basic problems such as the theory of meaning, universals and particulars, the nature and criteria of truth, the justification of memory
knowledge and induction, theories of perception and the nature of the self and
its relation to material nature. The reading is in the works of contemporary
writers such as Broad, Russell and Lewis.

104. C lassic P roblem s

o f Sc ie n c e . Miss Schneider.
An investigation into the nature of scientific knowledge, the distinctions between
sciences, the methods appropriate to them. Analyses of the concepts of prob­
ability, induction, verifiability, explanation, space, time, causality, as these are
used in science.

105. P h il o so p h y

Mr. Beardsley.
A systematic examination of the philosophy of art and the methodological founda­
tions of criticism. Recommended for students of literature, music and the fine
arts.

106. A esth etics .

107. Social P h il o so p h y . Miss Schneider.

A study of the methods of the social sciences, and of philosophical problems
arising within this domain. The problems of historical interpretation will
receive emphasis. Materials will be drawn from the social sciences with which
the members of the seminar are most familiar.
o f G od in W estern T h o u g h t . Mr. Hordern.
An examination will be made of writings which have contributed most to
Western concepts of God. The study will include Plato, Aristotle, the Bible,
Athanasius, Augustine, St. Thomas Aquinas, Luther, Calvin, Schleiermacher,
Rudolf Otto and Paul Tillich.

111. T h e I dea

Mr. Hordern.
This seminar will concentrate on representative religious thinkers of the present
century, with the reading of their major works. The seminar will include
Jacques Maritain, F. R. Tennant, Reinhold Niebuhr, E. S. Brightman, A. N.
Whitehead, H. N. Wieman.

112. M odern R eligious P h ilo so ph e rs .

120. T hesis.

A thesis may be submitted by majors in the department in place of one of the
seminars, upon application by the student and at the discretion of the Depart­
ment.

127

Physical Education for Men
D irector of Athletics and P hysical Education
ate P rofessor: W illis J. Stetson

for

M en

and

A ssoci­

A ssociate P rofessors: Robert H. D u n n
Edwin J. Faulkner
Lewis H. Elverson
A ssistants: Robert Bach
Avery F. Blake
J ames M cAdoo
James Miller
H oward D. Sipler
Paul Stofko
College P hysician: D r . M orris A. Bowie
The course in Men’s Physical Education is designed to acquaint each participant
with both team and individual sports. The value of team play is developed while
emphasis is also placed on the so-called "carry over” sports which one can enjoy
after graduation. Each individual, while benefiting from the physical exercise, also
becomes better acquainted with the fundamentals, rules, etc., of the various sports
and so is better able to enjoy these activities as a spectator.
The intercollegiate athletic program is a comprehensive one with varsity schedules
in eleven different sports. In many of these activities there are contests arranged
for junior varsity and freshman teams, thus providing ample opportunity for large
numbers of men to engage in intercollegiate competition.

Faculty R equirem ents
Physical Education is required of all non-veteran freshmen and sophomores unless
excused by the College physician. During this two-year period, men students must
attend a minimum of three classes per week.
All men not excused for medical or other reasons are expected to fulfill this
requirement under penalty of being asked to leave the college.

F all A ctivities
♦Cross Country
♦Football

♦Soccer
Swimming

Tennis
Touch Football

W in t e r A ctivities
Badminton
♦Basketball
Boxing

Lacrosse
♦Swimming
Tennis

Track
Volley Ball
*Wrestling

Spring A ctivities
♦Baseball
♦Golf

♦Lacrosse
Softball

♦Tennis
*Track

* Indicates intercollegiate competition.
128

Physical Education for Women
A ssociate Professor: Virginia Rath ,* Chairman
A ssistant P rofessors: I rene M oll
M ay E. Parry
A ssistant: Janet Scantlebury (part-time)
College Physician : D r . M orris A. Bowie
The aim of this Department is to contribute to the education of all women
students through the medium of physical activity. We believe this contribution
can best be achieved through participation in a broad program of recreational,
rhythmic and developmental activities. Therefore the program provides: instruction and experience in sports and dancing; swimming ability for all; cor­
rective and developmental exercises. It is our hope that the student will also
acquire: appreciation of the dance as a fine art; the meaning of good sportsman­
ship; added endurance; good posture; leadership training; joy in outdoor exercise;
and a program of interests and skills that will carry over for the individual and her
community after college.
Classes are kept small to insure individual attention, and students are grouped
according to ability. Ample opportunities are given for intramural and inter­
collegiate competition, as well as for public performances and demonstrations.
Freshmen and sophomores take three periods of activity each week. These may
be elected from classes listed below with the stipulation that they take swimming
until a test is passed; take a rhythmic activity; take a team sport; take Body
Mechanics if the posture grade indicates a need for it.
Regulation costumes should be ordered before college opens. Blanks for this
purpose will be sent out from the Office of the Dean to all incoming students.
Spo rts
1. H ockey . Miss Parry, Miss Moll, Miss Rath.
Class and Varsity.

Fall Term

M iss Rath.
Class and Varsity.

Fall and Spring

2. Archery .

3. T en nis . Miss Parry, Miss Rath, Miss Moll, Mr. Faulkner.

.
_
Class and Varsity Winter and Spring..
4. G olf . Miss Moll.

Fall, Winter and Spring
Fall and Spring

Class and Varsity.
5. Swim m ing . Miss Rath.
Fall, Winter and Spring
Beginner, intermediate and advanced classes in strokes and diving.
Class and Varsity.
6.

Basketball. Miss Moll.

Winter

Class and Varsity.
* Absent on leave, Fall Semester.

129

Miss Rath, Miss Parry, Miss Moll, Mr. Faulkner.
Class and Varsity.

Winter

Miss Moll.
Class and Varsity.

Spring

7. Badminton .

8.

Soft Ball .

Spring

9. Lacrosse.

Class and Varsity.

R hythmic Activities
10. D ancing . Miss Scantlebury.
Class and Club.

Pall, Winter and Spring

11. Folk and Square D ancing . Miss Moll.
Open to men students also.

Fall, Winter and Spring

D evelopmental
12. T umbling .

and

Service A ctivities
Winter

M iss Rath .

13. Body M echanics . Miss Rath.

Winter

Required of all first-year students whose posture indicates a need for it.
14. R ecreation a l L ea d ership . Miss Moll.
Winter and Spring
Theory and practice teaching in recreational activities of all kinds. Given in
alternate years.
15. R ed Cross Lif e Saving . Miss Rath and Red Cross Field Representative.
Winter and Spring
Senior and instructors’ courses.

130

Physics
P r o fessors : W in t h r o p R. W rig h t
W illia m C. E l m o r e , Chairman
A ssociate P r o fe sso r : M il a n W . G a r r ett f
A ssistant P r o fesso r : D e n n is o n B a n c r o f t
The physics department, through its introductory course in general physics en­
deavors to give an integrated account of basic physics. In this course, as well as in
the advanced work of the department, emphasis is placed on quantitative, analytical
reasoning, as distinct from the mere acquisition of facts and skills. The intro­
ductory course makes no pretense of covering all material of interest to physicists but
rather comprises a selection of topics which form a coherent group.
Advanced work in the department involves a more intensive study of topics covered
at the introductory level, and of many phases of modern physics which require a
considerable background in mathematics and electricity. In all courses and sem­
inars particular importance is attached to laboratory work, inasmuch as physics is
primarily an experimental science.
R e q u ir e m e n t s

and

R e c o m m e n d a t io n s

for

M a jo r s

Students who intend to major in physics normally take Course 1-2 in the fresh­
man year and Course 1 1 - 1 2 in the sophomore year. In addition they should complete
Course 12 in mathematics and Course 2 in chemistry by the end of the sophomore
year.^ In view of graduate school requirements, and of the extensive literature of
physics in German, it is strongly recommended that the student fulfill his language
requirement in German.
The work of the last two years normally involves an honors program, and includes
three seminars in physics and three seminars in mathematics. Other seminars in the
program are usually chosen from electrical engineering, chemistry, or philosophy.
Such a program is a particularly satisfactory way of preparing for graduate or other
professional work in physics or in mathematics. However, it constitutes in itself an
effective educational program, since the aim throughout is to achieve an understanding
of fundamental ideas and concepts, as distinct from the mastery of information, skills
and techniques in a limited segment of science.
C ourse St a t e m e n t
Staff.
Pull Course
An introductory course in basic physics open to all students. No prerequisite
other than those for college entrance is assumed. This course or its equivalent
must precede any advanced courses or seminars in physics. It is required of
most science majors. Three lectures, a conference and a laboratory period weekly.
Separate credit given for each semester’s work.

I, 2. G en era l P hysics .

I I , 12. M ech a nics , H ea t a nd So u n d . Mr. Elmore and Mr. Bancroft.
The material for this course is drawn from the fields of mechanics, hydro-dynamics,
acoustics, kinetic theory and thermodynamics. Since extensive use is made of the
calculus, a course in this subject must precede or be taken concurrently. This
course is recommended for physics majors and should meet the needs of other
students desiring a second course in physics. Three conference hours and one
laboratory period weekly.
t Absent on leave, 1951-52.
131

H onors W ork
101. P hysical O ptics . Mr. Wright.
Second Semester
Based on Robertson's Introduction to Physical Optics. The laboratory work in­
cludes measurements on thick and thin lenses, intercomparison of wave lengths
by prism, grating and interference spectrographs, computation of series constants,
quantitative observation of various interference and diffraction patterns and
measurement of reflection coefficients.
102. E lectricity and M agnetism . Mr. Elmore.
First Semester
Based primarily on Page and Adams’ Principles of Electricity and Harnwell’s
Principles of Electricity and Electromagnetism. It covers static and dynamic
electricity, magnetism and electromagnetism, with some electronics. The em­
phasis throughout is on fundamental analysis rather than application. The
laboratory includes measurements in direct and alternating currents and in
magnetism, together with some fundamental experiments in electronics. Mathe­
matics seminars in advanced calculus and differential equations are normally
prerequisite.
103. M odern P hysics. Mr. Elmore.

Second Semester
A seminar devoted to both the experimental and the theoretical aspects of modern
atomic physics. The topics include radiation, special relativity, quantum theory,
the wave nature of particles, atomic structure, X-rays, isotopes, radioactivity,
nuclear physics and related matters. The seminar discussion is accompanied by a
full-day laboratory period. This seminar should be preceded by that in electricity
and magnetism.

104. T heoretical P hysics. Mr. Elmore.
N ot Offered Regularly
A study of selected topics, mostly drawn from classical physics. Little duplica­
tion occurs of theoretical material covered in the other seminars offered by the
department. Based primarily on Page’s Introduction to Theoretical Physics.
Not accompanied by laboratory.
Prerequisites: Course 1 1 - 1 2 and mathematics seminars in advanced calculus and
differential equations.

132

Political Science
Professor: J. Roland P ennock ,* Chairm an
Assistant Professors: G erard J. M angone
J ohn I. M ichaels, J r.
M urray S. Stedman , J r.
Paul N. Y lvisaker *
I nstructor : J ohn W. Chapman **
Lecturer : Philip E. Jacob
The aim of the Department of Political Science is to study, both in ideal and
in reality, the place of the state in society and to contribute to an understanding of
the purposes, organization, and operation of political institutions, domestic and
international. For the beginning student, the Department offers an introduction to
the nature of politics and to the problems of various political systems. For those
who become majors or for others who take additional work in Political Science, courses
are provided which will permit giving special attention to the areas of political
theory, comparative government, government in the United States, and international
political institutions.

R equirements

and

R ecommendations

for

M ajors

Students who intend to major in political science should, preferably, take Course
1-2 in the freshman year and Course 1 1 in the sophomore year. Students who desire
to concentrate on international affairs without taking the full International Relations
Program referred to below may substitute Comparative Government (Political Science
15) or Soviet Economics and Politics (Political Science 1 9 -2 0 ). Majors are also
required to take Economics 1 -2 . Courses in Statistics (Economics 4) and in American
History are recommended. Political Theory, either in seminar or in course, is required
of all majors; course majors should take course 60 .

P rogram

in

I nternational R elations

Students who plan to enter upon a career in the field of international relations
should include in their programs, during the first two years, the introductory courses
in economics, history and political science and should complete the intermediate course
in one or more modern languages.
Advanced courses selected from the groups listed below may be incorporated in
the programs of students who do their major work in economics, history, political
science, or a modern language.
TTiose students who wish to concentrate in international relations may take their
Senior Comprehensive Examination in this field. Students preparing for this exam­
ination should take eight, nine, or ten half courses from among those listed below,
including all of those listed in Group I, one or more in Group II, and one or more
in Group III. The examination is administered by a committee appointed by the
chairmen of the Departments of Economics, History, and Political Science, under the
Chairmanship of the Department of Political Science.
* Absent on leave, fall semester, 1951-52.
•* For the fall semester, 1951-52.

133

G roup I

Political Science 12—International Politics
Political Science 13—International Law and Organization
Political Science 57-58—American Foreign Policy
Economics 60—International Economics
G roup II

History
History
History
History
History

3—England
1 1 —The Other

American Republics

12—France
13—Germany
14—Russia

G roup III

Political Science 15—Comparative Government
Political Science 16—Democracy and Dictatorship
Russian Studies 19-20—Soviet Economics and Politics
Students who plan to enter the honors program will find it possible to select a
similar combination of courses and seminars in the field ‘of international relations.
In planning such programs, they should consult with the chairmen of their pros­
pective major departments.
C ourses
1-2. I ntroduction

to

P olitical Science . All members of the department.

Full Course
The foundations of politics—sociological, psychological, and economic; nature
and development of political institutions; types of government. A study of
examples of the major forms of government, followed by a more detailed
study of the national government of the United States. Political Science 1-2
is open to all students and is prerequisite to all other courses offered by the
department. Credit is not given for a single semester of this course.

11.

A merican State and Local G overnment . Mr. Ylvisaker.

Spring Semester
The nature of federalism, as exemplified by the United States and contrasted
systems. Intergovernmental relations within a federal system. Analysis of
state and local governments; their constitutions and charters; the electoral process
and political parties; the legislative, executive, and judicial branches; finance
and functions of governmental administration.

12. I nternational P olitics. Mr. Mangone.
Fall Semester
An introduction to the principles and problems of international politics—including
the study of political geography, the composition and balance of international
.power, such worldwide phenomena as nationalism and imperialism, and the
. techniques of diplomacy.
13. I nternational Law and O rganization . Mr. Mangone.
(Not offered in 1951-52.)
The development of international law and organization—including a study of
the major problems of international law and world government, the organiza­
tion and work of the League of Nations, the United Nations, regional agencies,
and international administration.
15. Comparative G overnment . Mr. Stedman.

Alternate years, Fall Semester
A critical study of the major political systems and of their significance for the
problem of constitutional order. Special emphasis is placed on the governments
of Western Europe and of the British dominions.
134

16. D emocracy and D ictatorship . Mr. Pennock.
Spring Semester
Analysis^ of the crisis of political liberalism. Reconsideration of the bases of
representative government in the light of changed economic and social conditions
in the modern State; examination of such alternative principles as those offered
by Communism and Fascism; investigation of the problem of planning in a
democracy; and an appraisal of present tendencies in political development.
19-20. Soviet Economics and P olitics. Mr. Michaels.
Full Course
(Also listed as Economics 19-20 and Russian Studies 19 -20 .)
The structure and operation of the economic and political institutions of the
Soviet Union, described and analyzed in the light of their theoretical and his­
torical background.
Mr. Chapman.
Fall Semester
An analysis of the principles of administration in modern governments with
illustrative material drawn chiefly from the national government of the United
States and with particular references to the implications of recent developments.
Problems of administrative organization, conduct of regulatory and managerial
activities, financial administration, personnel, public relations, administrative
legislation and adjudication.
to juniors, and seniors only, except by special arrangement.

51. P ublic A dministration .

52. A merican Constitutional L aw. Mr. Chapman.
Fall Semester
The Constitution as developed by the Court; and the Court as seen through the
cases. Stressing (a) the extent of national power, (b) constitutional limitations
upon state legislation, (c) the nature of the judicial process in the American
system of government.
Sophomores may be admitted by special arrangement.
53. A merican P arty P olitics. Mr. Stedman.
Alternate years, Fall Semester
(Not offered in 1951-52.)
An historical and functional analysis of American political parties, including a
study of interest groups, public opinion, electoral devices, political leaders, and
proposals for the reorganization of the existing party structure.
54. H istory of P olitical T heory . Mr. Pennock.
Pall Semester
' (Not offered in 1951-52.)
The development of thought on the nature of the state and of individual rights
and duties, based largely on readings of the chief political philosophers. Topics
studied include: Greek political thought; medieval universalism and the divine
right of kings; the Reformation and the development of contractual theory
sovereignty and the rise of the national state; the growth of liberalism and thè
roots of totalitarian ideologies.
Open to juniors vand seniors only, except by special arrangement.
55. A merican P olitical T hought . Mr. Stedman.
Spring Semester
(Not offered in 1951-52.)
A study of the development of American political thought: the colonial period;
the Revolution; Jeffersonian Democracy; Jacksonian Democracy; the nature of
the Union; newer currents, including the progressive movement, labor, and
conflicts between church and state.
56. J urisprudence . Mr. Pennock.
(Not offered in 1951-52.)
A study of the sources and nature of law; historical, sociological and philosophic
approaches to legal theory; the nature of the judicial process; key problems of
jurisprudence illustrated by case study in selected areas of American constitutional
law.
135

57. A merican F oreign P olicy : th e Far East and th e N ear East. Mr. Mangone.

Spring Semester
The study of American foreign policy towards selected areas of the Far East and
die Near East, including an analysis of underlying factors, contemporary probblems of the region, and the policy determinants within the United States.
58. A merican F oreign P olicy : Latin A merica and Europe .

Mr. Mangone.

(Not offered in 1951-52.)
The study of American foreign policy towards selected areas of Latin America
and Europe, including an analysis of underlying factors, contemporary problems
of the region, and the policy determinants within the United States.
60. Special T opics in P olitical Science . Mr. Stedman.
Spring Semester
This course, conducted in seminar fashion, is designed for senior majors. By
means of papers and assigned readings it covers aspects of political science not
elsewhere intensively developed and helps the students to integrate materials
studied previously.
H onors W ork
Prerequisite: Political Science 1 -2 . The following seminars prepare for examination
for a degree with Honors:
1 0 1 . P o litica l T h eo r y .

Mr. Pennock.
Spring Semester
The nature of the state, the basis of political obligation, sovereignty and the
nature of law, problems of freedom and authority, theoretical analysis of forms
of government, theories of revolution—all in the light of the theories set forth
by writers on these subjects from Plato to the present.

102. P o litics a nd L eg isla tio n . Mr. Stedman.
Pall Semester
A study of the political process: purposes of the state; the relation of the
general welfare to special interests; public opinion; voters and electoral systems;
parties and politicians; the functions and organization of the legislature.
103. P roblems in G overnment and Administration . Mr. Chapman and Mr.
Ylvisaker.
Each Semester
A detailed study of major problems of government, particularly on the admin­
istrative side, and especially as they manifest themselves in the national govern­
ment of the United States. Topics studied include: public budgeting and
financial control, administrative legislation and adjudication, government reorgan­
ization, administrative areas, governmental corporations, and problems of public
service personnel administration.
104. I nternational P olitics, Law ,

Mr. Mangone.
Fall Semester
A comprehensive inquiry into the principles and problems of international
politics, international law, and international organization.
and

O rganization .

105. A merican Foreign P olicy. Mr. Mangone.

Spring Semester
A study of the economic, political and strategic factors in American foreign policy
since 18 90 .

106. P u blic L aw and J u rispru dence , Mr. Pennock.
Spring Semester
Sources and nature of law; historical, sociological, philosophic, and "realistic”
approaches to law; key problems of jurisprudence illustrated by study of the
fields of federalism and civil liberties in American constitutional law.
120. T hesis. All members of the department.
Approval must be secured early in the student’s junior year.

136

Psychology and Education
Professors: W olfgang K ohler,* Research P rofessor o f P h ilo so p h y a n d
P sych ology

Solomon E. A sch **
J oseph B. Shane , V ice-P residen t an d P rofessor o f Education
Richard S. Crutchfield , Chairm an
A ssociate Professors: W illiam C. H. P rentice
H ans W allach f
A ssistant Professors: Carol F. Creedon
H enry G leitman
P eter M adison
Lecturer : A lice K. Brodhead
< The work of the Department of Psychology deals with the scientific study of human
behavior and experience: the basic processes of perception, learning, thinking and
motivation, and consideration of their relation to development of the individual per­
sonality; and the social relations of the individual to other persons and to groups.
For those students planning for graduate and professional work in psychology the
courses and seminars of the department are designed to provide a sound basis of
understanding of psychological principles' and a grasp of research method. Other
students learn the nature of psychological inquiry and the psychological approach to
various problems encountered in the humanities, the social sciences and the life
sciences.

Requirements

and

R ecommendations

Courses 1 and 2 are prerequisite to all further courses and seminars in psychology.
Course majors are required to take Courses 3, 52, and 53. Course 63 is recommended.
Honors majors are required to take courses 1 , 2, 3, and advised to take during
their freshmen and sophomore years introductory work in zoology and, if possible,
work beyond the introductory course in philosophy. A reading knowledge of German
is useful.
Courses in education—10, 12, 13, 14, will not be credited toward a major in psychol­
ogy. Education alone may not be elected as a major subject, and not more than two
full courses in education will be accepted for credit toward the bachelor’s degree.
The Pennsylvania requirements for the certification of secondary school teachers
include 21 hours of psychology and education. W ith the exception of 6 hours of
practice teaching, which must be taken elsewhere, Swarthmore students may fulfill
these requirements by taking Courses, 1 , 2, 10, 1 1 , 12 and 13.
* Absent on leave, first semester, 1951-52.
** Absent on leave, 2nd semester, 1951-52.
t Absent on leave, 1951-52.

137

Psychology
1. I ntroduction to P sychology. Mr. Crutchfield.

Each Semester

An introduction to the study of psychology, including a consideration of the
nature of psychological inquiry and a brief review of the available facts and
theories relevant to a scientific understanding of human behavior and experience.
Technical aspects are subordinated to questions concerning motivation, personality
and adjustment, although the emphasis throughout is theoretical rather than
practical. Reading covers a standard textbook of psychology. Three lectures
and- one conference section per week.
2 . G eneral Psychology. Mr. Gleitman.
Each Semester
An extension of the introductory course, giving special attention to problems of
cognition including facts and theories of perception, learning, memory, and
thinking. In general, the orientation is historical, and students will learn about
major theoretical movements in the realm of cognition.
Spring Semester
The main objective of this course is to develop in the student a critical and
experimental attitude towards psychological problems. The content of the course
includes: a survey of the types of experimental designs, the methods of measure­
ment, and the kinds of apparatus employed in different psychological studies,
and an analysis of the historical background of selected contemporary theoretical,
problems.
Prerequisite: Course 1.

3. P sychological M ethods .

52. M otivation . Mrs. Creedon.

Eall Semester
Emphasis is upon the role of dynamic factors (drives, needs, values) in the de­
termination of behavior. Consideration is given to the measurement of motives,
the relationship between biological and psychological tension-systems, conflict,
frustration, success and failure, reward and punishment. Evaluation of the
theories of motivation of McDougall, Tolman, Lewin, Allport, Murray and
Freud. Term paper or design of an original experiment is required.
Prerequisites: Courses 1 and 2.

53. Experimental P sychology. Mr. Asch, Mr. Prentice.
Fall Semester
A bourse in experimental thinking: how to conceive, design, and carry out
original experiments on psychological problems. Instructor and students begin
with a problem or problem-area and develop experimental attacks by group dis­
cussion. The actual experiments so designed are carried out by the students with
supervision and are interpreted and evaluated by the group. Students present
formal reports on each experiment. Class work, laboratories, and reports take
ten to twelve hours per week.
Prerequisites: Courses 1 , 2 , and 3.
54. A nim al Experim entation . Mr. Gleitman.
(Not offered 1951-52.)
A detailed analysis of selected contemporary experimental problems, leading
to original experimental investigations carried out by the students with animal
subjects. Meets as a weekly seminar during first half of term, and involves 6
hours of laboratory work per week during the remainder of the term.
Prerequisites: Courses 1 and 2.
138

55* Child Psychology.

Airs. Creedon.

Spying Semestey

The development of the child from birth through adolescence, studied in terms
of basic psychological principles. Important theories and practices of childrearing are evaluated in the light of experimental and cross-cultural data. Topics
include the significance of infantile and childhood experience on subsequent per­
sonality development, parent-child relationships, sibling rivalry, and the "be­
havior problems” which typically occur during the socialization process. One
of the following is required: ( 1 ) acting as an assistant in a child-care center
for approximately 20 hours, ( 2 ) an intensive study of a single child, ( 3 )
individual or group experimental or observational research, ( 4 ) a term paper.
Prerequisites: Courses 1 and 2 .
56. Social P sychology . Airs. Creedon.
1
Spying Semestey
A study of some basic processes and products of interaction between persons
and groups and between groups. The following topics are covered: The
formation of the social field of the individual. Perception of persons as psycho­
logical entities. Perception of groups. Formation of the self; social relations,
of the self. Psychological forces supporting group-belonging. Functional con­
sequences of group membership. The psychological investigation of group
processes. Group requirements and group standards. Formation and change of
attitudes.
Prerequisites: Courses 1 and 2 .
57. D iagnosis of A bilities and P ersonality . Air. Aladison.
Fall Semestey
Theory and techniques of assessing personality, intelligence, ability, and interest.
Actual practice with such tests and procedures as the Thematic Apperception
Test, Rorschach, Wechsler-Bellevue, Stanford-Binet, Non-Directive Interview,
and other methods of diagnosis. Study of theory and research on the concept
of measurement in psychological testing.
Prerequisites: Courses 1 , 2 and 3 .
58. P ersonality T heory . Air. Aladison.
Fall Semestey
A study of the leading concepts of personality theory, including the psycho­
analytic, Lewinian, socio-cultural, self-theorists and other non-systematic formu­
lations. Application of these concepts will be made to case studies.
Prerequisites: Courses 1 and 2 .
59. Psychopathology . Air. Aladison.

Spying Semestey
A study of the current theories of mental illness and of the main forms of
mental disorders. Theories and techniques of therapy are considered. Ex­
tensive use of the case study method. Emphasis is on the evaluation of
theories of psychopathology and of their significance for normal personality
theory.
Prerequisites: Courses 1 and 2 . Course 58 strongly recommended but not
required.

60. Systematic P sychology. Air. Kohler.
Spying Semestey
A study of recurrent problems of psychology, in historical perspective and in
light of various systematic views. Restricted to psychology majors and qualified
students of philosophy.
Prerequisites: Courses 1 and 2 .
139

61-62. Advanced Psychological R esearch. The staff.
Each Semester
Individual research on a selected original problem under the direction of a
member of the department. Open only to psychology majors. Credit will be
given for one semester; a second semester may be taken for credit at the dis­
cretion of the department.
Prerequisites: Courses 1 , 2, 3 and 5 3 .
63. Psychological T utorial. The staff.
Spring Semester
Weekly seminar meeting of psychology course majors held in the second term
of the senior year for the purposes of reviewing, integrating, and supplementing
the student’s course work in psychology. Open only to senior majors.

Education
10. I ntroduction to Education .
A survey of the aims, organization and procedures of education, with some
attempt to orient the study in the context of the philosophy and history of
education; the opportunities and requirements in education as a profession. No
prerequisites.
11. Educational Psychology.
The application of psychological principles concerned with the processes of
thinking, learning and motivation to the problems of education.
Prerequisites: Courses 1 , 2 .
12. P rinciples of Secondary Education .
A study of the principles of secondary education, with emphasis upon aims
and organization. Visits to nearby schools are made.
13. M ethods of Secondary Education . Mr. Shane.
Fall Semester
A review and critical analysis of the methods used in secondary education.
14. I ntroduction to T eaching . Mrs. Brodhead.
Weekly seminar plus 3 hours a week in the local schools. Enrolment limited to
15.

H onors Seminars
101. P erception .

Mr. Prentice.

Reading and discussion combined with independent experimental projects. The
student is expected to know the basic facts about human perceptual mechanisms,
particularly visual ones, by the time he has completed this seminar. Specific
topics covered are: color vision, grouping and form, depth and distance, size,
movement, influences of learning and of needs or attitudes, general theory of
perception. When time permits, some attention is given to parallel problems
in other senses.
10 2 .

Learning and T hin king . Mr. Asch, Mr. Gleitman.
Deals with principles of adaptive behavior; the functions of memory and think­
ing; the nature of understanding and problem-solving; the nature of intelligence.

103. M otivation . Mrs. Creedon, Mr. Crutchfield.

A systematic and experimental approach to the dynamics of behavior, based on
material drawn from the laboratory and the clinic, and covering the following
topics: instinctive behavior and biological drives; the relation of motivation and
learning; derived motivation; the relation of perception and motivation; frus­
tration and its relation to aggression, regression; level of aspiration; success
and failure; substitution and sublimation; ego needs and the nature of the ego;
emotion and feeling; contemporary theories of motivation.
140

104. I ndividual in Society. Mr. Asch, Mr. Crutchfield, Mrs. Creedon.
The relationship between man and his society, approached from the points of
view of social psychology, sociology, and cultural anthropology; the study of
group-structures and the psychological consequences of group-membership; the
critique of available procedures for scientific treatment of group-behavior and
group-influences.
105. P ersonality. Mr. Madison.

A systematic approach to personality, including a survey and critique of such
major theoretical positions as those of Freud, Jung, Adler, Horney, Fromm,
McDougall and Murray. An examination of clinical and experimental evidence
concerning personality, for example, experimental data on ego-involvement,
clinical evidence of repression. A consideration of the methods employed ifl the
assessment of personality such as life history methods, the interview, standardized
personality tests, association tests, projective techniques, and situational tests.
106. D evelopment . Mr. Prentice.
An investigation of the concepts of psychological growth, including sensori-motor
skill, intellectual and emotional functions, and personality. Readings in experi­
mental and clinical literature; some direct observation and experimentation with
children.
107. Systematic Psychology. Mr. Kohler.
Observations and problems in different fields of modern psychology treated
as parts of a developing system, with a consideration of the basic principles
inherent in this development.
All members of the department.
May be presented as a substitute for one seminar, provided the student is doing
major work in psychology with four seminars, and provided some member of the
department is available. to undertake the direction of the thesis.

120. T hesis.

M aster’s D egree
A limited number of students may be accepted for graduate study toward the
Master’s degree in psychology. Students receiving the Bachelor’s degree from Swarthmore are not normally eligible for this work.
The program of work for the Master’s degree requires the completion of four
seminars, or their equivalents. One of the seminars must be a research seminar
leading to a Thesis. The work of the seminars is judged by external examiners. The
requirements for the Master’s degree can normally be completed in one year.

141

Russian Studies
The Russian Studies program, inaugurated in the fall of 1949 at Bryn Mawr,
Haverford and Swarthmore Colleges, has been made possible by a grant of $105,000
from the Carnegie Corporation of New York. As a part of this program, Swarth-.
more is offering courses in Russian language, history, and economic and political
institutions.
Courses in this group cannot themselves comprise a major subject Courses in the
Russian language may be used to fulfill the college foreign language requirement.
Courses in Russian history and in Russian political and economic institutions may be
counted toward a major or minor in the departments offering them. (These courses
are listed under their appropriate departments.)

R ussian Language
1-2. E lem en ta ry R u ssia n . Miss Lamkert.
Full Course
Vocabulary and grammar. Reading of easy short stories and dialogues. Area
reader. Short stories by Lermontoff, Pushkin, Tchehoff. Oral and written
translation into Russian. Easy compositions.
3, 4. I n term ed ia te R u ssia n . Miss Lamkert.
Full Course
Readings: Inspector General by Gogol, Captain’s Daughter by Pushkin, and other
short stories. Discussion of readings in Russian. Translation of essays and
short stories from English to Russian.
to L itera tu re . Miss Lamkert.
Literature of 19th and beginning of 20th century.
Turgenev, Tolstoy. Compositions.

11. I n tr o d u c tio n

Readings:

Miss Lamkert.
Additional reading in contemporary literature and periodicals.

Dostoyevsky,

1 2 . I n tr o d u c tio n to L itera tu re .

Compositions.

H istory
14. R ussia . Mr. Beik or Mr. von Laue.
Half Course
The history of modern Russia. For sophomores, juniors and seniors. The
course begins with the reign of Peter and gives half its time to the period since
the Revolution. It may be taken only after History 1-2.

Economic

and

P olitical I nstitutions

19-20. So viet E co no m ics and P o litics . Mr. Michaels.
Full Course
(Also listed as Economics 19-20 and Political Science 19-20.)
The structure and operation of the economic and political institutions of the
Soviet Union, described and analyzed in the light of their theoretical and historical
background.

142

R efer en c e S ectio n
A directory of the students of Swarthmore College may be obtained by
writing to the Registrar.

Visiting Honors Examiners—May-June, 1951
BIOLOGY: P rofessor J o se ph B erry , Bryn Mawr College; P rofessor G eorge L.
G ra h a m , University of Pennsylvania; P rofessor G rayson P. M c C o u c h ,
University of Pennsylvania; P rofessor G eorge H . P a f f , Hahnemann Medical
College; P rofessor J o h n P reer , University of Pennsylvania.
CHEMISTRY: P rofessor E rn st B erl in e r , Bryn Mawr College; P rofessor J o h n
G . M ill er , University of Pennsylvania.
CLASSICS: P rofessor E velyn H olst C l if t , University of Delaware.
ECONOMICS: P rofessor P a u l F. G e m m il l , University of Pennsylvania; P rofessor
A lbert G. H art , Columbia University; P rofessor Ben W. L ew is , Oberlin
College; P rofessor M ildred N o rth r o p , Bryn Mawr College.
ENGINEERING: P rofessor Co u rtla nd D . P er k in s , Princeton University; P ro ­
fessor F in l e y W . S m it h , Lafayette College.
ENGLISH LITERATURE: P rofessor M. H. A brams , Cornell University; P rofessor
M a t t h e w W . B lack , University of Pennsylvania; P rofessor R obert E.
Spille r , University of Pennsylvania; P rofessor W ill ia m Y . T in d a ll , Columbia
University.
FINE ARTS: P rofessor Lin c o l n J o h n s o n , Goucher College.
H ISTO RY: P rofessor R obert F. B yrnes , Rutgers University; D r . P h il ip A.
C ro w l , Historical Division, Dept, of the Army; P rofessor Sid ney P a in t er ,
Johns Hopkins University; P rofessor R o bert R. P a lm er , Princeton University;
P rofessor W illia m B ea n y , Princeton University.
MATHEMATICS: P rofessor J o h n C. O xtoby , Bryn Mawr College; P rofessor A.
W . T u cker , Princeton University.
MODERN LANGUAGES: P rofessor G erm a in e B ree , Bryn Mawr College; P r o ­
fessor A dolf D . K l a r m a n n , University of Pennsylvania; P rofessor A lfred
Senn , University of Pennsylvania.
PHILOSOPHY: P rofessor R oderick M. C h ish o l m , Brown University; P rofessor
A lbert H ofstadter , Columbia University; P rofessor A rn old I senberg ,
Queens College.
PHYSICS: P rofessor W illia m T. Sc o tt , Smith College.
POLITICAL SCIENCE: P rofessor W illia m B ea n y , Princeton University; P ro ­
fessor J am es H . B la ck m a n , Johns Hopkins University; P rofessor T h om a s I.
C o o k , Johns Hopkins University; P rofessor G erald J. M a n g o nb , Wesleyan
University; P rofessor H er m a n S. Somers , Haverford College.
PSYCHOLOGY: P rofessor D o nald K. A dams , Duke University; P rofessor
H erbert G. B ir c h , The City College of New York; D r . L eo M. H u rvich ,
Eastman Kodak Company; D r . E u g e n ia H a n f m a n n , Harvard University;
P rqfessor M. B rew ster Sm it h , Vassar College.

144

Degrees Conferred
June 11, 1951
Ba c h e l o r

of

A rts

In the Division of the Humanities
R uth Elizabeth M aria A lexander
(H istory)
D abney M aurice A ltaffer (H is­
tory)
M ary E lizabeth Beech (English Lit­

erature)

M artha H artwell Bentley (Hon­

ors—English Literature)
N ancy E merson Bixler (English Lit­
erature)
D avid W arren Briggs (Psychology)
Barbara A ldrich Bruce (Honors—
Latin)
J eanne Bo h n Burch (English Liter­

ature)

Constance M errill Cameron (H is­
tory)
J oseph B. Cary, J r . (English Litera­

ture)

J udson C lark Chrisney (English Lit­

erature)

Clarke P eyton Conway (Honors—
English Literature)
A nita J anette D abrohua (Spanish)
E mily D ayton (Psychology)
Virginia Elizabeth D r i e s s e n
(French)
D olores M aire D unstan (French)
Franklin M enges E lliott (High
Honors— Psychology)
A n n a Louise Eshleman (Honors—
Psychology)
Robert Carl Forrey (English Liter­

ature)

U rsula E. Freund (Fine Arts)
A lison G ambier-Bousfield (Spanish)
Arra M. G arab (High Honors—Eng­

lish Literature)
D iana Louise G inzburg (English Lit­
erature)
M arguerite E lise H andy (English

Literature)
Lark H argraves (English Literature)
St e p h e n N orthup H ay (Romance

Languages)
N ancy H effernan (English Litera­

ture)

R uth H ochheimer
tory)

(Honors— His­

J o h n T. H offmeister (English Lit­

erature)

E lisabeth R ussell J enks (Fine Arts)
J oyce ^Marilyn K imball (Honors—

English Literature)
Karin K ohler (French)
J ean M. Leck (Psychology)
E llen Lovell (High Honors— His­
tory)
H anna M achlup (History)
Roger Lee M arch (English Litera­
ture)
A lace-M aria M ariani ( R o m a n c e

Languages)

J ean M atter (Highest Honors—Phil­

osophy)

A lan Rath M atthias (History)
Robert M arshall M cCarthy (H is­
tory)
N ancy M cD aniel (Fine Arts)
C lare M cG rath (French)
A n n a Louise M egonigal (English
Literature)
J oyce M ertz (English Literature)
Patricia M eyer (High Honors— Eng­

lish Literature)
J une M iller (High Honors— His­
tory)
M arilyn M iller (English Literature)
A n n e R ebecca M ou n t (English Lit­

erature)

Frank Edward O j a (Honors— Psy­
chology)
A n n T anguy O liver ( History 1
N orvell M cA llister Page (English

Literature)
E lisabeth P antke (Psychology)
N ancy R obinson P osel (History)
Suzanne
K nowles
E eymond
(French)
A n n e R ulon Ritschard (English Lit­

erature)

Sue Strother Rose (Honors— His­
tory)
J ean A udrey Sartorius (Honors—
History)
M argaret Ripley Schemm (English

Literature)
145

E lisabeth Schepses (High
Honors— English Literature)
Robert D aniel Schick (Music)
M ichael Shaw (English Literature)
Ralph Lee Sm ith (English Literature)
J acqueline M ary Smythe (Psychol­

J ohanna J, L. van den Berg (Hon­

R enee

ors— History)
M artha H ope W est (Psychology)
J ean Carol Sherry W eston (Eng­

lish Literature)
A ndrea Chapm an W ilcox (Honors
— Psychology)
F aith Lorraine W oodward (French)
E leonore M aria Z imm erm ann (Hon­

ogy)

J oh n S. Spaulding (Psychology)
K atherine Stainton (Philosophy)
A lice K atharine Stehle (French)

ors— Philosophy )

In the Division of the Social Sciences
T homas M ichael M arill (High
K athryn A dams (Economics)
Honors—Psychology)
W inifred Armstrong (Psychology)
J o h n Charles M cI ntyre (Economics)
E llen A sh (Honors— Economics)
J ack H oward M eier (Honors—His­
M ary A n n A sh (Political Science)
tory)
W alter P aul B lass (Honors— Eco­
J anet Louise M errill (Psychology)
nomics)
Benton G. M oeller , J r . (High Hon­
E lisabeth Boessenkool (Psychology)
ors—History)
D onald Sommers B lough (High
Robert Logan M yers, J r . (Economics)
Honors——Psychology )
Lois O blender (Economics)
D. T yner Brow n (Political Science)
Robert J onathan O sborn (High
*J abez Francis Carroll, J r . (Eco­
Honors—Political Science)
nomics)
D eborah E lizabeth O sborne (High
Ralph Cheyney (History)
Honors—Philosophy)
T heodore Richards Conant (Hon­
Robert Boyd P arsons (Economics)
ors—Economics)
Robert H orace P eters, J r . (High
Eth a n Curtis D einard (Economics)
Honors—Psychology)
M argaret J ean D inwoodey (Polit­
G erald A lexander P ollack (High
ical Science)
Honors—Economics )
W illiam W allace Francis (History)
H arold A lfred Prusa (Economics)
Richard H indman Frost (Honors—
Charles H iram Randall (Economics)
History)
Richard Lee Raymond (Economics)
E lizabeth A n n F ullagar (Psychol­
♦W illiam H. Rieser (Psychology)
ogy)
Lewis A. Rivlin (Political Science)
W alter Roger G ale, J r . (Economics)
G erald A. Rosen (Philosophy)
J o h n N ew ton G arver, III (High
J onas O ettinger Rosenthal (Polit­
Honors— Philosophy)
ical Science)
U rsula M arie H a h n
(Honors—
J o h n Scoville Rounds (Economics)
History)
W illiam J o h n Saul , J r . (Political
H ugh Cumming H aw (Political Sci­
Science)
ence)
G erald G ideon Schulsinger (High
Betty An n H ershberger (High Hon­
Honors— Economics, Political Sci­
ors—Political Science)
ence)
D avid H u n t Rogers Shearer (H is­
Francine K ay H ochhauser (Eco­
tory)
nomics)
P aul Snedden Sh o up (Honors— Po­
A lan R eeve H un t (High Honors—
litical Science)
Political Science)
D aniel M orris Singer (Honors— Po­
D avid Byard K eller (Honors— His­
litical Science)
tory)
E lise W aring Sm ith (Highest Hon­
N ancy J ane K en ney (High Honors
ors— Psychology)
—History)
W illiam F. Stone (Economics)
K e n n e t h R eay K urtz (Political Sci­
M iriam Strasburger (Honors— Psy­
ence)
chology)
Suzanne Correll Lewis (Political
Lin to n Satterthwaite T ho rn (Hon­
Science)
ors—History)
Robin Sarah Lobeck (Psychology)
Robert W arren (Economics)
W alter Leicester M auricio Lorch
D avid C. W esson (Economics)
D orothy W yn ne (High Honors—
(Economics)
Economics)
Barbara A nn e M anthei (Economics)*
* As of June 12, 1950.

146

In the Division of Mathematics
Edw in D. Arsht (Zoology)
E lizabeth A n n e Ashbaugh (Biology)
Robin Cooley (Zoology)
Richard T isdale Cushing (Zoology)
N aida P. D as (Zoology)
M argery J anet D avis (Biology)
V era Rada D emerec (Zoology)
G w ynne D enton (Chemistry)
Robert P eter Eisinger (Mathematics)
W olfgang Epstein (High Honors—

Chemistry)

D uncan G raham Foster, J r . (High
Honors— Physics)
Edwin N ed Freeman (Zoology)
W illiam B. F ussell (Honors— Phys­
ics)
H arriett P o u n t n e y G allagher
(M athematics)
Stokes G entry (Zoology)
Rose Setha G oodyear (Chemistry)
►Wilfred G orsira (Zoology)
Bruce Bannister G raves (Chemistry)
Samuel T. G riscom (Mathematics)
A n n a Beran H ankins (Psychology)
Franz Carl J ahoda (High Honors—

O scar M. M oreno (Zoology)
W illiam W allace M urray, J r . (Ge­

ology)

Clarkson T. Palmer (High Honors
— Biology)
M artha W arren P enfield (Honors
— Zoology)
Charles M ullany Reilly (M athe­
matics)
E lizabeth E ugenia Robertson (Psy­
chology)
J o h n A lbert Romberger (Botany)
J ames Frederick Schwartz (Zo­

ology)
D avid W alter Seymour (M athe­
matics)
C linton G ara Shafer (High Hon­
ors— Physics)
Sara Shields Shane (Zoology)
An n e Cobbs Sm ith (Mathematics)
Steven S. Spencer (Zoology)
W illiam T homas Spock (Honors—

Mathematics)
Ruth Esther Starrels (Honors—Bi­
ology)
A n n e H ollingsworth T homas (Zo­
ology)
W oodlief T homas , J r . (Physics)
J o h n W illard T omlinson (Honors

Physics)
G race E lizabeth J ensen (Biology)
M ary Lucille J ohnson (M athe­
matics)
Francis K ensill (Physics)
Lotte Lazarsfeld (High Honors—
Mathematics)
Arthur P aul M attuck (Highest

—Mathematics)
A lfred P hillip T rescott (Psychol­

ogy)
D avid Lin n T rout (Zoology)
W illiam W ebb V an Stone (Chem­
istry)
H erbert Irving W alker (Honors—
Zoology)
N ancy E lizabeth W eber (Biology)
W endell Sterling W illiams (Phys­
ics).

Honors—Mathematics)
Laura A n n M c Clellan (M athe­
matics)
W alter .N eal M iller (Mathematics)
W illiam H opkins M iller (Botany)
Sumi M ary M itsudo (Zoology)
Bachelor

and the Natural Sciences

of

Sc ie n c e

In the Division of Engineering
A li I brahim A l-Y asir (Electrical En­

gineering)
H arold E ugene Botsford, J r . (Me­

chanical Engineering)
W illiam H olmes Brow n , J r . (Civil

Engineering)
John

Franklin

Cromwell

Engineering)

(Civil

Engineering)
D avip

M axwell

H unt

(Electrical

Engineering)
gineering)

Engineering)
F ukushima

Engineering)
W illiam H enry H irst (Mechanical

H arry K arl I hrig (Mechanical En­

R obert N ew ton D ippy , J r . (Civil
T oshiyuki

Robert L loyd G ray, J r . (Electrical

(Mechanical

Engineering)*

A lfred B urton Levering (Electrical

Engineering)

* As of June 12, '1950.

147

Andrew J ames Lincoln

(Electrical

Carter T homas Sm ith (Mechanical

(Mechanical

A sa Edward Snyder (Mechanical En­

(Me­

Edward Palmer Stabler (Electrical

Engineering)
A lan

Stanley L loyd

Engineering)

Engineering)

gineering)

W alter Cecil M ickleburgh

Engineering)

chanical Engineering)
Everett L. Rogers (Mechanical En­

J o h n A loysius V asey

gineering)
H. K e n n eth Ruh l (Mechanical En­
gineering)
Bruce Laurie Seaman (Civil Engin­
eering)
Robert Levis Shaffn er (Civil En­
gineering)
M aster

Stanley M orey W etherald

(Me­

chanical Engineering)
D udley H ooker W oodbridge (Civil

Engineering)
Jo h n

Arend Y ntem a

(Mechanical

Engineering)
c

A rts
A lbert P. P aul (Chemistry)

I rw in F einberg (Psychology)
Richard G. H enson (Philosophy)

M aster

(Mechanical

Engineering)

of

Sc ie n c e

T homas E. Sw eeney , J r . i Mechanical Engineering)

E lectrical E n g in e e r
T homas Sum ner O liver

148

Enrollment of Students by Classes, 1950-51
Men

Women
94

Total
208
203
237
243

Seniors .....................
Juniors .....................
Sophomores ............ . . . .
Freshmen ................ . . . .

135
134

Total ............ . . . .
Special ........
Graduate . . . -----

500
9
7

391
4
0

891
13
7

516

395

911

86
102

109

Geographical Distribution
Pennsylvania ................................... 2 6 1 Maine ................................
New Y o rk ......................................... 226 Montana ..............................
New Jersey ........................................
82 South C arolina.................
Massachusetts ....................................
42 Arizona
Maryland ...................................
32 Kansas
!
Illinois ................................................
27 Mississippi ..............................
Ohio .................................................
22 South Dakota ........................
District of C olum bia..........................
21
Connecticut .....................................
16
Total of U. S. Students
California ............................................
12
Indiana ................................................
10
Virginia ...........................................
10
Brazil .......................................
Wisconsin ..........................................
10 England ...................................
Florida .............................................
9
Germany .................................
Minnesota .......................................
8
Nigeria .....................................
Colorado .......................................
7 Venezuela .................................
M ichigan...........................................
7
China .......................................
West Virginia .................................
7
Hawaii .....................................
Kentucky .........................................
6
Holland ...................................
North Carolina ...............................
6
Japan .......................................
New Hampshire .............................
6
Canada .....................................
Tennessee .............................................
6
Egypt ..............................
Delaware ................ .......................
4
Ethiopia ...................................
Missouri ..................................... —
4
Indonesia .................................
Washington .....................................
4 Lebanon ...................................
Alabama
.......................................
3
Mexico .....................................
G eo rg ia..........................................
3
Libya .......................................
Iowa .................................................
3
Palestine .................................
N ebraska...........................................
3
Panama ...................................
Texas ....................................................
3
Vermont ...........................................
3
Total from Abroad . . .
Louisiana .........................................
2
Grand Total ...................

149

2
2

2
1
1
1
1

875

1

1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1

36
911

Recent Publications About Swarthmore C ollege
Aydelotte, Frank , Breaking the Academic Lockstep; the Development of Honors

Work in American Colleges and Universities, N. Y., Harper, 1944.

183 p.

B lanshard, Brand, T wo Swarthmore Presidents. Friends Intelligencer, v. 9 7 , p. 6 7 1 -

73, 687-89.

Oct. 19-26, 1940.

Carter, Boyd G., Swarthmore under Frank Aydelotte.

Association of American Col­

leges Bulletin, v. 28, p. 316-19. May 1942.
G ager, Charles S., Theatres, Gardens and Horticulture.

Science,

v. 95, p. 635-39.

June 26, 1942.
G oing Concern .

Time.

v. 35, p. 42-43. March 4, 1940.

N ason , J o h n W., Cooperation between Haverford, Bryn Mawr and Swarthmore.

Haverford Review, v. 1 , p. 4-7. Autumn 1941.
N icholson , Arnold W., People’s Garden.

Saturday Evening Post. v. 217, p.

26 -2 7 .

April 14, 1945.
Shaw , C harles B., Library Cooperation between Bryn Mawr, Haverford and Swarth­

more.

Haverford Review,

v.

1,

p. 24-26.

Summer 1942.

Swarthmore College , The Inauguration of John William Nason as President of

Swarthmore College, October 26, 1940.
38, no. 5; First Month 1941. 63 p.

In Bulletin of Swarthmore College., v.

Swarthmore College Faculty , Adventure in Education: Swarthmore College under

Frank Aydelotte.

N. Y. Macmillan, 1941.

236 p.

W alton , J ean B., Recent Changes in Group Activities Program at Swarthmore

College. Journal of the National Association of Deans of Women,
164-65. June 1943.

v.

6,

p.

W ister, J o h n C., The Arthur Hoyt Scott Horticultural Foundation:

a Ten Year
History: January 1 , 1930 to December 31, 1939. In Bulletin of Swarthmore Col­
lege. v. 37, no. 5. Sixth Month 1940. 89 p.

Y oder, R obert M., Station-Wagon College.

p. 40. October 8, 1949.

150

Saturday Evening Post. v. 222, no. 15,

Index
Absence from Classes and Collection, 57
Absence from Examinations, 59
Academic Requirements, committee on, 18,
59
Addams, Jane, Peace Collection (See
Swarthmore College Peace Collection)
Administrative Officers, 19-21
Admissions Procedure, 28-30
Application Dates, 29
Scholastic Aptitude and Achievement
Tests, 29, 30
School Subjects Recommended, 29
Advanced Degrees, 60-61
Advanced Standing, 30
Advisers, 46
Alumnae Scholarship, 35
Alumni Association, Officers of, 10
Alumni Council, 10
Alumni Office, 46
Arthur Hoyt Scott Horticultural Founda­
tion, 42
Astronomical Observatories, 40, 111
Astronomy, Courses in, 111-113
Athletic Fields, see Map, 156
Athletics and Physical Education, 128-130
Atkinson (Barclay G.) Scholarship, 38
Atkinson (Rebecca M.) Scholarship, 38
Attendance at Classes and Collection, 57
Automobiles, Regulations concerning, 59
Awards and Prizes, 62-63
Bachelor of Arts Degree, 60
Bachelor of Science Degree, 60
Baker, (George F.) Scholarships, 33
Benjamin West House, 43
Benjamin West Society, 43
Bibliography of Swarthmore, 150
Biddle Memorial Library, Honorary Cur­
ators of, 21
Biology, Courses in, 66-71
Board of Managers, Committees of, 9
Board of Managers, Members of, 8
Book Bill, 31
Botany, Courses in, 66-68
Buildings, see Map, 156
Activities and Class Lodges
Astronomical Observatories
Bartol Research Foundation
Bassett House
Beardsley Hall
Benjamin West House
Biddle Memorial Library

Bond Memorial
Chemistry, Hall of
Faculty Residences
Field House
Hall Gymnasium
Hicks Hall
Isaac H. Clothier Memorial
Library Building
Martin (Edward) Biological Labor­
atory
Meeting House
Palmer Hall
Pittenger Hall
Parrish Hall
Roberts Hall
Scott (Arthur Hoyt) Outdoor Audi­
torium
Somerville Hall (Gymnasium for
Women)
Sproul Obervatory
Students’ Observatory
Swimming Pools
Thomas House
Trotter Hall
Wharton Hall
Worth Hall
Bunting (Ella Frances) Extemporaneous
Speaking Contest, 63
Calendar, College, 5-6
Calendar, Lunar, 4
Catherwood Fellowship, 63
Chemistry, Courses in, 72-76
Chi Omega Scholarship, 37
Churches, 44
Class of 1913 Loan Fund, 39
Class of 1915 Scholarship Fund, 36
Class of 1916 Loan Fund, 393
Classics, Courses in, 77-80
Collection, 44
Collection Attendance, Regulation con­
cerning, 58
College Community, 25, 44-48
College Entrance Examinations, 29-30
College Jobs, 33
Committees of the Board of Managers, 9
Committees of the Faculty, 18
Comprehensive Examinations, 51, 53, 60
Cooper (Sarah Kaighn) Scholarship, 35
Cooper (William J.) Foundation, 41, 42
Cooperation with Neighboring Institu­
tions, 24, 142

151

Index
Corporation, Officers of, 8
Course Advisers, 46, 53
Courses of I nstruction , 65-142

Biology, 66-71
Chemistry, 72-76
Classics, 77-80
Economics, 81-83
Engineering, 84-94
Civil, 86-88
,
Electrical, 89-92
Mechanical, 93-94
English Literature, 95-99
Fine Arts, 100-102
History, 103-106
International Relations, 107
Mathematics and Astronomy, 108-113
Modern Languages, 114-121
Music, 122-123
Philosophy and Religion, 124-127
Physical Education for Men, 128
Physical Education for Women, 128129
Physics, 131-132
Political Science, 133-136
Psychology and Education, 137-141
Russian Studies, 141
Crane Prize, 62
Curators of Biddle Memorial Library, 21
Cutting (Bronson M.) Collection, 43
D egrees, 60-62

Advanced Engineering
Bachelor of Arts
Bachelor of Science
Master of Arts
Master of Science
Degrees Conferred, 145-148
Dining Room, 44
Directions for Correspondence, 2
Directions for Reaching the College, 24
Divisions and Departments, 17
Dormitories, 44
Dorsey (William) Scholarship, 38
Economics, Courses in, 81-83
Education, Courses in, 140
Education, Physical, 128-130
Educational Program, 26, 49-57
Ellsler (George) Scholarship, 38
Emeritus Professors, 11
Engineering, Courses in, 84-94
Engineering, Degrees in, 60, 62, 84

English Literature, Courses in, 95-99
Entrance Requirements, 28-30
Examination Regulations, 59
Examinations, College Board, 29, 30
Exclusion from College, 60
Expenses, 31
Extra or Fewer Courses, 58
Extra-Curricular Activities, 48
Faculty, Members of, 11-16
Faculty Regulations, 57-62
Fees (Tuition, Residence, etc.), 31
Fellowships, 63, 64
Ferguson (Donald Renwick), Scholarship,
34
Fine Arts, Courses in, 100-102
Foreign Language Requirements, 52, 53
Foreign Students, 149
French, Courses in, 114-116
Friends College Scholarships, 39
Friends Historical Library, 41
Friends Meeting, 44
Geographical Distribution of Students,
149
German Language and Literature, Courses
in, 117-119
Gillingham (Joseph E.) Fund, 38
Grades, 58
Graduation, Requirements for, 60-61
Grants-in-aid, 33
Greek Language and Literature, Courses
in, 77
Hayes (John Russell) Poetry Prizes, 63
Health, Care of Student, 45-46
Hillborn (Rachel W .) Scholarship, 37
History, Courses in, 103-106
H onors W ork, 54-56
Admission to, 56
Combinations of Majors and Minors,
55-56
Examinations, 55
Examiners, 55, 144
Housing, 25, 44
Infirmaries, 45-46
Insurance, Accident and Sickness, 32
International Relations, Courses in, 107
Italian, Courses in, 119
Ivins (Aaron B.) Scholarship, 34
Ivy Medal, 62

Index
Johnson (George K. and Sallie K.) Fund,
, 35
Kappa Alpha Theta Scholarship Fund, 36
Kovalenko (Jessie Stevenson) Scholarship,
36
Latin Language and Literature, Courses
in, 78-80
Leedom (Hannah A.) Fellowship, 63
Leedom (Thomas L.) Scholarship, 38
Libraries, 40-41

Biddle Memorial, 40
College, 40
Friends Historical, 41
Lilly (Scott B.) Scholarship, 34
Lippincott (Joshua) Fellowship, 64
Lippincott (Sarah E.) Scholarship, 38
Loans to Students, 33, 39
Location of the College, 24
Lockwood (John) Memorial Fellowship,
64
Longstreth (Mary T.) Scholarship,, 36
Lucretia Mott Fellowship, 64
Managers, Board of, 7, 8
Map of College Grounds, 156-157
Martin Biological Laboratory, 40
Mary Lyon School Property, 44
Mathematics, Courses in, 108-111
McCabe Engineering Award, 62
Meeting House, 44
Men’s Executive Committee, 47
Miller (James E.) Scholarship, 37
Miller (John A.) Loan Fund, 39
Moon, Owen, Fund for Public Speaking,
63
Morrell (Lois) Poetry Award, 63
Mott (Lucretia) Fellowship, 64
Music, Courses in, 122-123
Newton (A. Edward) Library Prize, 62
Oak Leaf Medal, 62
Observatories, Astronomical, 40, 111
Open Scholarships for Men, 34
Open Scholarships for Women, 35
Paiste (Harriet) Fund, 35
Palmer Hall, 44
Parrish Hall, 44
Pearson (Paul M.) Loan Fund, 39
Perkins (T. H. Dudley) Memorial
Scholarship, 34

Philosophy, Courses in, 124-127
Physical Education for Men, 128
Physical Education for Women, 129-130
Physical Education Requirements, 128-130
Physics, Courses in, 131-132
Pittenger Hall, 44
Plan of College Grounds, 156-157
Political Science, Courses in, 133-136
Potter (Wm. Plummer) Public Speaking
Fund, 63
Pre-Medical Program, 57
Presser Music Scholarships, 38
Preston (Mary Coates) Scholarship Fund,
35
Prizes, 62-63
Program of Study, 49-57
For Freshmen and Sophomores, 5153
For Juniors and Seniors, 53-56
Honors Work, 54-56
Pre-Medical Program, 57
Psychology, Courses in, 137-141
Public Speaking Prizes, 63
Reeves (Mark E.) Scholarship, 38
Religion, Courses in, 125-127
Religious Life, 44
Requirements for Admission, 28-30
Requirements for Graduation, 60-62
Residence, Regulations concerning, 59-60
Roberts Hall, 44
Russian Studies, Courses in, 142
Scholarships, List of, 33-39
Scholastic Aptitude Test, 29, 30
Scott (Arthur Hoyt) Horticultural Foun­
dation, 42
Serrill (William G. and Mary N .) Schol­
arship, 34
Shoemaker (Annie) Scholarship, 35
Sicard (Katherine B.) Brize, 62
Sigma Xi Fellowship, 64
Social Committee, 47
Somerville Committee, 47
Spanish, Courses in, 120-121
Sproul (Mary) Scholarship, 38
Squier (Helen) Scholarship, 38
States, Summary of Students by, 149
Student Aid, 33
Student Council, 47
Student’s Handbook, 48
Sullivan (Joseph T.) Scholarship, 38

Index
Summer School Work, 59
Swarthmore College Peace Collection, 41
Swarthmore College Student Loan Fund,
39
Taylor, (Jonathan K.) Scholarship, 37
Thorne (Phebe Anna) Fund, 37
Tuition and Other Fees, 31
Tuition Plan, 31
Tyson (Martha E.) Fellowship, 64
Underhill (Daniel) Scholarship, 37
Vocational Office, 46
West, Benjamin, Society, 43
Westbury Quarterly Meeting Scholarship,
37

Wharton Hall, 44
Wharton (Deborah F.) Scholarship, 38
White Open Scholarships for Women, 35
Willets (Samuel) Fund, 38
William J. Cooper Foundation, 41, 42
Williams (Ellis D .) Fund, 39
Williamson (I. V.) Scholarships, 38
Wilson (Edward Clarkson) Scholarship,
36
Women’s Student Government Associa­
tion, 47
Wood (Mary) Fund, 36
Woodnutt (Thomas) Scholarship, 38
Woolman House, 44
Worth Hall, 44
Zoology, Courses in 68-71

154

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Wharton Hall
Sproul Observatory
Hall Gymnasium
Parrish Hall
Hockey Field
Tennis Courts
Beardsley Hall
Trotter Hall
Somerville Gymnasium
College Library and
Biddle Memorial
Library
11 The Hall of Chemistry
12 Cunningham House
13 Benjamin West House
14 The Meeting House
15 Faculty Houses
16 The Presidents House
17 Swarthmore Field
18 Alumni Field
19 Poiver Plant
20 Employees’ Dormitory
21 The Swimming Pools
22 Whittier House
23 Book and Key House
24 Hicks Hall
25 The Railroad Station
26 Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity
Lodge
27 Delta Upsilon Fraternity
Lodge
28 Phi Sigma Kappa Fra­
ternity Lodge

AI

29 Kappa Sigma Fraternity
Lodge
30 Worth Dormitory
31 Woolman House
32 Phi Delta Theta Frater­
nity Lodge
33 Bond Memorial a n d
Women’s Class and
Activities Lodges
34 Bartol Foundation Labor­
atory
35 Clothier Memorial
36 Arthur Hoyt Scott Audi­
torium

37 Employees’ Houses
38 Lamb-Miller Field House
and Morris L. Clothier
Fields
39 Palmer, Pittenger a n d
Roberts Halls
40 Edward Martin Biolog­
ical Laboratory
41 Bassett House

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