AUG 2 5 1951 / SW \ ftTHMORE COLLEGE _____ \ L I B R A R Y SWARTHMOREC> COLLEGE BULLETIN CATALOGUE 1951-1952 SWARTHMORE PENNSYLVANIA The Bulletin, of which this publication is Volume XLIX, No. 1, is published quarterly by Swarthmore College, frpm the College Office, Swarthmore, Pa. Entered at the post office at Swarthmore, Pa., as second-class matter, in accordance with provision of the Act of Congress of August 24, 1912. (Printed, in U. S. A .) Parrish Hall Magill Walk SWARTHMORE COLLEGE BULLETIN CATALOGUE 1 9 5 1 -1 9 5 2 SW A R T H M O R E , P E N N S Y L V A N IA Volume XLIX Number 1 Ninth Month, 1951 Directions for Correspondence For information about: GENERAL COLLEGE POLICY John W . Nason, President ADMISSIONS AND SCHOLARSHIPS For men: Dean Everett L. Hunt For women: Dean Susan P. Cobbs RECORDS, TRANSCRIPTS AND CATALOGUES John M. Moore, Registrar FIN A N CIA L IN FO R M A TIO N Edward K. Cratsley, Vice-President Charles G. Thatcher, Business Manager VOCATIONAL PLA C EM EN T A ND GUIDANCE Gilmore Stott, Assistant Dean Barbara Colbron, Associate Dean A L U M N I AFFAIRS Joseph B. Shane, Vice-President GENERAL IN FO R M A TIO N George A. Test, Director of Publicity DIRECTORY O F STUD ENTS Obtainable upon request to the Registrar SWARTHMORE COLLEGE • SWARTHMORE, PENNSYLVANIA 2 Table of Contents Calendar .............................................................................. P ersonnel .............................................. The Corporation and The Board of Managers ................................................. Alumni Association Officers and Alumni C o u n c il............................................. The Faculty ............................................................................................................... Divisions and Departments ................. Standing C om m ittees................................................. Administrative Officers and Assistants ................................................................ Honorary Curators of the Biddle Memorial L ib ra ry ......................................... I ntroduction to Swarthmore College ......................... Admission ............................................................................................. Expenses ................................................................................................................... Student Aid and' Scholarships .......................... . „.......... ...................................... Educational Resources'.................................................................... College lif e ................................................... . ....................................................... Student Community ................................................................................................ T he Educational P rogram ........................................................................................ Program for Freshmen and Sophom ores................... Program for Juniors and S e n io rs.................................. Honors W ork ......................... Pre-Medical Program ................. Faculty Regulations ................................................................................................ Requirements for G ra d u a tio n ................................................................................. Advancd Degrees ....................... Awards and Prizes .......................... i ...................................................................... Fellowships ...................................’.................... ...................................................... Courses of I n s t r u c t io n ................... B io lo g y ........................................................................................................................ Chemistry ....................................................... Classics ................................................. Economics ........................................ Engineering ...........................................................................................................I . English Literature ..................... Fine Arts ............ History ...................................................................... International Relations .............................................' ............................................. Mathematics and Astronomy ................................................................................. Modern Languages and Literature ................. Music ......................... Philosophy and R e lig io n ................................................... Physical Education for Men .................................................................. Physical Education for W o m e n ..................... Physics ....................................................... Political'Science................. Psychology and Education .................................. Russian Studies Reference Section .......... Visiting Examiners .................................................................................. Degrees Conferred ................................................... Distribution of Students ........................................................................ Recent Publications About Swarthmore C o lle g e................................................. Index ............................. P lan o f College G r o u n d s ................. 3 PAGE 4 7 8 10 11 17 18 19 21 23 28 31 33 40 44 47 49 51 53 54 57 57 60 60 62 63 65 66 72 77 81 84 95 100 103 107 108 114 122 124 128 129 131 133 137 142 143 144 145 149 150 151 156 1951 s M 7 14 21 28 1 8 15 22 29 O CTO BER W T F S T 4 5 6 2 3 9 I O 1 1 12 .13 16 17 18 19 20 23 24 25 26 27 30 31 S 4 11 18 25 N O VEM BER W T F S M T 1 2 3 7 9 10 5 6 8 12 13 14 15 16 17 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 S 2 9 16 23 30 M 3 DECEM BER W T F T 4 5 6 I O 1 1 12 13 17 18 19 20 24 25 26 27 31 S 1 .7 8 14 15 21 22 28 29 1952 S M 7 6 13 14 20 21 27 28 S 6 13 20 27 S 6 13 20 27 S JAN U AR Y W T F S T 3 5 1 2 4 8 9 IO 11 12 15 16 17 18 19 22 23 24 25 26 29 30 31 A P R IL S T W T F 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 19 14 15 16 17 18 21 22 23 24 25 26 28 29 30 M JU LY W T S T F 4 1 2 3 5 7 8 9 IO 11 12 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 28 29 30 31 M M 5 6 12 13 19 20 26 27 OCTOBER W T T 2 1 9 7 8 14 15 16 21 22 23 28 29 30 F S 3 4 IO 11 17 18 24 25 31 S 3 10 17 24 S FEBRUARY S T W T F 1 2 7 8 9 4 5 6 1 1 12 13 14 15 16 18 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 28 29 M M 4 5 1 1 12 18 19 25 26 S M MAY W T F S 1 2 3 7 8 9 10 6 13 14 15 16 17 20 21 22 23 24 27 28 29 30 31 T AUGUST W T T 6 3 4 5 10 11 12 13 17 18 19 20 2 4 25 26 27 31 S M S F 1 2 9 7 8 14 15 16 21 22 23 28 29 30 N O VEM BER W T F T 7 4 5 6 2 3 9 IO 1 1 12 13 14 16 17 18 19 20 21 23 24 25 26 27 28 30 S 1 8 15 22 29 S 2 9 16 29 30 M M ARCH W T T F 7 4 5 6 3 IO 1 1 12 13 14 17 18 19 20 21 24 25 26 27 28 31 S 1 8 15 22 29 JU N E W T S F S M T 4 5 6 7 3 1 2 9 IO 11 12 13 14 8 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 SEPTEM BER F S W T M T 4 5 6 2 3 1 7 8 9 IO 1 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 S DECEM BER W T M T 4 1 2 3 7 8 9 IO 1 1 14 15 16 17 18 21 22 23 24 25 28 29 30 31 S S F 6 5 12 13 19 20 26 27 1953 S M 4 5 1 1 12 18 19 25 26 S M 6 5 12 13 19 20 26 27 JA N U A R Y S W T F T 2 3 1 6 7 8 9 10 13 14 15 16 17 20 21 22 23 24 27 28 29 30 31 AP R IL W T S F T 3 4 1 2 9 IO 1 1 7 8 14 15 16 17 18 21 22 23 24 25 28 29 30 S 1 8 15 22 S FEBRUARY W T M T 4 5 3 2 9 10 11 12 16 17 18 19 23 24 25 26 M T MAY W T 5 6 4 3 10 11 12 13 17 18 19 20 2 4 25 26 27 31 4 S F 6 7 13 14 20 21 27 28 S F 1 2 7 8 9 14 15 16 21 22 23 28 29 30 M ARCH W T F S S M T 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 8 9 IO 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 JU N E W T F S M T 4 6 2 3 5 1 7 8 9 IO 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 S College Calendar 1951 Fall Semester Ninth Month 20-23 .............. Freshman placement days Ninth Month 2 4 ............ ..........Registration, 1: 00 p:m. Ninth Month 25 .....................Classes and honors seminars begin Tenth Month 2 .......................Meeting of the Board of Managers Eleventh Month 6 .................. Executive Committee of the Board of Managers Eleventh Month 22 .................Thanksgiving Day (holiday) Twelfth Month 4 ................... Annual Meeting of the Board of Managers Twelfth Month 1 9 ................. Christmas recess begins, 6: 00 p. m. 1952 First First First First First First First First First Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month 3 ....................... Christmas recess ends, 8: 00 a. m. 8 ....................... Executive Committee of the Board of Managers 17 .......................Classes end 18 .......................Registration, 1: 30 p. m. 18, 1 9 ................ Review period for course students 19 .......................Honors seminars end 21 .......................Mid-year examinations begin 23 ....................H o n o rs seminars begin for spring semester 31 .......................Mid-year examinations end Spring Semester Second Month 4 ....................... Classes begin Second Month 5 .......................Executive Committee of the Board of Managers Third Month 4 .......................Meeting of the Board of Managers Third Month 22. . . . . . . . . . . Spring recess begins, 11: 00 a. m. Third Month 3 1 ...................... Spring recess ends, 8: 00 a. m. Fourth Month 1 ...................... Executive Committee of the Board of Managers Fifth Month 6 ........................ Executive Committee of the Board of Managers Fifth Month 6 .........................Honors seminars end Fifth Month 16 .......................Honors written examinations begin Fifth Month17 .......................Classes end for seniors Fifth Month22 ....................... Classes end Fifth Month23 ....................... Enrollment in classes for winter semester, 1: 30 p. Fifth Month 23-24 ...................Review period for course students Senior comprehensive examinations Fifth Month2 6 ........................Final examinations begin Fifth Month 27 .......................Honors written examinations end Fifth Month 2 9 -3 1 .................Honors oral examinations Sixth Month 5 ........................Final examinations end Sixth Month 6 ......................... Meeting of the Board of Managers Sixth Month 7 ....................... Alumni Day Sixth Month 8 ....................... Baccalaureate Day Sixth Month 9 ........................Commencement Day 5 College Calendar 1952 Fall Semester Ninth Month 18-21 ................ Freshman placement days Ninth Month 2 2 .......................Registration, 1: 00 p. m. Ninth Month 2 3 .......................Classes and honors seminars begin Tenth Month 7 .......................Meeting of the Board of Managers Eleventh Month 6 ...................Executive Committee of the Board of Managers Eleventh Month 27 . . . . . . . . . Thanksgiving Day (holiday) Twelfth Month 2 .................... Annual Meeting of the Board of Managers Twelfth Month 2 0 .............. . .Christmas recess begins, 12:00 noon 1953 First First First First First First First First First Month 5 .........................Christmas recess ends, 8: 00 a. m. Month 6 ........................... Executive Committee of the Board of Managers Month 15 .......................Classes end Month 1 6 .........................Registration, 1:30 p. m. Month 1 6 -1 7 ...................Review period for course students Month 17 .......................Honors seminars end Month 1 9 ........................ Mid-year examinations begin Month 21 .......................Honors seminars begin for spring semester Month 2 9 ........................ Midryear examinations end Spring Semester Second Month 2 ...................... Classes begin Second Month 3 .......................Executive Committee of the Board of Managers Third Month 3 .......................Meeting of the Board of Managers Third Month 2 1 ....................... Spring recess begins, 12: 00 noon Third Month 3 0 ....................... Spring recess ends, 8: 00 a. m. Fourth Month 7 ....................... Executive Committee of the Board of Managers Fifth Month 5 .........................Executive Committee of the Board of Managers Honors seminars end Fifth Month 15 ..................... Honors written examinations begin Fifth Month 16 ..................... Classes end for second-semester seniors Fifth Month 21 ..................... Classes end Fifth Month 22 ..................... Enrollment in classes for winter semester, 1: 30 p. m. Fifth Month 22-23 ...... .. Review period for course students Senior written comprehensives Fifth Month 25 .......................Final examinations begin ' Honors written examinations end Fifth Month 28-30 .................. Honors oral examinations Sixth Month 3 .........................Final examinations end Sixth Month 5 ........................Meeting of the Board of Managers Sixth Month 6 ........................Alumni Day Sixth Month 7 ........................Baccalaureate Day Sixth Month 8 ........................Commencement Day 6 The Corporation H oward Cooper J ohnson , President 801 Market St., Philadelphia 5, Pa. Claude C. Sm ith , Vice-President 1617 Land Title Building, Philadelphia 10, Pa. E leanor Stabler C larke, Secretary Crumwald Farm, Wallingford, Pa. H elen G awthrop W orth , Assistant Secretary Claymont, Delaware E. Lawrence W orstall, Treasurer 421 Chestnut St., Philadelphia 1, Pa. Board of Managers Emeriti H etty Lippinco tt M iller , Riverton, N. J. E lsie P almer Brow n , 1622 Twenty-ninth Street, N. W., Washington 7, D. C. H enry C. T urner , Buck Hill Falls, Pa. Clem ent M. Biddle, P. O. Box 743, Church St. Sta., Mew York 8, N. Y. Robert P yle, West Grove, Pa. Life Members E leanor Stabler C larke, Crumwald Farm, Wallingford, Pa. I saac H. C lothier , J r ., 801 Market Street, Philadelphia 5, Pa. M ary Lippinco tt G riscom, 314 East Central Avenue, Moorestown, N. J. H oward Cooper J ohnson , 801 Market Street, Philadelphia 5, Pa. H adassah M oore Leeds, 1025 Westview Street, Philadelphia 19, Pa. C laude C. Sm ith , 1617 Land Title Building, Philadelphia 10, Pa. Barclay W hite , 22 North Thirty-sixth Street, Philadelphia 4, Pa. H elen G awthrop W orth , Claymont, Del. Term Expires Twelfth Month, 1951 Robert E. Lamb, 3429 West Indiana Avenue, Philadelphia 32, Pa. T homas B. M cCabe, Front and Market Streets, Chester, Pa. A n n a E ngle T aylor, 8240 Fairview Road, Philadelphia 17, Pa. Boyd T. Barnard, 914 Lincoln-Liberty Building, Philadelphia 7, Pa. * Raymond K. D enworth , 117 South Seventeenth Street, Philadelphia 3, Pa. ♦D orothy M errill G ulick , Proctor Academy, Andover, N. H. Term Expires Twelfth Month, 1952 T. Stockton M atthews , Garrett Building, Baltimore, Md. Edith W ilson J ackson, 317 North Chester Road, Swarthmore, Pa. Frank Aydelotte , 88 Battle Road, Princeton, N. J. P h ilip T. Sharples , Twenty-third and Westmoreland Streets, Philadelphia 40, Pa. ♦Richard H. M c Feely , George School, Bucks County, Pa. ♦M argaret Ball D ellm uth , 12 Country Club Road, Camp Hill, Pa. Term Expires Twelfth Month, 1953 P hebe U nderhill Seaman , Jericho, N. Y. E lisabeth H allowell Bartlett , 1922 Mount Royal Terrace, Baltimore 17, Md. N icholas K elley , 70 Broadway, New York 4, N. Y. E. Lawrence W orstall, 33 Dudley Avenue, Lansdowne, Pa. ♦G ertrude W ood T hatcher , 21 College Avenue, Swarthmore, Pa. ♦W illiam H. W ard, 630 Strath Haven Avenue, Swarthmore, Pa. * Nominated by the Alumni Association. 8 Term Expires Twelfth Month, 1954 R uth P otter A shton , 409 Elm Avenue, Swarthmore, Pa. I sabel J enkins Booth , 400 Delaware Street, New Castle, Del. Lydia F oulke T aylor, 23 Summit Avenue, Larchmont, N. Y. T heodore W iding , 800 Lincoln-Liberty Building, Philadelphia 7, Pa. *A mos J. P easlee, Clarksboro, N. J. *E llen F ernon Reisner, 43 Wooddale Road, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia 18, Pa. Committees o f t h e Board The President is ex-Officio a Member of Every Committee Executive Barclay W hite M ary Lippincott G riscom I saac H. Clothier , J r . Robert E. Lamb Lydia Foulke T aylor E leanor Stabler Clarke Raymond K. D enworth Edith W ilson J ackson Claude C. Sm ith R uth P otter A shton H adassah M oore Leeds Boyd T. Barnard T heodore W iding P h ilip T. Sharples E. Lawrence W orstall H elen G awthrop W orth Finance T heodore W iding Claude C. Sm ith N icholas K elley P h ilip T. Sharples E. Lawrence W orstall W illiam H. W ard Instruction and Libraries Claude C. Sm ith Ru t h P otter A shton P hebe U nderhill Seaman Edith W ilson J ackson H adassah M oore Leeds Barclay W hite Lydia Foulke T aylor H elen G awthrop W orth T heodore W iding Frank A yde lotte Richard H. M c Feely Property Robert E. Lamb M ary Lippincott G riscom Barclay W hite Boyd T. Barnard I sabel J enkins Booth Raymond K. D enworth A mos J. P easlee W illiam H . W ard Trusts H oward Cooper J ohnson I saac H . Clothier , J r . T. Stockton M atthews Boyd T. Barnard T homas B. M cCabe E. Lawrence W orstall Household and Student Affairs M ary Lippincott G riscom E leanor Stabler Clarke E lisabeth H allowell Bartlett Richard H . M c F eely E llen F ernon Reisner A n n a Engle T aylor G ertrude W ood T hatcher T heodore W iding D orothy M errill G ulick M argaret Ball D ellmuth Nominating Richard H . M c F eely Claude C. Sm ith H elen G awthrop W orth Boyd T. Barnard I sabel J enkins Booth H adassah M oore Leeds Nominated by the Alumni Association. 9 Alumni Association Officers President, W illiam F. Lee ’33, 5 Guernsey Road, Swarthmore, Pa. Vice-President for Men, H erbert L. Brown '16, 3730 Woodland Avenue, Drexel Hill, Pa. Vice-President for Women, V irginia Brow n G reer ’26, Farnura Road, Media, Pa. Secretary, I n ez Coulter R ussell ’25, 416 Haverford Place, Swarthmore, Pa. Alumni Council Zone I T erm E xpires 1952 W illiam L. Cornog T9, 9 Green Ridge Road, Gradyville, Pa. T. H. D udley P erkins , J r . ’37, Shipley Road, Wyckwood, Wilmington, R. D. Del. 1953 Frank H. J ackson ’23, 1114 Beech Road, Rosemont, Pa. Lewis M. G ill ’33, 527 Baird Road, Merion, Pa. 1954 G eorge C. Corson TO, Butler Pike, Plymouth Meeting, Pa. Edward L. N oyes ’31, 490 Riverview Road, Swarthmore, Pa. Barclay W hite , J r . ’43, 314 Vassar Avenue, Swarthmore, Pa. 1952 Esther Ridpath D elaplaine ’44, 1020 S. Harvard Avenue, Swarthmore, Pa. J ulia Y oung M urray ’17, 105 Princeton Avenue, Swarthmore, Pa. 1953 A n n a Roberts Brosius ’23, Russell Road, Berwyn, Pa. N ancy D eane P assmore ’30, Box 209, Rutledge, Pa. 1954 Catharine R. Belville T9, Box 372, Trenton 3, N. J. K atherine W arren Coles ’32, 517 Walnut Lane, Swarthmore, Pa. P hyllis H arper T ow nley ’28, 329 Hamilton Road, Merion, Pa. 1952 1953 1954 1952 1953 1954 W illiam R. Cisney ’22, 6 Montague Terrace, Brooklyn 2, N. Y. E llis G. Bishop ’28, 61 Normandie Place, Cranford, N. J. Frank S. Christian ’31, Harrington Road, R. D. 2, Framingham, Mass. V irginia M elick T urner ’27, Acorn Hill, Oakwood Lane, Greenwich, Conn. V irginia Cobb '46, 19 Hilliard St., Cambridge 38, Mass. Caroline J ackson R ushmore ’31, 24 Atlanta Ave., East Williston, N. Y. 1952 1953 H enry L loyd Pike ’33, 3315 Idlewild Drive, Chattanooga, Tenn. Frederick S. D onnelly , J r . ’41, Armstrong Cork Co., 295 Fifth Ave., Zone 11 Zone III New York 16, N. Y. 1952 Edna Shoemaker M allen ’28, 1712 Preston Road, Alexandria, Va. 1953 M ary F. B lackburn T3, 407 Hollen Road, Baltimore 12, Md. 1952 1953 1952 1953 Robert L. T estwuide ’31, R. F letcher Seymour ’26, Chicago 3, 111. E lizabeth C lack M c Caul E lizabeth G eddes Baker Glenview, 111. Zone IV 636 Michigan Ave., Sheboygan, Wisconsin. Lake Michigan Mortgage Co., 105 S. LaSalle St., ’29, 462 Pilgrim Ave., Birmingham, Mich. ’34, 1637 E. Ridgewood Lane, Glen Oak Acris, Zone V 1954 W illiam P. W ood ’36, 28 Crest View Drive, Orinda, Calif. 1954 J ean B. W alton '35, 136 East Seventh Street, Claremont, Calif. 10 The Faculty J o h n W . N ason , President ................................................... ............324 Cedar Lane B.A., Carleton College; B.A., University of Oxford; M.A., Harvard University; LL.D., University of Pennsylvania, Carleton College; Litt.D., Muhlenberg College, Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital of Philadelphia. Edward K. Cratsley, Vice-President— Financial Operation and Control, and Professor of Economics ............................................... 925 Strath Haven Avenue B.A., College of Wooster; M.B.A. and D.C.S., Harvard University. J oseph B. Sha ne , Vice-President-—Public Relations and Alumni Affairs, and Professor of Education ........................................................... Cunningham House B.A., Swarthmore College; M.A., University of Pennsylvania. Susan P. Cobbs, Dean and Professor of Classics...................................West House B.A., Randolph-Macon Woman’s College; M.A., New York University; Ph.D. University of Chicago. Everett L. H u n t , Dean and Professor of E nglish........................... 604 Elm Avenue B.A., Huron College; M.A., University of Chicago; D.Litt., Huron College. *J o h n M. M oore, Associate Dean, Registrar and Associate Professor of Philosophy, 2 Whittier Place B.A., Park College; B.D., Union Theological Seminary; M.A., Harvard Uni­ versity; Ph.D., Columbia University. Barbara Colbron , Associate D e a n ..................................... 120 South Chester Road B.A., Bryn Mawr College. G ilmore Stott , Assistant Dean ...........................................318 Dartmouth Avenue B.A. and M.A., University of Cincinnati; B.A. and M.A., Oxford University; M.A. and Ph.D., Princeton University. Charles G. T hatcher , Business Manager ...............................613 Ogden Avenue B.A., Swarthmore College; M.E., Cornell University; M.M.E., Johns Hopkins University. E meriti A lfred M ansfield Brooks, Professor Emeritus of Fine Arts . . . . Gloucester, Mass. B.A., and M.A., Harvard University; M.A., Indiana University. H enrietta J osephine M eete Er , Professor Emeritus of Greek and Latin 309 Warwick Road, Haddonfield, N. J. B.A., Indiana University; Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania. Samuel Copeland P almer , Professor Emeritus of Botany, 26th and Chestnut Streets, Chester, Pa. B.A. and M.A., Swarthmore College; M.A. and Ph.D., Harvard University. P rofessors M ary A lbertson, Professor of H isto ry .........................................405 Walnut Lane B.A., M.A., and Ph.D., Bryn Mawr College. »♦S olomon E. Asch , Professor of Psychology...................................513 Elm Avenue B.S., College of the City of New York; M.A. and Ph.D., Columbia University. H einrich Brinkm ann , Professor of Mathematics...........................403 Walnut Lane B.A., Leland Stanford Junior University; M.A. and Ph.D., Harvard University. Samuel T. Carpenter , Professor of Civil Engineering.............. 612 Ogden Avenue B.C.E., C.E. and M.S., Ohio State University. ♦♦E dward H. Cox, Professor of Chemistry . . .......................................8 Whittier Place B.S., Earlham College; M.A., Harvard University; Sc.D., University of Geneva. ♦H enry J ermain M aude Creighton , Edmund Allen Professor of Chemistry, 515 Elm Avenue B.A., M.A. and LL.D., Dalhousie University; M.Sc., University of Birming­ ham; D.Sc., Das eidgenössische Polytechnikum, Zurich. Richard S. Crutchfield , Professor of Psychology .........................8 Crum Ledge B.S., California Institute of Technology; Ph.D., University of California. * Absent on. leave, Fall Semester. * * Absent on leave, Spring Semester. 11 A rnold D resden, Edward H . Magill Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy, 606 Elm Avenue M.S. and Ph.D., University of Chicago. Robert K. Enders, ¡Professor of Z oology........................................... 311 Elm Avenue B.A. and Ph.D., University of Michigan. H erbert F. F raser, Professor of Economics................................. W allingford Hills M.A., University of Aberdeen; F.R.Econ.S. P h ilip M arshall H icks, Alexander Griswold Cummins Professor of English, 525 Elm Avenue B.A. and M.A., Swarthmore College; Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania. ♦H oward M alcolm J enkins , Professor of Electrical Engineering, 506 North Chester Road B.A. and E.E., Swarthmore College. ♦W olfgang K ohler , Research Professor of Philosophy and Psychology, 603 Elm Avenue Dr. Phil., University of Berlin; D.Sc., University of Pennsylvania. H arold M. M arch, Professor of F rench......................................... 600 Elm Avenue B.A., Princeton University; Ph.D., Yale University. Ross W. M arriott, Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy. (Half-time) 213 Lafayette Avenue B.A., Indiana University; M.A., Swarthmore College; Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania. J o h n D. M c Crum m , Professor of Electrical Engineering............ 515 Elm Avenue B.S. and M.S., University of Colorado. ♦J. R oland P ennock , Professor of Political Science.......................3 Whittier Place B.A., Swarthmore College; M.A. and Ph.D., Harvard University. ♦♦E dith P hilips , Susan W . Lippincott Professor of F rench.............. 517 Elm Avenue B.A., Goucher College; Docteur de l’Université de Paris. IT ownsend Scudder, III, Professor of English B.A. and Ph.D., Yale University. Charles B. Shaw , Librarian ....................................................... 606 Ogden Avenue B.A., M.A. and L.H.D., Clark University. L. R- Shero , Professor of G re e k ........................................... 651 North Chester Road B.A., Haverford College; B.A., University of Oxford; M.A. and Ph.D., Uni­ versity of Wisconsin. A lfred J. Sw an , Professor of Music (on joint appointment with Haverford College) 519 Walnut Lane B.A. and M.A., University of Oxford. P eter VAN de K amp , Professor of Astronomy and Director of Sproul Observatory 602 Elm Avenue B.S. and M.S., University of Utrecht; Ph.D., University of California; D.Phil., University of Groningen. JC lair W ilcox, Joseph Wharton Professor of Political Economy 510 Ogden Avenue B.S., University of Pennsylvania; M.A., Ohio State University; Ph.D., Uni­ versity of Pennsylvania. E lizabeth Cox W right , Professor of E nglish...........................Rose Valley, Moylan B.A., Wellesley College; M.A. and Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania. W inthrop R. W right , Morris L. Clothier Professor of Physics . .4 Whittier Place A. B. and Ph.D., University of-Michigan. A ssociate P rofessors Lydia Baer, Associate Professor of G erm an.............. Brookside Road, Wallingford B. A., Oberlin College; M.A. and Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania. G eorge J. Becker, Associate Professor of E n g lish ...................... 401 Walnut Lane B.A.; M.A., and Ph.D., University of Washington. * Absent ** Absent t Absent j Absent on on on on leave, Fall Semester. leave, Spring Semester, leave, leave, part-time. 12 P aul H. Beik , Associate Professor of H istory........ .......................... 512 Elm Avenue B.A., Union College; M.A. and Ph.D., Columbia University. Richard B. Brandt, Associate Professor of Philosophy.............. 521 Elm Avenue B.A., Denison University; B.A., University of Cambridge; Ph.D., Yale Uni­ versity. 1 P h ilip W. Carruth , Associate Professor of M athematics.......... 317 Chester Road B.A., Hamilton College; M.A., Syracuse University; Ph.D .,' University of Illinois. JG eorge P. Cuttino , Associate Professor of History (on a joint appointment with Bryn Mawr College) ............................................................. 506 Ogden Avenue B.A., Swarthmore College; M.A., University of Iowa; D.Phil., University of Oxford. R obert H. D u n n , Associate Professor of Physical Education for Men, 811 Westdale Avenue B.S., Temple University. W. C. E lmore, Associate Professor of Physics . . . .Baltimore Pike, R. D. 3, Media B.S., Lehigh University; Ph.D., Yale University. Lewis -H. E lverson, Associate Professor of Physical Education for Men, 519 Walnut Lane B.S., University of Pennsylvania. E. J. Faulkner , Associate Professor of Physical Education for Men, 235 Dickinson Avenue t J ames A. Field , J r ., Associate Professor of H isto ry ...........................7 Crum Ledge B.S., M.A., and Ph.D., Harvard University. Launce J. F lemister , J r ., Associate Professor of Zoology, Rogers Lane and Plush Mill Road, Wallingford B.S., M.A. and Ph.D., Duke University. D uncan G raham F oster, Associate Professor of Chem istry............ 15 Crest Lane B.A. and M.A., Harvard University; Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University, tM ilan W. G arrett, Associate Professor of Physics . . 336 North Princeton Avenue B.A. and M.A., Leland Stanford Junior University; B.A. and D.Phil., Uni­ versity of Oxford. W alter B. K eighton , J r ., Associate Professor of C hem istry___ 311 Cedar Lane B.A., Swarthmore College; Ph.D., Princeton University. L uzern G. Livingston , Associate Professor of Botany, 422 Highland Avenue, Morton B.S., Lawrence College; Ph.D., University of Wisconsin. N orman A. M einkoth , Associate Professor of Zoology . . . .835 Harvard Avenue B. of Ed., Southern Illinois Teachers College; M.S. and Ph.D., University of Illinois. Frank C. Pierson , Associate Professor of Economics.............. 740 Ogden Avenue B.A., Swarthmore College; Ph.D., Columbia University. J o h n H imes P itm an , Associate Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy, 328 Vassar Avenue B.A. and M.A., Swarthmore College. W illiam C. H. Prentice , Associate Professor of Psychology . . . . 1 Whittier Place B.A., Swarthmore College; M.A. and Ph.D., Harvard University. ♦V irginia Rath , Associate Professor of Physical Education for Women, T55 Yale Avenue B.A., Hollins College; M.A., Columbia University. W illiam E. Reaser, Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering, 2 Crum Ledge B.S. in M.E., M.E., Lafayette College; M.S. in M.E., Lehigh University. **K arl Reuning , Associate Professor of German . . . .211 South Swarthmore Avenue Dr. Phil., University of Giessen. W alter J. Scott , Associate Professor of Z o o lo g y.......... 306 North Chester Road Ph.B., Lafayette College; Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania. r t Absent on leave. * Absent on leave, Fall Semester. * * Absent on leave, Spring Semester. 13 James D. Sorbeé, Associate Professor of Spanish and Director of Musical Activities, 404 Walnut Lane B.A., Lehigh University; M.A., University of Nebraska. W illis J. Stetson , Associate Professor of Physical Education for Men and Director of Athletics ............................................. 144 North Highland Road, Springfield B.A., Swarthmore College; M.A., University of Pennsylvania. ^F rederick B. T olles, Associate Professor of History and Librarian of the Friends Historical L ibrary.................................Huntington Library, San Marino 9, Cal. B.A., M.A., Ph.D., Harvard University. Robert M. W alker , Associate Professor of Fine A r t s ...................6 Whittier .Place B.A. and M.F.A., Princeton University; Ph.D., Harvard University. JH ans W allach , Associate Professor of Psychology.............. 805 Harvard Avenue Dr. Phil., University of Berlin. J N eal A...W eber , Associate Professor of Z o o lo g y...................................West House B.A. and M.S., University of North Dakota; M.A. and Ph.D., Harvard Uni­ versity. Leon W encelius , Associate Professor of F rench............................. 6 Crum Ledge D. es L., University of Paris; L.Th., University of Strasbourg; Th.D., Union Theological Seminary. A ssistant P rofessors E lisa A sensio , Assistant Professor of Spanish, Oakley Road and Railroad Avenue, Haverford MA.., Middlebury College. D ennison Bancroft , Assistant Professor of P hysics.............. 733 Harvard Avenue B.A., Amherst College; Ph.D., Harvard University. M onroe C. B eardsley, Assistant Professor of Philosophy.............. 1 Crum Ledge B.A. and' Ph.D., Yale University. H ilde D. Co h n , Assistant Professor of G erm an...................... 805 Harvard Avenue Dr. Phil., University of Heidelberg. JOSEPH D. Conard, Assistant Professor of Economics . . ........ .... . 132/Park Avenue B.A., Grinnell College; M.A., University of California. Carol F. Creedon , Assistant Professor of Psychology .............915 Harvard Avenue B.A., and Ph.D., University of California. +BrIice D earing , Assistant Professor of English .................................3 Crum Ledge B.A., Allegheny College; M.A. and Ph.D., University of Iowa. Edward A. F eh nel , Assistant Professor of Chemistry . . . .317 North Chester Road B.S., M.A. and Ph.D., Lehigh University. Roderick Firth , Assistant Professor of Philosophy.......... 302 North Chester Road B.S., Haverford College; M.A. and Ph.D., Harvard University. C. J ustjjs G arrahan , Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering, 301 College Avenue B.S., and M.S., University of Pennsylvania. H enry G leitman , Assistant Professor of Psychology.............. Swarthmore College B.S., City College of New York; Ph.D., University of California. **F redric S. K lees, Assistant Professor of E nglish...................................The Damsite B.A., Bowdoin College. Laurence D. Lafore , Assistant Professor of History . . . . . . . . .506 Ogden Avenue B.A., Swarthmore College; M.A., Ph.D., Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. Roy F. Linsenmeyer , Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, 555 Sheffield Drive, Springfield, Pa. B.S. in C.E., University of Pittsburgh; M.S.E., University of Michigan. P eter M adison, Assistant Professor of Psychology...............................4 Crum Ledge B.S., University of Oregon; M.A., Harvard University. G erard J. M angone , Assistant Professor of Political Science . .317 N. Chester Road B.A., College of the City of New York; M.A. and Ph.D., Harvard University. t Absent on leave, 1950-51. * * Absent on leave, Spring Semester. 14 J o h n I. M ichaels , J r., Assistant Professor of Political Science (on joint appoint­ ment with Bryn Mawr and Haverford Colleges) ___ 317 North Chester Road B.A., University of Wichita; M.A., Ohio State University. Irene M oll , Assistant Professor of Physical Education for Women, 805 Harvard Avenue B.S. in Ed., University of Kansas; M.A., Texas State College for Women. Bernard M orrill, Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering, 915 Harvard Avenue B.S. in M.E., Massachusetts Institute of Technology; M.M.E., University of Delaware. Charles W! N ew lin , Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, 204 Sunnybrook Road, Springfield, Pa. B.C.E., Rose Polytechnic Institute; M.S., Harvard University. H elen F. N orth , Assistant Professor of Classics.......................120 S. Chester Road B.A., M.A., Ph.D., Cornell University. M ay E. P arry, Assistant Professor of Physical Education for Women, Swarthmore Apartments B.A., Swarthmore College; B.S., Temple University. H edley H. Rhys, Assistant Professor of Pine Arts _____ 120 South Chester Road B.A., West Virginia University; M.A., Harvard University. M urray S. Stedman , J r ., Assistant Professor of Political Science . . 3 Crum Ledge B.A., Williams College; M.A. and Ph.D., Columbia University. ■(■Theodore H. von Laue , Assistant Professor of H istory.....................5 Crum Ledge B.A. and Ph.D., Princeton University. ♦W illis D. W eatherford, Assistant Professor of Economics, 805 Harvard Avenue B.A., Vanderbilt University; B.D., Yale University; M.A., Harvard University. St e ph en E. W hicher , Assistant Professor of E n g lish .................. 5 W hittier Place B.A., Amherst College; M.A., Columbia University; Ph.D., Harvard Unversity. M erton J. W illis , Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering . .915 Harvard Avenue B.C.E., University of Washington; M.S., Cornell University. I rma W olpe , Assistant Professor (part-time) of Music, 39th and Chestnut Streets, Philadelphia Certificate and Diploma of the Institute Jaques Dalcroze, Geneva. ♦P aul N . Y lvisaker, Assistant Professor of Political Science . . . .8B Whittier Place S.B., Mankato State Teachers College; M.P.A. and Ph.D., Harvard University. I nstructors K urt K. Bohnsack -, Instructor in B io lo g y......................... 302 North Chester Road B.S., Ohio. University; M.S., University of Michigan. J o h n W. C hapm an , Instructor in Political Science.................... 8B Whittier Place B.A., Swarthmore College. D avid Cowden , Instructor in E n g lish ................................. 302 North Chester Road B.A., Swarthmore College; M.A. and Ph.D., Harvard University. J oanne E lliott , Instructor in Mathematics...................................519 Walnut Lane B.A., Brown University; M.A. and Ph.D., Cornell University. H elen M. H all , Instructor (part-time) in E n g lish .............. 607 Hillborn Avenue B.A., Wellesley College; M.A., Swarthmore College; Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania. W illiam H ordern, Instructor in Religion .........................317 North Chester Road B.A., University of Saskatchewan; B.D., St. Andrew’s; S.T.M. and Th.D., Union Theological Seminary. Samuel L. H ynes, Instructor in English ........................................ 519 Walnut Lane B.A., University of Minnesota; M.A., Columbia University. O lga Lamkert , Instructor in Russian ............................................. 315 Cedar Lane Diploma, Demidoff Teachers Training College, Russia. t Absent on leave, 1950-51. * Absent on leave, Fall Semester. 15 Barbara P earson Lange , Director of Dramatics and Instructor (part-time) in English ............................................................................................319 Cedar Lane Robert W. M erriam , Instructor in Electrical Engineering . 307 North Chester Road B.S. and M.A., Harvard University. P h ilip C. P rager, Instructor in Mechanical Engineering, 91 Lownes Lane, Springfield B.S. in M.E., University of Pittsburgh. N evin A. Schall , Instructor in Economics.................................Swarthmore College B.A.,' Pennsylvania State College; M.B.A., University of Pennsylvania. Erna F. Schneider , Instructor (part-time) in Philosophy . . . .835 Harvard Avenue B.A., Wellesley College. Em il J. Slowinski, J r ., Instructor in Chem istry.......................805 Harvard Avenue B.A., University of Massachusetts; Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Tech­ nology. J o h n L. T eall , Instructor in H isto ry........................................... Swarthmore College B.A. and M.A., Yale University. J eanne T heis , Instructor in F rench..................................... 120 South Chester Road B.A., Swarthmore College. Rush E. W elter , Instructor in History ................. ................805 Harvard Avenue B.A., M.A., and Ph.D., Harvard University. L ecturers and A ssistants A lice Brodhead, Lecturer in Psychology and Education, 227 N. Swarthmore Avenue B.S. and M.A. University of Pennsylvania. Sarah F lemister , Lecturer (part-time) in Biology, Rogers Lane and Plush Mill Road, Wallingford B.A., M.A. and Ph.D., Duke University. P h ilip E. J acob, Lecturer in Political Science.......... 14 South Swarthmore Avenue B.A., Yale University; M.A., University of Pennsylvania; Ph.D., Princeton University. Captain W endell P. Roop , Research Consultant in Civil Engineering, Anchorage Farm, Sewell, N. J. U.S.N., Retired. Robert F leischer , Research Associate in Astronomy ....................... West House B.S., M.A., Ph.D., Harvard University. Sarah Lee Lippincott , Research Associate in Astronomy . . 120 South Chester Road B.A., University of Pennsylvania; M.A., Swarthmore College. R obert Bach , Assistant in Physical Education for Men, 25 North State Road, Upper Darby B.A., Dartmouth College; M.A., University of Pennsylvania. Avery B lake , Assistant in Physical Education for M e n .......... 49 Amherst Avenue A. W ayne Conger , Observer (part-time) in Astronomy, Brooke Hall, Baltimore Pike and Lemon Street, Media JULIA E. D amkoehler , Assistant in A stronom y.................... . . . 4 0 3 Park Avenue B.A., Smith College. J ames J. M cA doo, Assistant in Physical Education, for Men, 513 East Bringhurst Street, Germantown J ames H. M iller , Assistant in Physical Education for Men, 834 Seventh Avenue, Prospect Park M.S., University of Pennsylvania. J anet Scantlebury , Assistant in Physical Education for Women, 1'414 Pine Street, Philadelphia H oward D. Sipler , Assistant in Physical Education for Men, 318 Dartmouth Avenue B.A., Swarthmore College. P aul Stofko , Assistant in Physical Education for Men, 1008 Hempstead Road, Pennfield Downs, Havertown F lorence W ilcox , Director of Arts and C ra fts.........................510 Ogden Avenue B.A., Ohio Wesleyan University; M.A., University of Pennsylvania. 16 D I. iv is io n s an d D epartm en ts Division of the Humanities—L. R. Shero, Chairman. Classics, L. R. Shero , Chairman. English, P h ilip M. H icks, Chairman. Fine Arts, R obert M. W alker, Chairman. History, M ary Albertson , Chairman. Modern Languages, Edith P hilips , Chairman. Music, A lfred J. Sw an , Chairman. Philosophy and Religion, Richard B. Brandt, Chairman. Psychology and Education, Richard S. Crutchfield , Chairman. II. Division of the Social Sciences— Frank C. P ierson , Chairman. Economics, Clair W ilcox , Chairman. History, M ary A lbertson, Chairman. Philosophy and Religion, Richard B. Brandt, Chairman. Political Science, J. Roland P ennock , Chairman. Psychology and Education, Richard S. Crutchfield , Chairman. III. Division of Mathematics and the Natural Sciences— Robert K. Enders, Chairman. Biology, Robert K. E nders, Chairman. Chemistry, Edward H. Cox , Chairman. Electrical Engineering, H oward M. J enkins , Chairman. Mathematics and Astronomy, Arnold D resden, Chairman. Physics, W illiam C. Elmore , Chairman. Psychology, Richard S. Crutchfield , Chairman. IV. Division of Engineering—J o h n D. M c Crumm , Chairman. Civil Engineering, Samuel T. Carpenter , Chairman. Electrical Engineering, H oward M. J enkins , Chairman. Mechanical Engineering, W illiam E. R easer, Chairman. Chemistry, Edward H. Cox, Chairman. Mathematics, A rnold D resden , Chairman. Physics, W illiam C. E lmore, Chairman. 17 St a n d in g C o m m it t e e s o f th e Fa c u lty 1951-52 Brinkmann, Chairman. Bancroft, Carpenter, Cobbs, Crutchfield, Hunt, Moore, Philips. academic requirements : ( m e n ) : Hunt, Chairman. Cobbs, Elverson, Foster, Moore, Prentice, Reaser, Shane, Stott, Ylvisaker. admissions ( w o m en ) : Cobbs, Chairman. Beardsley, Beik, Colbron, Hunt, Meinkoth. admissions Stetson, Chairman. Beik, Carpenter, Faulkner, Rath, Reaser, Scott, Thatcher, with Charles C. M athletics : Becker, Chairman. Beik, Colbron, Creedon, Keighton, Stott, Willis. awards and prizes : Firth, Chairman. Meinkoth, Shane, Sorber, W. Wood. collection : Lafore, Chairman. Brandt, Elmore, Pierson, Rhys, Swan, van de Kamp. cooper foundation : L. Flemister, Chairman. Bancroft, Becker, Beik, Carpenter, Carruth, Conard, Jenkins, Moore. curriculum : Brinkmann, Chairman. Crutchfield, Fehnel, Fraser, Lafore, Linsenmeyer, E. Wright. swarthmore fellow ships : Prentice, Chairman. Albertson, Cobbs, Cohn, Foster, Hunt, Stott. fellowships from other institutions : Nason, Chairman. Becker, Cdbbs, Enders, Hunt, McCrumm, Pierson, Shero. instruction : Whicher, Chairman. Baer, Firth, Foster, Gleitman, Lafore, Rhys, Shaw. library : van de Kamp, Chairman. Albertson, Crutchfield, Jenkins, Whicher. master of arts : Meinkoth, Chairman. Bowie, Keighton, Livingston, Prentice. pre -medical program : Brinkmann, Chairman. Bancroft, Garrahan, Pierson, Moore, Shero, Walker. schedule of classes: Hunt, Chairman. Cobbs, Colbron, Conard, Lafore, Prentice, Stott, Ylvisaker. student affairs : Jenkins, Chairman. Livingston, North, Reuning. travel allowance : SECRETARY TO THE FACULTY: Jenkins. 18 Administrative Officers and Assistants P r esid en t ’s O f fic e President, J o h n W. N ason , B.A., Carleton College; B.A., University of Oxford; M.A., Harvard University; LL.D., University of Pennsylvania, Carleton Col­ lege; Litt. D., Muhlenberg College, Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital of Philadelphia. Secretaries, J anet G. Bourne , E lsa P almer J enkins , B.A., Swarthmore College. V ic e -P resid en ts ’ O ffic e Vice-President—Financial Operation and Control, Edward K. Cratsley. B.A., College of Wooster; M.B.A. and D.C.S., Harvard University. Vice-President—Public Relations and Alumni Affairs, J oseph B. Sha n e . B.A., Swarthmore College; M.A., University of Pennsylvania. Secretary, Elizabeth S. M icheals, B.A., Dickinson College. D e a n s ’ O ffic es Deans: Susan P. Cobbs, B.A., Randolph-Macon Woman’s College; M.A., New York University; Ph.D., University of Chicago. E verett L. H unt , B.A., Huron College; M.A., University of Chicago; D.Litt., Huron College. Associate Deans: *J o h n M. M oore , B.A., Park College; B.D., Union Theological Seminary; M.A., Harvard University; Ph.D., Columbia University. Barbara Colbron , B.A., Bryn Mawr College. Assistant Dean: G ilmore Stott , B.A. and M.A., University of Cincinnati; B.A. and M.A., Oxford University; M.A. and Ph.D., Princeton University. Head Residents in Dormitories: M argaret Clark N eal, Parrish Hall; B.A., Vassar College; R.N., Massa­ chusetts General Hospital. Sara M. Little , Worth Dormitory; B.A., Smith College. J ean O rton Rhys, Palmer Hall. H elen C. Bowie , Pittenger Hall; B.A., University of Colorado. Barbara Colbron , Roberts Hall; B.A., Bryn Mawr College. Secretaries to the Deans: H elene M. D avis. M yrtle R. K eeny , B.A., Dickinson College. M ary W . Ricksecker . Frances W ills Slaugh , B.A., Swarthmore College. R egistrar ’s O f fic e Registrar, *J o h n M. M oore, B.A., Park College; B.D., Union Theological Seminary; M.A., Harvard University; Ph.D., Columbia University. Acting Registrar, H einrich Brinkm ann , B.A., Leland Stanford Junior University; M.A. and Ph.D., Harvard University. Secretaries, M ildred T. W alichuck , B.A., Bucknell University. D orothy C. A llen . * Absent on leave, Fall Semester. 19 L ib r a r y St a ff College Library Librarian: Charles B. Shaw , B.A., M.A., and L.H.D., Clark University. Technical Services Librarian: M artha A. Connor , B.S., M.A., University of Pennsylvania; B.S. in L.S., Drexel Institute. Assistant Librarians: Cataloging: E lizabeth L. H arrar, B.A., University of Delaware; M.A., University of Pennsylvania; B.S. in L.S., Drexel Institute. E lizabeth S. Sharpless, B.A., Swarthmore College; B.S., in L.S., Drexel Institute. Order and Binding: C atherine J. Sm ith , B.A., Swarthmore College; B.S. in L.S., Drexel Institute. Clerical Assistants: E lizabeth Collins , Frances Fredrick Readers Services Librarian: H oward H . W illiams, B.A., Lake Forest College; M.A., and B.S. in L.S., Columbia University. Assistant Librarians: Circulation: D oris Beik , B.A., and B.S. in L.S., New York State College for Teachers. Periodicals: M ary G. T ait , B.A., Wells College; B.S. in L.S., Drexel In­ stitute. Reference and Circulation: D avid P eele , B.S., Swarthmore College; B.L.S., Western Reserve University. Circulation Assistant: G enevieve, May, B.A., Juniata College. Curator of the John William Graham Collection of Literature of Psychic Science: S. Rowland M organ. Friends Historical Library Librarian, IF rederick B. T olles, B.A., M.A., and Ph.D., Harvard University. Acting Librarian: D orothy G. H arris, B.A., Wellesley College; B.S. in L.S., Drexel Institute. Assistant Librarian: Lyman W. Riley , B.A., Oberlin College; B.D., Chicago Theological Seminary; M.A., University of Oklahoma. Cataloger: M ildred H irsh , B.S. in L.S., Columbia University. Secretary: E lizabeth L. M angelsdorf, B.A., Swarthmore College. Swarthmore College Peace Collection: Curator: M ary G. Cary, B.A., Bryn Mawr College;' M.A., University of Pennsylvania; B.S. in L.S., Drexel Institute. Assistant: Barbara V an T uyl M olstad, B.A., Carleton College; B.S., Sim­ mons College. Field Representative: E llen Starr Brinton . B usiness M anager ’s O ffice Business Manager, Charles G. T hatcher , B.A., Swarthmore College, M.E., Cornell University; M.M.E., Johns Hopkins University. Accountant, G. Caroline Shero , B.A., Swarthmore College; M.B.A., University of Pennsylvania. Bookkeeper, E lizabeth R. H irst. Assistants, G race R. Babbitt, Sylvia J. Scott . Purchasing Agent, A lvin R. Carney . Secretaries, E lizabeth L. J acobs, B.A., Swarthmore College; G ertrude G erould . Manager of Bookstore, J ean M. Sorber. Stenographic Staff, M arian Ransburg. Postmistress, N ancy Lewis. Switchboard Operators, A yme G osman , K athryn G oldsmith , Edna Corson . f Absent on leave. 20 H ouse D i r e c t o r ’s O f f ic e Acting House Director, Sara M. Little , B.A., Smith College. Assistant to the House Director, K athryn A. D avisson. Su per in ten d en t ’s O ffice Superintendent and Head Gardener, H arry W ood. Director of Arthur Hoyt Scott Horticultural Foundation, J o h n C. W ister, B.A., Harvard University, D.Sc., Swarthmore College. Consulting Engineer, A ndrew Simpson , B.A., Swarthmore College; M.S., Cornell University. Assistants to the Superintendent, C lifford R enshaw , Sr ., Arlington A ckerman . Secretaries, V eronica Sullivan , Francis K avanagh. D ietitian ’s O ffice Dietitian, R uth E. Carr, B.S., Simmons College. Assistant Dietitian, H ilda H opkins Sm ith , B.S„ Simmons College. A lu m n i O ffice Assistant, K athryn Bassett. Alumni Recorder, E lnora Cox Swartz . F und O ffice Director, H arriet M. W elsh . Secretary, H arriet G ilbert . P ublicity O ffice Director, G eorge A. T est, B.A., Swarthmore College; M.A., University of Pennsyl­ vania. H ealth Service Physician, M orris A. Bowie , B.A., University of Colorado; M.D., Harvard Uni­ versity. Consulting Psychiatrists: Leon J. Saul , B.A. and M.A., Columbia University; M.D., Harvard University. J. W. Lyons, B.A., University of Scranton; M.D., University of Pennsylvania. Nurses: A nn e A ustin , R.N., Blanche D evereux, R.N., R egina L. H oltzman , R.N., Camille J ones , R.N. H onorary C urators o f t h e Biddle M emorial Library Frank A y d e l o t t e ......................................................... 88 Battle Road, Princeton, N. J. Clem ent M. Biddle ...................P. O. Box 743, Church Street Station, New York 8 La V erne F o r b u s h ........................................... 5014 Embla Avenue, Baltimore 10, Md. J ames R. Fr o r e r ................................................... Weldin Road, Wilmington 284, Del. H annah C lothier H ull ............................................... 504 Walnut Lane, Swarthmore J esse M erritt ............................................................................................ Farmingdale, L. I. Louis N. Ro b in s o n ....................................................... 411 College Avenue, Swarthmore J ane P. R ushmore ........................................................................................ Riverton, N . J. 21 In tr o d u c tio n T o SWARTHMORE COLLEGE Introduction to Swarthmore C ollege Swarthmore College, founded in 1864 by members of the Religious Society of Friends, is a small co-educational college situated twelve miles southwest of Philadelphia. In accordance with the traditions of its Quaker background, Swarthmore students are expected to prepare themselves for full, wellrounded lives as individuals and as responsible citizens through exacting in­ tellectual study supplemented by a varied program of sports and extra­ curricular activities. The college campus contains about 250 acres of rolling wooded land in the borough of Swarthmore in Delaware County, Pennsylvania. The borough of Swarthmore is a small residential suburb within half an hour’s commuting distance of Philadelphia on the West Chester branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Situated near the intersection of U. S. Route 1 (Baltimore Pike) and Pennsylvania State Highway 320, Swarthmore i$ easily accessible by car.* Because of its location, Swarthmore College students are able to combine the advantages of a semi-rural setting with the opportunities offered by Philadelphia. Especially valuable is the cooperation possible with three other nearby institutions, Bryn Mawr and Haverford Colleges and the Uni­ versity of Pennsylvania. O bjectives and P urposes The purpose of Swarthmore College is to make its students more valu­ able human beings and more useful members of society. It shares this purpose with other educational institutions, for American education is a direct outgrowth of our democratic principles. Democracy is based on the infinite worth of each individual. It can operate successfully only when men are willing to seek together a common good. It depends upon knowl­ edge and understanding of the complex problems of modern society. The debt of our educational system to democracy is equalled only by the debt of democracy to education. W hile a common purpose underlies all American education, each school and college and university seeks to realize that purpose in its own way. Each must select those tasks it can do best. Only in this way can it be most effective. Only by such selection can it contribute to the diversity and richness of educational opportunity which is a part of the American heritage and the American strength. T h e R eligious T radition Swarthmore College was founded by the Religious Society of Friends and it seeks to illuminate the life of its students with the spiritual principles of * To reach the college, motorists should turn off U. S. Route 1 to State Highway 320 in the direc­ tion of Chester and continue south along Chester Road in the borough of Swarthmore about half a mile until reaching College Avenue. There a, right turn is made to the college campus. 24 that Society. Although it has been non-sectarian in control since the begin­ ning of the present century and although the children of Friends are in a minority, the college seeks to preserve the religious tradition out of which it sprang. The essence of Quakerism is the individual’s responsibility for seeking truth and for applying whatever truth he believes he has found. As a way of life, it emphasizes hard work, simple living, and generous giving; personal integrity, social justice, and the peaceful settlement of disputes. The college does not seek to impose on its students this Quaker view of life, or any other specific set of convictions about the nature of things and the duty of man. It does, however, have the two-fold aim of encouraging conscious concern about such questions t and unceasing re-examination of any view which may be held regarding them. That is the kind of ethical and religious character which Swarthmore seeks to develop. During recent months a special joint committee of the Board of Managers, the faculty, and the students has been working on ways to apply and to make effective the Quaker concerns of the college in the present world situation. One result of its labors thus far is the provision for a field of concentration in International Relations, outlined on page 107 below. T h e Com m u n ity L ife Swarthmore is a small college by deliberate policy. Its enrollment in normal years is about 850 students, of whom about 400 are women and 450 are men. It is semi-rural in location, residential and co-educational in character. These features create an ideal environment for personal growth. Co-education provides the most natural environment for both men and women, who in their common work and play come to value each other for their true worth. Almost all of the students live in the college dormitories and eat together in the dining rooms. A large number of faculty houses are within campus boundaries, making it possible for students to have valu­ able social contacts with their professors outside the classroom. The resi­ dential character is the basis for a community life in which the ideals of the college influence every member. Growth in emotional maturity, necessary both for personal satisfaction and for effective action, is an integral part of the total educational program. For this reason the college encourages a wide variety of extra-curricular activities. Participation in sports has many values, social as well as indi­ vidual. Membership in student organizations is important. In practising parliamentary procedure and in facing the victories and defeats of elective office, students learn to live together, ironing out the clash of personalities and the friction of different views. They learn the effectiveness of enthus­ iasm and the frustration of indifference. They learn to soften their un­ 25 critical intolerance as they struggle to live successfully together. They learn the meaning of responsibility as they become responsible for their activities. T h e Educational P rogram Swarthmore’s educational program is based on the philosophy that selfdiscovery and self-development are more valuable than the simple demon­ strative method of teaching. Therefore, whenever it is possible, students are encouraged to make their own analyses, based on original source material or on laboratory experiments. Believing also that a liberal education is based on knowledge of many areas of human experience, the college requires that freshmen and sopho­ mores take a wide variety of courses. This plan allows them to test their ability in subjects they have already studied and to explore new fields. By the end of their sophomore year, students are expected to make two de­ cisions: first, what their field of concentration will be for the last two years; and second, whether they prefer to take "honors work” or to continue their study in regular courses. Honors work, more fully described on pages 54 to 56, is a method of study open to juniors and seniors who have shown independence and re­ sponsibility in their academic work. They are freed from classroom routine and meet with their instructors in small weekly seminar groups for dis­ cussion and evaluation of their work. Since an honors student pursues only one major and one related minor subject during a semester, this system facilitates greater concentration and greater independence than is possible under the usual academic routine. The development of the "honors” or seminar method was begun under President Aydelotte in 1922, and because of its success, it has been widely imitated in other institutions. A cademic Com petence Democracy demands a broad base of intelligent understanding of issues. It also necessitates a high order of excellence in those who are destined to become its leaders. Swarthmore can best serve society by the maintenance of high standards. It is peculiarly fitted by tradition and performance for this essential role, and it is precisely this readiness to do a particular job well that gives the College its value in the educational mosaic of American democracy. Education is largely an individual matter, for no two students are exactly alike. Some need detailed help, while others profit from considerable freedom. The program of honors study, in which Swarthmore pioneered, is designed to give recognition to this fact. It is the most distinctive feature of our educational program. For many students it provides an enriching and exciting intellectual experience. It has as its main ingredients freedom from class work, maximum latitude for the development of individual 26 responsibility, concentrated work in broad fields of study, and close associa­ tion with faculty members in small seminars. The honors program and the course program are parallel systems of instruction for students during their last two years. Both are designed to evoke the maximum effort and develop­ ment from each student, the choice of method being determined by individ­ ual need and capacity. A college is never static. Its purposes and policies are always changing to meet new demands and new conditions. The founders of Swarthmore would find in it today many features they never contemplated when they shaped the College in the middle of the nineteenth century. Swarthmore, if it is to remain alive, must be forever changing. And many people are continually engaged in shaping its destiny—the Board of Managers, administrktion, faculty, students, alumni, parents, and the community as a whole. The goal is to achieve for each generation, by means appropriate to the times, that unique contribution and that standard of excellence which have been the guiding ideals of Swarthmore from its founding. 27 Admission Inquiries concerning admission and applications should be addressed to the Deans of the College: from men, to Dean Everett L. Hunt; from women, to Dean Susan P. Cobbs. G e n e r a l St a t e m e n t In the selection of students the college seeks those qualities of character, social responsibility, and intellectual capacity which it is primarily concerned to develop. It seeks them, not in isolation, but as essential elements in the whole personality of candidates for admission. In the competition for admission preference is given to the children of Friends and alumni who can meet the requirements. It is also the policy of the college to have the student body represent not only different parts of the United States but many foreign countries, both public and private secondary schools, and various economic, social, religious, and racial groups. Selection is important and difficult. N o simple formula will be effective. The task is to select those who give real promise of distinction in the quality of their personal lives, in service to the community, or in leadership in their chosen fields. Swarthmore College must choose its students on the basis of their individual future worth to society and of their collective realization of the purpose of the college. Admission to the freshman class is, normally based upon the satisfactory completion of a four-year program preparatory to advanced liberal study. Applicants are selected on the following evidence: 1. Record in secondary school; 2. Recommendation of the school principal or headmaster and of others who know the applicant; 3. Ratings in the Scholastic Aptitude Test and in three Achievement Tests of the College Entrance Examination Board. In some cases, special tests may be given by the college. 4. Personal interview with one of the Deans or an appointed representa­ tive. 5. Reading and experience, both in school and out. Applicants must have satisfactory standing in school, and in aptitude and achievement tests, and should show strong intellectual interests. They should also give evidence of sturdiness of character, promise of growth, initiative, seriousness of purpose, and a sense of social responsibility. As future mem­ bers of the college community, they should represent varied interests, types, and backgrounds. 28 Pre p a r a t io n Applicants are urged to make their choice of college as early as possible in order to plan the work of their school years with the assistance of the Committees on Admission. In general, preparation should include: 1 . Skills: The following skills are essential to success in college work and should be brought to a high level by study and practice through­ out the preparatory period: a. The use of the English language with accuracy and effectiveness in reading, writing, and speaking. b. The use of the principles of arithmetic, algebra, and plane geometry. c. The use of one, or preferably of two, foreign languages to the point of reading prose of average difficulty at sight, and of writing and speaking with some ease and proficiency. 2. Subjects: All, or almost all, of the preparatory course should be com­ posed of the subjects listed in the following four groups. Variations of choice and emphasis are acceptable although some work should be taken in each group. History and Social Studies: American, English, European, and ancient history; political, social, and economic problems of modern society. Literature and A rt: American, English, and foreign literature, ancient and modern; music, art, architecture. Natural Science and Mathematics: chemistry, physics, biology, astron­ omy; algebra, geometry, trigonometry. A college major in science or engineering presupposes substantial work in algebra, in plane and, if possible, solid geometry, and in trigonometry. Languages: English, Latin, Greek, German, French, Spanish, other European or Oriental languages. Applicants who expect to major in science are strongly advised to include German and, if possible, French in their school programs. A pplications and Examinations Applications must be filed in the office of the Deans by February 15 of the year in which the candidate wishes to be admitted. An application fee of $5.00, which is not refundable, is required of all candidates. All applicants for admission are required to take the Scholastic Aptitude Test and three Achievement Tests given by the College Entrance Examina­ tion Board. The Achievement Test in English Composition is required of all candi­ dates; the other two Achievement Tests are chosen by the candidate from 29 two different fields. Candidates for enginering must take the test in Ad­ vanced Mathematics. In 1951-52 these tests will be given in various centers throughout this country and abroad on December 1, January 12, March 15, May 17 and August 13. Applicants are normally expected to take the required tests in March of their Senior year. Scholarship candidates are urged to take the Scholastic Aptitude Test in December or January, and other applicants may do so if they wish. Those who wish to take the tests fo r practice at the end of the Junior year are encouraged to do so. All such applicants must repeat the tests in their Senior year, however, in order to give themselves the advantage of maximum preparation. Application to take the tests should be made directly to the College Entrance Examination Board, Box 592, Princeton, New Jersey. A bulletin of information may be obtained without charge from the Board. Students who wish to take the tests in any of the following western states, territories, and Pacific areas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming, Alaska, Hawaii, Al­ berta, British Columbia, Mexico, Australia, and all Pacific Islands including Formosa and Japan, should address their inquiries and send their applica­ tions to the College Entrance Examination Board, Box 9896, Los Feliz Station, Los Angeles 27, California. Application should be made to the Board at least a month before the date on which the test will be taken. No additional tests are required of candidates for scholarships. They must, however, write for a special application blank at least two weeks in advance of the date on which applications for admission are due. Informa­ tion concerning scholarships will be found on pages 33 to 39. Notices of the action of the Admissions Committee will be mailed about May 1. Advanced Standing For favorable consideration, applicants for advanced standing must have had a good scholastic record in the institution from which they wish to transfer, and must present full credentials for both college and preparatory work and a letter of honorable dismissal. They must take the College Ability Test given by the College Entrance Examination Board on the dates mentioned in the preceding section. As a general rule, students are not admitted to advanced standing later than the beginning of the sophomore year. Four terms of study at Swarthmore College constitute the minimum requirement for a degree, two of which must be those of the senior year. 30 Expenses Charges per academic year of two semesters: Board, room, and tuition ......................................................... $1300* General fee ............................................................................. 100 Total charges ................................................................................. $1400 While a general charge for board, room and tuition is made, this may be divided into $650 for tuition and $650 for board and room. The general fee of $100 per year covers the costs of student health, library and laboratory fees, athletic fees, arts and crafts, and the support of several other extra curricular activities. An additional deposit of $25 per semester is required of each student, payable in advance, to cover incidental bills. Students may charge purchases at the college bookstore, and certain other charges agreed to by the Business Office. When this deposit has been exhausted a new one will be required immediately. Any unused balance is returned at the time of graduating or leaving college. One half of the total sum is due not later than Registration Day at the beginning of the fall semester. Bills are mailed before the opening of the current term. Payments should be made by check or draft to the order of Swarthmore College. A student is not a registered student at Swarthmore College, nor on any class roll, until his bill is paid. Correspondence about financial matters should be addressed to the Business Manager, Mr. Charles G. Thatcher. No reduction or refunding of tuition can be made on account of absence, illness, voluntary withdrawal, or dismissal from college. No reduction or refund will be made for failure to occupy the room assigned for a given term, nor is the general fee refundable. In case of absence or withdrawal from the college and provided due notice has been given in advance to the Business Manager, there will be a refund for board for any time in excess of six weeks. Exceptions will be made for students who are required by the draft to leave during the course of the academic year. In these cases tuition, general fee, board and room charges will be refunded on a pro rata basis. T he T uition P lan Many of the parents of students may wish to pay all tuition, fees, and residence charges on a monthly basis. It is now possible to arrange this * An advance deposit of $25 is required of all new students in order to reserve a place in college for the coming year. A similar deposit of $15 is required of returning students. These deposits are credited against the bill for tuition, board, and room. 31 under The Tuition Plan. The cost is four percent greater than when pay­ ments are made in cash in advance. Details of its operation will be furnished by the College with the first semester’s bill in September. A ccident and Sickness I nsurance The college makes available both accident and accident and sickness in­ surance to students through John C. Paige & Company of Boston, Massa­ chusetts. The accident coverage alone, which is strongly recommended for all students, is required of all students who participate in intercollegiate athletic activities. This coverage costs $ 6 .0 0 per year (12 months) for women and $12.00 for men. A combined accident and sickness policy is also available at an annual cost of $18.00 for women and $22.00 for men. Application forms are mailed to each student during the summer. 32 C lo th ie r M e m o r ia l Student Aid and Scholarships The college furnishes scholarships and financial assistance. to a sub­ stantial number of students from its general funds and from special en­ dowments. About fifty scholarships are awarded to freshmen each year. During the current academic year the college has budgeted more than $ 9 0 ,0 0 0 for scholarships. About one-quarter of that sum is provided by the en­ dowed scholarships listed below. The income from many of these endow­ ments is assigned each year to entering freshmen in accordance with the will of the donor and in his name. Where satisfactory records have been maintained these awards are normally renewed annually from the general funds of the College. Seniors who have had substantial aid may in some cases be asked to finance themselves in part from a College loan fund. All awards are based upon the college record, the financial need of the family as revealed in confidential statements to the Scholarship Committee, and the efforts of the student in earning his own expenses. All applica­ tions for scholarships are handled by the Committee on Admissions, and Scholarships and should be addressed to the Deans. G rants-in -aid, to a limited number, may be awarded to students- of average scholastic standing and financial need who could not earn all they need without serious detriment to their academic work. College Employment affords opportunity to earn money by regular work at current wage rates in one of the college offices, shops, laboratories or libraries. A student may hold a college job in addition to a scholarship or a grant-in-aid. The distribution of jobs among those authorized to hold them is made by the Student Employment office. Residents of the borough of Swarthmore often send requests for services to the college, which co­ operates in making these opportunities known to students. Last year over four hundred students secured work through this office. Many students earn from eight to ten dollars a week and still maintain an excellent scholastic standing. Scholarships for M en The G eorge F. Baker Scholarships. The George F. Baker Scholar­ ships, awarded for the first time in 1950, have been given to the college as part of a national scholarship program. They are the gift of the George F. Baker Foundation and will be awarded to four freshmen men each year. The actual amount of the scholarships, in part determined by financial need, will be a maximum of $1,200 for each year of the student’s college career. 33 Students will be chosen for these awards primarily on the basis of achieve­ ment and promise of leadership in business, government and the professions. O pen Scholarships for M en . Swarthmore College awards annually five four-year scholarships to men entering the freshman class. These scholarships, based on the general plan of the Rhodes Scholarships, are given to candidates who, in the opinion of the Committee of Award, ra n g highest in scholarship, character and personality. The amount of the annual award varies from $100 to $1000 according to the financial need of the winner. The Scott B. Lilly Scholarship, endowed by Jacob T. Schless of the Class of 1914 at Swarthmore College, was offered for the first time in 1950. This scholarship is in honor of a former distinguished Professor of En­ gineering and, therefore, students who plan to major in engineering will be given preference. The stipend will be a maximum of $900 a year for four years; the exact amount of the award will be determined by the financial needs of the winning applicant. The D onald R enwick Ferguson Scholarship, established by Mrs. Amy Baker Ferguson, in memory of her husband, Donald Renwick Ferguson, M.D., of the Class of 1912, who died during the Second World War, is awarded to a young man who is looking forward to the study of medicine. The scholarship will pay a maximum of $600. The A aron B. I vins Scholarship is awarded annually to a young man of the graduating class of Friends Central School, Overbrook, Philadelphia. It is awarded under the following conditions: The recipient must have been a student at Friends Central for at least two years, he must have good health, high grades, and must be the best all-around student in his class de­ sirous of entering Swarthmore College. This scholarship, awarded by the faculty of Friends Central School, and subject to the approval of Swarth­ more College, has a maximum value of $650. The T. H. D udley P erkins M emorial Scholarship is awarded annually to a young man selected by a committee of the faculty appointed by the President of the college for the purpose. The award having a maximum value of $500 will be made on the basis of qualities of manhood, force of character and leadership; literary and scholastic ability; physical vigor as shown by participation in out-of-doors sports or in other ways. The W illiam G. and M ary N. Serrill H onors Scholarship is a competitive Scholarship for Men, awarded to a candidate for admission to the college, based upon the general plan of thè Rhodes Scholarships. It is tenable for four years, subject to the maintenance of a high standing in college. The annual stipend is $375. Preference will be givn to men who are residents of Abington Township, including Jenkintown and Glenside, 34 Montgomery County, Pa., but if there is no outstanding candidate from this locality, the scholarship will be open to competition generally. The Sarah K aighn Cooper Scholarship, founded by Sallie K. Johnson in memory of her grandparents, Sarah Kaighn and Sarah Cooper, is awarded to a man in the Junior Class who is judged by the faculty to have had, since entering College, the best record for scholarship, character, and influence. The value of this scholarship is approximately $225 annually. Scholarships for W omen O pen Scholarships for W omen . Mr. and Mrs. Daniel S. White, of the Class of 1875, on the occasion of the Fiftieth Reunion of that class, established three open competitive scholarships for women, in the names of Howard White, Jr., Serena B. White, and Walter W. Green. These scholarships are given to candidates who, in the opinion of the Committee of Award, rank highest in scholarship, character and personality. The amount of the award varying from $100 to $ 1 0 0 0 is determined in the same way as the scholarships for men. The A lumnae Scholarship, established by the Philadelphia and New York Alumnae Clubs, is awarded on the same basis as the Open Scholarships. It is awarded for one year and has a maximum value of $5 0 0 . The A nnie Shoemaker Scholarship is granted annually to a young woman of the graduating class of Friends Central School, Overbrook, Phila­ delphia. The recipient must have been a student at Friends Central for at least two years, she must have good health, high grades, and must be the best all-around student in her class desirous of entering Swarthmore College. This scholarship, awarded by the faculty of Friends Central School, and subject to the approval of Swarthmore College, has a maximum value of $500. The G eorge K. and Sallie K. J ohnson F und provides $450 a year, to be used, at the discretion of the President of the College, in granting financial aid to young women during their senior year, it being the donor’s desire that the President must be satisfied that the applicant is fitted to become a desirable teacher. T he M ary Coates P reston Scholarship F und . A sum of money has been left by will of Elizabeth Coates, the annual interest of which will be about $450. This amount is given as a scholarship to a young woman student in Swarthmore College, preferably to a relative of the donor. The H arriet W. P aiste F und is limited by the following words from the donor’s will: "the interests to be applied annually to the education of female members of our Society of Friends (holding their Yearly Meeting at Fifteenth and Race Streets, Philadelphia) whose limited means would ex35 elude them from enjoying the advantages of an education at the college.” The value of this scholarship is approximately $350 annually. T he M ary T. Longstreth Scholarship was founded by Rebecca C. Longstreth in memory of her mother and is to be awarded annually "at the discretion of the President of the College to assist a young woman student to pursue her studies in the College.” The value of this scholarship is approximately $225 annually. The J essie Stevenson K ovalenko Scholarship F und , the gift of Michel Kovalenko in memory of his wife, provides an annual income of $225. This sum is to be awarded to a student, preferably a woman, who is in her junior or senior year and who is a major in astronomy, or to a graduate of the college, preferably a woman, for graduate work in astronomy at Swarthmore or elsewhere. The income of the K appa A lpha T heta Scholarship F und , given by members and friends of the Kappa Alpha Theta Fraternity at Swarthmore, is awarded annually to a woman student. The award amounts to approx­ imately $125 annually. One or more members of the fraternity who are on the Board of Managers serve on the Committee of Award. The M ary W ood F und provides approximately $65 a year and may be awarded to a young woman who is preparing to become a teacher. Scholarships O pen to M en and W omen The Edward Clarkson W ilson Scholarship. A scholarship with an annual value of $625 has been established at Swarthmore by friends of Edward Clarkson Wilson, ’91, formerly Principal of the Baltimore Friends School. It will be awarded each year to a former student of the Baltimore Friends School, who has been approved by the faculty of the school, on the basis of high character and high standing in scholarship. In any year when there is no outstanding candidate from the students of the Baltimore Friends School, the scholarship may be awarded to another young man or woman who shall meet the required standards and who is approved by the school faculty and the college. The Class of 1915 Scholarship F und was established on the occasion of the Twenty-fifth Reunion of the Class and provides an income of ap­ proximately $550. This sum is to be awarded either to freshmen or other students, with preference given to descendants of the members of the Class of 1915. The Business Manager, the Deans, and members of the Class of 1915 designated by Thomas B. McCabe shall constitute the Committee of Award. This Fund will become a part of the General Endowment of the College on Alumni Day, 1970. 36 The D aniel U nderhill Scholarship, given by Daniel Underhill ’94, in memory of his grandfather, Daniel Underhill, member of the first Board of Managers, provides $500 annually for a deserving student in need of financial aid. The Rachel W. H illborn Scholarship was founded by Anne Hillborn Philips of the Class of 1892 in memory of her mother, with the stipulation that the income shall go to a student in the junior or senior class who is studying for service in the international field. Preference will be given to a Friend or to one who intends to contribute to world under­ standing through diplomatic service, participation in some international government agency, the American Friends Service Committee, or similar activities. The annual income amounts to approximately $450. The Jonathan K. T aylor Scholarship, in accordance with the donor’s will, is awarded by the Board of Trustees of the Baltimore Monthly Meet­ ing of Friends. This scholarship is first open to descendants of the late Jonathan K. Taylor. Then, while preference is to be given to members of the Baltimore Yearly Meeting of Friends, it is not to be confined to them when suitable persons in membership cannot be found. The value of this scholarship is approximately $450 annually. The P hebe A nn a T horne F und provides an income of approximately $2250 for scholarships for students needing pecuniary assistance whose previous work has demonstrated their earnestness and their ability. This gift includes a clause of preference to those students who are members of the New York Monthly Meeting of Friends. These scholarships are awarded by the college under the regulations fixed by the board. The W estbury Q uarterly M eeting , N. Y., Scholarship, amounting to $250, is awarded annually by a committee of that Quarterly Meeting. The James E. M iller Scholarship. Under the will of Arabella M. Miller, who died Sixth Month 24th, 1922, the sum of $5,986 was awarded to the Cambridge Trust Company, Trustee under the will of James E. Miller, to be applied to scholarships in Swarthmore College. An annual income of approximately $200 is available and may be applied toward the payment of board and tuition of students of Delaware County (preference to be given to residents of Nether Providence Township) to be selected by Swarthmore College and approved by the Trustee. The Chi O mega Scholarship was established by members and friends of the Chi Omega Fraternity. The income provides an award of approx­ imately $225 annually to a member of the freshman class who is in definite need of financial aid. Preference is given to daughters or sons of members of the fraternity, but if in any year such a candidate does not apply, the committee will select a freshman woman to receive the award. Applications 37 should be sent to the Office of the Deans before January 1st of the year in which the award is to be made. A member designated by the Fraternity serves on the Committee of Award. The Presser M usic Scholarships, given by the Presser Foundation of Philadelphia, makes available one or more scholarships annually, amounting to $250 each, for those students whose special interests are in the field of music. The income from each of the following funds is awarded at the discretion of the college to students needing pecuniary aid: The Barclay G. A tkinson Scholarship F und . The R ebecca M. A tkinson Scholarship F und . The W illiam D orsey Scholarship F und . The G eorge Ellsler Scholarship F und . The J oseph E. G illingham F und . The T homas L. Leedom Scholarship F und . T he Sarah E. Lippincott Scholarship F und . The M ark E. Reeves Scholarship F und . The H elen Squier Scholarship F und . The M ary Sproul Scholarship F und . The J oseph T. Sullivan Scholarship F und . The D eborah F. W harton Scholarship F und . The T homas W oodnutt Scholarship F und . The Samuel W illets F und yields an income of approximately $4,300 annually, "to be applied to educate in part or in whole such poor and deserv­ ing children as the Committee on Trusts, Endowments and Scholarships of said college may from time to time judge and determine to be entitled thereto.” In addition to the above fund, Samuel Willets gave scholarships in the name of his children, Frederick W illets, Edward W illets, W alter W illets, and Caroline W. Frame. These scholarships have the value of $225 each. They are awarded by the respective parties, their heirs or as­ signs, or in the event that the heirs do not exercise their right, by the col­ lege authorities. The p V. W illiamson Scholarships. Ten scholarships of the value of $150 each are offered to graduates of designated Friends schools: two each to graduates of Friends Central and George School, one in the boys’ and one in the girls’ department; and one each to New York Friends Seminary, Baltimore Friends School, Wilmington Friends School, Moorestown Friends School, Friends Academy at Locust Valley, Sidwell Friends School and Brooklyn Friends School. Any income not utilized in accord­ ance with these conditions is used for free scholarships in accordance with the will of the donor. 38 Friends College Scholarships. Swarthmore College, with a group of other Friends Colleges, has established scholarships to enable students from the smaller Friends Collegs to spend a year at one of the three cooper­ ating colleges in the Philadelphia areal Bryn Mawr, Haverford and Swarthmore. These scholarships will be granted in varying amounts ac­ cording to need and ability. Special Loan F unds Several loan funds are administered by a commitee to which application should be made through the Business Manager of the college. T he Class of 1913 Loan F und was established by the Class of 1913 at their twenty-fifth reunion. Both principal and income are to be used to provide a loan fund for students in the three upper classes. Individual students may borrow up to $200 in any one year, the loans to be repayable within five years with interest at four percent. T he Class of 1916 Loan F und was established by the Class of 1916 at their twenty-fifth reunion. The fund is designed to provide loans to senior students, preferably descendants of members of the Class of 1916, or to other students at the discretion of the administering committee. The loans are repayable not later than five years after graduation, with interest at the rate of four percent. The J ohn A. M iller Loan F und was established by the Class of 1912 at their twenty-fifth reunion. Both principal and income are to be used to provide a loan fund for students in the three upper classes. Individual students may borrow up to $200 in any one year, such loans to be repay­ able within five years with interest at four percent. The Paul M. P earson Loan F und was established by a number of Dr. Pearson’s friends as a memorial for perpetuating his life and spirit. Both principal and income may be used for loans to students, repayable not later than five years after graduation, with interest at the rate of four percent. The Swarthmore C ollege Student Loan F und was established by Mr. Clarence J. Gamble, who, feeling such a fund to be of unusual benefit to worthy students, gave a sum to the college on condition that the Board should set aside an equal amount to be added to the fund. Both principal and income may be used for loans to students, repayable not later than five years after graduation with interest at the rate of four percent. The Ellis D. W illiams F und . By the will of Ellis D. Williams, a legacy of $25,000 was left to the college, the income from which is to be used for loans to students, repayable not later than five years after gradua­ tion, with interest at the rate of four percent. 39 Educational Resources The primary educational resources of any college are the quality of its faculty and the spirit of the institution. Second to these are the physical facilities, in particular the libraries, laboratories and equipment. Laboratories, well equipped for undergraduate instruction and in some cases for research, exist in physics, chemistry, zoology, botany, psychology, astronomy, and in civil, mechanical and electrical engineering. The Sproul Observatory, with its 36-foot visual refracting telescope, is the center of much fundamental research in multiple star systems. The Edward Martin Biological Laboratory provides exceptional facilities for work in psychology, zoology, botany and pre-medical studies. Recent additions to Beardsley Hall increase the facilities for laboratory instruction and research in engineering. The Swarthmore College Library, in part the gift of Andrew Car­ negie, contains reading rooms, offices and a collection of 161,445 volumes. Some 4500 volumes are added annually. About 600 periodicals are re­ ceived regularly. The general collection, including all but the scientific and technical books and journals, is housed in the library building, situated on the front campus. An addition providing storeroom for 150,000 volumes was erected in 1935. The library is definitely a collection of books and journals for undergraduate use. The demands of honors work, however, make necessary the provision of large quantities of source material not usually found in collections maintained for undergraduates. It is a point of library policy to try to supply, either by purchase or through inter-library loan, the books needed by students or members of the faculty for their individual research. In addition, the library contains certain special collections—the British Americana collection, the Wells’ Wordsworth and Thompson collections, and a collection of the issuances of 406 private presses. The latest special addition is the John William Graham Collection of Literature on Psychic Science. A number of special features enrich the academic background of the col­ lege. Among these are the following: The Biddle M emorial Library is an attractive fire-proof structure of stone and steel given by Clement M. Biddle, ’96, in memory of his father, Clement M. Biddle, who served for over twenty years as a member of the Board of Managers or as an officer of the Corporation of the College. This Library contains two important Collections: the Friends Historical Library and the Swarthmore College Peace Collection. 40 The Friends H istorical Library, founded in 1870 by Anson Lapham, is one of the outstanding collections in the United States of manuscripts, books, pamphlets, and pictures relating to the history of the Society of Friends. The library is the central depository for the records of Friends meetings belonging to Philadelphia Yearly Meeting (Race Street). More rhan 1,000 record books have been deposited; many of them have been reproduced on microfilm, for which a reading machine is available. The William Wade Hinshaw Index to Quaker Meeting Records indexes the material of genealogical interest in the records of 305 meetings in various parts of the United States. Notable among the other holdings are the Charles F. Jenkins Whittier Collection (first editions and manuscripts of John Greenleaf W hittier), the Mott Manuscripts (over 400 autograph letters of Lucretia Mott, antislavery and women’s rights leader), and the Hicks Manuscripts (more than 300 letters of Elias Hicks, a famous Quaker minister). The Library's collection of books and pamphlets by and about Friends numbers approximately 20,000 volumes. Ninety Quaker periodicals are currently received. There is also an extensive collection of photographs of meeting houses and pictures of representative Friends. It is hoped that Friends and others will consider the advantages of giving to this Library any books and family papers which may throw light on the history of the Society of Friends. The Swarthmore College P eace Collection , also housed in the Biddle Memorial Library, is of special interest to research students and others seeking the records of the Peace Movement. Beginning with Jane Addams’ personal papers and books relating to peace, the collection contains a rich variety of the documents of early peace groups as far back as the first peace committees in England and the United States about 1815, as well as rare peace posters from many lands, and correspondence and writings of peace and arbitration leaders. Individual writings on peace date back to about 1642. The collection includes some 750 titles of magazines and bulletins devoted to peace, published in the United States and abroad during the past 120 years. There are about 160 titles of bulletins and magazines currently received in eleven languages from 25 countries. This collection is the official depository for the leading peace organizations in the United States. A more complete description of the collection will be found in the G u ide to th e S w arth m ore C o lleg e Peace C ollection , A M e m o ria l to ]ane A d d a m s, published by the College and available on request. The W illiam J. Cooper Foundation provides a varied program of lectures and concerts which enriches the academic work of the college. The Foundation was established by William J. Cooper, a devoted friend of the college, whose wife, Emma Mcllvain Cooper,, served as a member of the Board of Managers from 1882 to 1923. Mr. Cooper bequeathed to the college the sum of $100,000 and provided that the income should be used 41 “in bringing to the college from time to time eminent citizens of this and other countries who are leaders in statesmanship, education, the arts, sciences, learned professions and business, in order that the faculty, students and the college community may be broadened by a closer acquaintance with matters of world interest.” Admission to all programs is without charge. The Cooper Foundation Committee works with the departments and with student organizations in arranging single lectures and concerts, and also in bringing to the college speakers of note who remain in residence for a long enough period to enter into the life of the community. Some of these speakers have been invited with the understanding that their lectures should be published under the auspices of the Foundation. This arrangement has so far produced eight volumes: Lindsay, Alexander Dunlop. The Essentials of Democracy. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1929. Lowes, John Livingston. Geoffrey Chaucer and the Development of His Genius. New York, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1934. Weyl, Hermann. Mind and Nature. sylvania Press, 1934. Philadelphia, University of Penn­ Americas Recovery Program, by A. A. Berle, Jr., John Dickinson, A. Heath Onthank . . . and others . . . Londofi, New York, etc., Oxford Uni­ versity Press, 1934. Madariaga, Salvador de. Theory and Practice in International Relations. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1937. Streit, Clarence Kirshman. Union N ow ; a Proposal for a Federal Union of the Democracies of the North Atlantic. New York, Harper, 1939. Krogh, August. The Comparative Physiology of Respiratory Mechanisms. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1941. Wilcox, Clair, Editor. Civil Liberties under Attack. A series of lectures given in 1950-51. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1951. The A rthur H oyt Scott H orticultural Foundation . T wo hun­ dred and forty-seven acres are contained in the College property, including a large tract of woodland and the valley of Crum Creek. Much of this tract has been developed as an horticultural and botanical collection of trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants through the provisions of the Arthur Hoyt Scott Horticultural Foundation, established in 1929 by Mrs. Arthur Hoyt Scott and Owen and Margaret Moon as a memorial to Arthur Hoyt Scott of the Class of 1895. The plant collections are designed both to afford examples of the better kinds of trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants which are hardy in the climate of Eastern Pennsylvania and suitable for planting by the average gardener, and to beautify the campus. There are exceptionally fine 42 displays of Japanese cherries, flowering crab apples and tree peonies, and a great variety of lilacs, rhododendrons, azaleas, daffodils, iris, herbaceous peonies, hemerocallis and chrysanthemums. Many donors have contributed generously to the collections. (For full information see B u lletin o f Sw arthm ore C ollege, Vol. xxxvii, No. 5.) The Bronson M. Cutting M emorial Collection of R ecorded M usic was established at Swarthmore College in 1936 by a gift of approx­ imately four thousand phonograph records, a radio-phonograph, books and musical scores, from the family of Bronson Murray Cutting, late Senator from New Mexico; Its object is to make the best recorded music available to the undergraduates, faculty, and friends of Swarthmore College, in co­ operation with the work of the college Department of Music. The collec­ tion is kept up to date with current additions. The Benjam in W est Society, an organization of alumni, members of the faculty and friends of the college, is building up a collection of paint­ ings, drawings, and etchings, which are exhibited as space permits in vari­ ous college buildings. The Society owes its name to the American artist of the eighteenth century who was born in a house which still stands on the Swarthmore campus, and who became President of the Royal Academy. 43 College Life H ousing Swarthmore is primarily a residential college, conducted on the assumption that an important element in education comes from close association of students and instructors. Most students live in dormitories. Many mem­ bers of the faculty live on or near the campus. Residence Halls There are four dormitories for men: Wharton Hall, named in honor of its donor, Joseph Wharton, at one time President of the Board of Man­ agers, Woolman House and two buildings on the former Mary Lyon School property. The women’s dormitories include the upper floors in the wings of Parrish Hall; Worth Hall, the gift of William P. Worth, 1876, and J. Sharpless Worth, ex-1873, as a memorial to their parents; Palmer, Pittenger and Roberts Halls on South Chester Road. Dining Rooms All students, both men and women, have their meals in two adjoining College Dining Rooms in Parrish Hall. R eligious Life The religious life of the college is founded on the Quaker principle that the seat of spiritual authority lies in the Inner Light of each individual. The. Society of Friends is committed to the belief that religion is best ex­ pressed in the quality of everyday living. There are accordingly no com­ pulsory religious exercises, save in so far as the brief devotional element in Collection may be so considered. Students are' encouraged to attend the churches of their choice. Episcopal, Presbyterian, Methodist, and Christian Science churches are located in the borough of Swarthmore; Catholic and other churches in the nearby towns of Morton, Media, and Chester. The Swarthmore Meeting House is located on the campus. Students are cordi­ ally invited to attend its meeting for worship on Sunday. Extra-curricular groups with faculty cooperation exist for the study of the Bible and the exploration of common concerns in religion. An assembly of the college, called Collection, is held at 10: 00 a. m. every Thursday in Clothier Memorial; attendance of students is required. There is regularly a period of silence according to the Friendly tradition and, when these are in keeping with the remainder of the program, the singing of hymns and a reading from the Bible. Lasting from one-half to three44 quarters of an hour, Collection normally includes an address; but this is varied by the occasional introduction of musical, dramatic, and other pro­ grams. Student W elfare Health The college physician holds daily office hours at the college, where stu­ dents may consult him without charge. A student must report any illness to the college physician, but is free to go for treatment to another doctor if he prefers to do so. At the time of admission each student must present a brief medical his­ tory and health certificate, prepared by the family physician on a form supplied by the college. Pertinent information about such matters as physical reserve, unusual medical episodes, severe allergies, or psychiatric disturbances will be especially valuable to the college Health Service. All new students must have been successfully vaccinated against smallpox within five years, in accordance with Pennsylvania State law. The college physician gives physical examinations to all students at the beginning of each year. There is close cooperation with the Department of Physical Education. Recommendations for limited activity are made for those students with physical handicaps. In some cases a student may be excused entirely from the requirements of the Physical Education Depart^ ment. The college health program includes an annual chest x-ray which is com­ pulsory for all students. Should the student fail to meet his x-ray appoint­ ment, he is required to have one taken at his own expense. There are two infirmaries, one for men and one for women. The in­ firmary for men is in Section F of Wharton Hall; the women’s infirmary is at the east end of Parrish Hall. A registered nurse is in charge of each, under the direction of the college physician. Each student is allowed ten days care in the infirmaries per term without charge unless the services of a special nurse are required. After ten days, a charge of $2.00 per day is made. Students suffering from a communicable disease or from illness which makes it necessary for them to remain in bed, must stay in the infirmary for the period of their illness. A charge is made for special or expensive medicines and certain immunization procedures, but ordinary medicines are furnished without cost. The medical and infirmary facilities of the college are available to students injured in athletic activities or otherwise, but the college cannot assume ad­ ditional financial responsibility for medical and surgical expenses arising from accidents. Accident insurance coverage is, therefore, required for all 45 students participating in athletics and is recommended for all others. details see p. 32.) (For The college psychiatric consultants hold office hours by appointment each week. A student may have from one to three interviews, for which a fee of five dollars is charged by the college. The purpose of this service is to be of help to all types of emotional problems. Vocational Office The college provides vocational information and advice to assist students in their choice of a career. Conferences and field trips are planned periodi­ cally and interviews are arranged with prospective employers. Help is offered to students in finding employment. In addition, summer work is planned to give students job experience in various fields. Alumni Office The Alumni Office keeps records of the addresses of all living graduates and alumni of the college. It also publishes periodically the Swarthmore alumni magazine, T h e G a r n e t L e t t e r . The Alumni Office acts as liaison for the college with all alumni and alumni groups, interpreting to them pres­ ent plans and policies of the college. Student Advisers The Deans and their assistants hold the primary responsibility for advising all students. However, there are many other advisers available to each student. Each freshman is assigned to a faculty member who acts as his course adviser until this responsibility falls to the chairman of the student’s major department at the end of his sophomore year. Faculty members have also been appointed as advisers for each of the men’s varsity athletic teams. They work closely with the team, attending practice as well as all home and away games. Members of the senior honorary societies, Book and Key and Mortar Board, help the Deans with the placement program conducted during fresh­ man week. A group of upperclass women, under the direction of the Women’s Student Government Association, serve as counselors for all freshman women, several counselors being assigned to each freshman hall. There are also proctors in each of the men’s dormitory sections. A marriage course is given each year under the direction of the Marriage Council of Philadelphia. This course may be attended by juniors and seniors, and students may seek advice from a member of the marriage Coun­ cil staff at any time. A non-credit course analyzing the development of 46 emotional maturity is also given by the college psychiatric consultant, Dr. Leon Saul, to a limited number of students. Special problems may be referred by the Deans to the college physician or to the consulting psychiatrists. T he Student Community Student Council The semi-annually elected Student Council represents the entire under­ graduate community and is the chief body of student government. Its efforts are directed toward the coordination of student activities and the expression of student opinion in matters of college policy. Committees of the Council include the Budget Committee, which regulates distribution of funds to student groups; the Community Service Committee, which administers welfare projects; and the Elections Committee, which supervises procedure in campus elections. The Curriculum Committee co­ operates with a similar committee of the faculty in the discussion of matters relating to the academic program of the college. In addition to these, there are several joint Faculty-Student Committees, whose student membership is appointed by the Council: Collection, Cooper Foundation, Motion Pic­ tures, Men’s Athletics and Student Affairs. Men’s Executive Committee The men students of the college are represented by the Men’s Executive Committee, a group elected to take responsibility fpr specified problems which have to do primarily with dormitory life. Women’s Student Government Association All women students are members of the Women’s Student Government Association, headed by an Executive Committee elected to promote a great variety of women’s interests. This committee includes the chairmen of certain important committees: Conduct, which maintains social regulations; Personnel, which has a special concern for helping freshmen; Social (see below ); Vocational, which assists the women’s Vocational Director; Somer­ ville, which arranges the program for Somerville Day, on which alumnae are invited to return to the College, and fosters student-alumnae rela­ tionships. Social Committee An extensive program of social activities is managed by the Social Com­ mittee, under the direction of two elected co-chairmen, a man and a woman. The program is designed to appeal to a wide variety of interests, and is open to all students. At no time is there any charge for college social functions. 47 Extra-Curricular Activities In addition to the foregoing organizations, Swarthmore students have an opportunity to participate in a program of extra-curricular activities wide enough to meet every kind of interest. No credit is given for work in such varied fields as sculpture, play-writing, publishing the college news­ paper or playing the cello in the orchestra. However, the college encourages a student to participate in whatever activity best fits his personal talents apd inclinations, believing that satisfactory avocations are a necessary part of life for the well-rounded individual. It has provided instruction or advisers wherever there has been sufficient demand. A handbook describing all activities, written by the students themselves, can be had upon request to the Deans’ Office. 48 T he E d u c a tio n a l P ro gram of SWARTHMORE COLLEGE General Statement Swarthmore College offers the degree of Bachelor of Arts and the degree of Bachelor of Science. The latter is given only in the Division of Engineer­ ing; the former, in the Divisions of the Humanities, the Social Sciences, and Mathematics and the Natural Sciences.* Eight semesters of resident study, which are normally completed in four years, lead to a Bachelor’s degree. The selection of a program will depend upon the student’s interests and vocational plans. Programs in engineering, pre-medical courses, and chemistry, for example, are the necessary preparation for professional work in these fields. Students planning a career in law, business, or government service find majors in the social sciences of great value. The purpose of a liberal education, however, is not primarily to provide vocational instruction, even though it provides the best foundation for one’s future vocation. Its purpose is to help students fulfill their responsibilities as citizens and grow into cultivated and well rounded individuals. A liberal education is concerned with our cultural inheritance, the world of thought, and the development of aesthetic, moral, and spiritual values. It is necessary for most students to concern themselves with the problem of making a living. But this concern should not lead them to a specializa­ tion that is too early and too narrow. They still have need of broadening the scope of their experience. Particular skills may afford readier access to routine employment, but positions of greater responsibility will be occupied by those who are equipped to think their way through new problems and to conceive of their functions in a larger context of time and place. Liberal education and vocational training may be the joint products of a common process, and the courses here offered should be selected with this large purpose. For this reason, all students, during the first half of their college program, are expected to complete the general college requirements, to choose their major and minor subjects, and to prepare for advanced work in these sub­ jects by taking certain prerequisites. Five full courses or their equivalent in half courses constitute the normal program for each of the first two years. Each course represents from eight to twelve hours of work a week including class meetings, laboratory periods and individual preparation. The program for upper class students affords, a choice between two meth­ ods of study: Honors Work, leading to a degree w ith H on ors, and General Courses. An honors student concentrates on three related subjects which he studies by the seminar method. At the end of his senior year he must take a * For groupings of departments, see page 17. 50 battery of eight examinations on the work of his seminars, set by outside examiners. (The system will be explained more fully below.) A student in general courses has a somewhat wider freedom of election and takes four full courses or their equivalent in each of the last two years. At the end of his senior year he is required to pass a comprehensive examination given by his major department. The program for engineering students follows a similar basic plan, with certain variations which are explained on page 84. Courses outside the technical fields are spread over all four years. In addition to scholastic requirements for graduation, all students must meet certain standards of participation in Physical Education as set forth in the statement of those departments (see pp. 128 to 130) and must attend the Collection exercises of the college (see p. 44). The course advisers of freshmen and sophomores are members of the faculty appointed by the Deans. They are assisted by a number of student advisers. For juniors and seniors the advisers are the chairmen of their major departments or their representatives. Program for Freshmen and Sophomores The curriculum for the first two years is designed primarily to contribute to a student’s general education by giving him an introduction to the methods of thinking and the content of knowledge in a variety of fields important to a liberal education. 1. The traditional humanistic studies—those studies through which man learns to understand himself and his relationship to his fellows as indi­ viduals, and the enduring values in human experience. 2. The social sciences—those studies through which man learns to under­ stand the nature of organized society, past and present, and his relationship to it. 3. The natural sciences—those studies through which man learns to understand his physical environment, both organic and inorganic, outside of his own individual and social being. All students must include in their program: 1. One year course in the natural sciences to be selected from Physics 1-2, Chemistry 1-2, Astronomy 1-2, Biology 1-2. By special provisions, students may meet this requirement in 1951-52 by a course consisting of one semester of mathematics (Mathematics 7) and one semester of astronomy (Astronomy 8 ). 2. One year course in the social sciences, either Economics 1-2 or Political Science 1-2. 51 3. Two semester courses in the humanities. Students majoring in the Di­ visions of Engineering and of Mathematics and the Natural Sciences shall select these courses from among philosophy, literature (English or for­ eign), fine arts, music and religion. Students majoring in the Divisions of the Humanities and the Social Sciences shall select from the same subjects, but must include a semester course in literature (English or foreign) and may include any course in philosophy except Philosophy i , which partially meets the requirement described below. 4. In addition, one year or two semester courses in departments outside the division in which the major work is to be done. Students majoring in the Humanities or the Social Sciences shall fulfill this requirement by Philosophy 1 and Psychology 1. Students majoring in the Division pf Mathematics and the Natural Sciences may offer psychology in partial or complete fulfillment of this requirement, as well as any introductory course listed in the catalogue in the Divisions of the Humanities and the Social Sciences. In addition to these general requirements, there are the following special requirements: 5. All students majoring in the Humanities and the Social Sciences shall take History 1-2. 6. All students except those majoring in engineering must include in their program sufficient work in a modern or classical language to com­ plete course 4 or its equivalent. This may be met in whole or in part by secondary school preparation as measured by the appropriate achievement test of the College Entrance Examination Board. Not more than one year in any one department will be counted toward the fulfillment of requirments 1-5. Students entering college with special preparation in any one of these subjects may apply for exemption. In addition to the requirements listed above, prerequisites must be com­ pleted for the work of the last two years in major and minor subjects, and sufficient additional electives must be taken to make up ten full courses. In the Divisions of the Humanities and the Social Sciences it is strongly recom­ mended that these electives shall include: Half courses (preferably in the first semester of an academic year) in at least two of the following: Foreign Literature (classical or mod­ ern, either in the original or in translation), Fine Arts, Music. A full course in whichever social science (Economics or Political Sci­ ence) is not taken in fulfillment of the general requirements. A third half course in a natural science or a half course in Mathematics or courses in each of these. 52 It is expected that, after completion of the minimum courses in the gen­ eral program of the first two years, the student will devote the remainder of his sophomore year to preparing himself for more advanced study of those subjects which have most interested him and to other courses which will increase the range of his knowledge. He should decide, as early in his sophomore year as possible, upon two or three subjects in which he might like to major and should consult the statements of the departments concerned as to required and recommended courses and supporting subjects. In most cases he is advised to take not more than one semester of work in any sub­ ject beyond the first course. The requirement in foreign language (either classical or modern) is such that an exceptionally well prepared freshman may demonstrate his completion of it before entering college by his rating in an Achievement Test given by the College Entrance Examination Board. The results of the tests indicate, however, that most students need to devote from one to four terms to further language study. The desired standard is normally met on the basis of four years’ work in high school, or of three or two years’ work in high school followed by one or two terms in college. If a student fulfills the requirement with a language which he begins in college, he will need to study it for four terms. If he fulfills it with a language begun elsewhere, his progress toward the degree of competence demanded is measured by a placement test. This may be one of the achievement tests of the College Entrance Examination Board which he has taken as a re­ quirement for admission. Additional placement tests are given when neces­ sary by the Swarthmore departments of language. Program for Juniors and Seniors W ork in Course The work of juniors and seniors in course includes some intensive, specialized study within a general area of interest. This comprises enough work in a single department' (designated as a "major” ) to make an equivalent of four full courses. Work taken during the first two years may be counted toward fulfillment of the major requirements but not more than six full courses or twelve half courses may be taken in the major field. Before graduation the student must pass a comprehensive examination in his major subject. A student must choose his major subject at the end of the sophomore year, and apply formally through the Registrar to be accepted by the division concerned. The decision will be based on an estimate of his ability in his major subject as well as on his record. If a student does not secure di­ visional approval, he cannot be admitted to the junior class. A student’s course adviser during his junior and senior years is the chairman of his major department (or a member of the department desig53 nated by the chairman) whose approval he must secure for his choice of courses each semester. In addition to major and recommended supporting subjects, juniors and seniors usually have room for at least one elective a year. The completion of eighteen full courses, with a minimum average of C, normally constitutes the course requirement for a degree. A student may carry extra work after the freshman year with the approval of his course adviser and of the Committee on Academic Requirements, provided that his record in the previous year has been satisfactory. H onors W ork Honors work is a system of instruction designed to free from the limita­ tions of class-room routine those students whose maturity and capacity enable them to do independent work. Students who are chosen toward the end of their sophomore year to read for honors are exempt from further course requirements. Instead, during their junior and senior years they study a few subjects intensively and independently. They meet their instructors weekly in small seminars lasting from three to four hours. In these meetings it is customary for students to present frequent papers, although the methods of stimulating discussion vary greatly. In scientific subjects additional time is spent in the laboratory. A student in the honors program ordinarily takes two seminars each semester, making a total of eight seminars during his last two years. Departments sometimes permit their major students to substitute for one seminar the preparation of a thesis. If a department, supported by the division concerned, is of the opinion that seven seminars instead of eight, plus one full course or two half courses, form a better educational program than the usual eight seminars, such a program will be allowed, and will be completed by seven examinations instead of eight.' A student whose work shows unusual distinction but who has not elected to read for honors at the end of his sophomore year may be permitted to take the regular honors examination and receive the degree of honors recom­ mended by the visiting examiners. He must petition the division concerned for this permission before the end of his seventh semester and must submit a list of eight examinations which he feels prepared to take. Honors work involves a concentration of the student’s efforts upon a limited and integrated field of studies. He chooses seminars in three (or sometimes four) allied subjects, and customarily devotes at least one-half of his time to a single department in the line of his major interest, in which he is expected to demonstrate real achievement. Combinations of seminars are not governed by rigid rules but must be approved by the departments 54 and divisions in which work is taken. Combinations involving seminars from two divisions must be approved by the divisions involved. N o examinations or grades are given from semester to semester, although it is customary for honors students to take practice examinations at the end of the junior year over the work covered thus far. These papers are read by the instructors concerned and are used as a basis for advice and guidance for the work of the senior year. At the end of the senior year honors students take written and oral examinations given by examiners from other institutions.* The student should attain a degree of proficiency which will enable him to meet a rigorous and searching examination. This examination is designed to test his competence in a field of knowledge rather than his mastery of those facts which an instructor has seen fit to present in seminar. This is one of the chief ends for which the system of visiting examiners has been instituted. The examiners first set a three-hour written examination on the subject of each seminar, and after reading the written examination have an opportunity to question each student orally, in order to clarify and enlarge the basis of their judgment of the.student’s command of his material. Upon recommendation of the examiners, successful candidates are awarded the bachelor’s degree with honors, with high honors, or with highest honors. Highest honors are awarded only to those who show unusual distinction. When the work of a candidate does not, in the opinion of the examiners, merit honors of any grade, his papers are returned to his instructors, who decide, under rules of the faculty, whether he shall be given a degree in course. Students admitted to honors work who prove unable to meet the require­ ments or who for other reasons return to regular classes may receive pro­ portional course credit for the work they have done while reading for honors. Regulations governing possible combinations of major and minor sub­ jects in the four divisions appear below. Lists of seminars offered in prep­ aration for examinations follow departmental statements. C o m b in a t io n s of M a jo r s a n d M in o r s f o r H onors W ork Division o f the Humanities Major and minor subjects include English Literature, Fine Arts, French, German, Greek, History, Latin, Music, Philosophy, Psychology, and Span­ ish. At least half of the student’s time will probably be devoted to his major subjects, the remainder being divided between two related subjects. * For list of examiners in June 1951, see page 144. 55 Division of the Social Sciences Major and minor subjects include Economics, History, Philosophy, Psy­ chology, and Political Science. Students in this division normally devote half their time to their major subject, dividing the remainder among related minor subjects according to plans approved by the division. Division of Mathematics and the Natural Sciences Major subjects include Botany, Chemistry, Electrical Engineering, Mathe­ matics, Physics, Psychology, Zoology; related minor subjects include the subjects listed, and Astronomy and Philosophy. At least half of the student’s time will probably be devoted to his major subject, with the remainder divided between two other related subjects within the division. Division of Engineering Major subjects for honors work in this division include Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Mechanical Engineering; a minor may be taken in either or both of the engineering departments in which the student does not have his major, or in Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics or Economics. At least one-half of the student’s time will be devoted to his major in en­ gineering. The degree granted is the B.S. in Engineering. The final examination will include papers on the fundamentals of the three professional departments of engineering, four papers on the seminars of the senior year, and one or two additional papers based upon the course which the student has taken, the number of papers and their subjects to be determined by the faculty of the division. Procedure for A dmission to H onors W ork A candidate for admission to honors should consult the chairmen of his prospective major and minor departments during the second semester of his sophomore year and work out a program for his junior and senior years. This proposed program must be filed in the office of the Registrar who will forward it to the division or divisions concerned. The acceptance of the candidate by the division depends in part upon the quality of his previous work as indicated by the grades he has received but mainly upon his apparent capacity for assuming the responsibility of honors work. The names of accepted candidates are announced later in the spring. The major department is responsible for drawing up the original plan of work, for supervising the candidate’s choice of seminars in all departments and for keeping in touch with his progress from semester to semester. The division is responsible for approval of the student’s original program and any subsequent changes in that program. Proposals for combinations of subjects or departments not provided for in the divisional arrangements must be approved by the divisions involved. 56 P r e -M e d ic a l Program The pre-medical student’s program is planned and his work supervised by the Pre-medical Advisory Committee. There is more than one program of courses by which a student may prepare himself for admission to medical school. In mapping out a program for each student the Committee keeps in mind (a) the particular interests of the student, (b) the entrance re­ quirements of the medical schools of the student's choice, (c) the need for an understanding of basic social problems and the cultivation of a sensitive­ ness for the enduring values in the arts and literature, and (d) the value of intensive work in at least one field. Students who plan to meet medical school requirements will ordinarily take Biology 1-2; Chemistry 1-2, 11 and 21; English Composition; Math­ ematics 1-2; Physics 1-2; Zoology 11 and at least one other half course; a modern foreign language, preferably German, to a point equivalent to the completion of course 4. The work of the junior and senior years may be taken in the honors program or in course. Intensive work may be carried out in a single field or in closely related departments. Pre-medical students may fulfill the major requirements in the departments of their own choice, usually, but not necessarily, in chemistry, mathematics, physics, or zoology; or they may fulfill the requirements by completing three full courses in each of two related departments in the division of mathematics and the natural sciences. In the latter case the comprehensive examinations will be ar­ ranged jointly by the departments concerned. Although some students have been admitted to medical schools upon the completion of three years of college work, many of the best medical schools strongly advise completion of four years of college. Faculty Regulations A ttendance at C lasses and Collection Members of the faculty will hold students responsible for regular at­ tendance at classes and will report to the Deans the name of any student whose repeated absence is in their opinion impairing the student’s work. The number of cuts allowed in a given course is not specified, a fact which places a heavy responsibility on all students to make sure that their work is not suffering as a result of absences. Since freshmen must exercise par­ ticular care in this respect and since the faculty recognizes its greater re­ sponsibility toward freshmen in the matter of class attendance, it is ex­ pected that freshmen, especially, will attend d l their classes. When illness necessitates absence from classes the student should report at once to the nurses or to the college physician. 57 The last meeting before vacation and the first meeting after vacation in each course must be attended. ' The minimum penalty for violation of this rule is probation. Absences from Collection are acted upon by the Deans as instructed by the faculty. All students are allowed two absences from Collection each term. G rades Instructors report to the Deans’ office at intervals during the year upon the work of students in courses. Informal reports during the semester take the form of comments on unsatisfactory work. At the end of each semester formal grades are given in each course under the letter system, by which A means excellent work, B good work, C fair work, D poor work, and E failure. W signifies that the student has been permitted to withdraw from the course by the Committee on Academic Requirements. X desig­ nates a condition, and Inc. means that a student’s work is incomplete in respect to specific assignments or examinations. These marks may be re­ moved as indicated below. The mark "conditioned” indicates that a student has done unsatisfactory work in the first half of a course, but by creditable work during the second half may earn a passing grade for the full course, and thereby remove his condition. "Incomplètes” must normally be made up in the term im­ mediately following that in which they were incurred. A date is set at the end of the first six weeks of each term when make-up examinations must be scheduled and late papers submitted. Under special circumstances in­ volving a use of laboratories or attendance at courses not immediately avail­ able, a student may secure permission to extend the time for making up an incomplete until the second term following. This permission must be given in writing and filed in the Office of the Registrar. Any not made up within a year from the time it is imposed shall thereafter be recorded as E, i.e., co m p lete failu re, which cannot be made up. Reports are sent to parents and to students at the end of each semester. For graduation in general courses, a C average is required ; for graduation in honors work, the recommendation of the visiting examiners. Extra or F ewer Courses A regular student is expected to take the prescribed number of courses in each semester, If more or fewer courses seem desirable, he should con­ sult his course adviser and file a petition with the Committee on Academic Requirements. A student who wishes to take fewer than the normal number of courses should register for the regular program and file a petition to drop one or more courses. 58 Applications involving late entrance into a course must be received within the first two weeks of the semester. Applications involving with­ drawal from a course must be received not later than the middle of the semester. Examinations Any student who is absent from an examination, announcement of which was made in advance, shall be given an examination at another hour only by special arrangement with the instructor in charge of the course. No examination in absentia shall be permitted. This rule shall be in­ terpreted to mean that instructors shall give examinations only at the college and under direct departmental supervision. Summer School W ork Students desiring to transfer credit from a summer school are required to obtain the endorsement of the chairman of the department concerned before entering upon the work, and after completing the work are required to pass an examination set by the Swarthmore department. R esidence All freshmen are assigned to rooms by the Deans. Other students choose their rooms in an order determined by lot. Special permission must be secured to room outside the dormitories. Students may occupy college rooms between terms only by special ar: rangement with the Deans and the payment of the required fee. The college dining room is closed during all vacations. Freshmen are asked to leave the college immediately after their last ex­ amination in June so that their rooms may be used by Commencement visitors. P rohibition of A utomobiles at Swarthmore By action of the faculty, approved by the Board of Managers, no under­ graduate may maintain an automobile while enrolled at the college without the permission of the Dean. This rule prohibits equally the maintenance of an automobile owned by students and those owned by other persons but placed in the custody or control of students. Day students may, with the permission of the Deans, use cars in com­ muting to college. Under exceptional circumstances a student may obtain permission from one of the Deans to keep an automobile in the borough for a limited time. The prohibition of automobiles is important in order to maintain the kind of academic community for which Swarthmore stands. Parents and students must realize that this regulation will be strictly enforced; students who fail to observe it may be asked to withdraw from college. 59 Exclusion from College The college reserves the right to exclude at any time students whose con­ duct or academic standing it regards as undesirable, and without assigning any further reason therefor; in such cases fees will not be refunded or remitted, in whole or in part, and neither the college nor any of its officers shall be under any liability whatsoever for such exclusion. Requirements for Graduation Bachelor of A rts and Bachelor of Science The degree of Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science are conferred upon students who have met the following requirements for graduation: 1. The candidate must have completed eighteen full courses or ten courses and eight seminars with an average grade of C. 2. He must have complied with the course requirements for the first two years. 3. He must have met the requirements in the major and supporting fields during the last two years. 4. He must have passed satisfactorily the comprehensive examinations in his'major field or met the standards set by visiting examiners for a degree with honors. 5. He must have completed four terms of study at Swarthmore College, two of which have been those of the senior year. 1 6. He must have completed the physical education requirements set forth in the statements of the Physical Education Departments (see pages 128 to 130). 7. He must have attended the Collection exercises of the College in accord ance with the regulations (see page 44). 8. He must have paid all oustanding bills and returned all equipment and library books. Advanced Degrees M aster of A rts and M aster of Science The degree of Master of Arts or Master of Science may be conferred subject to the following requirements: Only students who have completed the work for the Bachelor’s degree with some distinction, either at Swarthmore or at another institution of satisfactory standing, shall be admitted as candidates for the Master’s degree at Swarthmore. 60 The candidate’s record and a detailed program setting forth the aim of the work to be pursued shall be submitted, with a recommendation from the department or departments concerned, to the Committee on the Master’s Degree. If accepted by the division, the candidate’s name shall be reported to the faculty at or before the first faculty meeting of the year in which the candidate is to begin his work. The requirements for the Master’s degree shall include the equivalent of a full year’s work of graduate character. This work may be done in courses, seminars, reading courses, regular conferences with members of the faculty or research. The work may be done in one department or in two related departments. The catalogue statements of departments which offer graduate work indicate the courses or seminars which may be taken for this purpose. At the option of the department or departments concerned, a thesis may be required as part of the work for the degree. A candidate for the Master’s degree will be expected to show before ad­ mission to candidacy a competence in those languages deemed by his depart­ ment or departments most essential for his field of research. Detailed language requirements will be indicated in the announcements of departments which admit candidates for the degree. A candidate for the Master’s degree shall be required to pass an examina­ tion conducted by the department or departments in which his work was done. He shall be examined by outside examiners, provided that, where this procedure is not practicable, exceptions may be made by the Committee on the Master’s Degree. The department or departments concerned, on the basis of the reports of the outside examiners, together with the reports of the student’s resident instructors, shall make recommendations to the faculty for the award of the degree. The tuition fee for graduate students who are candidates for the Master’s degree is $650 per year, and the general fee for these students is $25 per semester. Advanced Engineering D egrees The advanced degrees of Mechanical Engineer (M .E.), Electrical Engineer (E.E.), and Civil Engineer (C.E.), may be obtained by graduates who have received their Bachelor’s degree in Engineering upon fulfilling the requirements given below: 1. The candidate must have been engaged in engineering work for five years since receiving his first degree. 2. He must have had charge of engineering work and must be in a position of responsibility and trust at the time of application. 61 3. He must make application and submit an outline of the thesis he ex­ pects to present, one full year before the advanced degree is to be conferred. 4. The thesis must be submitted for approval one calendar month before the time of granting the degree. 5. Every candidate shall pay a registration fee of $5 and an additional fee of $20 when the degree is conferred. Awards and Frizes The Ivy M edal F und was created by a gift from Owen Moon, ’94. The income of the fund is used to purchase a medal which is placed in the hands of the faculty for award on Commencement Day to a male member of the graduating class. The qualifications for the Ivy Medal are similar to those for the Rhodes Scholarships and include ( a ) qualities of manhood, force of character, and leadership; ( b ) literary and scholastic ability and attainments. These have been phrased by the donor in the words "leader­ ship based upon character and scholarship.” The O ak Leaf M edal was established by David Dwight Rowlands of the Class of 1909. It was later permanently endowed in memory of him by Hazel C. Rowlands, ’07, and Caroline A. Lukens, ’98. The medal is placed in the hands of the faculty to be awarded each year to the woman member of the Senior Class who is outstanding for loyalty, scholarship and service. The M cCabe Engineering A ward, founded by Thomas B. McCabe, 1915, is to be presented each year to the outstanding engineering student in the Senior Class. The recipient is chosen by a committee of the faculty of the division of Engineering. The Crane Prize, a memorial to Charles E. Crane, Jr., of the Class of 1936, is an award of about $20, given for the purchase of philosophical books, and presented annually to the junior who, in the opinion of the department, has done the best work in Philosophy. The A. Edward N ewton Library P rize of $50, endowed by A. Edward Newton, to make permanent the Library Prize first established by W. W. Thayer, is awarded annually to that undergraduate who, in the opinion of the Committee of Award, shows the best and most intelligently chosen col­ lection of books upon any subject. Particular emphasis is laid in the award, not merely upon the size of the collection but also upon the skill with which the books are selected and upon the owner’s knowledge of their subjectmatter. The K atherine B. Sicard Prize of $5, endowed by the Delta Gamma Fraternity in memory of Katherine B. Sicard, ex ’34, is awarded annually to the freshman woman who, in the opinion of the department, shows great­ est proficiency in English. 62 P ublic Speaking Contests. Prizes for annual contests in public speak­ ing are provided as follows: The Ella Frances Bunting Extemporary Speaking F und awards prizes totalling $45 for the best extemporaneous short speeches. The O w en M oon F und provides the Delta Upsilon Speaking, Contest prizes totalling $25 for the best prepared speeches on topics of current interest. The W illiam P lummer P otter P ublic Speaking F und was estab­ lished in 1907. The income of the fund is used to sponsor three different annual contests: 1) the Potter Public Speaking Contest prizes totalling $100.00, 2) the Potter Poetry Contest, $50.00, 3) the One-Act Play Con­ test, $50.00. The Potter Fund has also been used to establish a collection of dramatic and poetic records. The Lois M orrell Poetry Award, given by her parents in memory of Lois Morrell of the Class of 1946,' goes to that student who, in the opinion of the faculty, submits the best original poem in the annual competition for the award. The award, consisting of $100, is made in the spring of the year. All entries should be submitted by April 1. The J ohn R ussell H ayes P oetry P rizes, of approximately $25 for a first prize and $15 for a second prize; are offered for the best original poem or for a translation from any language. Manuscripts should be ready by April 1 of each year. Fellowships There are seven fellowships offered to graduates of Swarthmore College. Four fellowships are awarded annually by the faculty, on recommendation of the Committee on Fellowships, to graduates of the college for the pursuit of advanced work under the direction of the faculty or with their approval. Applications for fellowships must be in the hands of the committee by April 15. .Applicants for any one of these fellowships will be considered for all four. These four fellowships are: The Catherwood F ellowship, established by the Catherwood Founda­ tion of Philadelphia, is awarded annually to an outstanding man or woman student of the senior class who proposes to carry on graduate studies. Requirements for the Fellowship are similar to those for Rhodes Scholar­ ships, including "some quality of distinction in character or intellect or both.” The amount of the award is $1,000. The H annah A. L eedom F ellowship of $500, founded by the bequest of Hannah A. Leedom. 63 The J oshua Lippincott Fellowship of $600, founded by Howard W. Lippincott, of the Class of 1875, in memory of his father. The J ohn Lockwood M emorial F ellowship of $600, founded by the bequest of Lydia A. Lockwood, New York, in memory of her brother, John Lockwood. It was the wish of the donor that the fellowship be awarded to a member of the Society of Friends. The other three fellowships are: The L ucretia M ott Fellowship, founded by the Somerville Literary Society and sustained by the contribution of its life members, has yielded an annual income since its foundation of $525. It is awarded each year by a committee of the faculty (selected by the society), with the concur­ rence of the life members of the society, to a young woman graduate of that year who is to pursue advanced study at some other institution approved by this committee. The M artha E. T yson Fellowship, founded by the Somerville Literary Society in 1913, is sustained by the contributions of life members of the society and yields an income of $500 or more. It is awarded biennially by a joint committee of the faculty and the society (elected by the society) with the concurrence of the life members of the society to a woman graduate of Swarthmore College, who has entered or plans to enter elementary or secondary school work. The recipient of the award is to pursue a course of study fitting her for more efficient work in an institution approved by the Committee of Award. Sigma X i R esearch F ellowship. The Swarthmore Chapter of Sigma Xi appoints, from time to time, as funds are available, Fellows with re­ search grants with a maximum value of $1,000. The holders of this fellow­ ship are usually associates of the chapter who have shown conspicuous ability in graduate studies. The purpose of the chapter in awarding these fellow­ ships is to relieve worthy students from teaching and other distracting duties so that they may concentrate as much as possible upon their research. Applications for these fellowships should be made to the secretary of the chapter not later than the middle of March. Appointments will be an­ nounced about the middle of April. 64 M artin Biological Laboratory Courses N umbering of of Instruction Courses and Seminars A system of uniform numbering is used in all departments. numbered as follows: 1 to Courses are 9—introductory courses 11 to 49— other courses open to students of all classes 51 to 69—advanced courses limited to juniors and seniors Above 100—seminars for honors students Full courses the numbers of which are joined by a hyphen (e. g., 1-2) must be continued for the entire year; credit is not given for the first semester’s work only. Biology P rofessor: Robert K. Enders, Chairm an A ssociate Professors: Launce J. F lemister Luzerne G. Livingston N orman A. M einkoth W alter J. Scott N eal A. W eber f I nstructor : K urt K. Bohnsack L ecturer : Sarah C. Flemister Through its elementary course, the Department of Biology introduces the student to a comprehensive view of those principles, problems and phenomena common to all organisms, with animals and plants interpreted on a comparative basis. The advanced courses in the Biological Sciences (except Genetics) deal specifically with plant biology (botany), or animal biology (zoology) and are listed under these respective headings. Following the broad review of the plant and animal kingdoms as given in the course in general biology, advanced work is taken up in two different ways: first, specific aspects of the broad subjects are treated in a comparative manner as in anatomy and physiology; second, broader aspects of a specific subject are treated as in entomology, parasitology, embryology, genetics and developmental plant anatomy. The structural and functional consideration is extended to include problems of interdependence of organisms in the structure and function of plant and animal societies and the influence of physical, chemical and biological factors in the survival of those societies. R equirements for M ajors in Course A student may major in biology, botany, or zoology. Students in course should include the following supporting subjects in their programs, in addition to the four full courses in their major subject: chemistry, including one semester in organic chemistry, one course in physics, one course in mathematics and a modem language (German preferred) through course 4. These courses are required for majors in botany or zoology. The program for biology majors may be modified, but any program must be approved in advance by the department. Biology Staff. Course An introduction to the study of living things. A consideration of the properties of protoplasm and the structure of the cell; a brief survey of living forms, both plant and animal. The methods by which animals and plants maintain themselves, grow and reproduce, and a discussion of the mechanism of heredity. Some time will be devoted to the interrelationships of plants and animals in communities, and the place of man in the whole structure. Evidence for and against theories of evolution will be discussed. Two lectures and one discussion period, one three-hour laboratory per week. Credit is not given for a single semester of this course. 1-2. G eneral Biology. f Absent on leave, 1951-52. 66 Spring Semester A study of the fundamental principles of inheritance as they apply to living organisms generally. The course includes a detailed consideration of the principles of Mendelian inheritance, an analysis of the underlying chromosomal mechanisms, the gene theory, and the relationship of the principles of genetics to evolution, to plant and animal improvement, and to man. Three lectures per week, with assigned problems and laboratory and/or library projects in lieu of formally organized laboratory work. Prerequisite: Biology 1-2. 20. G enetics . G reek and Latin N omenclature (Classics X ). Miss North. This course is designed to help students of the biological sciences to understand terminology derived from Greek and Latin. Principles of word formation, the meaning of common roots, the use of prefixes and suffixes, the nature of com­ bining forms, and rules for English pronunciation will be stressed. Required of majors in the junior year. One hour per week. No credit. Botany Mr. Livingston. The fundamentals of anatomy of seed plants approached from a developmental standpoint. The structure and behavior of meristems, problems and processes of differentiation, and a detailed analysis of cellular, tissue and organ structure in higher plants. Two lectures and two three-hour laboratory periods per week. Prerequisite: Biology 1-2. 16. D evelopmental P lant A natomy . 18. Survey of the P lant K ingdom . Mr. Livingston. Pall Semester A comparative study of the structure, reproduction, and life habits of the algae, fungi, mosses, and lower vascular plants from a phylogenetic viewpoint. Partic­ ular attention is given to current concepts of evolutionary relationship from the standpoints of both comparative morphology and' paleobotanical evidence. Two lectures and two laboratories or field trips per week. Prerequisite: Biology 1-2. 67. P lant P hysiology. Mr. Livingston. Spring Semester (Not offered—1951-52.) An integrated study of the physiological processes of higher plants, including general cellular physiology, water relations, mineral nutrition, enzyme action, photosynthesis, metabolic processes, translocation, the physiology of growth and development, and related topics. Two lectures, one discussion period, and one laboratory period per week. Prerequisite: Biology 1-2, Chemistry 1-2, Organic Chemistry desirable. 68. Biology of Bacteria . Mr. Livington. Pall Semester (Not offered—1951-52.) An approach to the study of bacteriology with principal emphasis on the con­ sideration of bacteria as organisms, rather than as causative agents of disease, etc. The morphology, physiology and biochemistry, and classification of bacteria. Two lectures and two laboratory periods per week. Prerequisites: Biology 1-2, Chemistry 1-2, Organic Chemistry desirable. 67 69. T axonomy of Seed P lants . Mr. Livingston. Spring Semester A study of the classification and evolutionary relationships of seed plants* includ­ ing a detailed consideration of the characteristics of the more important families of flowering plants. A study of the methods of identification and recognition of the local flora, both native and horticultural. Two lectures and two laboratories or field trips per week. Prerequisite: Biology 1-2. H ono rs W ork The seminars given each year vary according to the Choices of the students and the convenience of the department. 111. P lant P hysiology. An extension of the area covered in course 67, with particular emphasis on a critical study of original sources, both classical and current. The seminar discus­ sion is accompanied by a full day of laboratory work each week. 112. P roblems of G row th and D evelopment . A correlated anatomical and physiological approach to developmental plant an­ atomy and morphogenesis. The seminar discussion is accompanied by a full day of laboratory work each week. 113. G enetics . An extension of the area covered in course 20, with particular emphasis on cur­ rent research in the field of inheritance in all its aspects. The seminar discussion is accompanied by a full day of laboratory work each week. 114. T axonomy and D istribution of F lowering P lants . An extension of the area covered in course 69, integrated with a study of plant geography and distribution. Seminar discussions and field work, supplemented by laboratory work. Zoology 11. Comparative V ertebrate A natomy . Mr. Meinkoth, Mr. Weber. Fall Semester This course normally follows General Biology. It deals with the comparative and unique aspects of the anatomy of the integument, skeleton, muscular, digestive, respiratory, circulatory, -excretory and nervous systems of the various vertebrate types. Classification, phylogeny and adaptive radiation are considered with stress placed on anatomical adaptations to the various habitats. The protochordates, lamprey, dogfish, necturus and cat are studied as representative forms in the laboratory. The course has three lecture and two laboratory meetings per week. This course is among those required by medical schools. 12. Elementary P hysiology. Mr. Scott. Spring Semester A consideration of the physiology of muscle, nerve, circulation, respiration, central nervous system, special senses and digestion; the treatment is designed to give a broad understanding of the mechanism of the vertebrate body. In the laboratory standard experiments on living tissue are performed. Two lectures, one conference and one laboratory period' per week. 68 51. H istology. Mrs. Flemister. Fall Semester This course consists of a detailed study of the microscopic structure of vertebrate tissues, together with the functions of such tissues. In the laboratory the student examines both prepared and living material, and becomes familiar with the princ­ iples of microtechniques. Three lectures and two laboratory periods per week. Prerequisites: 1-2, 11. Spring Semester A study of development of vertebrate anatomy. The lectures are concerned with an investigation of the events which precede development, an analysis of the development processes, and a brief survey of the contributions of the field of ex­ perimental embryology. Laboratory periods are devoted' to the embryology of the frog, chick and pig. Three lectures and two laboratory periods per week. 52. E mbryology. 53. Entomology . Mr. Weber. Fall Semester The study of insects and their relatives, their morphological and physiological adaptations and their effect on man. Each student will prepare a study collection from field trips. 54. Biology of Parasitism. Mr. Meinkoth. Alternate Years, Spring Semester A consideration of parasitology with reference to evolution and adaptation to the parasitic habit. Surveys are made of parasites in native animals. Classification, life cycles and epidemiology are reviewed. Prerequisite: 11 Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy. 55. Field Z oology. Emphasis is on relationships to will be done on Mr. Weber, Mr. Bohnsack. Fall Semester the living animals as they occur in nature, their systematics, the environment, habits and distribution. Most of the work field trips. 56. I nvertebrate Z oology. Mr. Meinkoth. Alternate Years, Fall Semester (Not given in 1951-52.) A course designed to acquaint the student with the fundamental morphology, classification, phylogeny and special problems of the invertebrate phyla. Three lectures and two laboratories per week. Occasional field trips. Prerequisite: 11 Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy. 57. Comparative P hysiology. Mr. Flemister. Fall Semester A course of lectures and laboratory experiments treating functional processes from the Standpoint of adaptation of the animal to its environment. These processes in representative animals are compared in order to follow their elabora­ tion from the more general to the more specialized. Two lectures, one conference and two laboratory periods per week. Prerequisites: Comparative Anatomy and Organic Chemistry. 58. P hysiological Ecology. Mr. Flemister. Spring Semester A course of lectures, discussions and laboratory experiments concerning the physiological adaptations of representative animals to environmental stress. Re­ quirements and availability of optimum conditions of temperature, oxygen, food­ stuffs and the maintenance of ionic independence are critically appraised. More than half of the laboratory work is done in the field. Two lectures, one conference and two laboratory periods per week. Prerequisite: 57 Comparative Physiology. Offered Spring term of even years. 69 59. N euro -Anatomy . Mr. Scott. Given on demand This course is planned to give an account of the structure and something of the functioning of the central nervous system of man. In the discussions special at­ tention is given where possible to consideration of the comparative features of the evolution of the central nervous system. One laboratory period and one three-hour conference per week. Prerequisites: Comparative Anatomy and Physiology. 61. Biology for Seniors . Mr. Enders. Spring Semester A course designed to integrate the student’s knowledge in abstract sciences with living animals, both captive and wild, and to give an opportunity to work on some phase of Biology of interest to him. 63, 64. Special T opics. Staff. Full or Half Course For advanced students. Open to those who, on account of fitness, have arranged a program of special work in the department. 70-71. F undamentals of Systematics. Academy of Natural Sciences. This course presents the study of variation, speciation, and the evolution of tax­ onomic categories. It acquaints the student with the use of the methods and tech­ niques of cytology, genetics, statistics, and plant and animal distribution in solving taxonomic problems. Each student will attack an individual problem in the taxonomy or some group of plants or animals. One hour lecture, 4 hours laboratory. Saturdays 8-1. H onors W ork A student with a major in zoology and a minor in chemistry, or a minor in chem­ istry and physics must complete in the first two years the following: three half courses in zoology (including 1-2), two courses in chemistry, one course in mathematics (11 and 12 required for advanced chemistry and physics) and two courses in German (preferred) or French. Honors students majoring in zoology normally take four seminars in zoology, with the remaining seminars usually in botany, chemistry, physics, mathematics and psychology. Prerequisites for students in the honors curriculum with a minor in zoology consist of three half courses in biology and zoology (including 1-2). In addition, 104 re­ quires one course in physics and chemistry through organic chemistry. Seminars: The following seminars prepare students for examinations for a degree with Honors. 101. Biology of Parasitism. Mr. Meinkoth. An intensified version of course 54 with emphasis on individual student projects, and an acquaintance with both the classic problems and the current literature deal­ ing with the phenomenon of parasitism. 102. Cytology. A study of the structure and function of the cell. Living material will be ex­ amined and the modern microscopical techniques employed in the laboratory. 103. E mbryology. Mr. Enders. An analysis of reproduction and development. The laboratory work includes individual projects by the students, a study of developmental anatomy of the chick and pig, and frog, and the observation of living material under normal and experimental conditions. 70 104. C omparative P hysiology (for Biology Majors). Mr. Flemister. An intensive consideration of the physical and chemical phenomena underlying the function of animals. A comparative approach is maintained in order to consider the progression from more general to the more specialized adjustments, acclimatizations and adaptations of animals to physical, chemical and biological stresses in the environment. The terminal portion of the laboratory program is devoted to the pursuit of, original, independent work by the student. Prerequisites for this seminar are courses in Comparative Anatomy and1 Organic Chemistry. One afternoon of discussion and one full day in the laboratory per week. Offered in the Fall term. 105. P hysiology (for non-Majors). Mr. Scott. A general consideration of the functional processes in animals with emphasis placed on mammals and other vertebrates. The aspects of adaptation of the animal to environmental stress are treated in such a way as to serve the individual student’s area of concentration. In preparation an introductory course in Zoology is desirable. One afternoon of discussion and one full day in the laboratory per week. Offered in the Spring term of alternate years. 106. Entomology . Mr. Weber, Mr. Bohnsack. Following a survey of insects in general a detailed study of one aspect of the field will be undertaken. This will involve use of a scientific library and inde­ pendent work on one topic. 110. Special T opics. The Staff. Open to students who, having satisfied all requirements, desire further work in the department. Frequently this will include acting as junior assistants in the research of staff members. 71 Chemistry Professors: Edward H. Cox,** Chairm an H. J ermain Creighton * A ssociate Professors: D uncan G. Foster W alter B. K eighton , J r. A ssistant P rofessor: Edward A. Fehnel I nstructor : Emil J. Slowinski, J r . The aim of the Department of Chemistry is to provide a sound training in the fundamental theories and basic techniques of the science rather than to deal with specialized branches of the subject. The courses offered are designed' to meet the needs of four classes of students: 1. Students with a primary interest in the humanities or social sciences, who turn to chemistry as a scientific study of general educational value. For these students Chemistry 1 or Chemistry 1 and 2 offers training in the scientific approach to problems, experience with the laboratory method of investigation, and a presen­ tation of the major intellectual achievements of chemistry. 2. Students who seek training in chemistry as a supplement to their training in astronomy, botany, engineering, mathematics, medicine, physics, or zoology. Courses 1, 2, 11, 12, 21 (or 22 and 55), 61-62 and the seminars in Organic Chemistry and in Physical Chemistry include those most frequently recommended for this class of students. The departmental statements contain specific recom­ mendations. 3. Students interested in chemistry as a scientific study of general educational value, but who have no intention of pursuing chemistry as a profession. Such students may meet the college requirements for a major in chemistry by completing the following courses in chemistry as a minimum: 1, 2, 11, 12, 22, 55, 61 and 62. They should also take Mathematics 1, 2, 11, 12; Physics 1-2; and an additional advanced course in mathematics, physics, or zoology. By wisely planning his elective courses the student may obtain a broad education with emphasis on chemistry and its supporting subjects. 4. Students who expect to practice chemistry as a profession or to do graduate study in chemistry need somewhat more chemistry, mathematics and physics than listed in the previous paragraph. In addition they must complete German 4 or 7-8. The typical curricula outlined below provide for a well-rounded and thor­ ough training in the fundamentals of chemistry and practice in its techniques. In addition, they satisfy the minimum requirements of the American Chemical Society for the undergraduate training of chemists. The following are typical curricula for the student in course and' in honors. Some variation from either curriculum is possible, and all students intending to major in chemistry should consult with members of the staff regarding the courses best suited to their purpose. * Absent on leave, first semester, 1951-52. Absent on leave, Spring Semester, 1951-52. ** 72 In Course freshman Year Introductory Chemistry 1, 2 Mathematics 1, 2 ♦German 1-2 English Literature 1 and a half course in philosophy, fine arts, music or religion Economics 1-2, or Political Science 1-2 Junior Year Organic Chemistry 22 Gravimetric Analysis 51 Differential Equations 52 Advanced Calculus 51 Psychology 1 Physics 11-12 Elective Sophomore Year Qualitative Analysis 11 Volumetric Analysis 12 Differential Calculus 11 Integral Calculus 12 ♦German 3, 4 Physics 1-2 A year course in humanities or social science Senior Year Organic Chemistry 55, 56 Advanced Inorganic Chemistry 65 Physical Chemistry 61-62 Electives (3) I n H o n o rs The Freshman and Sophomore years are identical with the program above for students in course, except that Organic Chemistry 22 is substituted for Volumetric Analysis 12 in the spring semester of the sophomore year. Junior Year Courses: Gravimetric Analysis 51 Volumetric Analysis 12 Organic Chemistry 55, 56 Seminars: Advanced Calculus Differential Equations Senior Year Seminars: Elementary Physical Chemistry Advanced Physical Chemistry Electricity and Magnetism Modern Physics 1. I n troductory C h em istry . Mr. Keighton and Staff. Pall Semester A study of some of the central concepts and fundamental principles of chemistry, showing how the basic facts of the science are collected and interpreted, how the theories or fundamental laws are arrived at, and how they are used in ex­ plaining or predicting the behavior of matter. The course is designed to meet the needs of those students who wish to study chemistry as a part of their general education as well as of those professionally interested in chemistry. No previous training in chemistry is required, but ample work is provided for those who have already studied chemistry. A small group of students, who have the interest and ability, meet with some member of the staff for the discussion of more advanced topics. Students who enter college with exceptional training in chemistry are encouraged to take a placement examination during freshman orientation week. If found to be sufficiently well prepared they may omit Chemistry 1 and start with Chemistry 2 in the spring term. One semester. Prerequisite for all other courses in chemistry. Three lectures and recitation periods and one four hour laboratory period weekly. Textbooks: Hildebrand and Latimer, Principles of Chemistry and Reference Book of Inorganic Chemistry; Bray and Latimer, A Course in General Chemistry.* * Students who have completed the foreign language requirement in another language may substitute German 7-8. 73 2. Introductory Chemistry. Mr. Creighton. Spring Semester This course is a continuation of Chemistry 1, but with a shift of emphasis towards the needs of those students who expect to major in the sciences or in engineering. Chemistry 1 and 2 together constitute a survey of the field. One semester. Prerequisite: Chemistry 1. Three lectures and recitation periods and one four hour laboratory period weekly. Textbooks: Same as Chemistry 1. Mr. Foster. Each Semester Modern theory of solutions of electrolytes and its application to inorganic qualitative analysis. One semester. Prerequisite: Chemistry 2 with a minimum grade of C. Two lectures, one conference period and four hours of laboratory weekly. Textbook: Fai es and Kenny, Inorganic Qualitative Analysis. 11. Q ualitative Analysis . 12. V olumetric A nalysis . Mr. Foster. Spring Semester The theory and practice of inorganic volumetric analysis, including examples of physico-chemical methods. Acid-base, oxidation-reduction, and precipitation analyses are covered thoroughly in class, with examples in the laboratory. One semester. Prerequisite: Chemistry 11, with a minimum grade of C. One lecture, one optional conference period and eight hours of laboratory weekly. Textbook: Kolthoff and Sandell, Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis. 21. O rganic C hemistry Survey. Mr. Cox. Fall Semester This course is designed to meet the needs of students who do not elect chemistry as their major interest. The course covers classification, nomenclature and re­ actions of organic compound's of both the aliphatic and aromatic series. Structural relationships and chemical behavior of representative members of the various classes of compounds are stressed. No attempt is made to pursue the more com­ plicated syntheses nor to deal at length with current modem theories. One semester. Prerequisite: Chemistry 2, with a minimum grade of C. Three lectures, four hours of laboratory and one optional conference per week. 22. O rganic Chemistry . Mr. Cox or Mr. Fehnel, Spring Semester An introduction to the principles of organic chemistry, with special emphasis on the nomenclature, structure, synthesis and reactions of aliphatic compounds. This course is not intended to be a terminal course, but is designed to be taken in conjunction with Chemistry 55 by all chemistry majors and by other students who desire a more thorough training in the theory and practice of organic chemistry than is provided by Chemistry 21. One semester. Prerequisite: Chemistry 11 with a minimum grade of C. Three lectures and one laboratory period per week. 51. G ravimetric Analysis . Mr. Foster. Fall Semester The theory and practice of inorganic gravimetric analysis, including some special methods, such as colorimetry and polarography, elementary gas analysis, and, if time allows, organic combustion methods. One semester. Prerequisite: Chemistry 12. One lecture and eight hours of laboratory weekly. Textbook: Kolthoff and Sandell, Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis. 74 55. O rganic Chemistry. Mr. Fehnel. Fall Semester A continuation of Chemistry 22, with special emphasis on the chemistry of aromatic compounds. Laboratory experiments are selected to illustrate the more important synthetic methods for the various classes of aromatic compounds and to develop skill in the use of fundamental organic laboratory techniques. One semester. Prerequisite: Chemistry 22 with a minimum grade of C. Three lectures and two laboratory periods per week. 56. Advanced O rganic C hemistry . Mr. Fehnel. Spring Semester Selected topics in organic chemistry, including resonance .theory, reaction mechan­ isms, molecular rearrangements, free radicals and other topics of current interest. Use of the literature of organic chemistry is discussed and library assignments provide opportunities for the student to become familiar with the, more important journals and handbooks. One of the two weekly laboratory periods is devoted to qualitative organic analysis and the other to advanced preparations and tech­ niques. One semester. Prerequisite: Chemistry 55 with a minimum grade of C. Three lectures and two laboratory period’s per week. Mr. Keighton and Mr. Slowinski. The principles of theoretical chemistry are studied and a number of numerical exercises are worked; the gaseous, liquid and solid states, solutions, colloids, elementary thermodynamics, chemical equilibria, electrochemistry, the kinetics of chemical reactions. In the laboratory the student uses a variety of physicalchemistry apparatus. Two semesters, credit given only for the completion of both semesters. Prerequisites: Ghemistry 2 with a minimum grade of C, Mathematics 12, Physics 1. Three lectures and one laboratory period weekly. Textbook: Prutton and Maron, Fundamental Principles of Physical Chemistry. 61-62. P hysical Chemistry . 65. Advanced I norganic C hemistry . Mr. Fehnel. Fall Semester The periodic classification of elements is studied from the point of view of cor­ relation of structure and properties. Consideration is given to such topics as atomic and molecular structure, coordination complexes, metal carbonyls, intermetallic and interstitial compounds, modem concepts of acids and bases, chemistry of the transition metals and rare earths and other phases of inorganic chemistry. One semester. Prerequisite: Chemistry 61 either previously or concurrently. Three hours of conference and lectures per week with an additional four hours per week devoted to selected readings on modern developments in inorganic chemistry. 69. Special T opics in O rganic Chemistry . Mr. Fehnel. Fall and Spring Semesters An elective half-course which provides an opportunity for qualified advanced stu­ dents to undertake original investigations in the field of organic chemistry. The course is designed to give the student practical experience in the application of the scientific method to the solution of a research problem, to develop facility in the use of advanced laboratory techniques, and to stimulate interest in current developments in organic chemical research. A thesis is required in lieu of a final examination. One semester. Prerequisites: Chemistry 55 with a minimum grade of C, and Chemistry 56 either previously or concurrently. Approximately ten hours of laboratory work and conferences per week. 75 H o n o r s W o rk Before admission to honors work the chemistry major will have completed the cur­ riculum of the first two years, outlined above, or its equivalent. At the end of their senior year, honors students majoring in chemistry normally take four examination papers in chemistry, with the remaining four papers usually selected from mathematics, physics, or zoology. The following seminars are offered as preparation for the honors examination in chemistry. Mr. Keighton and Mr. Slowinski. Fall and Spring Semesters The gaseous, liquid, .and solid states, solutions, colloids, elementary thermo­ dynamics, chemical equilibria, electrochemistry, the kinetics of chemical, reactions. Prerequisites: Chemistry 2, Mathematics 12, Physics 1. One four-hour seminar and one eight-hour laboratory period1 weekly for one semester. 101. Elementary P hysical C hemistry . 102. A dvanced P hysical Chemistry . Mr. Keighton and Mr. Slowinski. Spring Semester Thermodynamics, the Debye-HUckel theory of strong electrolytes, the structure of matter, chemical kinetics, including photochemistry and acid-base catalysis. Prerequisite: Elementary Physical Chemistry Seminar. One four-hour seminar and one eight-hour laboratory period weekly. Mr. Cox and Mr. Fehnel. Spring Semester This seminar is for minor students who wish to fit this subject into their honors program. The material given has much of the content covered in courses 22, 55 and 56. Prerequisite: Chemistry 21. Weekly Seminars and laboratory. 103. O rganic Chemistry . 76 Classics Professors: Susan P. Cobbs L. R. Shero , Chairm an A ssistant Professor: H elen F. N orth The Department of Classics offers courses in Greek and Latin that are designed to develop a capacity for the fruitful study of works written in those languages. A knowledge of Greek is particularly valuable for students of modern literature, phi­ losophy, or the Christian religion; a knowledge of Latin, for students of the romance languages, mediaeval history, or law. Study in either field is helpful for the broad­ ening and deepening of a student's educational experience. Another group of courses (numbered from 31 on) deals with the history of the' Greeks and Romans and with various aspects of their culture that have been of special significance for the modern world. These courses presuppose no knowledge of the Greek or Latin languages and are open without prerequisites to all students. R equirements and R ecommendations for M ajors Greek or Latin may be offered as the major subject either in course or in honors work. Major students in course are normally required to complete during the first two years either Intermediate Greek (course 11-12) or Introduction to Latin Literature (course 11-12). Both of these courses are prerequisite for honors seminars for a major student and one of them for honors seminars for a minor student. The course in Ethics (Philosophy 11) and a course in the history of either Greece or Rome are also recommended for major students either in course or in honors work. Major students in honors work may substitute for one of the four seminars normally required in this department either the seminar in Plato given by the Department of Philosophy or a thesis. Students of Latin may substitute a seminar in Greek for one of their seminars in Latin (or vice versa). Greek 1-2. E lem en ta ry G r e e k . Miss Cobbs. Full Course The essentials of Greek grammar are covered and' easy selections from Greek literature are read. 11, 12. I n term ed ia te G r ee k . Mr. Shero. Full Course Selections from Homer, a play of Euripides, and Plato’s Apology are read. 13, 14. G reek Reading. Miss North. Full Course The reading of some of the masterpieces of poetry and of prose, including selec­ tions from lyric poetry and from Herodotus and a play of Aeschylus or Sophocles, is supplemented by a survey of the history of Greek literature. Credit is given for each semester. The course will be offered only when required. 15, 16. A dvanced G reek R eading. Mr. Shero. Full Course The works read are determined by the interests and needs of the members of the class but will usually include portions of Thucydides, some speeches of the Attic orators, and a comedy of Aristophanes. Credit is given for each semester. The course will be offered only when required. 77 Latin 1-2. E lementary Latin . Mr. Shero. Full Course The course is designed for students who begin Latin in college or who are not prepared to enter Intermediate Latin, and it normally covers the equivalent of two years’ work in secondary school. The course will be offered only when required. 3, 4. I ntermediate Latin . Miss North. Full Course The course is primarily concerned with the reading of Virgil’s Aeneid. For the benefit of students who have had only two years of preparatory Latin, a brief introductory period is devoted to a review of the fundamentals of Latin grammar. Credit is given for each semester. 11, 12. I ntroduction to Latin Literature . Mr. Shero and Miss North. Full Course The course aims to give some conception of the scope and characteristic qualities of Latin literature. The reading includes essays by Cicero in the first semester and the Odes of Horace in the second. Credit is given for each semester. It is open to students who have had four years of preparatory Latin or who have completed Intermediate Latin. 13. Catullus and Elegy. Mr. Shero. Fall Semester A study of the poems of Catullus and the elegiac poets. 14. M ediaeval Latin . Miss North. Spring Semester The reading done in this course consists of prose and verse selected chiefly from the writings of mediaeval Latin authors, with particular emphasis on history, philosophy, satire, and poetry. Some attention is given, early in the course, to Christian authors, such as Minucius Felix, St. Jerome, and St. Augustine, in order to clarify the transition from ancient to mediaeval modes of thought and expression. Ancient History and Civilization 31. H istory of G reece. Mr. Shero. Fall Semester The course is devoted to the study of the political and social history of the Greek states to the time of the Hellenistic kingdoms. This is preceded by a brief survey of the Oriental civilizations by which the Greeks were influenced. Special attention is given to the 6th and 5th centuries B. C. Considerable reading is done in the primary sources in translation. The course is given in alternate years and will be offered in 1951-1952. 33. G reek Civilization . Mr. Shero. Fall Semester Special stress is laid on those aspects of Greek culture which have had most significance for the modern world, and a detailed study is made of some of the masterpieces of Greek art and of Greek literature (in translation). The course is given in alternate years and will be offered in 1952-1953. 34. H istory of R ome . Mr. Shero. Spring Semester The course is devoted to the study of the political and social history of Rome to the time of Constantine. Special attention is given to the last century of the Republic and the first century of the Empire. Considerable reading is done in the primary sources in translation. 78 35. C lassical Archaeology. Mr. Sfaero. The methods of archaeological investigation in general and the contributions of archaeology to our knowledge of Greek and Roman life and art are studied. A visit is paid' to the University of Pennsylvania Museum. The course will be offered only when required. Miss North. Spring Semester The works read in this course include the Iliad and the Odyssey, much of Greek tragedy and comedy, selections from the historians, the lyric and elegiac poets, and the Ionian physicists, and, in its entirety, the Republic of Plato. These works are considered both from the point of view of literary criticism and in relation to their influence on the development of western thought. 36. G reek Literature in T ranslation . Miss North. Fall Semester The works studied in this course range in time from the age of the Roman Re­ public to the .twelfth century after Christ and are selected from those masterpieces written in the Latin language which possess significance for the history and literature of Western Europe, and which retain their value when read in trans­ lation. They include, from the classical period, such major authors as Cicero, Lucretius, Virgil, Livy, and Seneca; from the Latin Fathers, St. Jerome and St. Augustine; and from the Middle Ages, Boethius, Prudentius, Bede, the chief figures of the Carolingian Renaissance, and the writers of Mediaeval Latin hymns and secular poetry. The course is given when required and will be offered in the first semester of 1951-1952. 37. Latin Literature in T ranslation —Classical and M ediaeval. 39. Classical M ythology in Literature and Art . Mr. Shero. Fall Semester The course is designed to give familiarity with those myths and legends that have served as material for writers and artists from ancient times to the present. Plays, both ancient and modern, based on the more influential myths are read, and a study is made of the manner in which the themes have been handled in painting- and sculpture of various periods. Special attention is given to the use made of stories from mythology by recent writers. The course is given in alternate years and will be offered in 1951-1952. X . G reek and Latin N omenclature . Miss North. Fall Semester This course is designed to assist students of the biological sciences in understand­ ing terminology derived from Greek and Latin. Principles of word formation, the meaning of common roots, the nature of combining forms, and rules for English pronunciation are stressed. The class meets one hour a week and is not counted towards a degree. H o n o r s Sem in a rs 101. Latin Language. Miss North. This seminar serves as an introduction to classical philology, stressing the study of the Latin language in its development from Indo-European to the Vulgar Latin period. It also includes practice in reading and writing Latin, and an introduction to epigraphy and palaeography. The seminar is given in the fall semester and will be offered in 1953-1954. 102. Latin H istorians. Mr. Shero. This seminar combines a survey of Latin historical writing to the end of the Silver Age with intensive study of selected books of Livy and Tacitus. The seminar is given in the spring semester and will be offered in 1951-1952. 7? 103. Latin E pic . Miss North. This seminar traces the development of Roman epic poetry, with particular emphasis on the De Rerum Natura of Lucretius and the Aene'td of Virgil. Some attention is also given to early Roman epic, as represented by the Annales of Ennius, and to the period of its decline, typified by Lucan’s Pharsalia. The seminar is given in the fall semester and will be offered in 1952-1953. 104. La t in C omedy and Sa tire . Mr. Shero. Representative comedies of Plautus and Terence are read, and a study of the Satires and Epistles of Horace and the Satires of Juvenal is supplemented by a general survey of the development of Roman satire. The seminar is given in the spring semester and will be offered in 1952-1953. In addition, seminars in Greek literature and in particular periods of ancient history will be offered when required. 80 Economics P r o fessors : E dw ard K . C ratsley H erbert F. F raser C lair W ilco x , Chairm an A ssociate P r o fesso r : F r a n k C. P ier so n A ssistant P ro fesso rs : J o se p h W . C o na rd W illis D . W e a t h e r fo r d * * I n s t r u c t o r : N ev in A. Sc h a ll * The courses in economics are designed: first, to acquaint the student with the insti­ tutions and the processes through which the business of producing, exchanging, and distributing goods and services is organized and carried on; second, to train him in the methods by which the operation of these institutions and processes may be analyzed; and third, to enable him to arrive at informed judgments concerning relevant issues of public policy. Course 1-2 is prerequisite to all other work in the department except courses 3 and 4. Students intending to major in economics are also advised to take courses 3 and 4 and Political Science 1-2. Majors in course are required to take course 51 in the junior year and courses 61 and 62 in the senior year. Majors in honors are advised to take seminars 102 and 103. Courses and seminars should be taken, insofar as possible, in the order in which they are listed. 1-2. I n tr o d u c tio n to E co no m ics . Messrs. Conard, Fraser, Pierson, Schall, Weather­ ford and Wilcox. fu ll Course This course is designed both to afford the general student a comprehensive survey of the field and to provide students doing further work in the department with a foundation upon which to build. It explains the organization and operation of free, planned, and mixed economies and analyzes the major problems involved in the allocation of resources, the distribution of income, the maintenance of in­ dustrial stability, and the provision of social security, and in international economic relationships. Texts used are Samuelson, Economics and -Taylor and Barger, The American Economy in Operation. 3. A c c o u n t in g . Mr. Cratsley. fa ll Semester Analysis of the problems of business organization and finance, banking, taxation and public regulation requires familiarity with the methods of corporate account­ ancy. It is the purpose of this course to equip the student with the rudiments of accounting that he will need to employ in his advanced courses and seminars in economics. 4. Statistics. Mr. Cratsley. Spring Semester A large part of the literature of the social sciences presents generalizations based upon the results of statistical investigations. The validity of such generalizations is often dubious. It is the purpose of this course, by providing the student with an elementary knowledge of statistical methods, to enable him to appraise the studies that he will encounter in his later work.* ** Absent on leave, first semester, 1951-52. * First semester, 1951-52. 81 19-20. So viet E co no m ics and P o litics . Mr. Michaels. Full Course (Also listed as Political Science 19-20 and Russian Studies 19-20.) The structure and operation of the economic and political institutions of the Soviet Union, described and analyzed in the light of their theoretical and historical background. 51. M o n e y and B a n k in g . Mr. Schall. Fall Semester The organization and operation of the commercial banking system in the United States. Central banking and the Federal Reserve system. Monetary policy and economic stability. 52. P u blic F in a n c e . Mr. Fraser. Spring Semester The revenues and expenditures of Federal, state, and local governments. The principles of taxation and borrowing. Budgetary control and debt management. Fiscal policy and economic stability. 53. 54. E co no m ics o f B u sin ess . Mr. Fraser. The economic problems which confront the business executive. Fall semester: corporate organization and finance, investment banking and the securities ex­ changes. Spring semester: marketing, risk, speculation, insurance and the com­ modities exchanges. 55. L abor P ro blem s . Mr. Pierson. Fall Semester The structure and functions of labor unions. Employer approaches to labor relations. Analysis of wage policies. Government control of labor relations. 56. Social E co n o m ics . Mr. Weatherford Spring Semester An examination of the extent, consequences, and causes of poverty, insecurity, and inequality. An appraisal of economic reforms; social insurance, medical care, housing, the social use of the taxing power, the "welfare state.” Mr. Wilcox. Fall semester: competition and monopoly in American industry, enforcement and interpretation of the anti-trust laws, delivered pricing, the patent system, regula­ tion of extractive industries and distributive trades. Spring semester: regulation of municipal utilities, transportation, communications; American agricultural policy; control of prices in war-time; public ownership and operation of industry. 57. 58. P ublic Control of Business. 60. I n t e r n a t io n a l E co n o m ics . Messrs. Conard and Wilcox. Spring Semester The theory and practice of international trade, the balance of payments, foreign exchange, national commercial policies, international investment; world economic development; post-war reconstruction; relations between free and controlled economies. 61. E c o n o m ic T h eo r y . Mr. Conard. Fall Semester The determination of prices in economic theory and in business practice. The distribution of income. Determinants of the level of income and employment. Fluctuations in economic activity. 62. Se n io r M a jo r s Sem in a r . M r. Pierson. Spring Semester Individual readings and reports on subjects not otherwise covered in the student’s program. Common readings in contemporary literature appraising the operation of free and controlled economies. Discussion of current issues of public policy. 82 H onors W ork Mr. Fraser. Private finance: commercial banking, corporation finance, investment banking, the securities and commodities exchanges, insurance, public regulation of financial practices. Public finance: the expenditures and revenues of federal, state, and local governments; the principles of taxation and borrowing. 101. Finance . Mr. Pierson. Income and employment. The business cycle. The theories of Lord Keynes. The monetary policies of central banks. The fiscal policies of governments. The stabilization of economic activity. 102. M onetary and Fiscal P olicy. Mr. Conard. Contemporary economic theory: price determination, the functional distribution of income, the level of employment. The function served by economic theory for Smith, Marx, and contemporary students. Criticism of theory in the light of empirical studies and simplifying assumptions. 103. Economic T heory . 104. P ublic Control of B usiness. Mr. Wilcox. The anti-trust laws, the patent system, price discrimination, delivered price systems, resale price maintenance. The control of prices and production in agriculture, bituminous coal, petroleum and urban markets for fluid milk. Public regulation of municipal utilities, transportation and communications. Price control in war­ time. The public ownership and operation of industry. 105. I nternational Economics . Messrs. Conard and Wilcox. The theory of international trade. Monetary problems, cyclical fluctuations, and international monetary cooperation. Restrictionism and discrimination, cartels, com­ modity problems, shipping, aviation and telecommunications. Relations between free and controlled economies. Post-war reconstruction, economic development and international investment. International economic organization. 106. Social Economics . Messrs. Weatherford and Wilcox. Poverty, inequality, and insecurity. Labor legislation, organization, collective bargaining, wage-policy and the public control of labor relations. Public assistance, i social insurance, medical care, housing, free income and the social use of the taxing power. Regional planning. The "welfare state.” T h esis A thesis may be substituted for a course or a seminar under exceptional circum­ stances and by special arrangement. 83 Division of Engineering (The staff members of the Division of Engineering are listed under their respective departments) The engineering profession of today requires of its followers skill and resourceful­ ness as well as an integrated and thorough education in the natural and social sciences. The educational plan of the Division has been prepared with these requirements in mind. The objective of our program is to train the student professionally while providing the foundation of a liberal education. This is accomplished by educating the student in the professional disciplines of the engineer, such as critical analysis, humanistic studies, and the communication of ideas, as well as training in the tech­ niques of the engineering sciences. Specifically, the three Engineering Departments intend that each student shall (1) master the fundamental concepts of Engineering; (2) extend this mastery in the field of Civil, Electrical or Mechanical Engineering with a view to later professional practice; (3) obtain a sufficient amount of general education to enable him to understand how his engineering activities fit into the great purposes of society. A student who intends to major in Engineering * follows a common course of study for the first two years.' This course adheres as far as possible to the general college program for freshmen and sophomores (see page 51), and prepares the student for his professional work of the junior and senior years. At the end of the sophomore year, the student may enter his major field of Civil, Electrical, or Mechanical Engineer­ ing. The last two years are largely spent in his major field. The three curricula of the Engineering Departments lead to the degree of Bachelor of Science; these curricula are accredited by the Engineers’ Council for Professional Development. Each curriculum provides that the student of Engineering will take about one-fifth of his work in the Divisions of the Humanities and Social Sciences, one-fourth of his work in the Departments of Chemistry, Mathematics, and Physics, and the re­ mainder of his work in the three Departments of Engineering. All students devote their last two years: (1) to certain basic courses required of all engineers; (2) to fulfilling the major requirements of one of the departments of Engineering; (3) to developing their special interests. It is possible for students in any of the three departments whose interests lie in the field of administration, physics, mathematics, or chemistry, to elect courses having a more direct bearing on these subjects. The entire engineering program is outlined on the pages following. First is given the detail of the curriculum for the freshman and sophomore years. Modifications in this program may be made in individual cases, but it is essential that this body of work be completed before the junior year. Next follows a description of certain general courses in engineering open to all students. This is followed by an outline of the curriculum and a description of the courses offered by each department. * High school students intending to enter Engineering should take algebra, advanced algebra, plane and solid geometry, and trigonometry in secondary school, 84 O utline of the Basic Engineering C urriculum First T wo Y ears for the First Semester English Literature Chemistry Algebra and Trigonometry Engineering Drawing Surveying I Social Science Elective Second Semester Freshman Year English Composition Chemistry Analytic Geometry Descriptive Geometry Surveying II Social Science Elective Physics Differential Calculus Statics Materials & Shop Processes Non-Technical Elective Sophomore Year Physics Integral Calculus Dynamics Electric & Magnetic Circuits Non-technical Elective G eneral Courses GEl. E ngineering D rawing . Mr. Prager. Fall Semester Instruction in the use of drafting equipment; study of fundamental principles of engineering drawing; practice through rendering of detailed elements and machine assemblies; lettering and sketching. Required for freshman engineers. Open to all students. Two three-hour periods per week. GE2 D escriptive G eometry . Mr. Prager. Spring Semester An extension of the basic conception of orthographic projection as applied to the location and definition in space of three-dimensional structures; analysis of the geometric relation of distances, angles, intersections of lines and planes; development of surfaces; emphasis upon practical applications of descriptive geometry in the various fields of engineering. Required for freshman engineers. Open to all students who have had GEl or equivalent. Two three-hour periods per week. G E ll M aterials and Sh o p P rocesses. Staff. Each Semester Study of elementary metallurgy of ferrous and non-ferrous materials; investigation in fhe laboratory of various engineering materials as they are affected by stress, temperature, and heat treatment; analysis of purposes and practice in use of machine tools with emphasis on their performance with the variety of materials used in manufacturing processes. Three class periods per week; two three-hour laboratories each week. GE51 I ndustrial M anagement . Mr. Reaser. Study of organization and management of industrial enterprises; historical back­ ground and evolution of present-day scientific practices; significance of arrange­ ment of physical plant, production control, financial policies, wage payment, and personnel relations. Open to all students. Three class periods per week; one three-hour laboratory each week. GE57 Engineering Economy . Mr. Carpenter. Spring Semester A study of the methods of determining the relative economy of engineering alter­ natives; compound interest and the calculation of annual cost, present worth and prospective rates of return. A method of analysis which the engineer uses when he investigates a proposed course of action to decide whether it will prove to be economical. Open to all students. Three class periods per week; one three-hour laboratory each week. 85 Civil Engineering P rofessor: Samuel T. C arpenter , Chairm an A sssistant Professors: R oy F. Linsenmeyer Charles W. N ewlin M erton J. W illis R esearch Consultant : Captain W endell P. R oop Civil Engineering is the oldest recognized branch of the Engineering profession, and the work of the present-day Civil Engineer is in construction, design of bridges, buildings and dams, sanitary engineering, foundations, hydroelectric power, highways, airports, and railroads. A major in the Department of Civil Engineering studies the science of soil, water, structures, and materials. The Civil Engineering Department realizes the importance for the Civil Engineer of an understanding of Economics, Political Science, and the Liberal Arts, and provides for appropriate electives to be taken throughout the four-year program. Students may elect to enter the Civil Engineering honors program at the beginning of the junior year, although the establishment of an honors seminar depends upon the number of students who wish to enroll. Standard P rogram for Course Students Vail Semester Spring Semester Junior Year EE51 D. C. Apparatus CE51 Mechanics of Materials & Lab. ME61 Applied Mechanics ME 11 Thermodynamics I ME54 Fluid Mechanics EE53 A. C. Apparatus & Circuits CE52 Structural Theory Non-Technical Elective Senior Year CE53 Structural Design CE55 Soil Mechanics CE56 Sanitary Engineering Elective CE54 Adv. Structural Theory CE57 Reinforced Concrete GE57 Engineering Economy Elective CEl Surveying , I. Mr. Newlin, Mr. Willis. Vail Semester Surveying instruments and their adjustment; practice in taping, leveling, running traverses. Required course for freshman engineers. Open to all students who have had trigonometry in high school or college. (1 recitation and 1 3-hour laboratory per week.) CE2 Surveying , II. Mr. Newlin, Mr. Willis. Spring Semester Topography, stadia work, preparation of profiles and maps from field notes, ele­ ments of photogrammetry, celestial observations, highway curves and earth work. Required course for freshmen engineers. Prerequisite: CEl Surveying. (1 recitation and 1 3-hour laboratory per week.) 86 C E ll Statics . Mr. Carpenter, Mr. Linsenmeyer. Fall Semester Concept and definition of force, scalar, and vector quantities; combination and resolution of forces; principle of moment and couples; graphical and analytical conditions for equilibrium; stress diagrams, cables; centroids of areas, volumes, and masses; area and volume theorems. Open to students who have taken Mathematics 1 and 2. (3 recitations and 1 3-hour laboratory per week.) CE12 D y na m ics . Mr. Carpenter, Mr. Linsenmeyer. Spring Semester Principles of dynamics, motion of a particle, Newton’s laws, general equation of motion, rectilinear motion, displacement, velocity, speed, and acceleration; simple harmonic motion, free and forced vibration; inertia forces, work and energy, momentum and impulse; curvilinear motion; kinetic energy of rotation; balancing of rotating bodies; relative motion, angular momentum; combined translation and rotation. Prerequisite: C E ll. (3 recitations and 1 3-hour laboratory per week.) CE51 M ech a n ics o f M aterials a n d Laboratory . Mr. Carpenter, Mr. Linsenmeyer, Mr. Newlin. Fall Semester This course deals with the internal stresses and changes of form which always occur when forces act upon solid bodies. The mechanics involved in the design of simple engineering structures is presented so that the student may realize the problems which must be solved in order to secure the required strength and stiffness in such structures. The laboratory work of this course is planned to clarify the theoretical considerations of beams, columns, combined stress, torsion and methods of strain measurement. Prerequisite: C E ll, Statics. (3 recitations and 1 3-hour laboratory per week.) CE52 Stru ctu ra l T h eo r y . Mr. Linsenmeyer, Mr. Newlin Spring Semester Analysis of determinate and indeterminate structures. A study of stresses in truss and rigid frame systems, influence lines. Prerequisite: CE51 Mechanics of Materials. (3 recitations and 1 3-hour labora­ tory per week.) CE53 Stru ctu ra l D esign . Mr. Carpenter. Fall Semester Design of structural members and connections for metallic and timber structures. Prerequisite: CE52 Structural Theory. (3 recitations and 1 3-hour laboratory per week.) CE54 A dvanced Structu ra l T h eo r y . Mr. Carpenter. Spring Semester' A study of complex structural systems and advanced mechanics of materials. Photoelasticity and the study of structural models. Prerequisite: CE52 Structural Theory. (3 recitations and 1 3-hour laboratory per week.) CE55 So il M ech a n ics . Mr. Linsenmeyer, Mr. Newlin. Fall Semester The theory and practice of soil mechanics as applied to foundations, highways, and airports. Prerequisite: CE51 Mechanics of Materials. (3 recitations and 1 3-hour laboratory per week.) CE56 Sa nitary E n g in e e r in g . Mr. Willis. Fall Semester The activities of the sanitary engineer, including the development and purification of water supplies; sewerage and sewage disposal. Also includes subjects dealing with advanced hydraulics. Prerequisite: ME54 Fluid Mechanics. (3 recitations and 1 3-hour laboratory per week.) 87 CE57 R ein fo rced C o n c r e te . Mr. Newlin. Spring Semester The analysis and design of concrete structures including concrete building frames, concrete bridges and retaining walls. Prerequisite: CE52 Structural Theory. (3 recitations and 1 3-hour laboratory per week.) CE69 C ivil E n g in ee r in g T h esis . Staff. The time allotted to a civil engineering thesis is generally one semester. The subject matter of the thesis must be approved six weeks before the beginning of the semester. 88 Electrical Engineering Professors: H oward M. J enkins ,* Chairm an J ohn D. M cCrum m A ssistant Professor: G J ustus G arrahan I nstructor : Robert W. M erriam Electrical Engineering deals largely with the development and application of precise notions of electricity and its allied physical sciences in the broad field of the conversion, transmission, control, and utilization of electrical energy for the purposes of trans­ mitting power and communicating intelligence. The program in Electrical Engineering gives full recognition to the natural sciences basic to the profession, and includes considerable work in the Humanities and Social Sciences, since the needs of the profession are best served by engineers who are vitally aware of the society in which they work. The educational objectives of the Department are to provide the student with a thorough understanding of the fundamental principles of the natural sciences related to Electrical Engineering, and to inculcate in the student the confidence to apply these principles to new situations. Considerable emphasis is placed on the experimental evidence underlying these fundamentals, and mathematical methods are used to facili­ tate the application of these principles. Since most engineering problems can be solved only• by making certain simplifications, the student is encouraged to m m m f problems critically and to make such simplifying assumptions as are possible without destroying the significance of the results; The importance of the presentation of work is also stressed, the student being required to gain some proficiency in com­ municating the results of his work clearly, completely, and in a well organized form. The courses in Electrical Engineering are each a series of inquiries dealing with fundamental concepts of electrical phenomena. The common aim is to carry the student to such a point that he will understand the basic sciences involved and can apply this knowledge to the problems of his later professional practice. Standard Program for Course Students First Semester Second Semester Junior Year EE54 EE56 CE51 ME51 A. C. Circuits Engineering Analysis I Mechanics of Materials Thermodynamics I EE55 Electronics EE57 Engineering Analysis II ME54 Fluid Mechanics Elective Senior Year EE52 D. C. Machinery EE58 A. C. Machinery I EE60 Vacuum Tube Circuits Elective EE61 Networks and Fields EE59 A. C. Machinery II Engineering Elective Elective * Absent on leave, fall semester, 1951-52. 89 EE11 E lectric and M agnetic Circuits. Mr. Jenkins. Spring Semester The experimental basis of electricity and magnetism; elementary electrostatics and magnetostatics; voltage, current power, energy. Bilateral and linear networks with constant driving voltages. Induced electromotive forces; capacitance and inductance; elementary problems in ferro-magnetism. Three class periods per week; one laboratory every other week. Prerequisites: Physics 1 and to be preceded or accompanied by Integral Calculus. EE5I D irect Current A pparatus. Mr. Merriam. Fall Semester Theory of direct-current generators and motors; fundamentals of control for direct current machines. Topics include flux, generated voltage, armature reaction, com­ mutation, torque, speed, voltage and speed regulation, losses, efficiency, and effects of control on motor characteristics. Three class periods per week; one laboratory each week. Prerequisite: EE 11 Electric and Magnetic Circuits. EE52 D irect Current M achinery . Mr. Jenkins. Fall Semester Theory of direct-current generators and motors; fundamentals of control for direct-current machines; effect of control on motor characteristics; rotating ampli­ fiers and their use in closed-cycle control systems. Three class periods per week; one laboratory each week. Prerequisite: EE11 Electric and Magnetic Circuits. EE53 A lternating Current Circuits Mr. Jenkins Spring Semester Relations of simple harmonic electromotive forces and currents, power, power factor; single phase circuits; polyphase circuits, balanced and unbalanced. The construction, characteristics, and operation of alternators, induction motors, trans­ formers, synchronous motors, mercury arc rectifiers and their regulating and control devices. Three class periods per week; one laboratory each week. Prerequisite: EE51 Direct Current Apparatus. and A pparatus . EE54 A lternating Current Circuit T heory . Mr. Garrahan. Spring Semester A systematic study of single and polyphase electric circuits under steady state conditions. Three class periods per week; one laboratory each week. Prerequisite: EE11 Electric and Magnetic Circuits. EE55 E lectronics. Mr. Garrahan. Fall Semester Motion of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields; thermionic emission; the high vacuum diode; electrical discharges in gases; rectifiers and thyratrons; power supplies and filters; the triode; multi-electrode tubes; voltage amplifiers. Three class periods per week; one laboratory each week. Prerequisite: EE54 A. C. Circuit Theory. EE56 Engineering Analysis I. Mr. McCrumm. Fall Semester Formulation and application of the method of engineering analysis based upon fundamental physical laws, mathematics, and practical engineering considerations. Emphasis is placed on the professional approach to the analysis of a new, bona fide engineering problem. A study is made of the common physical and mathe­ matical aspects shared by different systems such as mechanical, thermal, electrical and acoustical. The theory and application of ordinary differential equations is systematically covered. Three class periods per week; one laboratory each week. Prerequisites: EE 11 Electric and Magnetic Circuits, and Integral Calculus. 90 EE57 Engineering A nalysis II. Mr. McCrumm. Spring Semester Further analysis of physical systems, employing the following branches of mathe­ matics: Gamma and Bessell functions, elliptic integrals, Fourier series and other infinite series, partial differential equations, conformal mapping, dimensional analysis, the Laplace transform. Three class periods per week. Prerequisite: EE56 Engineering Analysis I. EE58 A lternating Current M achinery I. Mr. Jenkins. Pall Semester The transformer: equivalent circuits, regulation and efficiency, parallel operation, balanced and unbalanced polyphase operation, the autotransformer, three winding transformer, etc. The induction motor: polyphase and single phase machines, equivalent circuits, graphical methods of analysis, effect of unbalanced voltages, etc. Three class periods per week; one laboratory each week. Prerequisites: EE54 A. C. Circuit Theory. EE59 A lternating Current M achinery II. Mr. Jenkins. Spring Semester The alternator: determination of the performance and the principle machine para­ meters, the two reaction theory, operation under unbalanced and transient condi­ tions. The synchronous motor: a generalized study of the synchronous machine correlating motor and generator action, the two reaction theory of the motor, etc. Commutator type A. C. motors and synchronous converters. The basic aspects of power system stability. Three class periods per week; one laboratory each week. Prerequisite: EE58 A. C. Machinery I. EE60 V acuum T ube Circuits. Mr. Garrahan. Pall Semester An introduction to the analysis and design of circuits containing vacuum tubes. The circuits studied include: voltage and power amplifiers; modulators and detectors; oscillators and pulse generators. Three class periods per week; one laboratory each week. Prerequisites: EE54 A. C. Circuit Theory; EE55 Electronics, and EE57 Engineer­ ing Analysis II, or equivalent. EE61 N etworks and Fields. Mr. Garrahan. Spring Semester The first part of this course is a study of electrical networks, such as artificial lines, transmission lines with distributed parameters, and electric wave filters. The second part is an introduction to electromagnetic field theory. The topics dis­ cussed are: Maxwell's hypothesis; propagation and reflection of electromagnetic waves; antennas; wave guides and resonant cavities. Three class periods per week; one laboratory each week. Prerequisites: EE54 A. C. Circuit Theory, and ÉE57 Engineering Analysis II. EE71 E lectrical Engineering T hesis . Staff. An engineering thesis may be substituted for a course or for the examination on the subject matter covered in a seminar, by special arrangement with the staff. H o n o rs The four following seminars are offered by the Department to prepare in part for examinations for a degree with Honors. Students who plan to take honors seminars in Electrical Engineering should note that Circuit Theory is a desirable preparation for Electronics (although not a prerequisite if a seminar in Electricity and Magnetism has been taken). Adequate training in electrical machinery, and the Circuit Theory seminar or its equivalent, are prerequisites for the seminar in Servomechanisms. Some knowledge of A. C. Circuit Theory is a prerequisite for the Machinery Seminar. 91 101. Circuit T heory . A systematic treatment of the transient and steady-state analysis of electrical net­ works. The operational methods of analysis based on complex algebra and the Laplace Transform are studied. These methods are then used to investigate the performance of single and polyphase systems, the general two-terminal pair, long transmission lines, and electric wave filters. The seminar is accompanied by a full-day laboratory. 102. E lectronics . A study of electron ballistics and the characteristics of electron tubes and their application in amplifiers, modulators, detectors, oscillators, pulse generators, etc. Some elementary aspects of radiation and ultra-high frequency techniques may be included. The seminar is accompanied by a full-day laboratory. 103. Servomechanisms . A systematic investigation of the characteristics of closed cycle control systems and their components. The mechanisms may be any combination of electrical, thermal, mechanical or hydraulic systems. Synthesis rather than analysis is stressed thus requiring use of the'more powerful methods of the Laplace transform, and a study of transfer function loci and equations in the complex domain. Modern techniques are employed^ extensive reading in the literature is expected of each student. There is one full-day laboratory per week, in addition to the seminar. 104. M achinery . An intensive study of the basic aspects shared in common by transformers and rotating electrical machinery. A further study of the operating characteristics and the engineering application of electrical machines as specific direct current and alternating current devices. There is one full-day laboratory per week, in addition to the seminar. 92 M echanical Engineering A ssociate Professor: W illiam E. Reaser, C hairm an A ssistant Professor: Bernard M orrill I nstructor : Philip C. Prager The curriculum in Mechanical Engineering is planned to develop an individual through scientific training for positions in manufacturing industries, with organizations engaged in power production, and in the field of transportation. Based upon the fundamental sciences of physics, chemistry, and mathematics, the program aims to provide an adequate background for the solution of the variety of problems related to the design, construction and operation of mechanical equipment used in industrial establishments. The arrangement of courses is intended also to prepare mechanical engineers for such activities as those which deal with fabrication of products and the eventual assumption of managerial responsibilities. Coincident with the need for a broad and fundamental technical training, all of the engineering profession should be conscious of the impact upon society resulting from their efforts. To stimulate this awareness, students are encouraged to choose electives in the Humanities arid Social Sciences throughout their undergraduate careers. Standard Program for Course Students Junior Year ME 51 EE51 CE51 ME61 Fall Semester Thermodynamics I D. C. Apparatus Mechanics of Materials & Lab Applied Mechanics ME53 Thermodynamics III ME62 Adv. Strength of Materials ME63 Kinematics and Design Elective Spring Semester ME52 Thermodynamics II ME 54 Fluid Mechanics EE53 A. C. Apparatus & Circuits Elective Senior Year ME64 Engineering Design ME55 Adv. Fluids and Heat Transfer GE51 Industrial Management Elective ME51 T hermodynamics I. Mr. Reaser. Energy and first law of thermodynamics; application of general energy equation to steady-flow and non-flow processes; properties of liquids; vapors, gases, mix­ tures; reversible cycles; second law of thermodynamics; entropy. Three class periods per week; one three-hour laboratory each week. Prerequisite: Integral Calculus. ME52 T hermodynamics II. Mr. Reaser. Extension of ME51; analysis of steam cycles basic to modern power plant prac­ tice; heat balance calculations; flow of elastic fluids through nozzles and orifices; combustion; air-conditioning; refrigeration. Study of application of fundamental principles as exemplified in steam power stations with emphasis upon design and test of fuel firing equipment, furnaces, boilers, air preheaters, economizers; aux­ iliary equipment such as pumps, condensers, fans. Class and laboratory investi­ gations supplemented by field trips. Prerequisite: ME51. 93 ME53 T hermodynamics III. Mr. Prager. Extension of ME51 and ME52; analysis of gas cycles basic to internal combustion engine practice; behavior of real gases and mixtures; general thermodynamic equations; combustion of liquid and gaseous fuels; gas compression. Study of application of fundamental principles as demonstrated in design, test and operation of spark-ignition and compression-ignition engines, gas turbines and compressors. Class and laboratory investigations supplemented by field trips. Prerequisites: ME51 and ME52. ME54 F luid M echanics . Mr. Prager. An introductory course in fluid statics; kinematics; equation of continuity; steady flow energy and momentum; dynamics of an ideal fluid; dimensional analysis and similitude; incompressible flow in closed conduits and compressibility phenomena. Three class periods per week; one three-hour laboratory each week. Prerequisites: Integral Calculus, ME51, Thermodynamics. ME55 Advanced F luid M echanics and H eat T ransfer . Theory of fluid mechanics in turbines, pumps, fans, jets, fluid couplings, funda­ mental principles of heat transfer by conduction, free and forced convection, radiation; parallel and counterflow heat exchangers; insulated pipes and related equipment; relation to practical engineering problems. Three class periods per week; one three-hour laboratory each week. Prerequisite: ME54 Fluid Mechanics. ME61 A pplied M echanics . The development of fundamental concepts in problems dealing with mechanical vibrations; Euler’s equation; theories of failure; metallurgical problems in design; use of statistical analysis and theory of probability for solving engineering problems. Three class periods per week; one three-hour laboratory each week. Prerequisite: Integral Calculus. ME62 A dvanced Strength of M aterials. Review of stress and strain; torsion; bending; beams on elastic foundations; thick cylinders; failure of metals under stress; plastic flow; influence of stress concentration and working stresses. Three class periods per week; one three-hour laboratory each week. Prerequisite: ME61 Applied Mechanics. ME63 K inematics and D esign. Staff. A study of the complex motions and velocities of machine linkwork and gearing; design of cams, screws, fastenings, belts, straight and curved frames, gears and shafting. Three class periods per week; one three-hour laboratory each week. Prerequisite: ME61 Applied Mechanics. ME64 E ngineering D esign . Staff. Design of elements under rotational stress; various classifications of fits; vibra­ tion analysis leading to isolation and engine balancing; lubrication and bearing design; design of machine assemblies. Three class periods per week; one three-hour laboratory each week. Prerequisite: ME63 Kinematics and Design. Staff. W ith departmental approval, an undergraduate may undertake a thesis project as a portion of the program in the senior year. ME71 M echanical E ngineering T hesis . 94 English Literature Professors: Philip M arshall H icks, C hairm an Everett L. H unt T ownsend Scudder, 3rd f Elizabeth Cox W right A ssociate Professor: G eorge J. B ecker A ssistant Professors: Bruce D earing I Fredric S. K lees ** Stephen E. W hicher I nstructors: D avid Cowden H elen M. H all (part-time) Samuel L. H ynes Barbara P earson Lange (part-time) This department might more properly be called the Department of Literature in English, since it offers a study both of literature originally written in the English language and of works translated from other tongues. Literature is considered as a fine art, as a cultural record, and as a guide to the student’s interpretation of his own experience in life. The program of courses and seminars comprises four approaches to the subject: the intensive study of the work of major writers, examina­ tion of the literature produced in certain limited periods, the historical development of the major literary types, and the grouping of various types or forms on the basis of their subject matter or point of view. The general purposes of this study are the broadening of the student’s understanding and enjoyment of literature, the de­ velopment of a basis for intelligent criticism, and the provision of a foundation for further study in the field. Stress is also laid upon accurate reading and writing through critical explication of texts and criticism of student papers. R equirements for M ajors in Course The work of the major in this department in course normally consists of at least four full courses in the department, including Modern Literature in the first year, either Chaucer or Milton in the second year, a full course or two half courses in one of the types (numbers 21-28 below) in the third year, and Shakespeare and the Senior Conference in the final year. The comprehensive examination at the close of the senior year is based on this work, but also includes questions on other courses offered by the department for those prepared in these fields. A reading list in English and American literature is given to all majors to act as a guide in the selection of courses and to independent reading in preparation for the Senior Confer­ ence. Majors are expected to take a semester’s work in either Fine Arts or Music and are advised to take a semester’s work in some foreign literature. Students ex­ pecting to do graduate work shall acquire a reading knowledge in the languages required by the schools they propose to attend. t Absent on ieave, 1951-52. Absent on leave, second semester, 1951-52. ** 95 Courses 1. M odern Literature : Introduction to Literary Study. Staff. Each Semester An introduction to the critical study of the four principal types of literature: poetry, drama, novel, and non-fictional prose. The materials are drawn chiefly from modern American literature for the purpose of emphasizing the relationship of literature to life through the study of works produced from backgrounds familiar to the student in terms of his own experience. Prerequisite to all other literature courses offered by the department. 5. Composition . Mr. Cowden and Mr. Hynes. Each Semester Training in the writing of non-fictional prose. Designed to meet the require­ ments of Engineering and Pre-Medical students. Other students admitted on the basis of need for this work. 11. M ilton and the 17th Century . Mr. Hunt and Mrs. Wright. Each Semester Paradise Lost, selections from Milton’s shorter poems, The Old Testament, Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, and the lyrics of John Donne are read. Study is made of narrative, epic, and lyric writing, and the relationship of the literature to the thought of the period. 12. C haucer . Mr. Klees and Mr. Scudder. Pall Semester Reading of Troilus and Criseyde, The Canterbury Tales and some of the minor poems in the original Middle English, with greater attention to the literary than to the linguistic aspects. 21, 22. P oetry . Mrs. Wright and Mr. Dearing. Full Course A survey of English poetry from its beginnings, with a study of the principles of poetic criticism and a detailed examination of the work of two or three poets. The first semester may stand alone, but new students are not admitted in the middle of the year. Primarily for juniors and seniors; open to sophomores by special arrangement. 23, 24. T he N ovel. Mr. Hicks and Mr. Cowden. The first semester covers the development of the English novel from Fielding to Trollope with emphasis on the chronicle form prevalent during this period. In contrast, the second semester emphasizes developments in technique and content from Meredith to the present day. Credit given for either semester, but students desiring both should take them in the regular sequence. Mr. Klees. Fall Semester Dramatic comedy in its various forms, English and American, with particular attention to the Elizabethan, Restoration, and modern periods. 25. Comedy . 26. T ragedy. Mr. Klees. Spring Semester Dramatic tragedy from the Agamemnon trilogy to Death of a Salesman, with emphasis on Elizabethan and modern American tragedy. 27. Biography and T ravel. Mr. Klees. Fall Semester Biography from Pepys to the present, with stress on the times as well as the lives; representative travel literature from Hakluyt to Dos Passos. 96 Lamb-M iller Field House 28. Social Criticism . Mr. Becker. Pall Semester Tilf „reactions oi such major figures as Carlyle, Mill, Henry Adams, Bellamy and Morris to the changed conditions of life after the Industrial Revolution. An attempt is made both to analyze the social comment or protest in individual works and to explore the part that social forces play in modern literature. 31-32. A merican A uthors . Mr. Whicher. Full Course Interpretation and comparison of some major writings by significant American authors. Texts include Franklin, Autobiography; Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letter; Thoreau, Walden; Melville, Moby Dick; Twain, Huckleberry Finn; Adams, Education, which should be read in advance of the course. A year course, not ordinarily divisible. 33. Satire. Mr. Bearing and Mr. Hynes. An historically oriented consideration of some of the principal satires in world literature, with emphasis upon interpretation and evaluation as literature. 35. Realism . Mr. Becker. Spring Semester A study of realism as a literary movement. Beginning with Madame Bovary, the course traces the development of realistic techniques and concepts in Zola, in the Russians, and in American writers such as Norris, Dreiser, and Farrell. 4l. E lizabethan Literature . Mr. Klees. Comprehensive study of the literature of the period, exclusive of the work of Shakespeare. 42. Shakespeare . Mr. Klees and Mr. Hynes. Each Semester A study of the major plays. Not open to majors in this department. 49. A rgument . Mr. Becker. Each Semester The analysis and orderly presentation of large bodies of material in speech and writing. The work comprises a series of short analytical papers, a research paper of some magnitude (usually correlated with the work of another course) and a series of argumentative speeches. Admission only with consent of the instructor. 51-52. Shakespeare . Staff. pau Semester A study of the complete works of Shakespeare, tracing the development of his craftsmanship and ideas. For majors in this department only; normally offered in seminar form in the first semester of the senior year. 54. Senior Cqnference . Staff. Spring Semester Group meetings of departmental majors held in the second semester of the senior year for the purpose of reviewing, integrating, and supplementing the student's course program. 56. Literary Criticism . Mr. Hunt. Spring Semester The theories and doctrines of English literary criticism and their background. Greek Literature in T ranslation (Greek 36). Miss North. Latin Literature in T ranslation (Latin 3 7). 97 Miss North. V W riting and Speaking Students in need of training in Composition may be required to take tutorial work or to complete Course 5 before entering the junior year. Instruction in Public Speaking is given weekly, by Mrs. Lange, in a non-credit course. Students are asked to prepare and deliver formal and informal speeches, introductions, presentations, and to partake in roundtable discussions. Frequent record­ ings of each student are made to aid in self-criticism. Extra-curricular student groups for practice in creative writing, acting, and debating meet with members of the departmental faculty. A special course in English for foreign students is offered by Mrs. Helen Hall. Selected readings in American Civilization are used, and intensive practice in writing and speaking is provided. The course may be given either as a half-course for one semester, or as a full course for the entire year. Mrs. Hall also provides individual or group work in remedial reading and methods of study for students referred to her by the Deans or other members of the faculty. No academic credit is given, but students who need this work may be required to drop other courses in order to make room for it. H onors W ork Prerequisites: The course requirements for a major in honors are the same as for a major in course, Modern Literature and either Chaucer or Milton. The election of an additional course in the sophomore year is advised when the schedule permits it, and The History of England is also recommended. For admission with a minor in this department, the requirement is one year of work, including Modern Literature. Program: Majors in honors must take four seminars in the department, including Shakespeare and one of the types seminars from Group II. Minors in honors may enroll in any two or three of the seminars offered as may seem best suited to the purposes of their whole program. Seminars: The following seminars prepare for' examinations for a degree with Honors. Group l 101. Shakespeare . Mr. Cowden, Mr. Hicks and Mr. Whicher. Each Semester A study of the mind and art of Shakespeare as dramatist and poet. The emphasis is on the major plays, with a more rapid reading of the remainder of his work. Students are advised to read through the whole of the plays before entering the seminar. 102. M ilton and the 17t h Century . Mr. Hunt. Fall Semester Milton, Donne, and the poetry of the Bible. 103. Chaucer . Mr. Klees and Mr. Scudder. Pall Semester A study of Chaucer’s poetry and age. Group II 105. P oetry . Mrs. Wright and Mr. Dearing. Spring Semester Chiefly Victorian poetry. The basic elements of poetic expression, thought, imagery, and sound are studied separately, and then brought together in the investigation of four long poems. 98 106. D rama. Mr. Hicks and Mr. Klees. Spring Semester Survey of the development of the drama in England and America following a preliminary study of classic drama. 107. N ovel. Mrs. Wright and Mr. Cowden. Each Semester Chiefly 19 th century. Principles of aesthetics applied to the novel form are developed from the study of selected novels outside the Victorian tradition. 108. Literary Criticism . Mr. Hunt. Spring Semester English literary criticism from Sidney to Pater, with some study of backgrounds and contemporary developments. Group III 110. Comparative Literature . Mr. Becker. Fall Semester Using the realistic movement as a starting point, this seminar considers some of the major themes and philosophic attitudes embodied in recent literature. The chief figures studied are Flaubert and Zola; Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, and Chekhov; and Mann, Joyce, and Kafka. 111. Social Criticism . Mr. Becker. Spring Semester The development of social criticism as a major constituent of American literature from Jefferson and Paine to the present. 112. T he English A ugustans. Mr. Dearing. Spring Semester A study of ideas and forms in the works of Dryden, Pope, Swift, and Johnson. The intent is primarily to evaluate the literary achievement of four major authors, and to relate them on the one hand to the literature of Greece and Rome, and on the other to philosophical and literary currents of the Eighteenth Century. 113. A merican Literature . Mr. Whicher. Fall Semester A study of the major writers in this field. 120. Problems o f Literary Study. Mrs. Wright. Fall Semester This seminar gives training in bibliography, selection of problems for critical writing, and leads to the presentation of a thesis. Students read and criticise each other’s work at intervals and confer individually with the instructor. Students who wish to write theses not properly within the scope of this seminar may apply to the Chairman of the Department for permission to substitute such projects for the fourth seminar of work in the major field. 130. Linguistic Science . Mr. Reuning. (German.) Admitted as a seminar in English for majors who concentrate on English or American language problems; may also be considered as a m in o r for students majoring in the department. 99 Fine Arts A ssociate P r o fe sso r : R obert M. W a l k e r , Chairm an A ssistant P r o fesso r : H edley H . R hys The aim of the Department is to study the historical-cultural significance and aesthetic value of architecture, sculpture, painting and graphic art (prints and drawings). Methods and problems of criticism are considered: observation, analysis, interpretation and evaluation. Instruction is given by means of original works of art as well as by the usual visual aids. Field trips are made to public and private collections in New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington and to significant examples of architecture in those areas. • Since it is the objective of the Department to foster an intelligent comprehension of the visual arts rather than to train professional artists, no courses in drawing, painting and sculpture are offered for credit. However, instruction in such work is available under the extracurricular Arts and Crafts Program. R e q u ir e m e n t s and R e c o m m e n d a t io n s Prerequisites: Majors in course and majors and minors in honors must take the full year course Fine Arts 1, 2. For other students the prerequisite for all advanced courses is one semester of Fine Arts 1, 2 only (i. e., Fine Arts 1 or Fine Arts 2). Sequence of Courses: Whenever possible, majors will take advanced courses in their numerical order. For other students advanced courses need not be taken in numerical sequence. Majors in Course: The program of a major consists of at least eight half courses (including Fine Arts 1-2) in the Department. The courses supporting this program depend on the needs of the individual student and may be found in both the Division of the Humanities and the Division of the Social Sciences. Majors and Minors in Honors: Majors in honors take four seminars in the Depart­ ment. In special cases the seminar in Aesthetics may be substituted for one in Fine Arts. A minor in honors usually consists of two seminars. The seminars offered in any one semester vary according to the requirements of the students and the con­ venience of the Department. Language Requirements for Graduate Schools: Students are advised that graduate work in Fine Arts usually demands a knowledge of French or German. C ourses 1, 2. I ntroduction to Art H istory. Mr. Rhys and Mr. Walker. Full Course Fine Arts 1 (Fall semester). Consideration is given in the first four weeks to basic problems of the nature of the work of art, the factors of influence upon its conception, formation and development (geographic, social, economic, etc.), the principles of value judgments, and methods of analysis. A limited number of representative examples of architecture, sculpture, and painting are studied within the historical context of the civilizations and cultural epochs which prdduced them: Ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome and Medieval France. Fine Arts 2 (Spring semester). European and American architecture, sculpture and painting from the fifteenth century to the present day are studied from the same points of view and with the same methods as in the first semester. Three hours of lectures a week and one bi-weekly conference hour. 100 11. D esign in D rawing and P ainting . Mr. Rhys. Spring Semester The basic elements of design and their function in drawing and painting. Types of harmony, sequence and balance such as linear, tonal and spacial. The methods of design and representation that characterize the various historical styles. Practical exercises required demand no special technical aptitude, since the purpose of the course is to develop a critical understanding of drawing and painting and not technical skill. 12. A ncient Art . Mr. Walker. Pall Semester The development of the forms of architecture, sculpture and painting as express­ ing various cultural patterns of ancient civilizations: Egypt, Iran, Mesopotamia, Greece and Rome. 13. M edieval A rt . Mr. alker. Spring Semester A study of the relationship between art and society in Europe and the Near East from the fourth through the fourteenth centuries. The ideas and institutions which were instrumental in shaping Christian art during its formative stages of development. Special emphasis is placed on the Romanesque and Gothic periods in France: the abbey and the cathedral. 14. I talian Renaissance Art . Mr. Rhys. Pall Semester A study of certain aspects of the Renaissance in Italy as expressed in architecture, sculpture and painting. Emphasis is placed on such great masters as Donatello, Masaccio, Alberti, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo and Titian. 15. N orthern Renaissance and Baroque P ainting . Mr. Walker. Spring Semester Developments in painting and drawing during the fifteenth, sixteenth and seven­ teenth centuries in France, the Netherlands, Germany and Spain through the study of individual artists such as the Van Eycks, Roger van der Weyden, Jean Fouquet, Durer, Gruenewald, Holbein, El Greco, Rubens, Rembrandt, Vermeer, Poussin and Velasquez. 16. M odern Painting . Mr. Rhys. Pall Semester Important stylistic developments in European painting from the French Revolu­ tion to 1939: the meanings of the various movements and their relationship to changing social and political attitudes. 17. A merican Art . Mr. Rhys. Pall Semester Architecture, sculpture and painting in North America from the Colonial Period to the present day, their connection with European art and their significance as a reflection of American culture. 18. M odern Building . Mr. Walker. Spring Semester An introduction to the nature of architecture and the function of the architect through a study of developments in European and American building during the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The specific influence of economic, tech­ nological and social changes upon design and structure. Emphasis placed on the study of original examples in the Philadelphia area and on the work of such men as Sullivan, Wright, Mies van der Rohe, Gropius and Le Corbusier. The prerequisite of Fine Arts 1-2 is waived for students in Engineering. H o n o r s Sem in a rs 101. I talian Renaissance P ainting . Mr. Rhys. A study and analysis of painting in Italy from Giotto to Titian: the decisive contributions -of the outstanding masters to its stylistic development and its rela­ tionship to the Renaissance movement as a whole. 101 102. N orthern R enaissance and Baroque P ainting . Mr. Walker. Developments in painting and drawing during the fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in France, the Netherlands, Germany and Spain through the study of individual masters such as the Van Eycks, Roger van der Weyden, Jean Fouquet, Albrecht Durer, Gruenewald, Holbein, El Greco, Rubens, Rembrandt, Vermeer, Poussin and Velasquez. 103. M odern P ainting . Mr. Rhys. Important stylistic developments in European painting from the French Revolution to 1939: the meanings of the various movements and their relationship to changing social and political attitudes. Mr. Walker. A consideration of certain problems in the history of the graphic arts. A study of the significance of the work of such men as Schongauer, Diirer, Rembrandt, Goya, Daumier, Munch and Rouault for the development of expression in the media of the woodcut, engraving, etching, aquatint and lithography. Students work almost exclusively with original material in the Print Room ot the Phila­ delphia Museum and the Lessing J. Rosenwald Collection in Jenkintown. 104. M aster P rint M akers. 102 History P rofessor: Mary A lbertson, C hairm an A ssociate Professors: Paul H. Be k G eorge P. Cuttino (part-time) * James A. Field, J r .* Frederick B. T olles (part-time) * A ssistant Professors: Laurence D. Lafore T heodore H. V on Laue * I nstructors: J ohn L. T eall R ush E. W elter The department plans its offerings for majors in other departments as well as for its own majors. Students with special interests will note that there are courses empha­ sizing, for instance, intellectual history or economic history, but in most of the courses and all of the seminars the emphasis is on the whole context of the event. There is a group of courses (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) designed primarily to familiarize students with contemporary American civilization: its European backgrounds; Eng­ land’s influence, particularly through her literature, her law, and her constitution; and the heritage and the place in the world of the United States itself. There is’ another group of courses (11, 12, 13, and 14) which are intended to introduce history majors as well as majors in other departments to the understanding of a foreign culture. All except course 14 may be taken by special arrangement without any prerequisite. It is suggested that freshmen and sophomores who do not intend to major in history should whenever possible elect these courses, even at the expense of not being able to take some of the work offered on England and the United States, for the reason that the cultures they treat are different from our own and can be touched on only briefly in History 1-2. R equirements and Recommendations for a M ajor in H istory The requirement for acceptance as a major in history is successful completion of course 1-2 and a C average in the first two years in 18 half courses. Any freshman or sophomore who wishes to keep open the possibility of a major in history should ask the chairman of the department for advice on courses. Languages which are most useful to students of history and which are required by most graduate schools are French and German. Course W ork for a M ajor History 1-2 should be taken in the freshman year if possible. Most of the courses listed below may be taken in the sophomore year, but in most cases it is wise to * On leave of absence, 1951-52. 103 make one of the choices either a term of American history (4 or 5) or a term of English history (3 ). If the choice has to be made between a second term of American history and a first term of English history, the latter should be chosen. The comprehensive examination includes a choice of questions on all the history courses taken by the individual major during the junior and senior years, and also more general questions on the fields of European, English, and American history re­ viewed in Special Topics (Course 65). All major students should elect this course. The department takes a special responsibility for help in planning the entire program from at least the beginning of the sophomore year. W e record the whole field of special competence of our majors so that the information can be given in letters of recommendation, etc. when it is desirable. A major in history may, for instance, be described as a major in history with emphasis on the social sciences, or with emphasis on American civilization, or French civilization, or with emphasis on international rela­ tions or Russian studies. C ourses 1-2. E urope . All members of the department. Full Course One of the basic courses in the curriculum. It is intended to be an introduction to the study, understanding, and use of history. It is a requirement for gradu­ ation for all students in the divisions of the humanities and the social sciences, and it is a prerequisite to all other work in history except in cases indicated. It begins with a brief discussion of the classical backgrounds of European civiliza­ tion and ends with a brief discussion of post-war Europe. Sections are small enough for discussion. Miss Albertson. A survey of the history of the English people from the middle ages to the present day. 3. England . 4. T he U nited States Before 1865. Mr. Field or Mr. Welter. Fall Semester An advanced course on American history. Special help on the writing of long papers is given in connection with this course. 5. T he U nited States Since 1865. Mr. Field or Mr. Welter. An advanced course on American history. Spring Semester 11. T he O ther A merican R epublics . Mr. Lafore. Fall Semester The emphasis is on Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina. This is recommended for majors in Spanish as well as for majors in history, and as a general elective. 12. F rance . Miss Albertson. The history of France from Roman times to the present day. This is recom­ mended for majors in French as well as for majors in history and as a general elective. 13. G ermany . Mr. Von Laue. (Not offered in 1951-52.) The history of modern Germany from the Napoleonic era to the present. This is recommended for majors in German as well as for majors in history and as a general elective. 14. R ussia. Mr. Beik or Mr. Von Laue. Fall Semester The history of modern Russia. The course begins with the reign of Peter and gives half its time to the period since the Revolution. 104 21. Q uakerism . Air. Tolies. (N o t The history of the Society of religwiis and social ideas of the A large part of the reading is without a prerequisite. offered in 1951-52.) Friends to the present day. The characteristic Quakers are considered in their historical setting. done in the original sources. It may be taken 30. R ecent H istorical T rends. Mr. Beik or Mr. Lafore. Fall Semester A course designed for students who do not intend to take more than one half course in history. It is not open to anyone who has taken History 1-2. 31. A n I ntroduction to Economic H istory. ITie emphasis is on the economic history of Europe and America from the htteenth century to the present. 51. T he W estward M ovement . Mr. Field or Mr. Welter. European colonization, the struggle for North America, westward expansion, sectional development, problems of growth and integration of newly settled regions. Mr. Lafore Social thought and institutions from 1688 to 1945. Much of the reading is in fiction and biography. Open to juniors and seniors only. 52. M odern Britain . 53. T he French Revolution and N apoleon . Mr. Beik. The significance of the period 1789-1815 in the development of modern European social theories and political institutions. Open to juniors and seniors only. 54. M edieval E urope . Mr. Cuttino or Mr. Teall. Spring Semester TTie history of western Europe from the decline of the Roman Empire through the thirteenth century. Open to juniors and seniors only. Miss Albertson. The history of the period of the Renaissance in Europe. seniors only. 55. T h e Renaissance . Open to juniors and 65. Special T opics. All members of the department. Spring Semester Individual programs are planned to prepare majors in history for the compre­ hensive examinations. The discussion of review problems, of papers, and of reading is conducted in groups and in individual conferences with the instructor. H o n o rs Sem in a rs The following seminars are offered by the department to juniors and seniors to prepare for the examinations for a degree with Honors. They may be taken in any combination. The prerequisite is History 1-2 except in the seminars for which an additional prerequisite is indicated. American History 101. T he Colonies and T he R evolution . Mr. Tolies. (Not offered in 1951-52.) Topics in the history of the thirteen colonies and the American states to 1783. 102. P roblems in A merican H istory. Mr. Field or Mr. Welter. Selected topics in the history of the United States. Open only to students who have taken course 4. 105 103. P roblems in A merican H istory : F oreign . Mr. Field. (Not offered in 1951-52.) A study of the United States in the world community. It takes into account wars, industrial, technological and population changes abroad, and changes in national attitudes at home, with special reference for instance to the Louisiana Purchase, the Monroe Doctrine, the Mexican War, the problem of the Pacific, and the World Wars. Open only to students who have taken course 4. 104. T he Supreme Court . For seniors. The emphasis is on common law cases and principles. The work in this seminar is not designed to anticipate or overlap the courses in constitutional law offered in law schools. English History 106. M edieval England . Miss Albertson. The period from 1066 to 1485. 108. T udor and Stuart England . Miss Albertson. The period from 1485 to 1688. Spring Semester 109. M odern England . Mr. Lafore. The nineteenth century. European History 111. M edieval Europe . Mr. Cuttino or Mr. Teall. Spring Semester The civilization of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. 112. T he Renaissance and R eformation . Miss Albertson. Europe from the fourteenth to the seventeenth centuries. 114. E urope 1760 to 1870. Mr. Beik. The decay of the old regime and the rise of liberalism. 115. E urope 1870 to 1939: M odern E urope . Mr. Beik or Mr. Lafore. Political and social changes which preceded the second world war. 116. E urope 1870 to 1939: D iplomatic H istory. Mr. Lafore. The management of international affairs and problems. 117. E urope 1900 to the P resent : Eastern E urope . Mr. Von Laue. (Not offered in 1951-52.) The internal development of Russia and Russia’s cultural and political position in eastern Europe. T hesis (1 2 0 ). A thesis may be substituted for one of the honors examinations by special per­ mission of the department. The topic should be selected and approved by the end of the junior year. It must be finished and a copy filed in the Library by the middle of the senior year. 106 International Relations Students who plan to enter upon a career in the field of international relations should include in their programs, during the first two years, the introductory courses in economics, history, and political science and should complete the intermediate course in one or more modern languages. Advanced courses selected from the groups listed below may be incorporated in the programs of students who do their major work in economics, history, political science, or a modern language. Those students who wish to concentrate in international relations may take their Senior Comprehensive Examination in this field. Students preparing for this examina­ tion should take eight, nine, or ten half courses from among those listed below, including all of those listed in Group I, one or more in Group II, and one or more in Group III. The examination is administered by a committee appointed by the chairmen of the Departments of Economics, History, and Political Science, under the Chairmanship of the Department of Political Science. Group 1 Political Science 12. I nternational P olitics Political Science 13. I nternational Law and O rganization Political Science 57, 58. A merican Foreign P olicy Economics 60. I nternational Economics Group II History History History History History 3. E ngland T he O ther A merican Republics France G ermany R ussia li. 12. 13. 14. Group III Political Science 15. Comparative G overnments Political Science 16. D emocracy and D ictatorship Russian Studies 19-20. Soviet Economics and P olitics Students who plan to enter the honors program will find it possible to select a similar combination of courses and seminars in the field of international relations. In planning such programs, they should consult with the chairman of their prospective major departments. 107 Mathematics and Astronomy Professors: H einrich Brinkmann A rnold D resden, Chairm an P eter van de K amp, D ire cto r o f S proul O bservatory lo s s W. M arriott Associate P rofessors: P hilip W. Carruth J ohn H. Pitman Instructor : J oanne Elliott R esearch A ssociates: Robert F leischer Sarah L. Lippincott A ssistant: J ulia E. D amkoehler O bserver: A. W ayne Conger (part-time) M athem atics Pure mathematics is an abstract subject and may be looked upon as the model of a deductive science. On the other hand, the subject matter of mathematics has for, the most part arisen out of concrete applications to the physical sciences, among which geometry occupies a central position. The courses offered in the department of Mathematics attempt to combine these points of view and to give a picture of the power and beauty of the subject when studied for its own sake, as well as its many relations to other fields of thought. The study of mathematics is essential as a tool for the understanding of the principles of the physical sciences and engineering; a knowledge of its techniques is indispensable for a successful pursuit of these subjects. The same is becoming increasingly true in the biological sciences and in some of the social sciences. For students who intend to major in mathematics in course, the normal sequence of courses is the following: Freshman year, courses 1-2; Sophomore year, courses 11-12; Junior and Senior years, two half-courses selected each year from courses 14, 15, 19, 51, 52, 53, 54. The completion of Physics 1-2 is strongly recommended. In order to be admitted to honors seminars in mathematics, either as a major or as a minor, a student must have completed courses 1-2 and 11-12. An honors student whose major is mathematics must also take Physics 1-2; it is furthermore highly desirable that he have a reading knowledge of French or German. A junior honors student will normally take the seminars in Advanced Calculus and Differential Equations; these seminars are offered each year. The remaining seminars are usually taken by senior students and are offered as they are required. 108 1-2. First Y ear M athematics. Mr. Dresden, Miss Elliott, Mr. Marriott. J r L ^ teir\al T ei ediLn {,heAe courses consists of Algebra and Trigonometry (Course 1) and Analytical Geometry (Course 2 ). The subjects studied are required for any further work in mathematics; they will also serve to give the student who intends to take no other courses in mathematics an introduction to mathematical principles and methods. Students taking Course 1 must also take Course 2 in order to receive credit for the course. However, properly qualified students may take Course 2 without first taking Course 1; such students will receive credit for Course 2 separately. Course 1 is given during the first semester; Course 2 is offered in each semester. 7. I ntroduction to M athematics . Mr. Brinkmann. The purpose of this course is to acquaint the student with the principles and some of the fundamental concepts of mathematics, as well as to bring out its relationship to physical sciences. The course is planned for students who do not intend to take further work in mathematics or natural science and cannot be used as a prerequisite for other courses in mathematics. 11-12. D ifferential and I ntegral Calculus. Miss Elliott, Mr. Carruth, Mr Dresden, Mr. Marriott. These courses introduce the student to the principles and applications of the calculus. They form a necessary basis for any further work in mathematics and are essential for an understanding of the fundamentals of physics and other sciences, as well as engineering. These courses constitute a full course and cannot be taken separately; both are usually offered in each semester. Prerequisite: Courses 1-2. U . T heory of E quations . Spring Semester In is course begins with a study of complex numbers and continues with a study oi polynomials and algebraic equations, based on the notion of a field and its algebraic extensions. The numerical calculation of roots of numerical equations is also considered briefly. Prerequisites: Courses 1-2, 11-12. 15. Solid Analytic G eometry . Fall Semester (Not given in 1951-52.) Metric theory of planes, lines and quadric surfaces in Euclidean three-dimensional space, emphasis on the use of determinants and matrices. Prerequisites: Courses 1-2, 11-12. 19. Projective G eometry . Mr. Brinkmann. pap Semester The principles of plane projective geometry are studied in this course, by analytic as well as synthetic methods. The projective properties of the conic sections isra n s 'd J r 4116 re atlon °* e^mentary metric geometry to projective geometry Prerequisites: Courses 1-2, 11-12. 51. Advanced Calculus . Mr. Carruth. pan Semester This course deals with the differential calculus of functions of several variables and its geometric applications, multiple integrals, line and surface integrals improper integrals and infinite series. The treatment is sufficiently rigorous to strengthen the student's understanding of the principles of the calculus. Appli­ cations to the physical sciences are given whenever possible. Prerequisites: Courses 1-2, 11-12. 109 52. D ifferential Equations . Mr. Carruth. Spring Semester A study of ordinary differential equations, with applications to problems from geometry, physics and other sciences. Certain classical linear differential equa­ tions are also studied in some detail. Prerequisites: Courses 1-2, 11-12, 51. Spring Semester 53 H igher Analysis. A number of different subjects will be studied in this course, both because of their intrinsic importance and in order to give the student practice in the processes of analysis. Some of the topics to be considered are: Fourier Series, with appli­ cations to physical problems; Orthogonal polynomials; Gamma Function; Elliptic Integrals; Functions of a Complex Variable. Prerequisites: Courses 1-2, 11-12, 51, 52 (Course 52 may be taken concurrently). 54. P robability and Statistics. Spring Semester This course deals with the mathematical theory of statistics, based upon a study of the theory of probability. An introduction to . the theory of sampling and statistical inference will be given. Prerequisites: Courses 1-2, 11-12, 51 (Course 51 may be taken concurrently). 60. R eading Course in M athematics . This course is to provide an opportunity for students to do special work in fields not covered by the undergraduate courses, listed above. The work consists in the preparation of papers requiring extensive and detailed examination of the literature of a problem. H o n o r s Sem in a rs in M a th em a tic s f a^ Semester The subject matter of this seminar includes the differential calculus of functions of several variables, the elements of vector analysis, multiple integrals, line and surface integrals, improper integrals, infinite series, uniform convergence of infinite processes. The treatment of these various subjects is sufficiently detailed to give the student an introduction to the rigorous processes of analysis. 101. Advanced Calculus . Spring Semester This seminar begins with a formal treatment of ordinary differential equations and their applications to various types of problems. This is followed by a study of existence theorems for ordinary differential equations, certain classical linear differential equations, Fourier series and a brief introduction to boundary value problems of certain partial differential equations of the second order. 102. D ifferential Equations . 103. Statistics and P robability. The purpose of this seminar is to give the mathematical background necessary for an understanding of the mathematical analysis of statistical data. In addition, the modern development of this subject provides a valuable application of the concepts and techniques acquired in the study of advanced calculus. The topics treated include: the axiomatic approach, the use of Stieltjes integrals, correlation and regression, some special distributions, sampling theory and a short introduction to the theory of statistical estimation. 104. M odern A lgebra. This seminar deals with the theoretical properties of such formal systems as groups, rings, fields and vector spaces. While these concepts will be illustrated by many concrete examples, the emphasis will be on the abstract nature of the subject; the student will thus be introduced to an important aspect of modern mathematics. Among the specific topics to be studied are the algebra of matrices, of classes and of ideals. 110 105. T heory of F unctions of a Com plex 'V ariable. A brief study of the geometry of complex numbers is followed by a detailed treatment of the Cauchy theory of analytical functions of a complex variable. Various applications are given and some special classes of functions, such as elliptic functions, are studied. Analytic continuation and the theory of Weierstrass are briefly considered. 106. F oundations of M athematics. Postulational treatment of mathematics. The problem of consistency. Relation of logic and mathematics. Some of the systematic treatments of the foundation of logic. Modern developments. 107. D ifferential G eometry . The subject of this seminar is the metric differential geometry of curves and surfaces in three dimensional space. 108. T heory o f N umbers. Among the subjects studied in this seminar are: Elementary properties of integers, the congruence relation, quadratic residues, certain quadratic forms, certain classical Diophantine equations, simple examples of fields of algebraic numbers. 109. A lgebraic G eometry . Astronomy Astronomy deals with the nature of the universe about us and the methods employed to discover the laws underlying the observed phenomena. The elementary courses present the problems in broad outlines and trace the growth of our knowledge of the facts and the development of more comprehensive theories. The advanced courses consider some of these problems in detail; the order in which they may be taken depends upon the extent of the student’s mastery of mathematics and physics. The principal instrument of the Sproul Observatory is the twenty-four-inch visual refractor of thirty-six-foot focal length, used almost exclusively for photography. The instrument has been in continuous operation since 1912 and provides a valuable and steadily expanding collection of photographs. A number of measuring and calculating machines are available for the measurement and reduction of the photographs. The principal program of the Observatory is an accurate study of the distances, motions and masses of the nearer stellar systems. Advanced study in conjunction with the research program of the Observatory may be arranged in consultation with the Director of the Sproul Observatory. The Students' Observatory contains a six-inch visual refractor, a nine-inch photo­ graphic telescope, and a transit instrument. The Sproul Observatory is open to visitors on the second and fourth Tuesday nights of each month, except those Tuesday nights that fall in a vacation period. Visitors thus have an opportunity of seeing, in the course of a year, many celestial objects of various types. Ill 1-2. D escriptive A stronomy . Mr. van de Kamp. These courses provide an introduction to the methods and results of astronomy. Fundamental notions of physics are studied as they are needed to provide an adequate scientific basis for the course. These courses are prerequisite for all further work in astronomy. Three class periods each week, practical work to be arranged. 8. I ntroduction to Astronomy . Mr. Pitman. This course is designed to give the student an acquaintance with some of the problems in astronomy, the methods of investigation, and results obtained, emphasis is placed on the overlapping of astronomy and the other sciences, and its role in art, history and literature. Those planning to take additional work m astronomy should enroll in Astronomy 1-2. Three class periods each week. Text: Baker, Introduction to Astronomy, and current periodicals. 13. P ractical Astronomy . Theory and use of the transit instrument for the determination of time, latitude and longitude. Reduction of star positions. Solution of observation equations by the method of least squares. Two class sessions and one laboratory period each week. Prerequisites: Mathematics 1-2 and Astronomy 1-2 or 8. 14. Laboratory A stronomy . Theory and practice of micrometric measures of double stars, comets and asteroids. Photography of selected objects. Determination of positions from photographic plates. Two class sessions and one laboratory period each week. Prerequisites: Mathematics 1-2 and Astronomy 1-2 or 8. 19. D ouble Stars. Mr. van de Kamp. The two body problem. Visual, spectroscopic and eclipsing binaries. The masses of binary components and of unseen companions. Prerequisite: Mathematics 11-12. 31. U ndergraduate R eading Course in Astronomy . Undergraduate students may, under direction, prepare papers upon subjects re­ quiring a rather extensive examination of the literature of a problem. 51. O rbit Com putation . Mr. Pitman. The principles and methods of orbital analysis for planets, asteroids, comets and double stars. Students who intend to pursue astronomy as a major subject in course should have Astronomy 1-2 during the freshman or sophomore year; advanced courses in astronomy selected from the list given above combined with work in mathematics constitute the further requirement. H o n o r s S em in a rs in A stro n o m y Prerequisites for admission to honors seminars in astronomy, either as a major or as a minor, are the completion of the following courses: Mathematics 11-12; Astronomy 1-2, a course in general Physics, reading knowledge of French or German. 112 101. Spherical Astronomy . Outline of spherical trigonometry. The astronomical triangle. Determination of time and latitude. Reduction of astronomical positions. Precession, aberration proper motion, parallax. 102. O rbit Com putation . The principles and methods of orbital analysis for planets, asteroids, comets and double stars. 103. Celestial M echanics . The problems of two, three and n bodies. Perturbations. 104. D ouble Stars. The two body problem. Theory and observational technique of visual, spectro­ scopic and eclipsing binaries. Special attention is given to the photographic study of both resolved and unresolved astrometric binaries. The masses of binary components and of unseen companions. 105. P hotographic A strometry. The long-focus refractor. Photographic technique, measurement and reduction of photographic plates. Choice of reference stars. Attainable accuracy. Application to the problems of parallax, proper motion, mass-ratio, and perturbations. Resolved and unresolved astrometric binaries; orbital analyses. 106. Stellar Astronomy . Fundamental data. Stellar motions and parallaxes. Distribution of stars and globular clusters. The dimming of star light. Pattern of stellar motions The galactic system. G raduate W o r k In conformity with the general regulations for work leading to the master's degree (see p. 60), this department offers the possibilty for graduate work. Candidates for the master’s degree will normally take four honors seminars, two each semester, selected from those listed in astronomy, mathematics or physics, in consultation with the faculty member under whose direction the work is to be done. A thesis may be substituted for one of the seminars. Candidates for the master’s degree must have a good reading knowledge of French and German. 113 Modern Languages and Literatures P rofessors: H arold M arch (French) Edith P hilips, C hairm an (French) A ssociate Professors: Lydia Baer (German) K arl R euning (German) J ames D. Sorber (Spanish) Leon W encelius (French) A ssistant Professors: H ilde D. Cohn (German) Elisa A sensio (Spanish) I nstructors: O lga Lamkert (Russian) J eanne T heiss (French) The department of modern languages and literatures aims to give its majors a comprehensive view of the literature and culture represented by these languages, in relation to other humanistic studies. Courses are conducted in the language of the literature being studied, and progress in the language is always one of the aims. The elementary and intermediate courses are designed to prepare the students for advanced work in literature as well as to meet college and departmental requirements. It is not impossible, with some extra reading, to major or to enter honors seminars in a language started in college. Prerequisites and recommended subjects for majors are noted under the listing of each language section. French All students offering French for entrance are placed at the level where they will presumably profit best by the course, according to _their rating in the College Entrance Examination or a test given by the department. French may be offered as a major in course or as a major or minor in honors work. Prerequisites and recommended supporting subjects are the same for both course and honors students and are as follows: Required: French 11-12 Introduction to Literature, or evidence of equivalent work. French 6 Advanced Composition and Diction. Recommended supporting subjects: French History, History of Modern Philosophy, Psychology, courses in other literatures, i Fine Arts. Majors are expected to speak French with sufficient fluency to take part in discussion in courses and seminars in the language and to pass an oral comprehensive or oral honors examination in French. Note: All advanced courses are not offered every year. Students wishing a major or minor in French should plan their course carefully in advance with the department in order to get a well rounded program. 114 / C ourses 1-2. E lementary French . For students who begin French in College. Equivalent to two years’ French in high school. The initial approach is oral but a foundation is laid for a reading knowledge. No credit is given for French 1 alone. Both courses offered each semester. 3, 4. I ntermediate French . For students who have had French 1-2 or its equivalent (2 years’ French in high school). Students who have had three years in high school usually enter French 4. Grammar is reviewed. Reading is from contemporary literature in French editions without notes or vocabulary. Every effort is made to help the student to increase his vocabulary and to discuss what he has read in the French language. Completion of French 4 satisfies the language requirement. The normal course to follow French 4 is French 11. (Both courses are offered each semester.) 6. A dvanced Composition and D iction . Miss Theiss. For those who intend to major in French or who wish an advanced course in which the emphasis is not primarily literary. An effort is made to correct faulty pronunciation and to improve self-expression in the language, both oral and written. 11, 12. I ntroduction to Literature . In Course 11 the transition is made from reading as an aid to language learning to the consideration of literary values. The material is selected from classics of the nineteenth century, but it is not a systematic survey course. Prerequisite: French 4 or equivalent. In Course 12 the treatment is more historical with selected readings in Larousse editions from Rabelais to Rousseau. (Both courses are offered each semester.) 14. P rose de la Renaissance. Readings from Rabelais, Calvin, Montaigne. 15. La P ensée D u 17e Siècle . Descartes, Pascal, La Rochefoucauld and other prose writers of the seventeenth century, their importance in the formation of French "classicism.” 16. Les "P hilosophes .” Montesquieu, Voltaire, Diderot and Rousseau; their contribution to the develop­ ment of the ideas on art, literature and society which characterize the French eighteenth century. 17. T héâtre Classique. The plays of Corneille, Racine and Molière and the growth of the classic ideal in French literature. 18. T héâtre M oderne . The development of the French theater from the breaking down of the dominance of the classical ideal in the eighteenth century. Plays of Marivaux and Beau­ marchais. Theories of Diderot. Characteristic examples of the theater of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. 115 20. P oésie M oderne . Baudelaire, the Symbolists, modem tendencies. 21. Littérature du M oyen A ge. Readings from medieval literature in modem French translations. 22. Roman M oderne . Representative novelists from Balzac to the present. 23. P roust and G ide. (N ot' given in 1951-52.) The dominant writers of the early twentieth century. Novels and essays which illustrate their importance in contemporary literature. 24. Saint -Exupéry , M alraux, Sartre, Camus. Neo-humanism and contemporary tendencies. 30. M ouvement D es Idées. Ideological background of modern literature. 51. Special T opics. (For senior majors.) Readings selected to fit the needs of individual seniors and to supplement their selection of courses. Not designed to prepare for any specific type of compre­ hensive examination but to give an opportunity in the senior year for the student to see his courses in perspective and to see possible relationships with work in other fields. H onors Seminars 100. Littérature du M oyen A ge . Old French readings in lyric poety, theater and fiction. 101. La Renaissance e n France . Rabelais, Calvin, Montaigne, Ronsard et la Pléiade. 102. Le T héâtre Classique. Corneille, Racine, Molière. 103. Les "P hilosophes .” Montesquieu, Voltaire, Diderot, Rousseau. 104. Balzac, Stendhal , F laubert . 105. P roust and G ide. 106. P oésie M oderne . Baudelaire, Rimbaud, Verlaine, Mallarmé, Claudel, Valéry. While some honors seminars treat the same subject matter as the courses, the read­ ing required is more extensive both in the texts and in critical material. The work of a seminar corresponds to two half courses. 116 Gennaa A ssociate P rofessors : Lydia Baer K arl R eu n in g * A ssistant P rofessor : H ilde D. Co h n All students offering German for entrance are placed at the level where they can presumably profit best by the course, according to their rating in the College Enhance Examination or a test given by the department, “ ay ° ffered as,a ,mai°r in course or as a major or minor in honors work. Prerequisites and recommended supporting subjects are the same for both course and honors students and are as follows: Required: German 11-12. Introduction to German Literature. Recommended supporting subjects: An advanced course in German literature, Shakespeare, Modern Philosophy, Psychology, Fine Arts, courses in other literatures, History of Germany. As far as possible German is the language of the classroom in all advanced courses and seminars. Since not all advanced courses and seminars are offered every year students wishing a major or minor in German should plan their courses carefully in advance with the department in order to get a well rounded program. 1-2. E lementary G erman . Pull CoUfSe For students who begin German in college. Equivalent of two years’ secondary school preparation. Fundamentals of German and simpler texts such as Appelt and Funke: Modern German Prose. 3. I ntermediate G erman . Prerequisite: German 1-2 or two years’ secondary school preparation. Review grammar and texts of average difficulty such as Hill: Drei Nobelpreisträger. 4. I ntermediate G erman . Fulfills the college requirement for all students who wish to learn reading through the medium of literary and cultural material, of the type of Werfel: Jacobowsky und der Oberst; Fleissner and Fleissner: Die Kunst der Prosa; Goethe: UrfaustEruns: A Book of German Lyrics. Prerequisite: German 3 or equivalent. 6 . W riting and Speaking G erman . Composition and conversation. Introduction to Volkskunde: cultural backgrounds of modern Germany. Prerequisite: Course 3-4 or equivalent. the social and 7-8. E lementary G erman (S pecial Reading Course ). Full Course A special reading course designed for those who wish to acquire a reading knowl­ edge of German in a single year. German 7-8 may be used to fulfill the require­ ments of certain departments or of graduate schools, but not to satisfy the college foreign language requirement. German 7-8 supplants the former Half Course in Scientific German (German 5). * Absent on leave, spring semester, 1951-52. 117 11, 12. I ntroduction to G erman Literature . Either half or both may be taken for credit. Prerequisite for majors and minors. A study of representative German authors from the classical period to the present; reading and discussion of dramas, stories, and lyric poems. Writing of critical reports. Prerequisite; Course 3-4 or equivalent. Half Course An introductory study of the romantic movement in Germany, with illustrative readings from representative authors such as Novalis, Tieck, Arnim, Brentano, Eichendorff. Lectures, discussion, papers in German. Prerequisite: Course 11-12 or equivalent. 13. D ie D eutsche Rom antik . 14. D ie D eutsche N ovelle von G oethe bis T homas M a n n . Significant examples of this typically German genre will be read and interpreted as to contents, form and historical importance, as well as its relations to other European literatures. Authors: Goethe, Eichendorff, Kleist, Stiffen, Meyer, Keller, Storm, Thomas Mann. 15-16. D ie G oethe Z eit . Goethe, Schiller and their contemporaries in relationship to their times. ideas and aesthetic problems discussed and reflected in their works. Their Half Course A study of four or five leading German writers of the twentieth century, in­ cluding Thomas Mann, Gerhart Hauptmann, Rainer Maria Rilke. Lectures, dis­ cussion, papers. Prerequisite: Course 11-12 or equivalent. 18. M oderne D eutsche Literatur . 19. G erman A uthors in T ranslation . Half Course Lectures in English; discussion; frequent book reports in English by students. Open to all students. H onors W ork The following seminars prepare for examinations for a degree with Honors. Those actually given in any year vary according to the choices of the students and the con­ venience of the department. 101. M iddle H igh G erman Literature and P hilology . Introduction into Indo-European and Germanic philology and phonetics. Out­ line of development of the German language. Middle High German grammar. Brief survey of Old and Middle High German literature. Reading of MHG texts in the original, especially Nibelungenlied, Wolfram’s Parzival, and Walther von der Vogelweide. 102. T h e A ge of Luther . Study of literary, historical, sociological and religious problems of the sixteenth century. Reading of outstanding authors of the period, such as Luther, Hans Sachs, Brant, Hutten, Fischart. A course or seminar in History of the Reforma­ tion is recommended as preparation for this seminar. 103. D eutsches Barock und A ufklaerung . A study of German literature in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. The reforms of Opitz, the lyric poetry of the period, the mysticism of Angelus Silesius and Jakob Bohme, the plays of Gryphius, and the prose of Grimmelshausen; a study of Lessing in his most important dramas and critical writing. 118 104. G oethe . Goethe’s life and work in th e ' classical age of German literature, in its chief phases. 105. D ie D eutsche Rom antik . Romanticism as the dominant movement in German literature of the first half of the nineteenth century. 106. P oetischer R ealismus. Studies in the works of-Grillparzer, Hebbel, Ludwig, Keller, Meyer, and Storm, and other writers of the drama, novel, and "Novelle” in the second half of the nineteenth century. 107. D eutsche Literatur Seit 1900. The chief writers of "Neuromantik” and impressionism: Gerhart Hauptmann’s dramas; Thomas Mann’s epic prose; Rainer Maria Rilke’s poetry; Hugo von Hofmannsthal’s lyric prose and poetry. 130. Linguistic Science . (In cooperation with other departments in the Division of the Humanities.) The most important problems of Linguistics, e. g., sound change, changes in accidence and syntax, semantic changes, geographical distribution and relation of languages. Indo-European, English, and American language problems. Relation­ ship between linguistics and psychology. Some knowledge of German, French, Latin, or Greek is desirable, reading knowledge of at least one foreign language required. Students^ who know non-Indo-European languages are especially welcome. The seminar is conducted in English. (See also schedules of Honors Seminars in English and Psychology.) Italian (N ot given in 1951-52) Since few students enter with previous preparation in Italian, there is no system for placement. Any student who wishes advanced standing can arrange his status in conference with the instructor. The department does not offer a major or minor in Italian. There are no honors seminars in Italian. Not more than one Italian course is usually offered in any given year and plans for the study of Italian should be carefully made in consultation with the department; C ourses I - 2. E lementary I talian . Full Course A course aimed to give the student ability to read ordinary Italian with ease, and to write and speak simple Italian. 3. I ntermediate I talian . Grammar review and composition. Reading from modern literature. 4. I ntermediate Italian . Readings from Dante’s Inferno. II- 12. I ntroduction to M odern I talian Literature . Representative texts of modern Italian writers. 119 Russian I nstructor : O lga Lamkert Courses in the Russian language may be used to fulfill the college’s language re­ quirement, but cannot comprise a major subject. These courses are part of the Russian Studies program offered at Bryn Mawr, Haverford and Swarthmore Colleges (see p. 141). 1-2. E lementary Russian . Miss Lamkert. Full Course Vocabulary and grammar. Reading of easy short stories and dialogues. Area reader. Short stories by Lermontoff, Pushkin, Tchehoff. Oral and written trans­ lation into Russian. Easy compositions. 3, 4. I ntermediate R ussian . Miss Lamkert. Full Course Readings: Inspector General by Gogol, Captain’s Daughter by Pushkin, and other short stories. Discussion of readings in Russian. Translation of essays and stories from English to Russiah. 11. I ntroduction to Literature . Miss Lamkert. Literature of 19th and beginning of 20th century. Turgenev, Tolstoy. Compositions. Readings: 12. I ntroduction to Literature . Miss Lamkert. Additional reading in contemporary literature and periodicals. Dostoyevsky, Compositions. Spanish A ssociate Professor: J ames D. Sorber A ssistant P rofessor: Elisa Asensio All students offering Spanish for entrance are placed at the level where they will presumably profit best by the course according to their rating in the College Entrance examination or a test given by the department. Spanish may be offered as a major in course or as a major or minor in honors work. Prerequisites and recommended supporting subjects are the same for both course and honors students and are as follows: Required: Spanish 11-12 Introduction to Literature. Recommended supporting subjects: Introduction to Philosophy, Psychology, English or another foreign or classic literature, Fine Arts, South American History. Majors are expected to speak Spanish with sufficient fluency to take part in dis­ cussion in courses and seminars in the language and to pass an oral comprehensive or oral honors examination in Spanish. C ourses 1-2. E le m en ta ry Sp a n is h . For students who begin Spanish in college. Equivalent to two years' Spanish in High school. The emphasis is both on the spoken language and on reading. 120 3, 4. I ntermediate Spanish . For students who have had Spanish 1-2 or its equivalent (two years’ in high school). Students who have had three years usually enter Spanish 4. Grammar is reviewed. Reading is from Spanish and South American literature with em­ phasis on increasing the student’s vocabulary and his ability to discuss his read­ ing in oral and written Spanish. 9. Advanced Com position and D iction . For majors and others who wish an advanced course in which the emphasis is not primarily literary. An effort is made to correct faulty pronunciation and to improve self expression in the language both oral and written. 11, 12. I ntroduction to Spanish Literature . Representative texts of modern Spanish and Latin American writers. in Spanish with frequent written work in Spanish. Conducted 13. E l T eatro M o dern e . Plays of the major Spanish writers in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. 14. La N ovela H ispanoamericana . Representative novelists from Mármol in Argentina to Revueltas in Mexico. 15. 16. Las O bras de Cervantes. Novelas ejemplares. The Quixote. (A year course giving a thorough study of Cervantes. The first semester may stand alone.) 17. La P oesía H ispanoamericana . Some procursors of Modernism; Modernism; contemporaries. 18. La N ovela Española D el Siglo XIX. Outstanding novelists from Fernán Caballero to Blasco Ibanez. 20. Special T opics for Senior M ajors . Readings selected to fit the needs of seniors and to supplement their selection of courses. Not designed to prepare for any specific type of comprehensive examination, but to give an opportunity in the senior year for the student to see his courses in perspective and to see possible relationships to work in other fields. Sem in a rs 101. La N ovela H ispanoamericana . 10 2 . La N ovela Española D el Siglo XIX. 103. Las O bras de Cervantes. 104. E l T eatro M oderno . 105. E l T eatro , D el Siglo de O ro . N ote : While the titles of seminars in Spanish correspond to the titles of courses, honors students read more extensively both in the texts and critical work. The work of a seminar corresponds to that of two half courses. 121 Music P rofessor: A lfred J. Swan , Chairm an A ssistant Professor: I rma W olpé (part-time) The study of music is concerned with a gradual and growing understanding of the language of the great composers. This may be approached from without: through a study of the general style of the epoch in which the composer lived, its ideas, its art, its manner of life; through a historical tracing of the forms used by the com­ poser; through listening to his music accompanied by certain directives of the teacher. Yet the better and surer approach is from within: through a study of the musical laws underlying the composition and a gradual application of these laws (counterpoint, harmony, etc.) to thematic material either invented by the student himself, or set before him by the teacher; through acquiring the ability to perform his own work or the models of the masters (chiefly at the piano). A reasonable amount of inherent musical talent is presupposed for the second, surer method of studying music. There are not a few students in the college, how­ ever, who, considering themselves lacking in this talent, would prefer the former, more outward way. The ensuing music courses are devised to satisfy both types of student. R equirements and R ecommendations for Majors If, in the course of his first two years in college, the student has shown an ex­ ceptional aptitude for either composition, or musicology (an interest in all music history plus an absorbing interest in one phase, preferably the Middle Ages or the Renaissance), or both, he may elect to major in music. It is also desirable that he show a certain gift, or at least skill, in handling the piano. and A ppr e c ia t io n . M r. Swan. Full Course This course is devised for the unprepared music lover. It will deal primarily with the fundamental laws of the musical language: intervals, scales, musical notation, inter-relation of consonance and dissonance, and the formation of melody, chords, etc. In the course of the above, a number of models will be referred to, from the works of medieval, Renaissance, and modern composers, also Bach and the classics. I- 2. E lem en ta ry M usic T h eo ry I I - 1 2 . H a rm o n y a n d C o u n t e r p o in t . Mr. Swan. This course is devised for beginning composers. its equivalent. Full Course Prerequisite is Music 1-2, or 21-22. P ia n o Litera tu re . Mrs. Wolpé. Full Course The acquisition of the art of piano playing through the study of Cramer, Bach’s Inventions and French Suites, Mozart and Beethoven Sonatas. Students of com­ position may be beginners; others must show at least four years of previous study. The course includes a weekly class session of two hours in which the successive styles in piano music are demonstrated, and individual appointments with each of the students—lessons in piano playing, one hour per week. There is a charge of seventy-five dollars for this course. 122 3 1 -32 . Advanced M usical Composition and H istory. Mr. Swan. Full Course Conducted as a Seminar for advanced students who have already had some of their works performed at student concerts and who can take part in discussions of orchestral writing, scoring a cappella, and the large musical forms (historically and practically). H onors W ork To be admitted to honors a student must have completed Music 1 1 - 1 2 and have shown his aptitude for either composition or musicology, or for both. Honors students and music majors in course should take advantage of the offerings at Bryn Mawr College and the University of Pennsylvania. They should normally also have had prolonged instruction in piano playing, so as to be able to show their new compositions at the piano. 123 Philosophy and Religion Professor: W olfgang K ohler,1“ Research P rofessor o f P h ilo so p h y an d P sych ology A ssociate Professors: Richard B. Brandt, Chairm an John M. M oore * Assistant P rofessors: M onroe C. B eardsley R oderick Firth Instructors: W illiam H ordern Erna F. Schneider (part-time) The study of philosophy consists in examining the beliefs to which one is com­ mitted by accepting scientific knowledge and common-sense views of the world; clarifying basic concepts; determining the circumstances under which statements may properly be said to be true in all fields of human inquiry and concern, including ethical and aesthetic discourse; and drawing the outlines of an account of human experience coherent with the evidence of the sciences. Because of the role of phil­ osophy in the history of human thought, and because of the relation of philosophical ideas to problems in other fields, philosophy may be studied as instrumental to the understanding of wider areas of history or thought. Religion is studied primarily as a system of ideas, both ethical and theological: systematically, through a consideration of representative forms of contemporary relig­ ious thought; and historically, through an examination of the great religions and the development of religion, particularly of the Judaeo-Christian tradition. R equirements and R ecommendations for M ajors and M inors The minimum prerequisite to admission as a major in either philosophy or religion will normally be the completion of course 1 and one additional course in philosophy or religion, respectively. Students who major in philosophy must obtain permission in order to count for credit in fulfillment of their major requirement more than one course in religion; and students who major in religion must obtain permission in order to count for credit in fulfillment of their major requirement more than one course in philosophy. (Course 25 may be counted either as a course in philosophy or as a course in religion.) As supporting material for a major program in phil­ osophy, the department recommends work in psychology and physics. to P h il o so p h y . All instructors. Both Semesters Several of the most important problems of philosophy, and alternative answers to them, are discussed. The nature and criteria of knowledge are emphasized, and implications of this issue for traditional problems are analyzed. Stress is laid on the writing of philosophical essays. This course should be taken to satisfy the college requirement for the freshman year. 1. I n tr o d u c tio n Note: This course is a prerequisite for any other course in philosophy. Other courses may be taken in any order that is convenient. Members of the department will offer advice> on request concerning an order of courses to suit individual needs. Students planning to do honors work should not take courses dealing with material to be covered in honors seminars. * Absent on leave, first semester, 1951-32. 124 11. Ethics. Mr. Brandt and Mr. Firth. Both Semesters A systematic study of the principal ethical theories, historical and contempor­ ary, absolutistic and relativistic, with the object of developing an understand­ ing of the nature and scope of rational criticism in ethics and of the principles and problems involved in the analysis of ethical issues. Psychological, anthro­ pological, metaphysical and religious issues are examined where they are relevant. 12. Logic. Miss Schneider. First Semester A beginning study of the tests of valid reasoning, both inductive and deductive. Practical application of logic and scientific method will be emphasized. The formal apparatus will be kept to a minimum. 13. Selected M odern P hilosophers . Mr. Firth. Second Semester A history of modern philosophy with primary emphasis on Descartes, Hume, and Schopenhauer, considered as representatives of three great traditions of modern thought. This course may appropriately be combined with work in any of the three divisions. 14. A ncient P hilosophy . Mr. Firth. First Semester A study of ancient philosophy in all its aspects: ethics, political theory, meta­ physics, and aesthetics. Primary emphasis is placed on the dialogues of Plato; briefer attention is given to the pre-Socratics, Plato's contemporaries, and Aris­ totle. Recommended for students of literature and the social sciences. 15. P hilosophy of Science . Second Semester A consideration of scientific knowledge, its scope and limitations; of problems resulting from theory construction and the validation of scientific assertions; of probability and induction. 16. Contemporary P roblems. Mr. Brandt. First Semester Contemporary answers to fundamental problems, such as the functions of langu­ age, the definition of truth, the foundations of knowledge, the nature of the self, and the perception of physical things. Readings in the works of the leading philosophers, such as Russell, Lewis, Ayer, and Dewey. 17. A esthetics . Mr. Beardsley. Second Semester A study of some problems that arise in describing and evaluating works of art. The course includes: ( 1 ) clarifying such basic terms of criticism as "form,” "style,” and "meaning” ; ( 2 ) examining the principles and underlying assump­ tions of criticism; and (3) analyzing the nature of aesthetic value, especially the claim that works of art are "good,” "beautiful,” and "true.” Second Semester A study of the methods of the social sciences, and of philosophical problems arising in this domain. Attention will be given to theories of sociocultural change, with particular emphasis on problems of historical interpretation. 18. Social P hilosophy . 25. Philosophy o f Religion . Mr. Moore. Second Semester The nature of religion; the psychology and interpretation of religious experience; the problem of religious knowledge; the validity and difficulties of Christian theology and ethics. 32. Biblical R eligion and Ethics . Mr. Moore. First Semester (Not offered in 1951-52.) Important parts of the Old and New Testament are examined, in order to trace the growth of Hebrew and Christian religions and the development of the ideas of the Judaeo-Christian tradition, both ethical and theological. 125 33. E arly C h ristia n T h o u g h t . Mr. Hordern. First Semester The rise and development of Christian thinking from the time of the New Testament to the Reformation; the influence of Judaism and Greek philosophy; , the formation of the creeds, Scholasticism, the rise of Humanism, and Protestant beginnings. 34. M odern C h ristia n T h o u g h t . Mr. Hordern. Second Semester The development of Christian thought from the Reformation to the twentieth century, with emphasis upon the relationship between Christian and secular thinking; the main ideas of the Reformation, church and sect in the Reforma­ tion, Roman Catholic development, Protestant orthodoxy, Protestant liberalism. 35. H istory o f Religio n s . Mr. Hordern. First Semester An historical and comparative study of the world’s religions: primitive religions, ancient religions, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Mohammedanism. Stress will be placed upon the ethical and philosophical teachings of these religions and their role in the interaction of modern cultures. Comparisons and contrasts will be made between these religions and Judaism and Christianity. 36. P roblem s o f Ch r ist ia n ity T oday . Mr. Hordern. Second Semester A study of Humanism, Naturalism, Liberalism, the Social Gospel, Barthianism, Neo-Orthodoxy, as the major answers to modern issues. Emphasis will be on the relevance of these answers to contemporary philosophical and scientific thinking. 3 7 . R eligio n s o f A m erica . Mr. Hordern. Second Semester A study of some of the more important American religious groups with regard to their history, teaching and present status. Visits will be made to representative churches and synagogues. P sychology 60. Sy stem atic P sychology . Mr. Kohler. A study of recurrent problems of psychology, in historical perspective and in the light of various systematic views. Open to qualified students of philosophy. Prerequisites: Psychology 1 and 2. (May be counted toward a major or minor in philosophy.) H onors W ork For admission to honors work in philosophy, the requirement is normally at least two semester courses, one of which must be the Introduction to Philosophy, unless with special permission. Students should normally present as their second course one selected from courses numbered 11 to 25. For admission to honors work in religion, the requirement is at least two semester courses, one of which, unless with special permission, will be the Introduction to Philosophy, and the other of which will normally be selected from courses numbered 25 to 45. 101. M oral P h il o so p h y . Mr. Firth. A seminar in ethics, both systematic and historical. The first part of the semester is devoted to the basic theory of value and obligation; the second part to problems concerning justice, liberty, reward, punishment, human rights, and other issues of social ethics. Mr. Firth. Reading and interpretation of all the major and some of the minor dialogues of Plato in an effort to understand his contributions to metaphysics, the theory of knowledge, ethics and politics, and to appreciate his importance for Western thought. Attention will be paid to the pre-Socratic elements of his philosophy, to his scientific and social background, and to the germs of future developments contained in his work. 102. P lato . 126 o f M odern P h il o so p h y . Mr. Beardsley. The development of modern thought from Bacon and Descartes to Kant. This seminar may appropriately be combined with work in any of the three divisions. 103. H istory in P h il o so p h y . Mr. Kohler and Mr. Brandt. A systematic study of some basic problems such as the theory of meaning, universals and particulars, the nature and criteria of truth, the justification of memory knowledge and induction, theories of perception and the nature of the self and its relation to material nature. The reading is in the works of contemporary writers such as Broad, Russell and Lewis. 104. C lassic P roblem s o f Sc ie n c e . Miss Schneider. An investigation into the nature of scientific knowledge, the distinctions between sciences, the methods appropriate to them. Analyses of the concepts of prob­ ability, induction, verifiability, explanation, space, time, causality, as these are used in science. 105. P h il o so p h y Mr. Beardsley. A systematic examination of the philosophy of art and the methodological founda­ tions of criticism. Recommended for students of literature, music and the fine arts. 106. A esth etics . 107. Social P h il o so p h y . Miss Schneider. A study of the methods of the social sciences, and of philosophical problems arising within this domain. The problems of historical interpretation will receive emphasis. Materials will be drawn from the social sciences with which the members of the seminar are most familiar. o f G od in W estern T h o u g h t . Mr. Hordern. An examination will be made of writings which have contributed most to Western concepts of God. The study will include Plato, Aristotle, the Bible, Athanasius, Augustine, St. Thomas Aquinas, Luther, Calvin, Schleiermacher, Rudolf Otto and Paul Tillich. 111. T h e I dea Mr. Hordern. This seminar will concentrate on representative religious thinkers of the present century, with the reading of their major works. The seminar will include Jacques Maritain, F. R. Tennant, Reinhold Niebuhr, E. S. Brightman, A. N. Whitehead, H. N. Wieman. 112. M odern R eligious P h ilo so ph e rs . 120. T hesis. A thesis may be submitted by majors in the department in place of one of the seminars, upon application by the student and at the discretion of the Depart­ ment. 127 Physical Education for Men D irector of Athletics and P hysical Education ate P rofessor: W illis J. Stetson for M en and A ssoci­ A ssociate P rofessors: Robert H. D u n n Edwin J. Faulkner Lewis H. Elverson A ssistants: Robert Bach Avery F. Blake J ames M cAdoo James Miller H oward D. Sipler Paul Stofko College P hysician: D r . M orris A. Bowie The course in Men’s Physical Education is designed to acquaint each participant with both team and individual sports. The value of team play is developed while emphasis is also placed on the so-called "carry over” sports which one can enjoy after graduation. Each individual, while benefiting from the physical exercise, also becomes better acquainted with the fundamentals, rules, etc., of the various sports and so is better able to enjoy these activities as a spectator. The intercollegiate athletic program is a comprehensive one with varsity schedules in eleven different sports. In many of these activities there are contests arranged for junior varsity and freshman teams, thus providing ample opportunity for large numbers of men to engage in intercollegiate competition. Faculty R equirem ents Physical Education is required of all non-veteran freshmen and sophomores unless excused by the College physician. During this two-year period, men students must attend a minimum of three classes per week. All men not excused for medical or other reasons are expected to fulfill this requirement under penalty of being asked to leave the college. F all A ctivities ♦Cross Country ♦Football ♦Soccer Swimming Tennis Touch Football W in t e r A ctivities Badminton ♦Basketball Boxing Lacrosse ♦Swimming Tennis Track Volley Ball *Wrestling Spring A ctivities ♦Baseball ♦Golf ♦Lacrosse Softball ♦Tennis *Track * Indicates intercollegiate competition. 128 Physical Education for Women A ssociate Professor: Virginia Rath ,* Chairman A ssistant P rofessors: I rene M oll M ay E. Parry A ssistant: Janet Scantlebury (part-time) College Physician : D r . M orris A. Bowie The aim of this Department is to contribute to the education of all women students through the medium of physical activity. We believe this contribution can best be achieved through participation in a broad program of recreational, rhythmic and developmental activities. Therefore the program provides: instruction and experience in sports and dancing; swimming ability for all; cor­ rective and developmental exercises. It is our hope that the student will also acquire: appreciation of the dance as a fine art; the meaning of good sportsman­ ship; added endurance; good posture; leadership training; joy in outdoor exercise; and a program of interests and skills that will carry over for the individual and her community after college. Classes are kept small to insure individual attention, and students are grouped according to ability. Ample opportunities are given for intramural and inter­ collegiate competition, as well as for public performances and demonstrations. Freshmen and sophomores take three periods of activity each week. These may be elected from classes listed below with the stipulation that they take swimming until a test is passed; take a rhythmic activity; take a team sport; take Body Mechanics if the posture grade indicates a need for it. Regulation costumes should be ordered before college opens. Blanks for this purpose will be sent out from the Office of the Dean to all incoming students. Spo rts 1. H ockey . Miss Parry, Miss Moll, Miss Rath. Class and Varsity. Fall Term M iss Rath. Class and Varsity. Fall and Spring 2. Archery . 3. T en nis . Miss Parry, Miss Rath, Miss Moll, Mr. Faulkner. . _ Class and Varsity Winter and Spring.. 4. G olf . Miss Moll. Fall, Winter and Spring Fall and Spring Class and Varsity. 5. Swim m ing . Miss Rath. Fall, Winter and Spring Beginner, intermediate and advanced classes in strokes and diving. Class and Varsity. 6. Basketball. Miss Moll. Winter Class and Varsity. * Absent on leave, Fall Semester. 129 Miss Rath, Miss Parry, Miss Moll, Mr. Faulkner. Class and Varsity. Winter Miss Moll. Class and Varsity. Spring 7. Badminton . 8. Soft Ball . Spring 9. Lacrosse. Class and Varsity. R hythmic Activities 10. D ancing . Miss Scantlebury. Class and Club. Pall, Winter and Spring 11. Folk and Square D ancing . Miss Moll. Open to men students also. Fall, Winter and Spring D evelopmental 12. T umbling . and Service A ctivities Winter M iss Rath . 13. Body M echanics . Miss Rath. Winter Required of all first-year students whose posture indicates a need for it. 14. R ecreation a l L ea d ership . Miss Moll. Winter and Spring Theory and practice teaching in recreational activities of all kinds. Given in alternate years. 15. R ed Cross Lif e Saving . Miss Rath and Red Cross Field Representative. Winter and Spring Senior and instructors’ courses. 130 Physics P r o fessors : W in t h r o p R. W rig h t W illia m C. E l m o r e , Chairman A ssociate P r o fe sso r : M il a n W . G a r r ett f A ssistant P r o fesso r : D e n n is o n B a n c r o f t The physics department, through its introductory course in general physics en­ deavors to give an integrated account of basic physics. In this course, as well as in the advanced work of the department, emphasis is placed on quantitative, analytical reasoning, as distinct from the mere acquisition of facts and skills. The intro­ ductory course makes no pretense of covering all material of interest to physicists but rather comprises a selection of topics which form a coherent group. Advanced work in the department involves a more intensive study of topics covered at the introductory level, and of many phases of modern physics which require a considerable background in mathematics and electricity. In all courses and sem­ inars particular importance is attached to laboratory work, inasmuch as physics is primarily an experimental science. R e q u ir e m e n t s and R e c o m m e n d a t io n s for M a jo r s Students who intend to major in physics normally take Course 1-2 in the fresh­ man year and Course 1 1 - 1 2 in the sophomore year. In addition they should complete Course 12 in mathematics and Course 2 in chemistry by the end of the sophomore year.^ In view of graduate school requirements, and of the extensive literature of physics in German, it is strongly recommended that the student fulfill his language requirement in German. The work of the last two years normally involves an honors program, and includes three seminars in physics and three seminars in mathematics. Other seminars in the program are usually chosen from electrical engineering, chemistry, or philosophy. Such a program is a particularly satisfactory way of preparing for graduate or other professional work in physics or in mathematics. However, it constitutes in itself an effective educational program, since the aim throughout is to achieve an understanding of fundamental ideas and concepts, as distinct from the mastery of information, skills and techniques in a limited segment of science. C ourse St a t e m e n t Staff. Pull Course An introductory course in basic physics open to all students. No prerequisite other than those for college entrance is assumed. This course or its equivalent must precede any advanced courses or seminars in physics. It is required of most science majors. Three lectures, a conference and a laboratory period weekly. Separate credit given for each semester’s work. I, 2. G en era l P hysics . I I , 12. M ech a nics , H ea t a nd So u n d . Mr. Elmore and Mr. Bancroft. The material for this course is drawn from the fields of mechanics, hydro-dynamics, acoustics, kinetic theory and thermodynamics. Since extensive use is made of the calculus, a course in this subject must precede or be taken concurrently. This course is recommended for physics majors and should meet the needs of other students desiring a second course in physics. Three conference hours and one laboratory period weekly. t Absent on leave, 1951-52. 131 H onors W ork 101. P hysical O ptics . Mr. Wright. Second Semester Based on Robertson's Introduction to Physical Optics. The laboratory work in­ cludes measurements on thick and thin lenses, intercomparison of wave lengths by prism, grating and interference spectrographs, computation of series constants, quantitative observation of various interference and diffraction patterns and measurement of reflection coefficients. 102. E lectricity and M agnetism . Mr. Elmore. First Semester Based primarily on Page and Adams’ Principles of Electricity and Harnwell’s Principles of Electricity and Electromagnetism. It covers static and dynamic electricity, magnetism and electromagnetism, with some electronics. The em­ phasis throughout is on fundamental analysis rather than application. The laboratory includes measurements in direct and alternating currents and in magnetism, together with some fundamental experiments in electronics. Mathe­ matics seminars in advanced calculus and differential equations are normally prerequisite. 103. M odern P hysics. Mr. Elmore. Second Semester A seminar devoted to both the experimental and the theoretical aspects of modern atomic physics. The topics include radiation, special relativity, quantum theory, the wave nature of particles, atomic structure, X-rays, isotopes, radioactivity, nuclear physics and related matters. The seminar discussion is accompanied by a full-day laboratory period. This seminar should be preceded by that in electricity and magnetism. 104. T heoretical P hysics. Mr. Elmore. N ot Offered Regularly A study of selected topics, mostly drawn from classical physics. Little duplica­ tion occurs of theoretical material covered in the other seminars offered by the department. Based primarily on Page’s Introduction to Theoretical Physics. Not accompanied by laboratory. Prerequisites: Course 1 1 - 1 2 and mathematics seminars in advanced calculus and differential equations. 132 Political Science Professor: J. Roland P ennock ,* Chairm an Assistant Professors: G erard J. M angone J ohn I. M ichaels, J r. M urray S. Stedman , J r. Paul N. Y lvisaker * I nstructor : J ohn W. Chapman ** Lecturer : Philip E. Jacob The aim of the Department of Political Science is to study, both in ideal and in reality, the place of the state in society and to contribute to an understanding of the purposes, organization, and operation of political institutions, domestic and international. For the beginning student, the Department offers an introduction to the nature of politics and to the problems of various political systems. For those who become majors or for others who take additional work in Political Science, courses are provided which will permit giving special attention to the areas of political theory, comparative government, government in the United States, and international political institutions. R equirements and R ecommendations for M ajors Students who intend to major in political science should, preferably, take Course 1-2 in the freshman year and Course 1 1 in the sophomore year. Students who desire to concentrate on international affairs without taking the full International Relations Program referred to below may substitute Comparative Government (Political Science 15) or Soviet Economics and Politics (Political Science 1 9 -2 0 ). Majors are also required to take Economics 1 -2 . Courses in Statistics (Economics 4) and in American History are recommended. Political Theory, either in seminar or in course, is required of all majors; course majors should take course 60 . P rogram in I nternational R elations Students who plan to enter upon a career in the field of international relations should include in their programs, during the first two years, the introductory courses in economics, history and political science and should complete the intermediate course in one or more modern languages. Advanced courses selected from the groups listed below may be incorporated in the programs of students who do their major work in economics, history, political science, or a modern language. TTiose students who wish to concentrate in international relations may take their Senior Comprehensive Examination in this field. Students preparing for this exam­ ination should take eight, nine, or ten half courses from among those listed below, including all of those listed in Group I, one or more in Group II, and one or more in Group III. The examination is administered by a committee appointed by the chairmen of the Departments of Economics, History, and Political Science, under the Chairmanship of the Department of Political Science. * Absent on leave, fall semester, 1951-52. •* For the fall semester, 1951-52. 133 G roup I Political Science 12—International Politics Political Science 13—International Law and Organization Political Science 57-58—American Foreign Policy Economics 60—International Economics G roup II History History History History History 3—England 1 1 —The Other American Republics 12—France 13—Germany 14—Russia G roup III Political Science 15—Comparative Government Political Science 16—Democracy and Dictatorship Russian Studies 19-20—Soviet Economics and Politics Students who plan to enter the honors program will find it possible to select a similar combination of courses and seminars in the field ‘of international relations. In planning such programs, they should consult with the chairmen of their pros­ pective major departments. C ourses 1-2. I ntroduction to P olitical Science . All members of the department. Full Course The foundations of politics—sociological, psychological, and economic; nature and development of political institutions; types of government. A study of examples of the major forms of government, followed by a more detailed study of the national government of the United States. Political Science 1-2 is open to all students and is prerequisite to all other courses offered by the department. Credit is not given for a single semester of this course. 11. A merican State and Local G overnment . Mr. Ylvisaker. Spring Semester The nature of federalism, as exemplified by the United States and contrasted systems. Intergovernmental relations within a federal system. Analysis of state and local governments; their constitutions and charters; the electoral process and political parties; the legislative, executive, and judicial branches; finance and functions of governmental administration. 12. I nternational P olitics. Mr. Mangone. Fall Semester An introduction to the principles and problems of international politics—including the study of political geography, the composition and balance of international .power, such worldwide phenomena as nationalism and imperialism, and the . techniques of diplomacy. 13. I nternational Law and O rganization . Mr. Mangone. (Not offered in 1951-52.) The development of international law and organization—including a study of the major problems of international law and world government, the organiza­ tion and work of the League of Nations, the United Nations, regional agencies, and international administration. 15. Comparative G overnment . Mr. Stedman. Alternate years, Fall Semester A critical study of the major political systems and of their significance for the problem of constitutional order. Special emphasis is placed on the governments of Western Europe and of the British dominions. 134 16. D emocracy and D ictatorship . Mr. Pennock. Spring Semester Analysis^ of the crisis of political liberalism. Reconsideration of the bases of representative government in the light of changed economic and social conditions in the modern State; examination of such alternative principles as those offered by Communism and Fascism; investigation of the problem of planning in a democracy; and an appraisal of present tendencies in political development. 19-20. Soviet Economics and P olitics. Mr. Michaels. Full Course (Also listed as Economics 19-20 and Russian Studies 19 -20 .) The structure and operation of the economic and political institutions of the Soviet Union, described and analyzed in the light of their theoretical and his­ torical background. Mr. Chapman. Fall Semester An analysis of the principles of administration in modern governments with illustrative material drawn chiefly from the national government of the United States and with particular references to the implications of recent developments. Problems of administrative organization, conduct of regulatory and managerial activities, financial administration, personnel, public relations, administrative legislation and adjudication. to juniors, and seniors only, except by special arrangement. 51. P ublic A dministration . 52. A merican Constitutional L aw. Mr. Chapman. Fall Semester The Constitution as developed by the Court; and the Court as seen through the cases. Stressing (a) the extent of national power, (b) constitutional limitations upon state legislation, (c) the nature of the judicial process in the American system of government. Sophomores may be admitted by special arrangement. 53. A merican P arty P olitics. Mr. Stedman. Alternate years, Fall Semester (Not offered in 1951-52.) An historical and functional analysis of American political parties, including a study of interest groups, public opinion, electoral devices, political leaders, and proposals for the reorganization of the existing party structure. 54. H istory of P olitical T heory . Mr. Pennock. Pall Semester ' (Not offered in 1951-52.) The development of thought on the nature of the state and of individual rights and duties, based largely on readings of the chief political philosophers. Topics studied include: Greek political thought; medieval universalism and the divine right of kings; the Reformation and the development of contractual theory sovereignty and the rise of the national state; the growth of liberalism and thè roots of totalitarian ideologies. Open to juniors vand seniors only, except by special arrangement. 55. A merican P olitical T hought . Mr. Stedman. Spring Semester (Not offered in 1951-52.) A study of the development of American political thought: the colonial period; the Revolution; Jeffersonian Democracy; Jacksonian Democracy; the nature of the Union; newer currents, including the progressive movement, labor, and conflicts between church and state. 56. J urisprudence . Mr. Pennock. (Not offered in 1951-52.) A study of the sources and nature of law; historical, sociological and philosophic approaches to legal theory; the nature of the judicial process; key problems of jurisprudence illustrated by case study in selected areas of American constitutional law. 135 57. A merican F oreign P olicy : th e Far East and th e N ear East. Mr. Mangone. Spring Semester The study of American foreign policy towards selected areas of the Far East and die Near East, including an analysis of underlying factors, contemporary probblems of the region, and the policy determinants within the United States. 58. A merican F oreign P olicy : Latin A merica and Europe . Mr. Mangone. (Not offered in 1951-52.) The study of American foreign policy towards selected areas of Latin America and Europe, including an analysis of underlying factors, contemporary problems of the region, and the policy determinants within the United States. 60. Special T opics in P olitical Science . Mr. Stedman. Spring Semester This course, conducted in seminar fashion, is designed for senior majors. By means of papers and assigned readings it covers aspects of political science not elsewhere intensively developed and helps the students to integrate materials studied previously. H onors W ork Prerequisite: Political Science 1 -2 . The following seminars prepare for examination for a degree with Honors: 1 0 1 . P o litica l T h eo r y . Mr. Pennock. Spring Semester The nature of the state, the basis of political obligation, sovereignty and the nature of law, problems of freedom and authority, theoretical analysis of forms of government, theories of revolution—all in the light of the theories set forth by writers on these subjects from Plato to the present. 102. P o litics a nd L eg isla tio n . Mr. Stedman. Pall Semester A study of the political process: purposes of the state; the relation of the general welfare to special interests; public opinion; voters and electoral systems; parties and politicians; the functions and organization of the legislature. 103. P roblems in G overnment and Administration . Mr. Chapman and Mr. Ylvisaker. Each Semester A detailed study of major problems of government, particularly on the admin­ istrative side, and especially as they manifest themselves in the national govern­ ment of the United States. Topics studied include: public budgeting and financial control, administrative legislation and adjudication, government reorgan­ ization, administrative areas, governmental corporations, and problems of public service personnel administration. 104. I nternational P olitics, Law , Mr. Mangone. Fall Semester A comprehensive inquiry into the principles and problems of international politics, international law, and international organization. and O rganization . 105. A merican Foreign P olicy. Mr. Mangone. Spring Semester A study of the economic, political and strategic factors in American foreign policy since 18 90 . 106. P u blic L aw and J u rispru dence , Mr. Pennock. Spring Semester Sources and nature of law; historical, sociological, philosophic, and "realistic” approaches to law; key problems of jurisprudence illustrated by study of the fields of federalism and civil liberties in American constitutional law. 120. T hesis. All members of the department. Approval must be secured early in the student’s junior year. 136 Psychology and Education Professors: W olfgang K ohler,* Research P rofessor o f P h ilo so p h y a n d P sych ology Solomon E. A sch ** J oseph B. Shane , V ice-P residen t an d P rofessor o f Education Richard S. Crutchfield , Chairm an A ssociate Professors: W illiam C. H. P rentice H ans W allach f A ssistant Professors: Carol F. Creedon H enry G leitman P eter M adison Lecturer : A lice K. Brodhead < The work of the Department of Psychology deals with the scientific study of human behavior and experience: the basic processes of perception, learning, thinking and motivation, and consideration of their relation to development of the individual per­ sonality; and the social relations of the individual to other persons and to groups. For those students planning for graduate and professional work in psychology the courses and seminars of the department are designed to provide a sound basis of understanding of psychological principles' and a grasp of research method. Other students learn the nature of psychological inquiry and the psychological approach to various problems encountered in the humanities, the social sciences and the life sciences. Requirements and R ecommendations Courses 1 and 2 are prerequisite to all further courses and seminars in psychology. Course majors are required to take Courses 3, 52, and 53. Course 63 is recommended. Honors majors are required to take courses 1 , 2, 3, and advised to take during their freshmen and sophomore years introductory work in zoology and, if possible, work beyond the introductory course in philosophy. A reading knowledge of German is useful. Courses in education—10, 12, 13, 14, will not be credited toward a major in psychol­ ogy. Education alone may not be elected as a major subject, and not more than two full courses in education will be accepted for credit toward the bachelor’s degree. The Pennsylvania requirements for the certification of secondary school teachers include 21 hours of psychology and education. W ith the exception of 6 hours of practice teaching, which must be taken elsewhere, Swarthmore students may fulfill these requirements by taking Courses, 1 , 2, 10, 1 1 , 12 and 13. * Absent on leave, first semester, 1951-52. ** Absent on leave, 2nd semester, 1951-52. t Absent on leave, 1951-52. 137 Psychology 1. I ntroduction to P sychology. Mr. Crutchfield. Each Semester An introduction to the study of psychology, including a consideration of the nature of psychological inquiry and a brief review of the available facts and theories relevant to a scientific understanding of human behavior and experience. Technical aspects are subordinated to questions concerning motivation, personality and adjustment, although the emphasis throughout is theoretical rather than practical. Reading covers a standard textbook of psychology. Three lectures and- one conference section per week. 2 . G eneral Psychology. Mr. Gleitman. Each Semester An extension of the introductory course, giving special attention to problems of cognition including facts and theories of perception, learning, memory, and thinking. In general, the orientation is historical, and students will learn about major theoretical movements in the realm of cognition. Spring Semester The main objective of this course is to develop in the student a critical and experimental attitude towards psychological problems. The content of the course includes: a survey of the types of experimental designs, the methods of measure­ ment, and the kinds of apparatus employed in different psychological studies, and an analysis of the historical background of selected contemporary theoretical, problems. Prerequisite: Course 1. 3. P sychological M ethods . 52. M otivation . Mrs. Creedon. Eall Semester Emphasis is upon the role of dynamic factors (drives, needs, values) in the de­ termination of behavior. Consideration is given to the measurement of motives, the relationship between biological and psychological tension-systems, conflict, frustration, success and failure, reward and punishment. Evaluation of the theories of motivation of McDougall, Tolman, Lewin, Allport, Murray and Freud. Term paper or design of an original experiment is required. Prerequisites: Courses 1 and 2. 53. Experimental P sychology. Mr. Asch, Mr. Prentice. Fall Semester A bourse in experimental thinking: how to conceive, design, and carry out original experiments on psychological problems. Instructor and students begin with a problem or problem-area and develop experimental attacks by group dis­ cussion. The actual experiments so designed are carried out by the students with supervision and are interpreted and evaluated by the group. Students present formal reports on each experiment. Class work, laboratories, and reports take ten to twelve hours per week. Prerequisites: Courses 1 , 2 , and 3. 54. A nim al Experim entation . Mr. Gleitman. (Not offered 1951-52.) A detailed analysis of selected contemporary experimental problems, leading to original experimental investigations carried out by the students with animal subjects. Meets as a weekly seminar during first half of term, and involves 6 hours of laboratory work per week during the remainder of the term. Prerequisites: Courses 1 and 2. 138 55* Child Psychology. Airs. Creedon. Spying Semestey The development of the child from birth through adolescence, studied in terms of basic psychological principles. Important theories and practices of childrearing are evaluated in the light of experimental and cross-cultural data. Topics include the significance of infantile and childhood experience on subsequent per­ sonality development, parent-child relationships, sibling rivalry, and the "be­ havior problems” which typically occur during the socialization process. One of the following is required: ( 1 ) acting as an assistant in a child-care center for approximately 20 hours, ( 2 ) an intensive study of a single child, ( 3 ) individual or group experimental or observational research, ( 4 ) a term paper. Prerequisites: Courses 1 and 2 . 56. Social P sychology . Airs. Creedon. 1 Spying Semestey A study of some basic processes and products of interaction between persons and groups and between groups. The following topics are covered: The formation of the social field of the individual. Perception of persons as psycho­ logical entities. Perception of groups. Formation of the self; social relations, of the self. Psychological forces supporting group-belonging. Functional con­ sequences of group membership. The psychological investigation of group processes. Group requirements and group standards. Formation and change of attitudes. Prerequisites: Courses 1 and 2 . 57. D iagnosis of A bilities and P ersonality . Air. Aladison. Fall Semestey Theory and techniques of assessing personality, intelligence, ability, and interest. Actual practice with such tests and procedures as the Thematic Apperception Test, Rorschach, Wechsler-Bellevue, Stanford-Binet, Non-Directive Interview, and other methods of diagnosis. Study of theory and research on the concept of measurement in psychological testing. Prerequisites: Courses 1 , 2 and 3 . 58. P ersonality T heory . Air. Aladison. Fall Semestey A study of the leading concepts of personality theory, including the psycho­ analytic, Lewinian, socio-cultural, self-theorists and other non-systematic formu­ lations. Application of these concepts will be made to case studies. Prerequisites: Courses 1 and 2 . 59. Psychopathology . Air. Aladison. Spying Semestey A study of the current theories of mental illness and of the main forms of mental disorders. Theories and techniques of therapy are considered. Ex­ tensive use of the case study method. Emphasis is on the evaluation of theories of psychopathology and of their significance for normal personality theory. Prerequisites: Courses 1 and 2 . Course 58 strongly recommended but not required. 60. Systematic P sychology. Air. Kohler. Spying Semestey A study of recurrent problems of psychology, in historical perspective and in light of various systematic views. Restricted to psychology majors and qualified students of philosophy. Prerequisites: Courses 1 and 2 . 139 61-62. Advanced Psychological R esearch. The staff. Each Semester Individual research on a selected original problem under the direction of a member of the department. Open only to psychology majors. Credit will be given for one semester; a second semester may be taken for credit at the dis­ cretion of the department. Prerequisites: Courses 1 , 2, 3 and 5 3 . 63. Psychological T utorial. The staff. Spring Semester Weekly seminar meeting of psychology course majors held in the second term of the senior year for the purposes of reviewing, integrating, and supplementing the student’s course work in psychology. Open only to senior majors. Education 10. I ntroduction to Education . A survey of the aims, organization and procedures of education, with some attempt to orient the study in the context of the philosophy and history of education; the opportunities and requirements in education as a profession. No prerequisites. 11. Educational Psychology. The application of psychological principles concerned with the processes of thinking, learning and motivation to the problems of education. Prerequisites: Courses 1 , 2 . 12. P rinciples of Secondary Education . A study of the principles of secondary education, with emphasis upon aims and organization. Visits to nearby schools are made. 13. M ethods of Secondary Education . Mr. Shane. Fall Semester A review and critical analysis of the methods used in secondary education. 14. I ntroduction to T eaching . Mrs. Brodhead. Weekly seminar plus 3 hours a week in the local schools. Enrolment limited to 15. H onors Seminars 101. P erception . Mr. Prentice. Reading and discussion combined with independent experimental projects. The student is expected to know the basic facts about human perceptual mechanisms, particularly visual ones, by the time he has completed this seminar. Specific topics covered are: color vision, grouping and form, depth and distance, size, movement, influences of learning and of needs or attitudes, general theory of perception. When time permits, some attention is given to parallel problems in other senses. 10 2 . Learning and T hin king . Mr. Asch, Mr. Gleitman. Deals with principles of adaptive behavior; the functions of memory and think­ ing; the nature of understanding and problem-solving; the nature of intelligence. 103. M otivation . Mrs. Creedon, Mr. Crutchfield. A systematic and experimental approach to the dynamics of behavior, based on material drawn from the laboratory and the clinic, and covering the following topics: instinctive behavior and biological drives; the relation of motivation and learning; derived motivation; the relation of perception and motivation; frus­ tration and its relation to aggression, regression; level of aspiration; success and failure; substitution and sublimation; ego needs and the nature of the ego; emotion and feeling; contemporary theories of motivation. 140 104. I ndividual in Society. Mr. Asch, Mr. Crutchfield, Mrs. Creedon. The relationship between man and his society, approached from the points of view of social psychology, sociology, and cultural anthropology; the study of group-structures and the psychological consequences of group-membership; the critique of available procedures for scientific treatment of group-behavior and group-influences. 105. P ersonality. Mr. Madison. A systematic approach to personality, including a survey and critique of such major theoretical positions as those of Freud, Jung, Adler, Horney, Fromm, McDougall and Murray. An examination of clinical and experimental evidence concerning personality, for example, experimental data on ego-involvement, clinical evidence of repression. A consideration of the methods employed ifl the assessment of personality such as life history methods, the interview, standardized personality tests, association tests, projective techniques, and situational tests. 106. D evelopment . Mr. Prentice. An investigation of the concepts of psychological growth, including sensori-motor skill, intellectual and emotional functions, and personality. Readings in experi­ mental and clinical literature; some direct observation and experimentation with children. 107. Systematic Psychology. Mr. Kohler. Observations and problems in different fields of modern psychology treated as parts of a developing system, with a consideration of the basic principles inherent in this development. All members of the department. May be presented as a substitute for one seminar, provided the student is doing major work in psychology with four seminars, and provided some member of the department is available. to undertake the direction of the thesis. 120. T hesis. M aster’s D egree A limited number of students may be accepted for graduate study toward the Master’s degree in psychology. Students receiving the Bachelor’s degree from Swarthmore are not normally eligible for this work. The program of work for the Master’s degree requires the completion of four seminars, or their equivalents. One of the seminars must be a research seminar leading to a Thesis. The work of the seminars is judged by external examiners. The requirements for the Master’s degree can normally be completed in one year. 141 Russian Studies The Russian Studies program, inaugurated in the fall of 1949 at Bryn Mawr, Haverford and Swarthmore Colleges, has been made possible by a grant of $105,000 from the Carnegie Corporation of New York. As a part of this program, Swarth-. more is offering courses in Russian language, history, and economic and political institutions. Courses in this group cannot themselves comprise a major subject Courses in the Russian language may be used to fulfill the college foreign language requirement. Courses in Russian history and in Russian political and economic institutions may be counted toward a major or minor in the departments offering them. (These courses are listed under their appropriate departments.) R ussian Language 1-2. E lem en ta ry R u ssia n . Miss Lamkert. Full Course Vocabulary and grammar. Reading of easy short stories and dialogues. Area reader. Short stories by Lermontoff, Pushkin, Tchehoff. Oral and written translation into Russian. Easy compositions. 3, 4. I n term ed ia te R u ssia n . Miss Lamkert. Full Course Readings: Inspector General by Gogol, Captain’s Daughter by Pushkin, and other short stories. Discussion of readings in Russian. Translation of essays and short stories from English to Russian. to L itera tu re . Miss Lamkert. Literature of 19th and beginning of 20th century. Turgenev, Tolstoy. Compositions. 11. I n tr o d u c tio n Readings: Miss Lamkert. Additional reading in contemporary literature and periodicals. Dostoyevsky, 1 2 . I n tr o d u c tio n to L itera tu re . Compositions. H istory 14. R ussia . Mr. Beik or Mr. von Laue. Half Course The history of modern Russia. For sophomores, juniors and seniors. The course begins with the reign of Peter and gives half its time to the period since the Revolution. It may be taken only after History 1-2. Economic and P olitical I nstitutions 19-20. So viet E co no m ics and P o litics . Mr. Michaels. Full Course (Also listed as Economics 19-20 and Political Science 19-20.) The structure and operation of the economic and political institutions of the Soviet Union, described and analyzed in the light of their theoretical and historical background. 142 R efer en c e S ectio n A directory of the students of Swarthmore College may be obtained by writing to the Registrar. Visiting Honors Examiners—May-June, 1951 BIOLOGY: P rofessor J o se ph B erry , Bryn Mawr College; P rofessor G eorge L. G ra h a m , University of Pennsylvania; P rofessor G rayson P. M c C o u c h , University of Pennsylvania; P rofessor G eorge H . P a f f , Hahnemann Medical College; P rofessor J o h n P reer , University of Pennsylvania. CHEMISTRY: P rofessor E rn st B erl in e r , Bryn Mawr College; P rofessor J o h n G . M ill er , University of Pennsylvania. CLASSICS: P rofessor E velyn H olst C l if t , University of Delaware. ECONOMICS: P rofessor P a u l F. G e m m il l , University of Pennsylvania; P rofessor A lbert G. H art , Columbia University; P rofessor Ben W. L ew is , Oberlin College; P rofessor M ildred N o rth r o p , Bryn Mawr College. ENGINEERING: P rofessor Co u rtla nd D . P er k in s , Princeton University; P ro ­ fessor F in l e y W . S m it h , Lafayette College. ENGLISH LITERATURE: P rofessor M. H. A brams , Cornell University; P rofessor M a t t h e w W . B lack , University of Pennsylvania; P rofessor R obert E. Spille r , University of Pennsylvania; P rofessor W ill ia m Y . T in d a ll , Columbia University. FINE ARTS: P rofessor Lin c o l n J o h n s o n , Goucher College. H ISTO RY: P rofessor R obert F. B yrnes , Rutgers University; D r . P h il ip A. C ro w l , Historical Division, Dept, of the Army; P rofessor Sid ney P a in t er , Johns Hopkins University; P rofessor R o bert R. P a lm er , Princeton University; P rofessor W illia m B ea n y , Princeton University. MATHEMATICS: P rofessor J o h n C. O xtoby , Bryn Mawr College; P rofessor A. W . T u cker , Princeton University. MODERN LANGUAGES: P rofessor G erm a in e B ree , Bryn Mawr College; P r o ­ fessor A dolf D . K l a r m a n n , University of Pennsylvania; P rofessor A lfred Senn , University of Pennsylvania. PHILOSOPHY: P rofessor R oderick M. C h ish o l m , Brown University; P rofessor A lbert H ofstadter , Columbia University; P rofessor A rn old I senberg , Queens College. PHYSICS: P rofessor W illia m T. Sc o tt , Smith College. POLITICAL SCIENCE: P rofessor W illia m B ea n y , Princeton University; P ro ­ fessor J am es H . B la ck m a n , Johns Hopkins University; P rofessor T h om a s I. C o o k , Johns Hopkins University; P rofessor G erald J. M a n g o nb , Wesleyan University; P rofessor H er m a n S. Somers , Haverford College. PSYCHOLOGY: P rofessor D o nald K. A dams , Duke University; P rofessor H erbert G. B ir c h , The City College of New York; D r . L eo M. H u rvich , Eastman Kodak Company; D r . E u g e n ia H a n f m a n n , Harvard University; P rqfessor M. B rew ster Sm it h , Vassar College. 144 Degrees Conferred June 11, 1951 Ba c h e l o r of A rts In the Division of the Humanities R uth Elizabeth M aria A lexander (H istory) D abney M aurice A ltaffer (H is­ tory) M ary E lizabeth Beech (English Lit­ erature) M artha H artwell Bentley (Hon­ ors—English Literature) N ancy E merson Bixler (English Lit­ erature) D avid W arren Briggs (Psychology) Barbara A ldrich Bruce (Honors— Latin) J eanne Bo h n Burch (English Liter­ ature) Constance M errill Cameron (H is­ tory) J oseph B. Cary, J r . (English Litera­ ture) J udson C lark Chrisney (English Lit­ erature) Clarke P eyton Conway (Honors— English Literature) A nita J anette D abrohua (Spanish) E mily D ayton (Psychology) Virginia Elizabeth D r i e s s e n (French) D olores M aire D unstan (French) Franklin M enges E lliott (High Honors— Psychology) A n n a Louise Eshleman (Honors— Psychology) Robert Carl Forrey (English Liter­ ature) U rsula E. Freund (Fine Arts) A lison G ambier-Bousfield (Spanish) Arra M. G arab (High Honors—Eng­ lish Literature) D iana Louise G inzburg (English Lit­ erature) M arguerite E lise H andy (English Literature) Lark H argraves (English Literature) St e p h e n N orthup H ay (Romance Languages) N ancy H effernan (English Litera­ ture) R uth H ochheimer tory) (Honors— His­ J o h n T. H offmeister (English Lit­ erature) E lisabeth R ussell J enks (Fine Arts) J oyce ^Marilyn K imball (Honors— English Literature) Karin K ohler (French) J ean M. Leck (Psychology) E llen Lovell (High Honors— His­ tory) H anna M achlup (History) Roger Lee M arch (English Litera­ ture) A lace-M aria M ariani ( R o m a n c e Languages) J ean M atter (Highest Honors—Phil­ osophy) A lan Rath M atthias (History) Robert M arshall M cCarthy (H is­ tory) N ancy M cD aniel (Fine Arts) C lare M cG rath (French) A n n a Louise M egonigal (English Literature) J oyce M ertz (English Literature) Patricia M eyer (High Honors— Eng­ lish Literature) J une M iller (High Honors— His­ tory) M arilyn M iller (English Literature) A n n e R ebecca M ou n t (English Lit­ erature) Frank Edward O j a (Honors— Psy­ chology) A n n T anguy O liver ( History 1 N orvell M cA llister Page (English Literature) E lisabeth P antke (Psychology) N ancy R obinson P osel (History) Suzanne K nowles E eymond (French) A n n e R ulon Ritschard (English Lit­ erature) Sue Strother Rose (Honors— His­ tory) J ean A udrey Sartorius (Honors— History) M argaret Ripley Schemm (English Literature) 145 E lisabeth Schepses (High Honors— English Literature) Robert D aniel Schick (Music) M ichael Shaw (English Literature) Ralph Lee Sm ith (English Literature) J acqueline M ary Smythe (Psychol­ J ohanna J, L. van den Berg (Hon­ R enee ors— History) M artha H ope W est (Psychology) J ean Carol Sherry W eston (Eng­ lish Literature) A ndrea Chapm an W ilcox (Honors — Psychology) F aith Lorraine W oodward (French) E leonore M aria Z imm erm ann (Hon­ ogy) J oh n S. Spaulding (Psychology) K atherine Stainton (Philosophy) A lice K atharine Stehle (French) ors— Philosophy ) In the Division of the Social Sciences T homas M ichael M arill (High K athryn A dams (Economics) Honors—Psychology) W inifred Armstrong (Psychology) J o h n Charles M cI ntyre (Economics) E llen A sh (Honors— Economics) J ack H oward M eier (Honors—His­ M ary A n n A sh (Political Science) tory) W alter P aul B lass (Honors— Eco­ J anet Louise M errill (Psychology) nomics) Benton G. M oeller , J r . (High Hon­ E lisabeth Boessenkool (Psychology) ors—History) D onald Sommers B lough (High Robert Logan M yers, J r . (Economics) Honors——Psychology ) Lois O blender (Economics) D. T yner Brow n (Political Science) Robert J onathan O sborn (High *J abez Francis Carroll, J r . (Eco­ Honors—Political Science) nomics) D eborah E lizabeth O sborne (High Ralph Cheyney (History) Honors—Philosophy) T heodore Richards Conant (Hon­ Robert Boyd P arsons (Economics) ors—Economics) Robert H orace P eters, J r . (High Eth a n Curtis D einard (Economics) Honors—Psychology) M argaret J ean D inwoodey (Polit­ G erald A lexander P ollack (High ical Science) Honors—Economics ) W illiam W allace Francis (History) H arold A lfred Prusa (Economics) Richard H indman Frost (Honors— Charles H iram Randall (Economics) History) Richard Lee Raymond (Economics) E lizabeth A n n F ullagar (Psychol­ ♦W illiam H. Rieser (Psychology) ogy) Lewis A. Rivlin (Political Science) W alter Roger G ale, J r . (Economics) G erald A. Rosen (Philosophy) J o h n N ew ton G arver, III (High J onas O ettinger Rosenthal (Polit­ Honors— Philosophy) ical Science) U rsula M arie H a h n (Honors— J o h n Scoville Rounds (Economics) History) W illiam J o h n Saul , J r . (Political H ugh Cumming H aw (Political Sci­ Science) ence) G erald G ideon Schulsinger (High Betty An n H ershberger (High Hon­ Honors— Economics, Political Sci­ ors—Political Science) ence) D avid H u n t Rogers Shearer (H is­ Francine K ay H ochhauser (Eco­ tory) nomics) P aul Snedden Sh o up (Honors— Po­ A lan R eeve H un t (High Honors— litical Science) Political Science) D aniel M orris Singer (Honors— Po­ D avid Byard K eller (Honors— His­ litical Science) tory) E lise W aring Sm ith (Highest Hon­ N ancy J ane K en ney (High Honors ors— Psychology) —History) W illiam F. Stone (Economics) K e n n e t h R eay K urtz (Political Sci­ M iriam Strasburger (Honors— Psy­ ence) chology) Suzanne Correll Lewis (Political Lin to n Satterthwaite T ho rn (Hon­ Science) ors—History) Robin Sarah Lobeck (Psychology) Robert W arren (Economics) W alter Leicester M auricio Lorch D avid C. W esson (Economics) D orothy W yn ne (High Honors— (Economics) Economics) Barbara A nn e M anthei (Economics)* * As of June 12, 1950. 146 In the Division of Mathematics Edw in D. Arsht (Zoology) E lizabeth A n n e Ashbaugh (Biology) Robin Cooley (Zoology) Richard T isdale Cushing (Zoology) N aida P. D as (Zoology) M argery J anet D avis (Biology) V era Rada D emerec (Zoology) G w ynne D enton (Chemistry) Robert P eter Eisinger (Mathematics) W olfgang Epstein (High Honors— Chemistry) D uncan G raham Foster, J r . (High Honors— Physics) Edwin N ed Freeman (Zoology) W illiam B. F ussell (Honors— Phys­ ics) H arriett P o u n t n e y G allagher (M athematics) Stokes G entry (Zoology) Rose Setha G oodyear (Chemistry) ►Wilfred G orsira (Zoology) Bruce Bannister G raves (Chemistry) Samuel T. G riscom (Mathematics) A n n a Beran H ankins (Psychology) Franz Carl J ahoda (High Honors— O scar M. M oreno (Zoology) W illiam W allace M urray, J r . (Ge­ ology) Clarkson T. Palmer (High Honors — Biology) M artha W arren P enfield (Honors — Zoology) Charles M ullany Reilly (M athe­ matics) E lizabeth E ugenia Robertson (Psy­ chology) J o h n A lbert Romberger (Botany) J ames Frederick Schwartz (Zo­ ology) D avid W alter Seymour (M athe­ matics) C linton G ara Shafer (High Hon­ ors— Physics) Sara Shields Shane (Zoology) An n e Cobbs Sm ith (Mathematics) Steven S. Spencer (Zoology) W illiam T homas Spock (Honors— Mathematics) Ruth Esther Starrels (Honors—Bi­ ology) A n n e H ollingsworth T homas (Zo­ ology) W oodlief T homas , J r . (Physics) J o h n W illard T omlinson (Honors Physics) G race E lizabeth J ensen (Biology) M ary Lucille J ohnson (M athe­ matics) Francis K ensill (Physics) Lotte Lazarsfeld (High Honors— Mathematics) Arthur P aul M attuck (Highest —Mathematics) A lfred P hillip T rescott (Psychol­ ogy) D avid Lin n T rout (Zoology) W illiam W ebb V an Stone (Chem­ istry) H erbert Irving W alker (Honors— Zoology) N ancy E lizabeth W eber (Biology) W endell Sterling W illiams (Phys­ ics). Honors—Mathematics) Laura A n n M c Clellan (M athe­ matics) W alter .N eal M iller (Mathematics) W illiam H opkins M iller (Botany) Sumi M ary M itsudo (Zoology) Bachelor and the Natural Sciences of Sc ie n c e In the Division of Engineering A li I brahim A l-Y asir (Electrical En­ gineering) H arold E ugene Botsford, J r . (Me­ chanical Engineering) W illiam H olmes Brow n , J r . (Civil Engineering) John Franklin Cromwell Engineering) (Civil Engineering) D avip M axwell H unt (Electrical Engineering) gineering) Engineering) F ukushima Engineering) W illiam H enry H irst (Mechanical H arry K arl I hrig (Mechanical En­ R obert N ew ton D ippy , J r . (Civil T oshiyuki Robert L loyd G ray, J r . (Electrical (Mechanical Engineering)* A lfred B urton Levering (Electrical Engineering) * As of June 12, '1950. 147 Andrew J ames Lincoln (Electrical Carter T homas Sm ith (Mechanical (Mechanical A sa Edward Snyder (Mechanical En­ (Me­ Edward Palmer Stabler (Electrical Engineering) A lan Stanley L loyd Engineering) Engineering) gineering) W alter Cecil M ickleburgh Engineering) chanical Engineering) Everett L. Rogers (Mechanical En­ J o h n A loysius V asey gineering) H. K e n n eth Ruh l (Mechanical En­ gineering) Bruce Laurie Seaman (Civil Engin­ eering) Robert Levis Shaffn er (Civil En­ gineering) M aster Stanley M orey W etherald (Me­ chanical Engineering) D udley H ooker W oodbridge (Civil Engineering) Jo h n Arend Y ntem a (Mechanical Engineering) c A rts A lbert P. P aul (Chemistry) I rw in F einberg (Psychology) Richard G. H enson (Philosophy) M aster (Mechanical Engineering) of Sc ie n c e T homas E. Sw eeney , J r . i Mechanical Engineering) E lectrical E n g in e e r T homas Sum ner O liver 148 Enrollment of Students by Classes, 1950-51 Men Women 94 Total 208 203 237 243 Seniors ..................... Juniors ..................... Sophomores ............ . . . . Freshmen ................ . . . . 135 134 Total ............ . . . . Special ........ Graduate . . . ----- 500 9 7 391 4 0 891 13 7 516 395 911 86 102 109 Geographical Distribution Pennsylvania ................................... 2 6 1 Maine ................................ New Y o rk ......................................... 226 Montana .............................. New Jersey ........................................ 82 South C arolina................. Massachusetts .................................... 42 Arizona Maryland ................................... 32 Kansas ! Illinois ................................................ 27 Mississippi .............................. Ohio ................................................. 22 South Dakota ........................ District of C olum bia.......................... 21 Connecticut ..................................... 16 Total of U. S. Students California ............................................ 12 Indiana ................................................ 10 Virginia ........................................... 10 Brazil ....................................... Wisconsin .......................................... 10 England ................................... Florida ............................................. 9 Germany ................................. Minnesota ....................................... 8 Nigeria ..................................... Colorado ....................................... 7 Venezuela ................................. M ichigan........................................... 7 China ....................................... West Virginia ................................. 7 Hawaii ..................................... Kentucky ......................................... 6 Holland ................................... North Carolina ............................... 6 Japan ....................................... New Hampshire ............................. 6 Canada ..................................... Tennessee ............................................. 6 Egypt .............................. Delaware ................ ....................... 4 Ethiopia ................................... Missouri ..................................... — 4 Indonesia ................................. Washington ..................................... 4 Lebanon ................................... Alabama ....................................... 3 Mexico ..................................... G eo rg ia.......................................... 3 Libya ....................................... Iowa ................................................. 3 Palestine ................................. N ebraska........................................... 3 Panama ................................... Texas .................................................... 3 Vermont ........................................... 3 Total from Abroad . . . Louisiana ......................................... 2 Grand Total ................... 149 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 875 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 36 911 Recent Publications About Swarthmore C ollege Aydelotte, Frank , Breaking the Academic Lockstep; the Development of Honors Work in American Colleges and Universities, N. Y., Harper, 1944. 183 p. B lanshard, Brand, T wo Swarthmore Presidents. Friends Intelligencer, v. 9 7 , p. 6 7 1 - 73, 687-89. Oct. 19-26, 1940. Carter, Boyd G., Swarthmore under Frank Aydelotte. Association of American Col­ leges Bulletin, v. 28, p. 316-19. May 1942. G ager, Charles S., Theatres, Gardens and Horticulture. Science, v. 95, p. 635-39. June 26, 1942. G oing Concern . Time. v. 35, p. 42-43. March 4, 1940. N ason , J o h n W., Cooperation between Haverford, Bryn Mawr and Swarthmore. Haverford Review, v. 1 , p. 4-7. Autumn 1941. N icholson , Arnold W., People’s Garden. Saturday Evening Post. v. 217, p. 26 -2 7 . April 14, 1945. Shaw , C harles B., Library Cooperation between Bryn Mawr, Haverford and Swarth­ more. Haverford Review, v. 1, p. 24-26. Summer 1942. Swarthmore College , The Inauguration of John William Nason as President of Swarthmore College, October 26, 1940. 38, no. 5; First Month 1941. 63 p. In Bulletin of Swarthmore College., v. Swarthmore College Faculty , Adventure in Education: Swarthmore College under Frank Aydelotte. N. Y. Macmillan, 1941. 236 p. W alton , J ean B., Recent Changes in Group Activities Program at Swarthmore College. Journal of the National Association of Deans of Women, 164-65. June 1943. v. 6, p. W ister, J o h n C., The Arthur Hoyt Scott Horticultural Foundation: a Ten Year History: January 1 , 1930 to December 31, 1939. In Bulletin of Swarthmore Col­ lege. v. 37, no. 5. Sixth Month 1940. 89 p. Y oder, R obert M., Station-Wagon College. p. 40. October 8, 1949. 150 Saturday Evening Post. v. 222, no. 15, Index Absence from Classes and Collection, 57 Absence from Examinations, 59 Academic Requirements, committee on, 18, 59 Addams, Jane, Peace Collection (See Swarthmore College Peace Collection) Administrative Officers, 19-21 Admissions Procedure, 28-30 Application Dates, 29 Scholastic Aptitude and Achievement Tests, 29, 30 School Subjects Recommended, 29 Advanced Degrees, 60-61 Advanced Standing, 30 Advisers, 46 Alumnae Scholarship, 35 Alumni Association, Officers of, 10 Alumni Council, 10 Alumni Office, 46 Arthur Hoyt Scott Horticultural Founda­ tion, 42 Astronomical Observatories, 40, 111 Astronomy, Courses in, 111-113 Athletic Fields, see Map, 156 Athletics and Physical Education, 128-130 Atkinson (Barclay G.) Scholarship, 38 Atkinson (Rebecca M.) Scholarship, 38 Attendance at Classes and Collection, 57 Automobiles, Regulations concerning, 59 Awards and Prizes, 62-63 Bachelor of Arts Degree, 60 Bachelor of Science Degree, 60 Baker, (George F.) Scholarships, 33 Benjamin West House, 43 Benjamin West Society, 43 Bibliography of Swarthmore, 150 Biddle Memorial Library, Honorary Cur­ ators of, 21 Biology, Courses in, 66-71 Board of Managers, Committees of, 9 Board of Managers, Members of, 8 Book Bill, 31 Botany, Courses in, 66-68 Buildings, see Map, 156 Activities and Class Lodges Astronomical Observatories Bartol Research Foundation Bassett House Beardsley Hall Benjamin West House Biddle Memorial Library Bond Memorial Chemistry, Hall of Faculty Residences Field House Hall Gymnasium Hicks Hall Isaac H. Clothier Memorial Library Building Martin (Edward) Biological Labor­ atory Meeting House Palmer Hall Pittenger Hall Parrish Hall Roberts Hall Scott (Arthur Hoyt) Outdoor Audi­ torium Somerville Hall (Gymnasium for Women) Sproul Obervatory Students’ Observatory Swimming Pools Thomas House Trotter Hall Wharton Hall Worth Hall Bunting (Ella Frances) Extemporaneous Speaking Contest, 63 Calendar, College, 5-6 Calendar, Lunar, 4 Catherwood Fellowship, 63 Chemistry, Courses in, 72-76 Chi Omega Scholarship, 37 Churches, 44 Class of 1913 Loan Fund, 39 Class of 1915 Scholarship Fund, 36 Class of 1916 Loan Fund, 393 Classics, Courses in, 77-80 Collection, 44 Collection Attendance, Regulation con­ cerning, 58 College Community, 25, 44-48 College Entrance Examinations, 29-30 College Jobs, 33 Committees of the Board of Managers, 9 Committees of the Faculty, 18 Comprehensive Examinations, 51, 53, 60 Cooper (Sarah Kaighn) Scholarship, 35 Cooper (William J.) Foundation, 41, 42 Cooperation with Neighboring Institu­ tions, 24, 142 151 Index Corporation, Officers of, 8 Course Advisers, 46, 53 Courses of I nstruction , 65-142 Biology, 66-71 Chemistry, 72-76 Classics, 77-80 Economics, 81-83 Engineering, 84-94 Civil, 86-88 , Electrical, 89-92 Mechanical, 93-94 English Literature, 95-99 Fine Arts, 100-102 History, 103-106 International Relations, 107 Mathematics and Astronomy, 108-113 Modern Languages, 114-121 Music, 122-123 Philosophy and Religion, 124-127 Physical Education for Men, 128 Physical Education for Women, 128129 Physics, 131-132 Political Science, 133-136 Psychology and Education, 137-141 Russian Studies, 141 Crane Prize, 62 Curators of Biddle Memorial Library, 21 Cutting (Bronson M.) Collection, 43 D egrees, 60-62 Advanced Engineering Bachelor of Arts Bachelor of Science Master of Arts Master of Science Degrees Conferred, 145-148 Dining Room, 44 Directions for Correspondence, 2 Directions for Reaching the College, 24 Divisions and Departments, 17 Dormitories, 44 Dorsey (William) Scholarship, 38 Economics, Courses in, 81-83 Education, Courses in, 140 Education, Physical, 128-130 Educational Program, 26, 49-57 Ellsler (George) Scholarship, 38 Emeritus Professors, 11 Engineering, Courses in, 84-94 Engineering, Degrees in, 60, 62, 84 English Literature, Courses in, 95-99 Entrance Requirements, 28-30 Examination Regulations, 59 Examinations, College Board, 29, 30 Exclusion from College, 60 Expenses, 31 Extra or Fewer Courses, 58 Extra-Curricular Activities, 48 Faculty, Members of, 11-16 Faculty Regulations, 57-62 Fees (Tuition, Residence, etc.), 31 Fellowships, 63, 64 Ferguson (Donald Renwick), Scholarship, 34 Fine Arts, Courses in, 100-102 Foreign Language Requirements, 52, 53 Foreign Students, 149 French, Courses in, 114-116 Friends College Scholarships, 39 Friends Historical Library, 41 Friends Meeting, 44 Geographical Distribution of Students, 149 German Language and Literature, Courses in, 117-119 Gillingham (Joseph E.) Fund, 38 Grades, 58 Graduation, Requirements for, 60-61 Grants-in-aid, 33 Greek Language and Literature, Courses in, 77 Hayes (John Russell) Poetry Prizes, 63 Health, Care of Student, 45-46 Hillborn (Rachel W .) Scholarship, 37 History, Courses in, 103-106 H onors W ork, 54-56 Admission to, 56 Combinations of Majors and Minors, 55-56 Examinations, 55 Examiners, 55, 144 Housing, 25, 44 Infirmaries, 45-46 Insurance, Accident and Sickness, 32 International Relations, Courses in, 107 Italian, Courses in, 119 Ivins (Aaron B.) Scholarship, 34 Ivy Medal, 62 Index Johnson (George K. and Sallie K.) Fund, , 35 Kappa Alpha Theta Scholarship Fund, 36 Kovalenko (Jessie Stevenson) Scholarship, 36 Latin Language and Literature, Courses in, 78-80 Leedom (Hannah A.) Fellowship, 63 Leedom (Thomas L.) Scholarship, 38 Libraries, 40-41 Biddle Memorial, 40 College, 40 Friends Historical, 41 Lilly (Scott B.) Scholarship, 34 Lippincott (Joshua) Fellowship, 64 Lippincott (Sarah E.) Scholarship, 38 Loans to Students, 33, 39 Location of the College, 24 Lockwood (John) Memorial Fellowship, 64 Longstreth (Mary T.) Scholarship,, 36 Lucretia Mott Fellowship, 64 Managers, Board of, 7, 8 Map of College Grounds, 156-157 Martin Biological Laboratory, 40 Mary Lyon School Property, 44 Mathematics, Courses in, 108-111 McCabe Engineering Award, 62 Meeting House, 44 Men’s Executive Committee, 47 Miller (James E.) Scholarship, 37 Miller (John A.) Loan Fund, 39 Moon, Owen, Fund for Public Speaking, 63 Morrell (Lois) Poetry Award, 63 Mott (Lucretia) Fellowship, 64 Music, Courses in, 122-123 Newton (A. Edward) Library Prize, 62 Oak Leaf Medal, 62 Observatories, Astronomical, 40, 111 Open Scholarships for Men, 34 Open Scholarships for Women, 35 Paiste (Harriet) Fund, 35 Palmer Hall, 44 Parrish Hall, 44 Pearson (Paul M.) Loan Fund, 39 Perkins (T. H. Dudley) Memorial Scholarship, 34 Philosophy, Courses in, 124-127 Physical Education for Men, 128 Physical Education for Women, 129-130 Physical Education Requirements, 128-130 Physics, Courses in, 131-132 Pittenger Hall, 44 Plan of College Grounds, 156-157 Political Science, Courses in, 133-136 Potter (Wm. Plummer) Public Speaking Fund, 63 Pre-Medical Program, 57 Presser Music Scholarships, 38 Preston (Mary Coates) Scholarship Fund, 35 Prizes, 62-63 Program of Study, 49-57 For Freshmen and Sophomores, 5153 For Juniors and Seniors, 53-56 Honors Work, 54-56 Pre-Medical Program, 57 Psychology, Courses in, 137-141 Public Speaking Prizes, 63 Reeves (Mark E.) Scholarship, 38 Religion, Courses in, 125-127 Religious Life, 44 Requirements for Admission, 28-30 Requirements for Graduation, 60-62 Residence, Regulations concerning, 59-60 Roberts Hall, 44 Russian Studies, Courses in, 142 Scholarships, List of, 33-39 Scholastic Aptitude Test, 29, 30 Scott (Arthur Hoyt) Horticultural Foun­ dation, 42 Serrill (William G. and Mary N .) Schol­ arship, 34 Shoemaker (Annie) Scholarship, 35 Sicard (Katherine B.) Brize, 62 Sigma Xi Fellowship, 64 Social Committee, 47 Somerville Committee, 47 Spanish, Courses in, 120-121 Sproul (Mary) Scholarship, 38 Squier (Helen) Scholarship, 38 States, Summary of Students by, 149 Student Aid, 33 Student Council, 47 Student’s Handbook, 48 Sullivan (Joseph T.) Scholarship, 38 Index Summer School Work, 59 Swarthmore College Peace Collection, 41 Swarthmore College Student Loan Fund, 39 Taylor, (Jonathan K.) Scholarship, 37 Thorne (Phebe Anna) Fund, 37 Tuition and Other Fees, 31 Tuition Plan, 31 Tyson (Martha E.) Fellowship, 64 Underhill (Daniel) Scholarship, 37 Vocational Office, 46 West, Benjamin, Society, 43 Westbury Quarterly Meeting Scholarship, 37 Wharton Hall, 44 Wharton (Deborah F.) Scholarship, 38 White Open Scholarships for Women, 35 Willets (Samuel) Fund, 38 William J. Cooper Foundation, 41, 42 Williams (Ellis D .) Fund, 39 Williamson (I. V.) Scholarships, 38 Wilson (Edward Clarkson) Scholarship, 36 Women’s Student Government Associa­ tion, 47 Wood (Mary) Fund, 36 Woodnutt (Thomas) Scholarship, 38 Woolman House, 44 Worth Hall, 44 Zoology, Courses in 68-71 154 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Wharton Hall Sproul Observatory Hall Gymnasium Parrish Hall Hockey Field Tennis Courts Beardsley Hall Trotter Hall Somerville Gymnasium College Library and Biddle Memorial Library 11 The Hall of Chemistry 12 Cunningham House 13 Benjamin West House 14 The Meeting House 15 Faculty Houses 16 The Presidents House 17 Swarthmore Field 18 Alumni Field 19 Poiver Plant 20 Employees’ Dormitory 21 The Swimming Pools 22 Whittier House 23 Book and Key House 24 Hicks Hall 25 The Railroad Station 26 Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity Lodge 27 Delta Upsilon Fraternity Lodge 28 Phi Sigma Kappa Fra­ ternity Lodge AI 29 Kappa Sigma Fraternity Lodge 30 Worth Dormitory 31 Woolman House 32 Phi Delta Theta Frater­ nity Lodge 33 Bond Memorial a n d Women’s Class and Activities Lodges 34 Bartol Foundation Labor­ atory 35 Clothier Memorial 36 Arthur Hoyt Scott Audi­ torium 37 Employees’ Houses 38 Lamb-Miller Field House and Morris L. Clothier Fields 39 Palmer, Pittenger a n d Roberts Halls 40 Edward Martin Biolog­ ical Laboratory 41 Bassett House is IS } 23 is 'i s 24 At* ßfyan c t the (grounds K % a& p íñ m o 7> 3 Seste C o ¿¿é 0 e „ O A 1 B ■•-3\W>'! 1'•feBBäSa* W id I M t B ÎSÇËfoM \fi ièî4Sf>4S?îv t S ■« h >?/' . ■¥,- ,Ç.- '■'■„• V-'.V.- :M; :-.<-Ü'‘ i \ ' , r î ' ' / . i ï -.¿ T ^ ':< : .''VÇ;1'-./ £ J ^ v A '1VCfctí»U tó * é ^ ;^