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until
øny,
political
was
leova
quite
and
before my deprture for Moscow and
'
then I hadnl considered what actio4 íf
to take ín regard to the problem of
prísoner* Eveninside GUM tny purpose
símply to get the leaflets around and
I was on tny way out .the door when,
literøþ, I was grabbed by the shouldàr
simuløneoasþ pushed and drøgged through
the
One more comment on the facts:
ever told you thnt tøny people at GUM
up the leaflets is simply lying Tttat
lappen and ìf ít had none of the
store.
A demonstrat ion in fro nt of BOAC oftces ¡n NYC 2/5/72, sponsored by a coal¡t¡on of lr¡sh-American organ¡zations, to protest the
murdef of 13 in Derry. Photo by George Cohen/LNS. See page 6 for a related story.
express my combined anger and amusement
for the ¡ecord.
I don't intend to get into an atgument
LETTER
The strikers in Coachella, Impetial
Valley, Arvirrlamont, Delano, Visalia and
Fresno ale having a very difficult time
these days. Mâny have been unable to flind
other work because they are strikers. The
Union can no longer help by paying strike
beneûts. The workers are being blackmailed
by the growers They are unable to get on
welfare. Therefore, they urgently need your
support. These are the food staples they
need:
Iffd-100 pounds, Flour-100 poundg
Beans-100 pounds, Sugar, Coffee, Macaroni" Spaghetti, Tomato sauce, Potatoes,
Canned peas, Canned string beang Canned
milk, Corned beef, Spam, Tuna, Other
canned meats (please, no clothing).
We also need canned milk for babies'
formulag (not fresh milk) because it is a
special problern Anything you can give
will be greatly appreciated.
For more information call (805) 8225571 or write to Food for Strikers, P.O.
Box 62. Keene, Ca. 93531.
CESAR E. CHAVEZ
President, UFW
I wanted to write you and let you know
what I think of Maris's activities at the
World Peace Congress. lWlN, lll22l73l
Even though I think I know exactly how
you'll receive this letter, I just wanted to
about so-called political prisoners in socialist countrieg or debate your concepts of
human rights and civil liberties, because I
don't believe your mind can be changed on
this. Sriñce it to say that if you don't see
the connection between the encouragement
of counter-revolutionary, antisocialist, Cold
War propaganda (which, whether you realize
it or not, was the objective result of your
statement-you say yourself it was the lead
story in Voice of America, and I know the
Times and other bourgeois press made much
of it-doesn't that say anything to you?)
and events such as the fascist takeove¡ of
Chile, then you are pretty naive.
What really pisses me off is that I
think you went to Moscow with the primary puÍpose of committing civil disobedience at GUM, and attending the Peace
Congress was secondary. It is a terrific example of American arrogance that you
should take advaîtage of the hospitality
and good will ofthe Soviet government to
pull a stunt like that. You state that you're
süe you li'ould have been handled by the
Soviet authorities much more severely had
you not been a delegate to the Conglessweren't you using your position as a dele
gate in an opportunist and somewhat cowardly way, in that case?
The reason the Soviets took your leaÊ
let and the statement so calmly and the
reason I find the whole thing more funny
than anything else is tha!, þelieve it or not,
the Soviet people support their government.
In fact, I hea¡d from someone else on the
American delegation that many people at
GUM to¡e your leaflets up and threw them
away. Why didn't you mention in WIN^the:J.
response you got from the people to your
leaflets? And didn't you unfairly exaggerate
your "arrest" in WIN-I mean really, they
"nabbed" you and "dragged" you? Come
on, Maris.
Finally, you have unbelievable gall to
suggest that a countty
that lost 20 million
people fighting Nazism, the first country to
successfully establish socialism against the
all out effo¡ts of the imperialist forces, and
the country which provides mo¡e mate¡ial
support than any other to the many liberation movements around the world, to the
sacrifrce of its own people (and if you don't
believe that, check with the Vietnamese,
CubanS, FRELIMO, and even the Chinese)
will, if they take Maris Cakars' advice,,take
its place in history! I really don't think the
USSR has to worry about its place in Hiv
tory,
Maris.
-MARILYN ALBERT
Boston, Mass
THE
AWHOR REPLIES
Because llIN has received a number of
critiøl responses to my piece (including, so
far, two øncelled subsaiptions) I think it's
important that I prepre my defense.
Fírst of all, Marilyn has the facts wrong.
I did not go to Moscow wíth the pr¡ûary
purpose of. commíttíng civil disob edíence
at GUM I was given the leaflets a few hours
papers should penetrate the whole mass of
the people. The basis of our government be'
ing the opinion of the peoplg the very first
object should be to keep that right; and. . .
(here is where your quote starts.)
The following quote from a letter to
Jqrnes Madison on December 20,1787,
might also be of interest: "The late rebellion
in Massachusetts (Shay's Rebellion) has
given more atarm, than I think it should
have done. Calculate that one rebellion in
wht|
tore
thirteen States in the course of eleven years,
didnl
Ameríun' is but one for each State in a century and a
half. No coqntry should be so long without
delegates would know it because I was the
one, No¡ will any degree of power in the
only American delegøte there at the tirne.
hands of government, prevent insur¡ections."
I hadn't realized thtt hístory cøn be rø
The last of these I shall mention at the
written in such ø sholt time,
moment deals with the question of a standOf course the underlyíng reason.for
ing army, and is taken from a letter to Elthese distortions and errors is politiel ønd
Marþn reveals this when she reføs to tht
þridge Gerry on Jânuary 26, 1799. lt is as
"so-ølled" politicøl prisoners, Apparently followsl ". . . and I am not for transferring
all the powe¡s of the States to the general
some prisoners are political whíle others,
government, and all those of that goverrr
those ìmprisoned under socialísr4 are only
ment.to the executive branch. I am for a
"socolled". I don't d$pute the føct that
mast Soviet citízens ätpport their govern- government rigorously frrigàl arid sirirple. , .
ment and don't þe a damn about the prob- I am for relying, for internal defense, on our
militia solely, till actual invasion [Remei,nber
lems of other people who get involved in
politiul activíties that land them ín jail
whât a militia is? I . . . and not for a stanú
Neither do Ì dispute the îøct that the Sovìet iiig army in time of peáce, which may overawe the public sentiment. . ."
Union was the fust Socialist state and that
Perhaps such quotes as these might into this day it gíves valutbte support to nany t
liberation fttovements dround the world, But dicate th¿t the principles of Jefferson might
de, to an extent at least, applicable even tothat's lørdly the poinlt The point ß that if
day. At any rate, you are to be cogrmçnded,
any society is to make progess towards
for hinting at this.
the gul of iustice and freedom it wíll only
It might also interest you to know that
be as a result of people strutglîng and sac'
in his.NOTES ON VIRGINIA, Mr. Jefferrificing b force such progress ànd nÒt as a
son, in discussing the Indians in Virginia,
result of blind adherance to the policies of
comments favorably upon their practive of
any particular government or party.
voluntary abortioru At the moment, I carr
Our politics must be gounded, fùst of
" ' altl, in the ieotity that people no milter
how not quote the eiacf reference.
' -R. ALAN TEMPLE
wong, havelh|e ríSht to a tife of lreedom
læxingtor¡ Kv.
and ãígnity. hten-if the Soiiet-tinion were
Running Out of Gas. .
Stanley Aronowitz
Jim
issue.
up
(in "
founding
Wiggins
Thinking Like a Woman: An lnsight
for "Radiçal" Men. . . . . ; .^.
FriÍz
Leoh
Á
10
'
!
il2
Changes....;...
Reviews..;....;
14
C,over: lulie Maas
: .1
:
,.
STAFF
mar¡s cakars, ed¡tor
susan cakars, staff
marty jezer, edltorial asslstant
nancy johnson, deslgn
mary mayo, subscriptlons
susan plnes, composition
FELLOW TRAVELERS
,rJ|1î#îlf,:ñtrtii,?"ïi?ij"îîî0,
iîî?ålî,l'äå,i;::"å'air;#:i*iJJ;
tion to donate their meals to poverty areas in
As an ardent admire¡ of Thomas
son, I wish to compliment you on your cover '. their states
This is a noble çausg arid sho-uld be fol
for ihe November 29
".
lowed in'prisons all over ihe'country. The
While comtemplatini this cover, and
on consideration ôf tne fact that Jefferson .idea is to form collectivçs to spread tl¡e word
-'
ab-qut a Xmas fast and get,the numbers of
was probably the leading libertarian
pri'soners wishing to participate. Then corr', modern terms, at least) ãf the
fathers, it occurred to me that your readers . .t4ct friends in your state and let them,[1¡o^W,of the number wishing to donate thei¡-Xrñàs"
might be interested in a furthei
meals to gove¡ty.a¡ea¡ Tèll them to qontact
f¡om that same quote, and also a couple
their local Congresspèrsons tô intercede in
their behalf to allow them to do this and to
This quote on your cover, taken from
contact the prison stating they can arrange
letter to Edward Carrincton on Januarv
Jeffer'
.
Danny Cahalane and lrish Northern Aid. 6
perfect ín every othèr respect, the issue of
" íts politiul prísoners would stíll be one
.,,
that the tert has on tt'ot'ohro*,,
,AKARS
13,1973 Vol. lX Number 38
December
.
"
excerpt
of
othe¡s
a
161
1787,beginsasfollowsi"tampenuaåea' thetransportaiionofthefood.Alsotelleach
myself, that the good sense of tñe people prisoner to write requests to the warden to do
fhis, Each prison participating should con'
will always be found to be the best army, . .
tadt rilembers of the news media-both left
The people are the only censors of their
govefnors; and even their e¡ro¡s will tend to
and liberal presses. If you are not allowed to
teep these to the t¡ue principles ofthei¡ " .- send itjust fast from tñat one meal in symbolic protest
institution. To punish these errors too se
One little meal c¿n strengthen bonds of
verely, would be to suppress the only safe
solidarity. Let the prisoners show the people
guard of the public liberty. The way to pre
the true nature of the pþs, so they will know
vent these irregular interpositions ofthe
why we call the guards pigs' We can do this
people,is to give them full information of
by all of us showing our humanity and love
their affairs through the channel of the
for the peopla -A COMRADE IN CHAINS
public papers, and to continue that those
lance belv¡lle + lynne coffin + dlana'da'vles
ruth deaÍ + ralph dlgla + paul enclmer +'chûck
fager + seth foldy + jlm forest + mike franich
loah frltz + larry gara + neil haworth + beCky
johnson + paul johnson +'all¡son karpel;i cialg
karpel + clndy kent + peter kiger + alex kn'opp
john kyper + dorothy lane + robin larsen
elllot llnzer + jackson maclow + j ulie maas
david mcreynolds + gene meehan + mark.morris
¡gal roodenko + wendy schwartz + rñlke Stamm
martha thomases + brian wester
box
new york 12471
914 3394585
547 rifton
telephone
.
wlN 15 publlrhcd weekly oxg€pt for tho flrst
two wesks ln Jânuary, 2nd woek ln May, last 4
.w.rks in August, and the låst wcek in Octobct
by ths WIN Publlshlng Empirc wlth thr support
of ths war R6l¡t.rs Leagus. subscrlpt¡on3 ar.
¡7.00 por ya.r. Sacond cl¡ss postâos åt Naw
York, N.Y. lOOOI. lndlyldu¡l wrlt.rs .t. rè
lor oplnions cxprass€d and accur¡cy
of fâctr glvcn. sorry-månuscrlpts cånnot bc
sDon3lbla
rctuÌncd unlcas accomprnlad by I 3alf.addr63ad
stamÞod ênvalopa. Prlntcd ln U,S.A'
wlN
3
?.
bucked the powerful financial and industrial giant.
from thè point of view of profits was to close the
le¿st efficient plants and to expand refiningcapacity'
slowly. lnstead of putting their swollen profits into
new oil refiners they chose to diversi! their invest-
ô
.
ments in the immensely lucrative chemical, synthetics,
mining and plastics industry. Some of the capital
went entirely outside manufacturing into the exPan'
sion of vital services such as car lgasing and tJre ret¿il'
ing of junk. Almost all the new refineriqs spónsored
by the oil corporations were built oútside the geographic borders of the United States in places like
Canada and Puerto Rico. These new facilities were
servicing other markets, but demand in the US itself
t,
I
,
kept expanding. During the reçession of 1 969-70 in'
vestments in replacement facilities for the oll industry within the US came to a halt. Crude oil produc-
o
II g Out oîGas
They have just announced the lay-off of 950 United
Airlines workers. And the economists are debating
whether the "energy crisis" will result in a downward
slide in the level of industrial production and an upward spurt of unemployment. Most of the professors agree that they don't know how deep the impact
of Nixon's O% cut in fuel supplies to industry will
be. But Herbert Stein, the sunny Chairr¡an of the
Council of Economic Advisors is here to dispel fears.
Everything says Stein, is A-OK. On the other hand,
gas dealers were told to shui dow.n on Suhdays and
we were admonished to prepare for t'sacrifices" by a
this winter.
.
It is no coincidence that the brakes on new capital
investment within the US were applied precisely at- '
the same moment that environmental groups were
succeeding in charging regulations governing the suþ
fur content of fuelb; loudly protestîng the proliferating
oil spills and making demands on the scandalous subsidies granted the oil companies. Public pressure,suc
ceeded in ieducing the so-called depletion allowance
from 27/z% to 21%. This allowance permits oil coirrpanies to deduct more than one fifth of their profits
from taxes. This, combined with other, more delicate
forms of manipulation, enabled the Standard Oif com- ,
pany, for example, to pay practically no taxes in.1 971,'
and other campanies have been blessed Úith similar
,
benefits.
ture needs of this country. The Arab boycott cutTo/o
of the annùal crude oil requirements of US industry
and personal consumption, but it did not justify the
deep cuts in allocations. ln order to understand the
situation, we must go back aboul 10 years.
One thinÈ to remember about the oil industry:
even though the federal government is notoriously
bad when it comes to foresight and many sectors of
industry share a keyhole vision, the oil industry has
always been noted for its long range planningoperations. ln the early years of the 1960's the major oil
corporations began shutting down refineries, According to their policy, the industry suffered from some
archaic plants and excess capacity. The neat solution
grave, but confident chief executive. There is no question that sales and prices of sweaters will be way up
Americans will scramble for fuel to run their cars
and heat their homes. The administration has made
thq whole thing to be about lsraeli provocations of
the Arabs who cut¡oil shipments to fhe US. -Meanwhile, Congress took a hard look at the situation,
and approved the Alaska Pipeline Bill post-haste and
sat passively wringing its hands while the federal regulations on 'dirty' fuel were relaxed in order to speed
the production of heating oil. I almost vomited the
other night when I saw a famous actor in a TV com-
Í
use.
mercial tell us how the American Oil Co. was fighting
for the consumer. And so it goes. . . .
Daily life is not yet disrupted, but life in America
is a bit harder than a few weeks ago. For the first time
in many years, millions of Americans who consider
themselves "middle class" are experiencing the gnawing insecurity tliat almost always accompanies the
economy of scarcity. Each day brings a new assault "
on living conditions and ordinary people are hard
pressed to explain it, much less find a handle to do
something about it. And it is not simple to coine up
with easy theories. Yet one thing is for sure: even
though there are real shortages in both crude and refined oil on a world scale there are plenty of oil.re
serves for the next 1 0 years to meet current and fu-
BY STANLEY ARONOWITZ
'
tion on a world scale kept rising but the US s¡mply .
remained unable to refine sufficient oil for domestic
:¡
Ì
True to its passionate commitment to defend and
extend the interests of the oil corporations, the nation'
al administration refused,to fall'into the trap set by
ihe ecology groups. lt fumbièif for three years trying
to come uþ w¡tn an energy policy, strictly excluding
the possilitiès available to it: force the oil corporations
to expand refining capacity; impose a tax on all funds
not used by the companies for explofation of new
sources of energy such as geothermal, fusion atìd solar
enerfy; ban the internal combustion engine or, at
least, require auto companies to produce cars accord.
ing to publicly imposed specifications sqch as limiting
enginê size to four cylinders. lnstead, thg Nixon ener'
gy policy has finally been unveiled:, prodr.¡.ce more ,
coal. Not unexpectedly, the oil corporatioiîssþent the
last five years buying up a large number of"soal com'
panies.
i
' Of course, Nixon is not alone in hís súbservience
to the oil industry. No American President'has ever
(
.
Quite thetontrary. The Department of lnterior and
presidenti al energy advisors (such. as J ohn Love) are
typically recruited from ämong top and middle level
executives of the major.oil companies. Oil lobbyists,
swarm over the nation's capital and state houses re- .. i.:
gardless of whích party is in power. An'd'regarrdless ¡:
of the party in office, the oil companies have'rarely
lost-except
lately.
.
.
present eñergy crisis is älf attempt by a b¡i.¡ised
' ;butThe
not beaten oil corporate stiucture to regain the,
initiative. The drying up of oil supplieg serves sevelal
functions. First, it has already resulted in a new wave
of victories against the public interest. Second, it has
provided a way to extricate the US from the court of
public opinion regarding its aims in the Middle East.
Every American is being asked to reccignize the importance of the Middle East for keeping themselves
. .. warm. lf troops are sent, if the Navy ir mobilized into
action, it becomes a holy war to combat disease resulting from cold homes.
Finally there is an unintended consequencg per,'. ,hdÞs. Artçrica has been reintroduced tqthe politics
of scarcity. The spectre of unemployment may suppress, at least-temporarily, the rising discontent in the
plants and offTces among people tryingto sclipe te
gether their livelihood. For a time, discomfort is good
for industrial discipline and fo¡ political quietude. lf
you are worrying aboút whether you can afford to eat
hamburger meat, buy a new coat or keep your job, it
is difficult to be concer¡ed with the Watergate affair,
or the facL'thãt-your job i;'drivin.g you up ihe wall.
You may even be forced to agree that anyth¡ng that.
is done to overcome the crisis is welcome despite the
social implications.
Of course, if joblessness becomes more serious
.than expected, if the Arab nations are forced into
I measures such as nationalization to preserve their own
' economic and political independence and the inflation
,l
T
I
t
,
gallops out of control, people may become convinced
that capitalism cannot solve its own problems'.The.
disintegration of daily life may produce a new movement to conserve the gains we have made. People may
. not be willing to takea ste¡í'backward. lnstead, they
may demand that only under popular control-social'
' ism-can their problems be solved. lt sounds improbable at this moment. But the rising anger could turn
once the truth is known.
. ,lhllst,uround
'.
'
.
' S.tonley A 16 n ow ia,fs' t he a ut hor, of
severa
l
boo k s
including FALSE PROM ISES: The Shaping of
Consciousnes s' (M cG ro w- Hit t).
Ame[ican
\5-"" (...*
*/tJ
,^\
r\
)
\ .r*'
r.Ñ
't
lç
l
I
I
c
,
t
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)
ì
i
I
t
I
{ \i
o
drawlnss by Jack Gaughan
I
Behind the poster stands Ms. Maureen Garvin, who
The Department of Justice believes that on one
trips, Cahalane went to a gun dealer þ Northose
of
ristown, Pa., called Palace Firearms. There, they
charge, Îe paid $20,000 in cash for 116 automatic
rifl eí-weapons u lti matel y desti ned for tu rbu le nt
Northern lreland and the lrish Republioan Army.
On J une 18, Cahalane was called before a Philadelphia,gánd jury investigating gun smuggling.to'the IRA'
"law abiding Drexel Hill housewife" and looks like the kind of lady Danny Cahalane
describes herself as a
wouldinstallashinynewkitchenfor.
,
'Fe¿eãíatto'rneys
asked Cahalane what he did with
the guns he allegedly bought. Did heever run guns
DANNYCAHALANE
'
Nonthenn
Âiú
BY rM WIGGINS
'
lf things were as they seemed, Danny Cahalane could
be clasled as a perfect example of the American
Dream come home to fruition in Newton Square,
Pennsylvania.
He was born in lreland, County Cork to be exact.
As a young man he came to America,.with a wave of
lrish immigrants who crossed the sea in thousands
searching fãr iobs and opportunity and the chance to
build a deceni life for themselves and their families.
Danny Cahalale became an American citizen. ln
1950 he donned the stripes of the U.S. Army and
fought for his adopted homeland in Korea. Uncle
Sam'gave him a bronze star for distinguished service
there.
After the war he made the best of what America
had to offer. He settled in the Delaware Valley and
began his own small contracting business. He.labored
daiy installing the shiny formica kitchens and outdoor patios thãt are the emblems of the burgeoning,
affluent suburbs, and it paid off. By 1973, at age 44,
he owned his own spacious home in suburban Newton
Square, and could look with some pride on his
6WlN
.
who had grown along with it.
After that the pieces don't fit. Today Cahalarie is
jail.
He and his attorneys believe that for the past
in
year he has been an obiect of intense surveillance by
i.he Federal Government. His phone, they claim, has
acted strangely-making odd clicking and whirring
noises, disconnecting for no apparent reason. Colm
Friel, a fellow Philadelphia area lrish'American, swears
that'after Cahalane hung-up in a phone conversation
they had several months ago, he held the lin.e and
Propelled by a detestation of British rule in the
r
North and a vision of lreland unified as o4e couhtry'
Northern Aid has been active for the past several
years raising money for the Northern inde.pendence
. ,movemenû, There are seven Nôrthern {i{ chapters
ín The Philädelphia area. They draw their niembership from a surprisingly varied segmçnt of the public, .
ranging from tvkin Linê doctqrs and suburbanrrratroñs like Ms. Garvin to laborers anT trade unionists
like the bus driver Colm Friel.
Members of Philadelphia Northern Aid are sirigularly tight-lipped about their fund raising activities,
ãn¿ eúen ttre¡r'membership figqres. Questions about
how muc,þ mgney,has been'raised and what it i's used
for.invariibly bring evasive answers and blanket deniaís of any knowlédge of gun.running. J ohn McGee,
a Bryn Mawr landscaþer who ii vice president of Main
Line Northern Aid, explained why he couldn't go in'
- to detail on the chapter's activities. "The British know
' *.:ur" engaged in a'nationwide fund raising campaign
I they tnoù ioo much already, we'd like to keep them
gueising." He added, "The federal government would.
iik" to ãhuig" us with gun running. We're not engLqe$ ;
. ..
He's Released."
So reads a hand lettered poster that is one of sev'
eral fronting a small circle of people gathered near
"'City Hall in:downtown Philadelptria. lt's a humid
July Sunday and Center City is abandoned in the af.írrÁoon heát except for the'pigeons and pärk bench
lunatics, who share the plaza with a small qlrl! ol .
the Philadelphia lrish community, mayþe 75 all told,
who are there to protest the imprisonmènt of Danny
Cahalane.
:
heai'd a snatch of a tape that had recorded their con-
'
model automobiles. He told his attorney' Charles
Glackin, about an incident that happened several
mohths ago. Glackin relates, "He made.an appoint'
ment witñ a customer over the phone. When he got
to the arranged'meeting place, one of the cars he recognized as Jsurveillance car was already there'"
Cãhalans recognized the car, according to Glackin,
because he kept a list of the license numbers of vehicles that foliowed him wherever he vlent-to, jobs,
on trips with his family, to and from Center City
when he went to see his lawYer.
in these kinds of activities."
Last summer however, British occupying forces in
Belfast began confiscating several AR'1B0 semi-auto'
matic rifles from suspected IRA guerillas. The AR'
180, a collapsible, lightweight we?pon that is perfect
for úrban guerrillá wlrfare, is mariufactured in Japan
for the Ar-malite Corporatíon in Çalifornia. Since the
' entire
United
Jàpanése production is shipped to the
States. federal authorities have come to suspect that
some óf the îhon.ç-l¿.ffísed by Northern Aid goes -to
büy guns; guns which'on occasion àre smu.ggled from
the
"" United Statei.'
Th&h
versation. These are common complaints of persons
who believe their phones al'e tapped.
Cahalane also believes he has been steadily fol'
lowed by plainclothes agents in nondescript, late
CoL ¡
wlth his wlfe Jane ánd their son
câhalane
"-'mää,liã tË'öà
äðã óiì on 5 tr ri ne,-w as h i n st o n D'
March t7, L964.
I
'
men that hãs ever existed outs¡¿e lréland," accòrding
to one member.
"Don't Mako lreland Another Watergate. You
l Bug You Until
business, which had grown, and on his three children,
.
bv tire British Government through our own Justice
D'epartment." She, like Cahalane, is an active membei of lrish Northern Aid, whose 130 chapters around r
the country make it "the biggest organization of lrish'
Though Cahalane had been granted irirmunitymeaningãnything he said could not be used to prosecute hi-m,,at least in the Un¡ted'states-he ref,ysed to
answer questions. He and his attorneys argued''that
anythin¡i þe said could be used to prosecute him in
ãither lõtán¿ or Great Britain, and thus comþtrlsory
testimony violated his Fifth Amendme¡lt right against
self-in crimination.
On July 26 Cahalane was found in contempt of the
nr"nJ iuií an¿ impr¡soned in Holmesburg Detention
ðeiËi.-i*; weeÈs þter he was moved to Berlis Coun'
ty Jail in Reading. Ú-nles his plea for bail eventually.
wirís in the court! or his contempt citation is reversed
in appeal, he wîll remain in prison fo¡-t!9 life qf the
granci ¡ury, which ends in Febr-uary, 1974. The only
óther way-he could regain his freedom would be to
tell the giand iury what he knoÚs about gqns and the
will never happen'
lRA. But that, his
Bugged Danny*Cahalàne, Now We'f
It
.
lane, she says, is "an obiect of complete harassmentrì'
11Yît:ïo'ct,
DANNY CAHALA¡{E
:
:
;
BúLappearances are deceivin'g. Ms. G-arvin has
harsh words for the U.S. Governmenl Danny Caha-
to Nìrthern lreland, talk about it with anyone, or
know anybody who did?
anú
InÍsh
Weâringa
fashionably tailored summer dress compleqteryed þy
stylish tinted glasses and bauble earrings,-Ms. Garvin
isãttractive and domestic enough to sell floor qax
on television; certainly not what one would desçribe
as a typ¡cal Protester.
ãñlFrl*in'tlori.Justlge Qepartment have
.
i
I
. denied:itl.the British Goveinmént i'eportedly has asked
' th" Un¡té¿ States and other countries to help suppress '
the flow ofguns to the lRAi The State Department
and White House have been almost totally silent on
American policy toward Northern lreland, but Jus
tice Depariment attorneys-most of whom earn-ed
their biead and butter during the earlier days of the
radicals
. Nixon Administration prosecuting domestic
i under the now ousted internal Security Division Chief
' Robert Mardian-have clearly received word frorn
somewhere to investigate the extent and nature of
IRA support in this countrY.
Cahalane is the sixth person to go to jail for refusing to testify about Northern Aid act¡vities. Last
^
I
I
t
r
York City were
J une, five lrish Americâns from New
called before a grand iury in Fort Worth, Texas. -The
five were sentenced to jail when they refused to answer questions about guns and the lRA. Though
never actually charged with a crime, they spent a year
and two months in prison before a second appeal for
bail to Supreme Court J ustice William O. Douglas was
made to stick this August. The Fort Worth grand
jury has yet to return any indictments for gun run'
ning
The case of the Fort Worth Five prompted hearings
in March before a House Judiciary Subcommittee, in
which Sen. Edward M. Kennedy denounced the grand
jury as "a thinly veiled attempt by the Department
of Justice, at the request of the government of Great
Britain, to harass lrish Americans engaged in peaceful
protest agains! British policy toward Ulster."
While Sen. Kennedy is careful in his public state'
ments on Northern lreland to denounce violence and
gun running other American supporters of the cause,
including genteel Philadelphians like Ms. Garvin, are
much more militant. " Look at the arms the U.S.
shipsto lsrael and other countries," she says. "lf arms
are good for one country, why aren't they good for
any pebple." Danny Cahalane, she adds, "is being
persecuted for his deep feelings for the sufferings of
other people and a duty*and obligation to help them."
I
i
I
I
I
li
1i
i
I
l,
L
lr
Two weeks after those words were spoken, a sec'
retary sorting the morning mail at the Brit¡sh Embassy in Washington touched an envelope she shouldn't
have. lt was a letter bomb mailed from lreland. lt
blew-off one of her hands, along with two fingers on
her other hand. The incident coincided with a wave
of similar terrorist bombings in Britain which, the
British charge, are the work of the lRA.
Descríbed by one lrish observer as "a curious alliancb of crackpots, idealogues, visionaries, criminals
and thugs, often with not much more in common than
that they make up the oldest illegal army in fhe world,"
the IRA has fought British rule of lreland for close to
300 years. The struggle paid off in 1920 when Britain
partitioned the country, granting autonomy to the
South but maintaining control of the six counties
which comprise Northern lreland, where there is a
Protestant mafority.
For the past 50 years, the IRA has functioned as a
kind of Gaelic Viet Cong, appearing and disappearing
in the ghetto streets of thê dreary industrial cities of
Derry and Belfast, supported largely by the Catholic
minority which seeks a unified lreland, opposed
largely by the Protestants who control most of the
economic assets of the North and consider themselves
part of the British Empire. Since Britain sent troops
into the North in 1969, bombings, assassinations and
the bullets of IRA a¡d British rifles have killed some
700 persons.
Confionted with the brutal realities of IRA terrorism, the respectable Philadelphians who support
the IRA counter with their own horror stories of
death and repression at the hands of the British' Many
were born in Northern lreland,and still have family
there. Their stories are filled with images of armored
troop carriers shattering the silence of the night, of
detention without trial and torture in barbed-wire
concentration camps, of generations of discrimination
because of religion.
'Colm Friel, who along with Cahalane ¡s one of four
Philadelphia area lrishmen named for questioning by
the grand jury, recalled what life was like in County
Denegal, where he was born. "The British owned the
factories, and if you were a Catholic, you just didn't
get in. I don't like to say this, but it was much the
same as years ago here with the blacks'
îeea'
úupticalion., *nt ,oÍ theÍn own pensonàt
stnuggles îon a hetten lífte. .:;
l
"Catholics who did find woik had to vote for
Protestant majority candidates-we were told how to
vote by the foreman. lf you didn't vote the way they
wanted you would be released on the spot.",
Life improved for Friel when he moved to America
and became a citizen in 1 959. He settled in a tidy
working-class neighborhood in Philadelphia and is now
a bus driver for the Transit Authority' Sporting a pep'
per-grîy crew cut, his massive frame coveied by a
white 'isupport the lRA" T-shirt, Friel could pass as
Archie Bunker's next door neighbor, except when he
talks about life in Nerthern lreland. Then he sounds
like a 1960's radical, decrying American atrocities in
" r:
alistic terms of independence fiom Great Britain and
the unification of lrelandl
.r
For Gannon, justice in Northern lreland will re
quíre "workers to take over the industries, tþen set' .
ting", up a republic of workers and sm4ll farmers based
t' This, lå' acknowledges,
on n ionr and coo peratives.
will require fullscale revolution-1'and I don't'think
Vietnam.
it will be nonviolent."
"l
heard of one case-British soldiers raped and shot
a 55-year-old widow with rosary:beads clutched in her
hand. I have one 1*year'old nephew whose arm was
broken by British solpiers. Another nephew, he was
only 11, was seízed by soldiers in plain clothes. They
carried him off and stripped him naked. They were
about to cut-off his penis when a car came by, thank
God, and the headlights scattered them. The kid was
in shock for days. At that age, it's hard to tell,what
effect it will have on him."
Yet, said Friel, the IRA will continue to fight and
the people to resist until there is "a withdrawal of all
British troops and a release of prisoners-there will
never be a ceasefire before that happens,"
Will Friel talk to the grand jury if and w.hen he is
called? "l'll tell em nothin'. Not
for 2O years."
if they put
me away
**<**
"A lot of them even voted for
Nixon."
. it
The scene is back at the Northern Aid rally at
Kennedy Plaza, the speaker is Mike Gannon, a21'year'
old roofer who lives in Drexel Hill. Wearing his denim
jeans, his long hair tied back in a pony tail, Gannon is
one of the few on the plaza who actually looks like a
protester. Hé wends his way through the crowd, selling copies of The United lrishmon, a paper published in Dublin that ties the IRA struggle in the
North to various socialist and communiit movements
around the world. He stops to talk to a reporter and ,
before long is criticizing the politics of people like Ms.
Garvin and her well-to-do friends in Northern Aid.
"They do not have"a socialist mental¡ty. They're
against British imperialism, but they don't recognize
the connections with American imperialism."
Gannon is a member of Philadelphia's James Larkin lrish Republican Club, one of 22 paid members.
lrish Republican Clubs in the United States do pretty
much what Northern lrish Aid does-raise money for.
the lRA. But there's a difference.
ln lreland the IRA is split into two factions. The
Republican Clubs support the Official lRA, úhichanalyzes the Northern lreland situation in Marxist
Leninist terms and calls for a revoltuion of the work'
ing-class, both Protestant and Catholic, as the solution.
lrish Northern Aid, on the other hand, supporti the
Provisional IRA (Provos), which shuns the idea of
class revolution and sees the struggle in the nation'
'
He condemns, however, the terror bombings that
have been blamed on the Provos. "l don't care if a
a.
British soldier gets Éhot, but terror heightens sectarian
antagonism among the working classes."
Gannon says the James Larkin Club is growing-a
new chapter is scheduled for Kensington-ànd is not
at all reluctant to tell a reporter the club recently
raised $400-at a dance at the Upper Darb! Democratic
Oub. Àsked why ttte Justice Department is piobing
lrish Northern Aid instead of the lrish Republican
Clubs-which as avoweil Marxist organizations would
seem much rnbre dangergus from the government's
standp'oint-Gannon concedes Northern Aid hal more
support and has raised more, money.
Gannon is not successful at selling many of his
....., papers, a4d is visibly annoyqd¿t'the rheto-ric of the
speeches and posters on the plaza, none. of- which men'
tion American imperialism or class revolution. "You
watch," he says, 'lthey'll end this rally by singing the
'
Star Spangled Banner."
Gannoñ is right.'Two lrish grandnibthers in flow-
ered print dresses wind-up the rally with a harmonized
rendition of the National Anthem, and the,assembled
listen as reverently as they did to an earlier hyrrrn to
the lRA. Ms. Garvin refuses to say whether she voted
for President Nixon in the last election, but her com'
ments on America were of the sort that would have"
been welcome on the dais of a meeting of the Drexel
'
Hill Committee to Reelect the President.'--'
"Oh no, it'i much-.bettgr
here. There is much more opportunity for the work-
.,:.
gone to war for'independence. As one Northern Aid
þrotester put it, "lreland was Brìtain's.first colony,
now it's the last."
It is precisely because they Selieve so strongly in
America that members of Northern Aid find it so dis" turbing and puzzlíng that theií own governmont,
through the Justice Department, has chóSe?l to put'
the clamps on a movement they believe is identical
to lhe American Revolution..
.'. :::,'¡y15, Garvin blames it on politicians."-They dön't
care about the l¡ttle Englishman, the little lrishman
ór the little A¡nerican-look at Watergat€."
".
Others seé ã dark, hidden conspiraiy conti'ôlled
by the power of British economic interests in both
lreland and the United States.."Do you know that
Britàin owns eight cigarette brands in this country?"
one. protester alks. Anoth'er charges, "Britain controls
30% of all neyspapers in Americ4." lhey admit they
are puzzlèd16y the infernational þolitics involved, and
are looking for answers.
Almosinone of the middle-class supporters of
Northern Aid subscribe to the theory espoused by
the Official IRA that worldwide imperialism, spear.headed by the United States, is the root of the problem. Many are conventionally anti-communist. Colm
Friel says of the Officials, "l don't support them at
all, I guess you could call them in the communist
line. I believe in freedom-on the same basis as what
we have here."
But he admits he is caugll! in a contradiction.
, American freedoms stop looking good to a man who
may face a long fail term because he refuses to testify and possibly incriminate himself before a grand
jury. He compares the grand jury tactics ofthe Jus
tice Dqpartrñent to the policy of detention without
trial under the Special Powers Act which Britain has
. used to jáil ûhousands.in the North suspected of ties
with the IRA- "' "
Does she miss lreland?
ing man. America offered the greatest opportunity of
any country in the world."
ls it the same today? "Not as much as it was 20
years ago, but I love America, and I hope it will get
back to.that level again."
Cahalane, Friel and Ms. Garvin are characteristic
of the Ph¡ladelphia lrish-Americans who sttpport
Northern Aid. They are Americans who h'dve rnade
it. For them, the prômise has come true. Thèy'fled
lreland seekíng freedom froni poverty'3nd religious
persecution. They found it in America; fÕr that they
âre patriots. ln the struggle in Northern lreland they
see a duplication on a grand scale of their -ov/n Pe-!"sonal struggles for a beiter life. They find it significant
that Ameiica would still be a British colony if crack'
pot revolutionaries they compare with the IRA hadn't
,
''
;
.
''
i
ìI
.
Frielvows, '!Çoing to jail is nothing to me, I'm
prepaied to Eo.loday.l'"Eg!. hg go¡cedes he is con- :
.çerned about the welfare óf hil falnily were he to
r
wind up injail. And he is worried about the high cost
of mounting a legal defense which, he says, would re
quire a half year's salary to pay in'full.
Friel muses a moment on the motives of the government, then comes up with a sobpring thought. "lt
doesn't matter whether they convict us, or even that
we're innocent. lf we have to use the money up here
for our own defense, we'll have to stop giving.it to
lreland. And that's exactly what they want." .
i
Jim Wiggins is an editor of the Harrisburg lndepen
dent Press ond a freelance writer speciolizing in
Pe n nsy lvo n ia po
lit lca I o ffa i rs,
lt
ll
l
tl
1.
rù
8 WIN
wlN 9
our sensitivity, oúr feelings for others, to develop wis-
Th¡rrrkirrrq Like
t¡n¿ of tlust that others will respond
to us ai-wá respond to them; !Ve.-are, in short, trained
to be oacifists irom earliest childhood so that even
the wòrd "nonviolence" has a violent ring in ourears'
It sussests that violence is some kind of a norm,
¿"t uit"å ãila
AMMAN:
;dt??;ä; ñãrtun¿s of vears it has berJn quite an
eccentric oualitv in half the human popula-tio,n,
*"ËJ';i
ëii of i n.
;;ï; il iâäi'*;iliË ;i;í6
We fee.l sõme-
AN irrrsiqh fon
to"t rritl',, we are totally bewildered.
thing very strange must be going on inside his head.
OiA ie fail to notice our fatigue? What kind of lÓve
was it he wanted to make in which he was willihg to
just
"do all the work"? ln that case, why wouldnlt he
.
"RRdicn['MEN
BY LEAH FRITZ
possib 'Ie existence'
eosiest rYq'e
v''v¿'
-- Conrad
-from Chonce, þy Joseph
TRIVIA: A writer I know who is in her fifties ar-drive
r¡"ä¿t"té ä few evenings agoafler a. three'hour
had left her husi;;; i;;; i;tt in lvtutt".ñ.'¡tsets'to she
there,
some
attend
O*ã i" the country to
-repairs
ãiä tr"å pu"r.ãd foi herself a hamper of cooked foods
räittäìñ" *"uldn't need to disturb her writing rou'
I
ll
i
L
It
itre simplest necessities' After park'
the
ins the car'she went to the apartment house with
il?vi d;-Ïumper ¡n one hand, a light trave.ling bag
she.realized she
;iä'il;;t;;in'ttre other. Sudáenlv
reach
täã iàigori"n her apartment keys' She tried,to
the.weekfor
away
apparently
iñ, ,roär, but he was
end. She had lived in this building for a longttme'
,liúr.ãi"anv city-dwellers, she actually had a
""ä.
itíemergenôies. The neiglrbor in'
iä',Jr'Täi'ìá
heibags but had a friend
down
;''dåï;; in io t.t
made it obvious to my frie.nd.that
"ititi"l*rtittt
;h;ü Ë"¿i;¡t.i ¡nto her own place as quicklv as
l
ü"är- *y¡"t
ii
rj
i¡lä"
ij
ll
possible.
was evenlng
So stre telephoned a locksmith and it
it would
but
door
her
open
would
ti¡ã-r',Ë
unih"
'-
ir
ääit'iloo. rh¡, ¡, th"
l
I
,
r
gãing tut" for.night locksmiths
a
in New York. Fortunately she was able,to draw
a
tall'
minutes
few
a
in
and
äheck for that amount,
young. man
oowerful-looking and not unattractive
working on
was
he
While
outt¡oõ her door.
quite
casuallv-almost
iokins'
her
tá
ä¡¿
ñ.
;ãiü;k.
lv-"How about a quickie?"
pro"
rr¡u li"nd is a reäl lady, in the best and most
that
thought'was
first
it'ut *otd.'Her
must be desperatelv lonelv and she
to save him the embarrassment of.a.c-urt re
*"nieA
"Ë;il-jo-s;;J
smilinglv, "oh, quickies aren't
;;;;"d
''
f;;i ;;;;"f
ffi';;; ;;"
üy.
much fun."
"'-Sil;;t
wnãnitte
lo wlN
and
face. She is a tiny person, about five feettall
years
pounds'
I
he
ninety
weishins no more than
rtî"ã'ärJ*" tines which she doesn't attempt to hide'
and her eyes are Piscean.
the voung locksmith pursued his request. "We couid make it a longie"' . .
really very, very tired,"lhe sighed' " I wouldn't
-"ï;;tth;l;;s,
. . , ,no consideratlon, na delicacy, no^tenderness,(who
of o .woman
ïà'tiript"t should stánd in the wóy predestined
v¡c'
by the'mere foct of her sex was the
passions'
selflsh
men's
by
created
iím of conditions
rYf tok¡ns
i;;;;'r;"r;;;.¿ the¡r abom¡napte tvlanltÐ
tne
for
hersetr
securing
towsrds
the shortest cut
"tr,
dog-tired from her drive' I have seen her
it shows plainly on her
¡s ex-hausted and
'
'ïi;;
good."' . .
about that. I'll do all the wo¡kl !,,
much
be
--';óån;f*oriy
Bv now he had the door open and my lrleno was
*r¡t¡'ng'ãut ttte exhorbitant check' "l'm sorry," she
*';i'il-¿"áuit
;1;-.
';]'á iust rather not."
persisled'
$25:00 from the bill," he
ni" tri"ña rtän¿"¿ him the check,
managed a smile
uni'tå¡ä góã¿'nist t, shutting the door on him' And
was the end of the ¡nc¡dent'this
""'"8üt
;ñ; wil tonsiderab ly shaken by the.expertence
crv' w.hen she
uniii¿î;i tñów wnetner tö laush orbeen
polite out
had
if
she
asked
I
it,
iär¿ rä
hallwav \7
;"f ir;;. "u"uiait, srre had been alone in the
Ãü
*-¡tñã'p"t.tful'man.
oüîìi'irtt
She is an agile, athletic person'
have been clear that she would be no'
he attempted violence' .
her only fear was that he might refuse
mátcn tor him if
"'-Slä
t¡¿
to
.oJn'r'ãiJoåi."ná i"uu" her stranded' The possibilitv
such was
;fä;;:'th;;;¡ã, n"vã' ent"red her head'had
no con'
she
thât
hei'ùulnerability
ir'. .liä"i.t
check
enormous
the
ttiat
fidence, as any man would,
would suffce.
****
This is one of those situations which are to most
unspeakably bizarre' We have.been trained
to be considerate of other
*ot.n
;iiä;ì'*;";;ïitilbuslv
uLì"gt, to anticiiate almost with second sight
else'
üiËil-i."ãúiãtí¿ moods. îhis training, above.all
irÃã"
intuition.'' we
;;ü.;¡;;;hal li calle¿ "female the.lines
around
i;"bìi;lly ind
carefully observe
mouths, the eipression in the,ir eyes' From
observations we are often able to
ir"Ë
"on."tned of' problems and the¡r remedv, and
ä¿ärJ.Irt..iàót
;;;Ht
ü*;;" ;"
don't systematize these observations
in great'tracts for men to read, the resulting
l¡;;;iiy
iäcîltí is rãearded as something "in
a wo-man's na-
ñg nsti nctual and unintel ligent and
;;;:;
;h;;k;* ió bã ãespised bv men' or envied in a con'
"ål;fiwaY.
descending
--ffi;i;i
i
i
tpít¡t ¡t n" gentler than man's' There
is
than the
not'hins ;ore'dangerouiamong mammals
simplv.
hãve
We
threateñed'
are
cubl
äJü"i*tóte
expected from childhood to develop
ñ;';;"i;land
go home and masturbate?
No wonder my friend "iñtu¡ted" desperation. She
has normal appetites but would never give thern
priority over elemental consideratiþn for another
l¡umun being. Only starvation would brþs on.such
behavior, an-d here was a strapping gogü'looklng
uounn t*n storved for'sex? What óther conclus'ion
civilized human being come to?
í,ortiu
Ài thit point some men (even movement men) may
be snickering. "What ftaivete!"
But it isntt naivete. Such experiences are always
shocking !o women, no matter how often they hap
pen. LiÈe being beaten by a policeman during.a demonitrat¡on or getting framed on a conspirac! charge.
I don't know if I'm getting across, and l'¡n most
anxious to qet across to men. When men snitker at a
man's crudãness towaril a woman or at a wornan's .,.
"naivete," they are really denying all faìth in the possibility of a just and peaceful society. B.ecause in order to' qrrive at s'uch a society, men will. hove to ocquire the kind "of training whith mÞst women go .
ihrough os 0 mqtter of course. They will have-to
learnihe kind of intelligent consideration,which has
...always, in the past, marked the.gocjd wife-or mistress. They wili have.to curb their desires from time
to time bv.learning that every want is not ¡ need.
They will'have to make room for other souls, respecting the space which they inhabit whether that space
takis the form of a male or female body''
And it is not iust sexual desires of which I speak.
The attitude'men have toward their own sexual
"needs" is just symptomatic of their attltude to all
their desires which seem to them to be fundamenátty rot" important than the needs anil äesires of
women. The need to be boss will leave,thenÍblind to
the talents and yearnings of women who are fello'w-'
workers and who may not press forward as ag$res'
sively or with so much confidence as male worlc-ers. "
ii ir it"""suty to draw such women out, as wonlen
have always encouraged shy men to expiesi tÏem'
selves.
The movement man particularly-being in.the avantgarde of the peaceful society-should not take for
lranted that the woman he lives with ii'happiest in
t'he k¡tchtn or with the baby or gardening or doing
other shit work even if she protests that this is her
preference. House slaves often adopt a cheerf.ttl q!-en.
îh" wotan who takes a back seat to the'man is often
paralyzed with fear to asseit herself lest dür¡nJ the
i.utníng process she make a clumsy failu.re'þften
she
cannot'envision a man accepting. ¡er. qfi.y mistakes.
as he did his own. "Back to the kitchen!" is what she
imieines he will sav. "This h'yere is man's work!"
Àníth¡t fear is ceitain to add to her clumsiness, in
the process of "coming out'" A degree of patience is
ràqüirea which can only be paralleled by the restraint
will show toward her man's first efforts at
cooking. The amount of waste h.ecreates, the number
óiirlËm"nts he strews around! Of course, ev.en here:. f' .ì
there''s a difference, because the man may be showin4'
ró"tlrãiiói''iwoman's work" while the woman whó' '
ñãr üäüuËltarning unfamiliar skills onlv betravs a
. : ': .
lack of confidence.
a woman
,
To curb unbridled ambition, whether to be a boss
in the establishment 9r to þe a lo?tler in the move'
ftil:;";ã Ë'åäiiifUt for riren wþo were brought
,p iJngñi theii way out of difficulties and achieve
success. Psvchologicalty' ii not physically, more pain'1'
ful than Ueboming a hero behind bars. The word "non-;
violence" tells the story, a story of men overcoming
aiLttre expàctations and'education for violence peroetrated bv the oresent social scheme. But for men
who huu" tui¿ ¿ówn their arms, the next logical step
mav not seem so drastic. And this is simply to seek
guiáance from women who are truly expert at civllized relationships. l'm not impresbed by men's liþ'
eration rao sessions because the men in thern, how'
;;;;;;iffi;n-inj-continue to draw on male con'
sciousness which-'ls predisposed to all the evils which
have lieen passed down through th.e.mille-n'1a of man's
misrule. TËe man who truly seeks liberation from his
macho traininS- Will look for a female guru to show
''
trim ttle way.
Manv wómen will demur from taking on this role
of leáàérship, either from lack.ofcqnfidence or de'
spair. Often'riren just don't understand what vvqmen
are talking aboul-the first time around, and habitually
thev bhml it not on their gwn lack of perceptiveness
but'on some'rnyfh¡ål perveriity in "ferirale logic."
Sometimes whät women say is for men like a difficult
passage in a philosophical textbóok, but if they study
i'
,
:"
t
¡
¡
,
'
hard they will pass.
to French literature, young Fre.nchmen
not reseni approaching older women humbly for
young Amer'
i lbssons in makihÊ love. ln the same spirit,
ican men must aþproach women (of any age-in this
resoect we are all experienced by the time we reach,
roúghly, puberty) for lessons in making peace.
It séóms to me there are two possibilities at the
moment: either men will learn peace from women'
of women will learn violence from men-violence,
crudeness, cruelty, ambition, arrogance, the whole
revolting bag of tricks. For centuries women have
-do Accoiding
ouietlv collaborated with the evil in men by su¡
dorting tþeir egos and not asking where the mqney
fiom. This collaboration hopefully is about to
lt can eitþer end by women resigning themselves to doing their own dirty work as learned from
ðarne
.
i\- :
:_.i
\4
;
'enci.
r
men and reaping a[.the materÎal rewards men have
accepted ás thei.*dltç, or it.can be resolved by men
abandbning their þieiofatltes'and learning to be
e
,imbr:e like worien." I 4m ever hopeful that the gentle- r
nesi in human nature, so highly developed in women,
so squelched in men, will break through man's arrogant veneer. I look forward to the masculine teari
which will flow-oceans of tears such as even Alice
eould not imagine-when men give'up the terrible
'
weisht of responsibility for evil which has pressed
so ris¡dty against their eyes and hearts for so long.
- Ài utiv úomun know¡ tears wash away all murdtir
in the heart and leave one refreshed and ready to en'
dure another daY.
Leah Fritz is o very smort person ond o frequent con-
tributor to these Poges,
wtN
11
US MILITARY STATIONED AT OVERSEAS BASES
585,000
Prominent entries include Chile l5ì.
Brazil (6), Guaremafa (lg). tne Oo-'-"
minícan Repubtic (+). Þoíiî¡a fSl.
uruguay (16), Thaitá;d (10), tté'pn¡r
ioRings. (5), Sourh Korea'(3), and
lran (2). All have pro-Anìeiícan sôvern_
ments ín which the police are aciively
involved in suppressing legal and extia_
legal political oppositión ñrovements.
These Third World policemen loarticularly in Latin Ameiica) are frequently engaged in terroriit activities
themselves. Some of them are utilizing
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E5
SECRET U.S. ¡JOMd SCHOOL
TRAINS FOREIGN POLICE
At the United States Border patrol
{gademV in Los Fresnos, Texas, fod
eign pglicemen are taugh,t the désign,
manufacture and potenlial uræ of '
homemade bombs and incendiary devices by CIA instructor.s. At least 165
policemen-mostly from the Third
World countries of Asia, Latin Amer.i9,, and Africa-have aÍ
it-was first offered in 1969. All cosrs
of the trainin g rated at $ j ,750 pei
student, are borne by the Aseniv for
lnternational oevelopment (Al D).
tn a memorandum to Senator
James
Abourezk, AID official Matthew í{arvey argued that the Technícal lnves_
tigations Course was set up to help
foreign policemen develoþ,,countermeasures" against terrorist attac(s on
bahks, corporations, and embassies
ln order to develop countermeasures, he claimed, the trainee must
firststudy "home laboratory techI2 WIN
niques" used
Uruguay.
lt is generally acknowledged
.
these secretive
Squad-the intent beine to intimidate
the population and disðouragethefdevelopment of any opposit¡oñ to the
"in the manufacture of
explosives and incendiaries." Only
th.en, according to the AID argumeng
will he be able ,.,to take preveñfive
action.to protect lives and property."
Although Harvey stressed the défensive nature of the training program,
he admitted that rhe Departmeniof
Defense found the subiect matter so
inherently sensitive that it refused tó
provide instructors for the course.
AID then went to the clA for help.
However, once a ,,trainee"
becämes
proficient in bomb techniques, there
is-no stopping him from usingitrem
offensively against criminal e-nterprior against opponents of a ruling
ses
oligarchy.
Such a possibility becomes more
real when one examines a list of coun.
tries repreSented at the.Texas bomb
school. Almost every country in
Latín America, such conservaiive Middle Eastern states as Jordan and SauJi
Arabia, and a number of Asian nations
are on the list.
established regime.
The need to keep Latin America as
a friendly_ political arena and an open
preserve for U.S. corporate investment
has led-to support for the build-up
powerful and ruthless police forces
throughout the continent
of
. lt is not surprising, therefore, that
the countries with the most activê para-
police assassination sq uads
-Brazil
Guatemala, the Dominican Republic
and, Uruguay-are also the recipients
of the largest U.S. police trainíng grants
tn tne regton.
U.S. involvement in the organization,,training and equipping oÍ Uruguay's Death Squad, has been abundantly described in the testimony of
Nelson Bardesio. A police photog^rap.he¡ and Death Squad member,
Bardesio was kidnapped and interrogated by Tupamaro guerrillas in
1972. ln his testimony (iecorded in
the presence of the President of Urugua.y's Chamber of Deputíes), Bardesio affirmed that the Department
of lnformation and lntelligence (Dll,
air
He goes
on.to,explain
.l
r
:
laboia' are being trained to fly the new fighter- ponents claimed, are vital for the sus
¡
. bombef.s in Arizona. Technicians are tenance of planetary life.
also beíng trained in the U.S. to mainAmong|he resulis of the confer'
school.
ta¡n the plane's advanced radar system. ence was a decision to set up an inforThe ties between U.S. government
-Marty lezer mal,newsletter (the New York group
agencies and lgcal police terrorism have , LET THEM EAT GAS
would be responsible for this) ?nd 1
' ,.
long been common knowledge in
committment to work on establishing
t-ãt-¡n nm"rlci No*, due to"the pry- Disarma"ment m-ay not solve the energy a móre broadìy based steering coming of.Senator Abouiezk, ¡t ¡s l¡kely to crisis, but then ít won't aggr-evate it
mittee. --WlN OMAHA BUREAU
beiome
NoBEL
"" F::i,liñX'*ll';,î',.îr'lh,
;ii¡:'il'li"-,ïrïï:içi:';åP:[üP
ff.t'rlTRNArrvE
r
r
Erì\-E
I
troleum products, did by announcing
.? On December 1g.-the day Hetrry Kis'
U.S. PLANS FOR VIETNAM on November 15 that the Arab oil
the Death Squad had a bomb
tory filled with supplies of explosive '
maúerials similar toihose demonstrated
at AID's Texas bomb
.
ies of these victims are found with
cards boasting of the work of the Death
a¡rforce,a'defensive"
nu.åräui police officers and military, greaterrmaneuverabili{y, greater range, thefnselves to kill animals that show
(many with ties to the U.S. shorter-takeoff distance and greater no respect for.plants-and to eat such
"ffi;i;lt
f rU""v'o, the Public Safety program) .speed and payload than the previous animais in ordär fò leave the vegetable
*nã purtir¡puted in specific assassina- f:5's." The normal bomb load of the world as undisturbed as possìble. Dts'
rs is about one ton.
;;-r*d;ih; ñi.*ni"'*rr a uoyõótt
iirñrï¡¿ bòmbings ai members of the ol¿
- Currently,
about 100 Saigon pilots of all fruits and vegetables which, pre
Death Squad. He also reported that
that
Death Squadlare made
up of "off d_uty,' policemen and repre_
sentatives of the civil and military íntelligence services.
. These groups engage in kldnappíng
torture, assassination and bombines. "'
their victims ranging from petty cimtnals.to students, acaderqicians, and
political activists. Everyday some Latin
American paper announces the discovery of yet another body.
Some estimates of the number of
lpposition figures executed by the
Death Squads in Brazil alone éxceed
1,500. Frequently, the mutilated bod-
governmenr a*ency which
.ñotiíóiui;;ää"Ërii f'or the
th.eir U.S.-supplied traihing in p,aiamilitary assassination teams like La
Mano Bla¡ca_(White Hand) and Ojo por
Ojo(Eye for Eye). in Guatémala, úa '
Banda (The Band) in the DomiÁican
Republic, and the ,,Death Squads" of
Brazil and
provided
:gFol
ltt-1tj:?]-"
strengfh.
Death . llìe
the primacy of plant life,."some.forms
Sqüåiä, ,ärb *itlt the advice and The new fighters fly at speeds of up of liîe spend all'of their tim_e doing
ññ;;í"i;;ril;Ããe of usAlD Public to Mach 1.6 as compared with Mach nothingbut killing p1ants..]!.e colv is.
S;1ü¿;îfiä;Williur Cantrell. l.2for the-old model. And, according parricuìarly guilty óf this.".Therefore inîi, i"rt¡mony,,_.Bardesio named to the ai¡'force, the.new plane "has "meatanarians" have taken it upon i
â
ñîEnùeñiloñ
ú
examinin8 dayrof petroleum pro{tcls out of the mrrit"¿lp"àce p,riie is being presented
"Biazilian
renewed domestic
_[he Defens:?roduc- tá Oon Häl¿"r öir.ru, the
American intervention in Vietnam and, tion Act of 1950 þives the DOD. first
úirñ; ;;;;ttinâ ðpliresrion by thar
at the same.time, spr"a9ing the idea of priority on domestic oil production- . .-i ãàï"äV;i:-¡Litai/dibiatorstrip. '
a forthcoming North Vietnamese offen- and everything else.
WRi's Nòrwegian section, Ñorwe
js soon to
sive. ln recent months, Saigoh has
.
.Jh" Defense Department
si"n'yäril1'Àiouõt-ãn¿ t"u"rál other ordeliver to saudi Arabia the first of a
st_ep_ped-up air a,nd ground attacks on
Ë""irâi¡*riuöu"ãn raising money
PRG territory. (See WlN, 11116173). totalof 100 Northrop F-5E lnter- .
to Camara whJch is eiFãi'lfr.
ln october, the PRG began to countçr: national Fighters, des_nite the Saudi ;;;;" "*;ãr¿
,¡i¡i;; króner, neartoåi;
'
altack. Attempts by the PRG to de . governments role as financial backer it;i..;
of rhe Nobel priie.
fend its territor.y could easily be pre and military supplier bf th9 {ra! com' ' il tilñe
";;r"t time, Norwegian stu.
w]r, ¿.nt, ñâu. pfunnã¿
batants in the recent Middle
sented to the American public as an.
á demonitration , :'
l1!
"enemy" offensive and' reason enough and its embargo on oil to the U.S. .
:
award of the Nobel_ .
;-öñ;dhe
to renew American intervention. , ,[4oreover, the USAF is advising Saudi 'r'i;;7¿;*^i ãiim¡naf such as Kispeck ' :'
,Accordingto Leslie-l-|. Gelb,.in the Arabia on.its new air defense syst€m, Iine"r. '
-Jim
,\'1,Y. Times, the administration has
and the USN is advising the Saudi navy.
The Nixon administration is
the legal prerequisite for
s-uppl_V-.
.
:
p,ls.gsp^lRLy pEAcENrKs
".,1.!åji':ji:låljîì;il'll,he*i,"il;"'.
namese artack." The Pentagon also has 'ing.capability
ro exrend ,r," ng"rrlåri"' ]vfN-DAMAGES
rããdy "contingency plans providing norri esç;,i1" iuneé.'sr1outã inotner |y:ltl 1..".-1.: P9-"*,1[:tl:9.9.i:k ¡"
forair'supporttosouthVietnamese , MidiEastwarbreakóÈ¡tit¡.slikelytnat lvludurlngaTunoralslngparryln
"operaforces anä'rhe bombing of rargers in
i'tãnîãiä;irppìiããlüuãfii*¡if Uui Minnapolis and charged.with
have been
Vietnam."
North
tle th*d:'Ãmäi¡"åïí,ipù¡LOï;iiÄ']-1
Ï1q,1:djt^"Ilerlv-hoúse",
äwärded $19,000 in damages.
Administration sources are claiming Ui."rlÈrã" if r.ã¿i has U.S. maäe
passage
of
the
War
Powers
biù
that the
lijfr¡r *níiimãa¡t bv:a ^ -;' lnrnaking the award on Novem;;;;;¡. -ri"liðv'tHt
plat;;tiivóiites?'ixbo¡ 1;6,,Red..gral.l.uCge.Philip Neville:
of Ñou"'ilu"r 7 gives Nixon legal power iäiãígi
r
without
Vietnlm
Cõngiesro invade
Dísarmament l,üew¡ and Views lyl:d ll* l¡t drrests "were under-
i,i:i,i:iil'Jj,T?iqiilic;iñîi:r
',
-d";
MÈÀlÃÑÁiiÀÑs'rvreEî' äffi1,1;';l':ï:Håüä?lå:?i;
ru::"ry4*,â:îJj;K,:'"1fiJl;,
of harassing- those at.{he
commander-in-chief,' Over the weekend. of Dec. 1-2 about
iñã-pi.iiâ"nt,
ãs
Purpose
.
85 representativei of the "meatanarian' gathering because of their political
beliefs."'
movqment met on the campus of
Judge Neville awarded $3,500 each
tayetb.Cgttege in Easton, Éa., to
to ihe þrofessor whose home was
cuss thà filtuie of the movement
aided, to.his wife and to their sorç
share experiences.
whowasl5atthetime. Theothe¡
destroyed sincether.utå-fir.î¡ttl,fur- Clat¡deSuhl, ðneof thefoundersof
!'meãranarianism"describedthebasisof ilTa,ttending-lhe.partvwereawarded
;;;¿^;rlå'ñã"ïä¡Ëród"iióitú¡JÉ-JÊ iupersonic jet fighter- the movement as being the theory that $500 each. The iudgement was made
cops.most ä_ctive in confãrüåi.i OO ñew'planes aie exfected all forms of life depenã on plants. "For against three
the
though ]6 olhg .
raid,
ducting
points
one thing" tre
outr'iall animal
í" Oäãäl¡"ããä tã Þres¡¿ent
police officers and an assistant DA had
tn"
life is de-pendent on the ó*ygen
been named in the suit.
ãuct¿ Uv lrunr;:';
-lim Peck
iiiriãJi" Iii1-, is supposed
wtN 13
Élt uultroriii to deploy American com6it forces abroad without Congres
auttorizationfor 60 dayi.
iionaì
-nt if," same time, the U.S. is plan.
ni";;; ;;p¡;; siigón's jet fighters
La'
disand
i
ü;i;;;
;ää;;ñrC-lgl+.
Thieu's
program
to-grye
-
"" pro-
'
REV IEW: Recond
HANG IN THERE
Holly Near
Redwood Records, 565 Doolin Canyon, Ukiah, CA 95482
$3.50 ($4.50 airmail with gift card)
of whom wouldn't have anything to do with him anyway;
he remains barred from the "prestigious" National Press
Club because he once brought a blackman to lunch) and
having or wanting no "reliable" inside sources to misinform
him, Stone continuously exposed government lies. No pol'
itician in high office ever called l.F. Stone "lzzy". During
the American phase of the Vietnam War, he was the most
trustworthy source of information that the anti-war movement had. Not only did he expose the facts of the war, he
did so within the context of a humanistic radical political
philosophy that -whether polemical or witty-was always
There was a tirlte when "protest" records were very popular.
Everybody was buying Tom Paxton, Phil Ochs, Barry McGuire, etc. But now "the war is over". . . . .
a joy to read.
Not everyone knows that yet, however-like the North
Bruck has fashioned his film by showing Stone exp,lainNear'
Her
songs
Vietnamese, South Vietnamese, and Holly
ing his journalistic techniques before various audiences and
come out of her experiences travell¡ng with the FTA Show
inserting film clips to make Stone's methods visual. We also
with Jane Fonda, Donald Sutherland, etc. and with the ln'
growing up, at work, at a cocktail party
dochina Peace Campaign with Jane Fonda, Tom Hayden, etc. see shots of Stone
as well as interviews with younger
Walter
Cronkite,
with
pacifist
songs but they speak movThe songs are not strictly
journalists (including the two Woshington Post reporters
ingly of the Vietnamese struggle and the American strúggle
who broke the Watergate story) who rightfully idolize him.
to help them.
*
Thus Stone tells how he exposed the government'g lying
Even without listening to the words the record is nice to
we
see
LBJ,
strutting
incident
and
Gulf
of
Tonkin
the
in
good
and Holly Near is a lovely singer.
listen to. The music is
The songs vary in mood and tempo, but the message is always around w¡th the military and a host of administrative spokesmen (McNamara and Stevenson) in the act of lying. Stone
positive.
delights in describing how he pulled the rug from under EdOh America, I now can soy your nome
ward Teller (the father of the H-bomb) and other propoqshamed
Without feeling bitter and without feelìng
nents of underground nuclear testing when they tried to
I troveled 'cross your countryside
disarmament talks with the Russians. Teller '
sabotage
Your cities ond your towns
claimed that underground blasts could not be detected
And I sow the fr¡endly people come ond turn my heod
more than 200 mile away from the bombsite, thus it was
oround,
impossible for us to monitor secret Russian tests. The press,
Positive within the context of the long haul. HANG lN
course, printed this as gospel, but they also printed the
of
notes:
THERE. She writei her own liner
fact that seismologists in Europe had picked up tremors the
"The seeds don't get in the ground if you just sit and
same day and time that the AEC reported an underground
think qbout the harvest, You go out ond plont 'em," The
nuclear test in Nevada. Stone merely put those two facts
Wisdom of a Farmer ond so it is with chonge, lt's like a sum'
and pestered the AEC about the obvious. The estogether
equolity,
peoce,
racial
ond
sexuol
mer day to dreom of world
tablishment press, of course, ígnored Stone's account and
ageless understonding-but if we don't "' ' ,go out ond plont
'em," there will be no hoirvest. So to all you farmers, hong in the AEC's confession. But during the sixties, Stone's analyses of the Vietnam War, defense spending and secret,
there' lt's going to be a long spring'
provocative diplomacy could not so easily be ignored.
Kent
cakars
-susan
So we see Stone addressing a dinner given by'the'A.P. in
which he is to receive the George A Polk award. Stone, his
eyes twinkling behind his thick glasses, tells his stonefaced
audience that Polk, a young reporter killed in Greece in
i948, was the first newsman killed during the Cold War
and that his murderer's were our allies, the Greek fascists.
I.F. STONE'S WEEKLY
There is another telling scene of Stone and Walter CronA film by Jerry Bruck, jr.
kite at a cocktail party. Stone approaches the great father
Narrated by Tom Wicker
figure of TV news like an innocent cub-reporter, still, after
Distributed by New Yorker Films,
all these years, enthusiastic about his profession. But Cron'
43 West 61st Street, New York, N.Y. 10023
kite is bored, disinterested, and finally patronizing: "Next
you're in New York give me a ring" he tells lzzy. But
time
unlikely
a
subject
is
as
Weekly
newsletter
The l.F. Stone
the camera does not allow Cronkite to get away with such
for a movie as can be imagined. Yet, filmmaker Jerry Bruck
boorishness. lt captures his essential character: sleazy, snothas fashioned a delightful, entertaining and inspiring movte
ty, unimaginative, d prig. Then we see Walter in Vietnam,
about Stone and his little paper. With a cast of characters
groveling
before the military, never asking critical questions
Stevenson,
Adlai
that includes Nixon, LBJ, Walter Crgnkite,
or doing his journalistic duty. Like most members of the
Robert McNamara and a gaggle of other media "big shots",
national press, a p.r. man for the administration.
lzzy Stone dominates the movie as a genuine star'
By contrast, Stone shines. The camera shows him a del.F. Stone, of course is the greatest journalist of our
lightful
human being. We see him with his printers, carrying
the
during
time. Blacklisted from the establishment media
his mail to the mailbox, tearing apart and scouring Congress'
McCarthy Era, he founded his own weekly newsletter with,
ional reports for vital facts.
at the beginning, a circulation sf a few thousand friends.
The film l.F. Stonè's Weekly is an inspir:ed tribute to ¡
This is not in the movie, but Stone once wrote, "The place
an
inspiring man. The Cronkite's and the Reston's may get
you.
inPower.breeds
to be is where the odds are against
the fat paychecks and the personal publicity, but lzzy
justice, and to defend the underdog against the triumphant
Stone is the model that younger journalists aspire to. And,
is more exhilarating than to curry favor with those on top
what's more, he loves his work. l.F. Stone is a wonderful
and to move safely with the mob."
man and Bruck has made a wonderful film.
journalistic
hobnob'
by
integrity
Refusing to compromise
-Marty Jezer
ing on a soiial basis'with the bigwigs in Washington (most
REVIEIV: Film
PEOPLES
BULLETIN
Want to buy: IBM selectric ("golfball")
tyÞowrlt€r for reasonaÞlv worthy purposes.
N6w, used or busted. Bla-ck Mountaln Pr€ss,
Box l, Corlnth, Vermont 05039.
ook
Thu19
SPECIAL AUTOGRAPHED COPIES of
Scott Nearlnq's polltlcal autob¡ography,
THE MAKING OF A RADICAL now
avallabl€. Paperback $2,45 cloth E6.00.
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SAY GOODBYE DICK! Bumperstlckers-J
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narchism
How to give wlthout hurting others. Order
the booklet. SOME FRIENDLY SUGGESTIONS FOR HOLIDAY GIFTS AND ALTERNATIVES, from AFSC,48 lnman St,,
Cambrldge. MA O2139 fot 251 a copy;
$12.50/10o cop¡es; $50/1oo0 copies.
NEXT TIME YOU'RE IN WASHINGTON
stÖþ in at Bread & Roses Records, a colleatlv€ly run, soclalist recofd store. We'll have
a cuÞþâ cotf6e waltlnq for you. Bread &
Rosês, 1734 zoth, WashlnEton, (Columb¡a)DC.
3 boxful of antÞwar phamplets, literature,
newsletters etc. I would llke to give the
stuff to someone who would have Some use
f or it i.e. wrlte a book. use for a school.
Contact David Mozer,-Quiet'Fires Farm,
Prlsoners collectlnq stamÞr Donatlons of
stamps. albums, bõoks. airyttlinq Philatelic
n€eded. TerrvL Floweir¡ P.O.B. 2304; Statlon B; Llncoln, Nebraska 68502.
Woodv¡lle, Virglnia,
llF
communitles: consultatiof,s, free l¡terature
llst; Communlty Service, lnq, Box 2434'
Yeilow Spflngs, Ohlo 45387.
,
POSTCARDS. I'm s¡lk'screen¡ng postcards
trom mv oaoer cuttlnqs AÞDroi,'5,'x 7".
ôrinteoiri wh¡te on loúaly bàperr Will serid
úou
oe,
SUPPORT THE UFW!
BOYCOTT GRAPES!
9 iqr-$-L_p-pd. Mart< lvt'orits, Box 38,
wv
26643.
Does somebody in the US (especially boys)
want to wrlte to me ând tell m€ how the
situation is and about war reslst-ing.ln the
U5? Meck¡ StranLus, 4, kp. 6910O Kannus,
\
I
U.S, MILITARY BUDGET.. .THE TBILLION
óiiLLAR RAT HbLE. a oñepase leaflet exolalninq whät cònstruitive use could be made
irf ttre money used on the mll¡tary. Send for
a såmÞle, lf Vou llke it. vou cän get ag many
as voù need ior dlstrlblilon FREE. whlte
House Dally Meetlns. 120 Maryland Ave.,
N.8., Washlngton, D-0 20002. Group of communltv orqanizations (includlñs a communltú the'atef. a preschool.
youth proqram and ¿enter foi study of nofìvlolence) ls ln dlre need of an lndustriql
vacuum blêaner. Would Þav shipp¡nq if ene.
can be had for free or ch€ap' Please contact
Humanltas, 892 cam¡no Dèl Sur, lsla Vlsta,
CA 93017. (8O5) 968-2610 Thankt , .
,
,
BOYCOTT LETTUCE!
.,BOYqQTT GALLO WINES!
F¡nland.
a pate for every week in the Year
"2SI^ûSAS
TneâRiverEMlTbnr
¡
a listing of peace organizations and periodicafs, American and foreign
'1975
blank pages for notes and advance appointments in
128 oage, SVz' xEth' , wire-bound and flat-opening; the
cileirdãr pages can be removed when the year is.over'
Ë;¡ú a'bóund volume for your permanent library'
Thc Pcrcc C-¡lcnd¡r is e unir¡ue end incrpensive gift thet'
dey end remembered the whole year
THE 1974 WAR RES¡STERS LEAGUE PEACE
sill bc in usc e¡ch
thmu¡h.
CALENDAR AND APPOINTMENT BOOK
i
'
Selected by Dolores McAuliffe, and with'a"spêcial introduction by Dick Gregory, lhe1974 Peace'Calendar contains
insights into the lives, visions and anguish of the Indians
of North America.
Only slowly are we becoming ariraré'öf the wisdom of
the first Americans, living as they did with respect for the
land, counting the clouds and rivers as âspects of a total
reality. Pressed now by pollution a¡d smog, we are willing
to look back and learn from thoxi whose land we took
by violence and deceit.
No chapter in American history is more shameful than
the treatment meted out to the firsi ¡nhab¡tants of this land.
There is no wey we cen compensate the lndians for the
betrayal imposed on them. But we c:¿o lçarn from them,
and in the process of. learning, we can hopefully find once
more rhe natural path followed so long ãgo bi these, the
natives of our common land'
The 1974 Peace Calendar contains not only quotes from
lndian writing and statcments, but drawings, þhtographs.
rnd illustfations.
5
t5 for two
copht
I cncloæ
.of thc lgt{f.d¡cc
q!g1{r
^ (Ple¡se add 1O%
.
?lc¡¡c
¡cnd
(32.75 c¡ch,
i5 for
2)
for foreign postãge)
copics tô mc:
-
my n¡me
my addrêss
ZipWar Resisters League
339 Lefayette Strcet New York, N.Y. 1ü)12
wrN t5
14 WIN
Win Magazine Volume 9 Number 38
1973-12-13