Win Magazine Volume 9 Number 28

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SEPTEMBER 27,

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PEACE AND FREEDOM THRU NONVIOLENT

ACTION

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79/Jrl20(

BEHIND THE COUP IN.CHILE
DAN ELLSBERG. ON TOI{TURE t.'
ABERNATHY RFJQINS THE SCLC
A REPORT FROM-THE UNDERGROUND '

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into his analysis of "Coming Out," which
showed a basic lack of understanding of
what it means to be gay in this sooietysomething the play might have taught him
had he been listening. I will grant that he
was more tuned in to this play. But, some- ,how, talking about belligerence and toughness (on the part ofgay people making themælves heard) þeing "hard to take when you're
straightl'in a crowded, hot theatre, points
out to me that Mr. Belville is a part of what'
makes such toughness a necessity.
DIANNE BOESCH

There's been one thought going through my
miñd a lot lately, and I wish to express it
via WIN. Many people will scof at this because ofits religious basis, but I'd still like

to say it,
Simply: No matter how hard we work,
no matter what we do, we will never-by no
human means-achieve a world without war,
No,amount of money, love, demonstrating,
resisting-nothing-will bring an end of war

-

Brooklyn, N.Y.'

coming: "And ye shall hear of wars and
rumours of wars."; "For nation shall rise
agaipst nation, and kingdom against kingdom."
Jesus spoke of the wars, famines, pestilences,
and earthquakes, then said, "All these are
thê-òeginningb of sorrows," Think about
this, and you will realize that the wars cannot
bestopped by ourselves. They are inevitable.
I do not mean to say that all of our
efforts have been in vain. Those hungry
children in Asia have to be fed, those cities
have to be rebuilt, that lóve,.iiiust.be spreád.
We ourselves cannot stop the wars, but we
can continue to put pressur€ on the governments; we can continue to send money fòi'
foqd and clothing for the people of the wa¡torn areas; we can continue to get medical
gupplies to those who so desperately need
fhem;we can continue to help rebuild the
cities and villages; we can send missionaries.
We MUST.
Can we stop {,ars? No. Cart we help - "
:ease the burdens that war has cast on so
many? Yes, and I cannot emphasize that

Read my fi¡st issue of WIN and I must
say that your paper is not only informative,
but deals in the now and where. It is very
rare that prisoners can obtain any worthwhiþ
material to alert his senses that the wo¡ld
has people who want a better change and

will speak-up for it.
The Gainesville 8 trial is par'for the government trying to suprels the facts and get
the tioublemakers out of the way, A.clear
cut case of entrapment. Wake up Amerika,
Mission Impossible is for real. In my own
estimation Floiida as a state is the leader in
the use of entrapment. The D.A.L.E. Force
in Miami is composed of several narcotic
users and deals in sales of drugs, by using the
drugs that were taken in drug raids. This is

not the only Florida Agency.that uses this
mode of action. You can buy out of your
bust easy by simply offering tò turn over
your stash of dope. It has happeñed td me
and I know it can happen to you.'
I would like to take a few more lines and
ask someone for a helpful hand" It is pèr- .
" taining my cáse for which I am serÍiäþ a
four year sentênce in the Federal Prison
. System,. I can prove entrapment without a
doubt. At the'time cif my trial I didn't know
the word múch less the meaning, but now I ,.
can put the necessÍuy piêces together, along':
with witnesses from Florida.
I was handing out mate¡ial on N.O.R-M.L.
in Fort I¿uderdale and the Key's when the
harrassment started. It all began when I
caught two uniformed police looking
through my property inside my warehouse.
They made an illegal entrance by jimmying
my side door, I was there, had a gun, called.
the station;a Seargent came; nothing was .,
ever doné except they came back a few
weeks later (without a warrant or showing
cause) forcably b¡oke into my warehouse
and after much heated debate arrested three
ofus on a misdemeanor iharge, (Pot) 5/10 of
of a gram, After this a Civil Charge was
brought to light and consequently I was
warned that if I didn't leavè town I would
be busted for coke; I was. Here I sit and like
so many others now in this rotten hell hole,

MENU

to this planet earth,
I base my feelings on what Ch¡ist said
(Matthew 24) about the signs of the second

enough:'

-DON SNETZINGER

Fresno, CA

$ept.27,1973

Volume lX, Number 28

Behind the Coup in Chile. . . ,

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Robert Nichols
The Languáge ofTorture.

...

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Don Ellsberg
SCLC's Last Chanðe.

10

Chuck Foger

Jail: Freedom

o.f

Cgnsciencc. .

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Bob Aldridge

Four Years iñ thc Undc,fground.
Tom Smlt

14
t
1

Whom Barþara Flies.

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1

6

Leqh Fritz

Changes.

18

,Reviews.'

20

Cover: Chileans gather to hear Allende
speak. Early 1973, LNS

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F{owie Epstein/Santo Dom¡n9o/LNS

LETT ERS
I

just finished the9l6173 issue-it'sgreat!

The urgent need for action was brought

out several times-in the interview with I
Cesar Chavez, & from the WRL. National Con-

The two letters [WIN, 916173l and their
brief introduction concerning torture in
North Vietnam disturbes me considerably.
I also want to think it didn't happen, but
I've long since abandoned the vision of the
world as made up ofgood guys who can't
do right and bad guys who can't do wrong,
which vision seems to info¡m the correspond-

úention, and by Jim Peck. I appreciated
reading of David McReynolds' declaration regarding nonviolent revolution and organic
food and compost heaps. I noted especially
ence.
Roy Kepler's comments and challenge to
What is more disturbing is the apparent
WRL. I fecl that thc Unitcd F'arm Workers
belief that we would be told the truth if the
has exactly the type of program which he
torture did take place, How can we not be
rcconrmcnds. The UFW i3 one of the most
sure that someone will treat prisoners humane
activc organizations in the country and I
ly until we ask them, and then be sure that
think in many cases they are succeeding in
persuading people of the effcctiúeness of non- they won't lie about it? Why, anyway, do
we have to believe that victims of evil are
violence, (I have been meaning to.write for
paragons of good?
some time to say I'm really glad WIN has
We are told that "The. . ,exchange of
been covering thc strugglc of the UF'W.)
lette¡s will perhaps speak for itself." I'm
Reading WIN without acting is like eating
still
organic food to bring the revolution. Let's
-MILLER WILLIAMS
Fayetteville, AK
take WIN seriously and do mofe than rcad it,
(Anyone needing a tangible starting point
could try joining ¡ UFW picketline no later
I rarely get into writing letters to publicaCOBH ROBBINS
than this Saturday.)
tions, but the outrage that I Ielt after readEvanston, IL ing Lance Belville's play reviews in the

listening.

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9ll3l73

issue made it impossible not to.
I have not seen the plays, nor do I think

that's relevant either in my case or in Mr,
Belville's. No matter what he thought of'the
Chinese play, "The Woman's Representa-

tive," there is no excuse for the appalling
racist slams and jokes which seem to prove
once again the incredible cultural chauvinism of white Americans. The most blatant
examples include: "the Chinese version of
the Jewish mother" as a way of describing
one of the cha¡acte¡s; "a little female leftover f¡om the Cultural Revolution who could
drive Confucious nuts in the time it takes to
open your little red book"-(did I forget
to mention dripþing sexism?); and finally,
"Old Wang hasn't a Chinaman's chance, if
you'll pardon the eipression,". . .I won't
Mr. Belville.
The overall feeling the article left me with
was that despite his claim that he "agreed
with Woman's Lib message of the play," he
neither understood nor agreed. (I am very
suspicious of people who throw around the
word "Lib"). This feeling carried over

The Blahket
.

called a Medical Center, I wonder just how
many others are doing 4 o¡ 40 years for entrapment? I can't believe that this
:,
happen to me but it has and I have been here
almost a year and a half. If you could print
this maybe someone could aide me in securing a defense against this city and file Civil

could

Charges.

CHARLESMAIGE,20479-175

,

P.O. Box 4000
Springfìeld, MO 65802

The blanket I spread on my bed
was brought to my house
on the day I was born.

STAFF
maris cakars, editor
susan cakarS, staff
marty iezer, ed¡tor¡al assistånt
nancy johnson, staff
iulie maas, desiqn

I take it wherever I go,
it knows what I am thinking
; .and wha( I am feeling, , ,
it servés me as a cpat

marv mayo, subscript¡ons
br¡an wester, compos¡t¡on

"''âìrd as a tablecloth.

"lt

is my epidermis,

';N.ì..,..

my constant mate
'wirh whom I wor¡id shaie the eventual burning,
I neither love it nor hate it.
t-{t

''l¿nce belv¡lle + d¡ana davies + ruth dear + falph
- d¡gia + paul enc¡mer + chuck fager + sþ1¡ 16¡¿y
jim fôrest + mike fr?n¡ch + leãh. fr¡tz + larry
gara + ne¡l haworth + becky johnson + paul
jgÞ!.s"n.+.allison karpet + cra¡gkarpet + cindy
kèfit '+ peter',ki9er + alex knopp. +. john ktper
dorothy lane J- robin larsen + i:lliot
jackson maclow + dav¡d mcreynolds * linzer
mark
morris + jim peck + judy penh¡ter f{. igal
roodenko + mike stamm + martha thomases

box

547 rifton

new

york

telephone 914 339-4585

is gradually

aócdþting its death,
I can hold it up i
ind see stars in thè sky
when there are. no stars in the skY.

Source: Alfonso Reyes, "Born in 89"
George Gott

'1.2471
'

WIN ls published weekly except for the f¡rst
two wøeks ¡n January, 2nd week ¡n May, last 4
$rsoks ln August, and the last weok in October
by the

N Publishing Empire with the suppoÌt
Res¡sters Leâgue. Subscrlptions are
$7.0O por yêar. Second class postage at Nêw
York, N.Y. 10001. lnclivldual wr¡ters are responslble for opinions êxpressed and accuracy
ot facts g¡ven. Sorry-manuscr¡pts cannot be
Wl

of th€ War

returned unl€ss accompanled by a

clressecl stamped

self-ad.

envelope. Pr¡nted in U.S.A.
WIN

3

't,

inThe N,Y. Times) were: "soldiers and the People,
United we will Win"; and the other: "Soldiers ioin

With the transport strike l¡ttle food wai coiïring into
the shops and the countiy had only three days'supply
offlour, The.truckers'strike was reinforced by a
small shopkeepers' strike. lt was these two strategically locaied sectors of Chilean sociefy that brought
the citizens to theii knees so that the armyçould
bludgeon them.
Tñe absolutely weird thing about.American repor.ting-or about the climate of ideas in which the
stories are read-is that the strikes were describèd as

your class brothers".

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terrorism by the workers. The reverse was true: they
were strikes by the owners, and a crucial and determined part of the Right's strategy.

'1

TherecenthistoriofChileañþoliticshassbeen

''|"

largely an elaborate game of chess in which Allende
was trying both to placate, and to defuse the army. .
The French weekly, Le Monde; put iÍ this way:
An experienced pot¡ticiqn corefully respecting
the legøtity which permitted him io come topower in an election, the socialist ond moderate
Allende is the tronquil father of the revolution.
He hoped to asþciote o large froction of the
m¡ddl¿ classes in the experience of a non-violent tronsition to socialism, , .

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\rrui' .,,1-

Thegrèatnnjorityoftheormyoffrcers'are

middle èlass. To bring them to participÒte more
and more widely in the tosks of goverryment
vras Mr. Allende's wqy of reenforcino lhe tqcti-

the-voters
of the Populaç Unity Party ond the lower mid,
dle class, ln this he-was encouraged Qy the
Communists, lt wos the left wing of the Socialist Party thot was opposgd tøthis line, which
was judged too reformist. . ,
cal odvantoge

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chile another G[e.t"t:"ilj^81ft
-t9]1uk9

BY ROBERT NICHOLS
It is unutterably painful to have to read the U.S. press
on Chile: The N.Y, Times quotes a bulletin dispatch

would happen in the event of

a

golpe, an armed coup,

answered:

by El Mercurio-whose photographer was permitted by
the lunta into the bombed presidential palace-describing Allende on a blood-stained sofa with a bullet
through his mouth. But it is no accident that it was
Mercurio that was admitted in, with the chief of national police and the morgue doctor. And no àccidnet
that the Times quotes Mercurio.
It seems very unreal-even the blood. And for the
next months New Yorkers will be talking about Stote
of Seige, a second rate film scenario made about Uruguay and merely produced in graceful and libertarian
Chile. Now it has become real.
ln an interview several weeks ago, a Socialist Member of Parliament, Adonis Sepulveda, asked what
.

A mtlitory take-over would never succeed in unlfying the country, Sociolists-while we hove lifewould frght ogaìnst

it.

That is olso the feeling

of the Chileon people, llhoever would moke o
coup must take that intoaccount, that they
would do lt over thousonds and thousands
corpses

of

of workers; becouse they-with or wlth:

out direction-are going out to defend their
interests.
The workers have a cleor consciousness thot
they are playing out their destiny now. . .
The hard truth is thát, whâtever degree of consciousness they had, ín the week of the golpe one of the
main interests of the massès must have been bread.

I

'thearmyoveftothesideoftheRightists. lnthcfacc

{

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of the mutiny by the army the left was stuck-whether
it wanted it or not-with a basically nonviolent and
passive resistance strategy.
The long range plan óî the Left was simply to organi¿e the pçopf ç to push qn tp s.ecialism, and very

intens¡údly to develop mass organizations, orgoniza'
ciones de'les boses al every levé|. ln othcr words thc
centrists and trade union organization of the Communists, and a kind irf paralle.l and auxiliary cffort cvcry-

Y{:;;;iå:'r¿i:2:,i::'::i;i{:iÅ2å'i'låil'åfi}lir",

,ãåi"r,
'^u-iolä,womens'

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orgánizaîions thc commondo comneighborhood setf-defcnsc forccs; rhc pcas-

i'l$ï'i1'fï,il3,?:"f[?l,iii:ffiriå::;iäl
iltfHrrï'ff#iîjtrø
'"":
now won, and the military
ment of the poþulace
has
in its decrees and press releasés is now

iiäir'1trc1i

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:

mouttríng - _ Given a time span of possibly threc years--.untii thc
. 976 elections-this stratcgy'could conceivably havc
"
worked. With the tanks on the streets, that was thp
Aö opposed to the Popular Unity Gqvernment
end of it. or have we reached the cnd y_et in.Chilc?.
were the öirristain Demociats, who róceived 28% of
lrranycasetherewasapointiuslbeforethetanks
thevotesinthelastMarchelections. BúttheChristmoved" in where the drama was still unrcsolvcd and
ian Democrats were trving to paste over a serious
: ' rhe.baíance of rorces quiie close-that was thc ccosptir: much or *r. r.ååärir.rì; i;;;.d ilütäóä ¿r
morc preciscly thc
ti¡e Nationalists but did not want to be swailowðä by
. nomic front.in thc la5t few weeks,
'
choas, to
create
economic
to
aüemfi
tfuckowneíi'
proclarhat¡onsî'iaiã;
them after a take-over. Their
dttl the city o{.Sa.ntiagofogd'
of legality and the constitut¡on were in part'ä mdn. ,
thc transport strike up,t baliç¡lqu-1..1i:.I
rru.iing îor position and in part to hold.their own
Yiq.l
-The
gr"r, ¡.oät5, membership of average apolitical Chileans
.f.hc lagt days wa's ihií: ¡¡'¡¡-s:public arca thc govcrn- ,
ñor¡n"Abytheideàofsoldiersñgntingcitizens. Now. ,':Ìnent.ôontrolledlessthan2}a/oof thetrucks. Thcrcstr'
weie owned by the big outfits, thc Confcdcracion
the blood has run and the leaders"of th; Christian
Nacional de Duenos de Camiones, hcaded by Villarin.
O.ro.àtir tarty have declared for the Junta. But , ,
were taken to largc truck parks outsidc the
These
alienated
thei
member.
gu"ri
have
ttrat'tney
ry
is
principal cities and parts rcmoved. The govcrnment
shípiand are either dead, captured or hunted.
was able to seize and reconditicin only a fcw. Thes_e
Árong the Popular Úniti parties whicltconstituttruck parks were. guarded by para-military bands of thc
ed the goiernment, the Communists were ikte fhoder:
ates. (iheir vote iÁ the elections was15%; the Social- , Patria y Libertad. Thc ncighborhood f<¡od and supply
ist 1Bò/o. The leaders aÿ õoÁerãtr;"nbf irotf.r pìrii"r
-' committces werc somcwhat organizccl, and had a'suparenowonthesubversiveslisi.) TheCommuniitshad plynetwôrkintothecountryside. Butwhcn.indcpen,
dent drivers tried to go out into thc countrysidc, thcy
been preoccupied with politicai compromise, directed
were shot down.
at almost any costs to keeping the constitutional rbThe army and the national policc c.lirJ not cho<¡se
Simé- ln addition toìhe pol¡tical maneuvering ih.y
to intervene to protcct the supply lincs and maintain
ñad two majn tactics. One was a campaign diiected
law and order. Therc werc thousands of acts of tertowards the enlisted men in the army. The street
rorism-comm¡tted by the owncrs and the orgarrizcd
slogans of the Communista Juventud (not reported

iti slogans.

BEHTNDTHE EOUP TN EHTLE

4 WIN

r!:lili:t-

rn the rasr erecrion. *rg,.ra;gis!!eaTy,
álists, had gotten 21% of thdföte. Their strategl

luná

(.)

ofùn ollionce between

'

The Communists also controlled the over-all trade
union organization, the C.U.T. On this level thpy de" ' .
voted thðmselves to coordinating the leãders otthe i
syndicates-mainly in the larger nationalized factories
but also others where the owner5.þip was in dispute.
The response of the workers to the preliminary goþe
of June 28-as it had been to the owners' strike lasf ,
autumn was simply to seize all'the factories, and keep
on working.
This also was not mentioned .in The N. Y. TÌmes re'
ports. ThesewerethetwoancÀòrsof theGovernment'st
strategy-concurred in by the Communists arld by the
moderate wing of the Socialist party and by MAPU.
On the day of Alle¡ide's death .most of the factories
rilust have been seized in $antiago.
But this classic strategy of the Left hâd been tried
in Uruguay, and the occupying workers had been systematically liquidated by the army. The main question was; should the workers be armcd? But this was
never mentioned publicly by the Chilean Left (exccpt
by M.l.R.). Tþ do so would'hav.e iiilmediatel+¿ brougþt

1

wrN

5

right.
This drama has been played out on a small
stage:
of 12 miilion peopte, where màÀy'of the
i.::.,yllly
puottc teaders, in one camp or another,
knew each
otner. lhere is a curiously intimate quality; when
con j u.re u p faces. rÀär"'i s' å. rtu n
lltne.ftavor.
:r,,:t.^lkot.Ma.rquez'
lh^.f
v
novel, A Hundred years of '
Jou.tude, tn the lacon¡c resignation statement of Genro Ailende and forced our by
îI11911."t_lrars,
.toyat
,nr,)_11t¡1q9 M,ititary
Corps: (quotedin Le Mondei
t'm leav¡ng becquse I do not wsnt to breok the '
institution of which I am o part. Among ti;
¡

women who hove been demonstratiij iå

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generals.

ì

. Allende was fond of using the word ,,ímpudent,, to
characterize cerrain Nationaïist pol¡iiå iìËíåì.
l"
his last words, broadcasr.as Ú,.
öro¡å*ti;i;;1u""
*u,
being atracked, he uses the worå ,igno;i"î,:-''
I will not resign. . . I om reody io resist'with

i

fr¡ É-

w.hote¡ter meons, even ot theTost of
nv iiil. ,o
that th¡s serves os a lesson in the ignominiois
tJlstoly of those who have ,tirisli ã;iTít"i"oror,
One feets rhat he had in his minid,s
r-.J ;"r_
sons, who were more than simply g;;";á1,
ti"ií"o
in the Canat Zone and the owneis ór rrãl ï1"éü
uul,
to get their spare parrs from the U.S. on iieåli.But maybe we have not yet heard the i^iin

;i;

undertook several escalations of the war, all of them
(until very recently) secret, concealed, lied about.
He sent Marines in a sustained ground,4ctioñ inîo
Laos, än operation called Dewey Canyori l. Fle sent
frogmen into the Harbor of Haiphong to check it out
for mining and with instructiônsJo leave evidence
that they had been there, indications so that the other
side would know that they had been there. And .' '
third, he started the bombing of Cambodia. So there
were three escalations involving the three countries of
lndochina other than South Vietnam-North Viet,
nam, Cambodia, Laos and all thrèe services-4ir, sea,
and ground. The purpose was to get a very víolent
message and a verb4l message to the Russians and the
North Vietnamese that Richard Nixon was fully prepa¡ed to go beyond every limit that Ly¡don Johnson
had set oñ escaiation of the war. Each of these escalations had been proposed as early as'64 or'65 but
Johnson.had refused. Now Nixon waptpd to say-desÞite the supposed mandate for peace in"'68- "l am
prepared to escalate. Congress will not stop me, thepublic will not stop me." And in May, 1969nDobryríin,
lhe Russian ambassador was toldby Henry Kissinger,
(the same day that Nixon gave the most conciliatory
speech he ever gave on negotiatiòns) that no orie has
anything to gain by waiting for an agreement, which
hethen spellõd out. And what that meant-K.issinger
told Dob,ryniñ-was that Nixon was fully prepared to
es.calate the war, and could do so politically, if the
Russians did not produce an acceptable agreement
(a much better agreement than Nixon finally got);
specifically, to include neutral withdrawal. ln'other
words our troops would get out only if, and as, the
North Vietnamese troops got out of South Vietnam.
You notiCe that was not in the final agreement. This
was then,.a kind of "win" agreement that Nixon was
trying to achieve, and his hope was to do it þy.thesp .

pcI

I

of my house there hqve øeen sev¿rotïiveiá,f

end-the re-election by a landslide, if possible,
of Richard Nixon. And this set of practices started
no later than the very beginning of 1 969.
ln the first few months of 1969 Richard Nixon
same

qd

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F'O

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Cf.,¡fr.

EDITED, FROM A TALK BY DAN ELIåBURG

J

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Rglert Nichols spent over a month in Chite at the end
ot tast year o1! hys kept obreast of the situation
there.
poley did a series of
ry9 and his wite Groce
artìcles on
Chite which appeared in WtN slt zt/siã o/77ii.

From 1959 to 1964 Dan Ellsburg wzs a strategic analyst
for the Rand Corporation and a consultont to the De- '
partment of Defense, which he ioined in 1964' ln
'1965

he went

as a merrtber
Chite_an Btack Berets were

Jlr-e-se
Pânama.

LNS

trained by U.S. offlcers ¡n
::

''

I

,

to

Vietnam fof th,P State Department

of the team led by counteninsurgincy

"expert" Maior General Edward G. Lqnsdale' Return'
ing to the Rand Corporation i¡t 1967, he worked on
Défense Secretary McNamara'îstudy of U,S. decisionryaking in Vietnam, now known 0s the PSntagon
Papers, whiëh he released to the press in 197'l . His
book|Papers on the War is in poperbock (and hard
coveil from Simon ond Schuster. This orticle is an
editód þnd obridged) tronscription of o talk Ellsburg
gove at the 'l 973 llRL Conference at Asilomar, CA.

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threats. Had they been discussed publically, of

course, there would have been a great comment by
'
both experts and laymen that this was a very foolish
' policy (along with its other risks and inhumanities)
because we had been bombing North Vietnam all
along and that hadn't caused them to accept any such
dpal, so why should such threats do it?
.

I thing that the next phase of Watergate'is going to
be ultimately much more important than what we
have heard so far, and that the neglected"question is
the relation of Níxon's domestic piolicy to'hi3 foröign

Coal m¡ners and other Ch¡lean workers.march in
Santiago on Mayclay, 1972

6 WIN

policy, specifically towards lndochina' TÌíèie's been
essentially no'relating of these within the last year of
controversy and revelation about Watergate. However,
Senators Hughes and Symington and others are starting testimony specifically on the Cambodian bombing and falsification practices. I think this is going to
lead very far afield and be very inter:qsting as to the
witnesses they can draw and at this point there's been
enough truth telling by enough people that tjhey iust
might get witnesses who come clean. ,t
I can say pretty definitely what I think the story
they would tell would be if they were telling the
truth, if they find witnesses to tell the tn¡th. And
I'm relatively hopeful that people will come forward,
to tell the following storY.
Both the domestic practìces that we've been hear'
ing about and the foreign policy that we haven't been
hearingabout were, I think, directed towards the

mind th¿ their threats would be effective in two
ways. Firsfbecausprthey would be larger than

i

Kennedy's and Johnion's threats-Nixon was thrcatcnine total destruötion of North Vietnam-destruction
òr-'+runoi ánãÈÈaiþhong.ìn.a wiy {þat never did océur

occur) plusthe " ..
miñing of Haiphong. Second, he wanted to convince
them that we could'get away with this politically and
to show them he was willing to escalate further than
Kennedy and Johnson, and that he could do so secretly, he undertook these three very early escalations
To have this story now relate a l¡ttle bit to WRL:
I knew the outlines of this as early as September 1 969.
l saw glirpmerings of it in August-l couldn't rembmber now whether it was somewhat before or aftèr I
was at the 1969 WRL conferenc'e at Haverford. At
any rate, I knew all about Dobrynin and I knew about
the Cambodian bombing but not in all its scale. I
thought it had been token raids, a symbolic act.

..,land Ihopeand trusthowneverwill

'

i.

WIN

7

Later on lhe person who told me, Morton Halperin, as
of September, said he did not know. He worlied in'
the White House and did not know the scale of theie
raids or the fact that it was continuous bombing. But
he did know that raids had occured. . .
. I think only now we're getting a feeling of what
the administr:ation's extreme contern ovei leaks has
been. ln part I know rhar was cover for theiiào¡ni
things.that they wanted to do otherwise. The bur-glaries, the tapping to prosecute me on the official
secrets act-these were things they wanted an excuse
for. But there was quite a ðon"e- áuà. lÀurc ior
reasons that were not obvious until the secret Cambodian bombing was exposed. Suddenly I realized that
they were doing things that d¡d reqúire secrecy. So
probably when the Pentagon papers came out Nixon
was quite freaked out over it and concerned about
secrets. And we now know that he had a lot of things
under.the covers that did have to be kept secret as a
matter of fact. I would guess at this point we are now
going to find out that it las not just'dor.ri¡. trir.,
that.he was concealing but a lot óf previously unknown
foreign illegal actions, murderous actions anú I urn
sure that the list I've given and that I know about
does not exhaust it. There are probably a lot
more
secret operations in Cambodia, ground operations
I
would suspect. More operationi in Laos. We- ¡ust
learned the facts on the bombing of Northern Laos
so that mearrs there is a lot morJto
úo"or"
short,.just as rhe president from
t¡ã uliinning
- .ln
9f 'f!^w1s rhinking abour domestic preparaiiäns for
!!\',.t-'j Stections, he had in mind a policy of winning
rn Vtetnam-not of getting out and not of st¿lemate
and. not of the agreementihat he's just urnl"u.¿,
¡ut
a.win. He was going to be the manîho won in
V¡etnam. . .
Let m-e mention quickly how that relates to the
morats 01 torture. How did he aim the policy that
he
chose to pursue? when t wenr to v¡etnäm ií igas
ro,

the State Department I häd some knowledge of past
guerri I la wars-i nsurgencies-th ough not a tlremendous

amount at that time but enough tò know thàt there
were.certain temptations that arose in these things and
certain lines that we should not cross as a country,
whatever.happenèd, and that I would not cross. . .
Even t-o..the extent that I saw that we were not succeed.
ing in Vietnam I told myself there were a number of
things that t would never be willing to be associateJ
with-like all out bombing of the ñorth, use of nu_
clear weapons, or the use ôf torture.
.

(Something that I knew the French had been led to
use having learned it from the Gestapo directly. The
French psed German Gestapo agend to conduct the
torture or to train Erenchmen tò torture. SoWorld
War ll had communicared the germi ãi ii,at purt¡crla,
disease to its victims and they used it in lndochina.l
I tried to be alert and ask quóstions about'the possi'_
bility of torture arising, beöause I do not *ant'to Ue
part of a country that ionducts torture at all. While
I was there I did not become aware that Americans
were doing it. Of course we know now from Colonel :
Herbert and others in intelligence that Americans did
a lot of torture in Vietnam. -We always_knewSouth
Vietnamese were doing torture and we didn't stop
ir.
really until I read the penfagon
^ But it wasn't
Papers-and-I
would have to sav until finallv-in the
end when my wife read the pentagon paperi_that I
sary
I had participated in earlier in the pentagon
¡vh-a1
and in Vietnam in,64 and ,65 in a certain very poi"g
nant context for me. For a long time I didn't want
1ry wife to_ really know much about the pentagon
Papers so that when the trial came she could tfuth_
fully say that she had not part¡cipated and so iorth.
But there came a time, when it did seem necessary
to expose her to some ofthis: for the reason that
Fullbright di-d not publicizè. the pentagon papers in
November of '69 essentially because N"ixon was so
effective in convincing people that the policv trad
qharygd decisively, that there was a new polícy. . :¡
So Fullbright felt that hearings on the Johnson,
K.ennedy, Eisenhower, Trumin policieí woutO
fusf be
dismissed as old history and I had to agree thàt
that was very probably true. Still afteT Cambodia
there arose a possibility of another hearing but that
went away during the summer and interesi was lost.
¡ hen there was a second invasion of Laos. .
. probably
nothing much will happen I thought, but I've got to '
do what I can and rhe pentagon pãpórs are whãt I
have.. Still,-as I said, I wasn'iable to get in¿ividuat
mernbe.rs of Congress to cooperate anã finaliy my
wife sa.id, "you.know, are you sure you,re rifnt áUout

these things? You know, Fulbright doesn't Ëem to
agree with you. And nobody agiees with you that

it's all that important. ls it reaiy necessary for
you to do. this and possibfy separate us foréver?,'
So I
thought that the time had come that she ought to look
at th€m. So I said, ,,Fulbright may be rigtrtlhat this

won't accomplish anythingbut on'the oi-her hand
he hasn't read them. Only t havê read them. I'm
the only person who's read them. So how can I rely
on anyone else's judgement in the end? I have only
my ow.n judgement. I'm the only person who,s reâlly
seen what these are because thev aie so bulkv I
couldn't get anyone to read them.,'
So she did read sorne pf them and I had her read
part of the'64:65 perio{which was the part when

I

was in the Pentagon and the people writing those
memos were theþeople I had worked w¡th (ghe had

i;

ii
I
I

'1

ñ"wn me in those days long before we were married)
and she knew thesg people that I worked with. Andit's very hard to talli-to go through these things-this
history-..

.

Bui in any case, she read those and we deç'çded that
it should be done. The papers should be made public.
I have to say what it was she read. How many peoplehave read any part¡cular parts of the Pentagon Papers?

,

lJsus. fantasiic audience. You've made my year. I
óume'to the right place. tt can be a rather embarrassing
question. Well, if you've read any of the '64'65-per'
iäd of t¡me yoú witt no doubt remembèr some of the
famous phrases describingthe bombing policy which
wai planned in '64 and began to be carried out in '65;
It was described in terms of the water drip teehnique,
the turn of the screw. That's used qultg a bit' Rachet
effect-referring to reaching a plateaulbf bombing and
then leveling offand then h¡tting again for greater effectiveness. Giving them somewhat of a recess of pain
and then bringing it back. I once heard someone
at the Pentagon desfiibe it as related to the way a
tennis net is screwed up, you know, on a rachet so that
it will reduce as you ttirh-it and then tighten up a rotch'
ihese people weie all avid tennis players. Tlrey played
every moriling. But it was not really a tennis- net that
they'referred io because what they were talking about
waí pain. They ølked about thresh,olds of .pain and
tests of will and breaking the will of Hanoi's'leaders
by bombing and perhaps by hitting the dikes
r
pórhaps by flooding the rice land and causing starva'
tion.
- . .the turn of the screw.
l remember she came back and she was'' crying. She
said, "This is the language of torturers.": ' But this
was a stirring moment for her because.l. .ln these
. very peiso-nil histories you nevp.r'know when some'
thiÁe is go-ing to hit you. . .So, these memories.start
to cõme úp ãnd it's like stepping on a nake in the
grass and having it come up and hit you in th,e-face.
Well, this is what we've been up to since '6f . As
early as January,1969 when I was woilking with Hen'
rv (issineer (l ilidn't see much of him, I did his staff
*ork, unã diàn't bother him with the particulars) ^
of the possibility of
-he wanted more development
and I hadn't includescalation
deterrent
of
terms
the
ed the several alternatives because I said thatts absurd, that's pointless. There's no point in even men'
tioníng that as an alternative. They've. been bombed'.
No onã should even discuss that. But.he said, "How
can you conduct negotiations without the tlueat of
escaíation?" That was January, 1969. You may have
read in the paper (in:July) that Flenry-'Kissinger was
making pleás directly to Congress: "Don't shut off
'
the Cambodian bombing. All right its unconstitution'
al-all right ¡t's illegal but don't shut it off right now
when neigotiationsãre on. How c.an w.e negot¡ate with'
out that¡ombing?" The fact is that the main policy
that I described io you earlier is torture' There are
ód',ãi poiil¡"r that óne can pursue.in wartiÍri.e which
are fairly distinct and some have.the same pliysical
process io a certain extent, but the purpose of the'
bombing of North Vietnam has always be-en.primarily
to "eroðe the will," undermine the will of the Hanoi

and

¡

-

'

Leaders. How was that done? lt does not mean that
the dead bodies in themselves bring you closer to
some goal. People who are dead do not bring any

direct'pressure on the leadership or anybody else, The

t
1

J

1

'*

.t

theory of that strategy as I now see it--or a.s I saw it
really'in that flash my wife, perhaps by insight, saw
to oú¡cklv that I really never had seen in iust thosc
terms-was a'very'particular type of bargaining' lt is
distinct from the Cuban Missile crisis which is an analogy that a lot of people in the. government-that
mañy people in the government before '65-used"
Theú dtroúgtrt of it as bargaining with thc threat of
violence, but very effectively and in the intcrest of
world oider. And they thought of the early bombing
'as very comparable to that, as effecting Ho Chi Minh
just ai they had affected Khruschev, And I really bclieve that a lot of them did not notioe that where'as
in the Cuban Missile. crisis. . . thcre had bccn iust
troop movements. . .and ship movements,.but no
shots fired-l don't think to this day they havc rcalizcd
the difference in the bargaining they wcre conducting
with North Vietnam-that the bombs wcrc dropping
and what they were doing was not bargaining b.u1
. toiturei Torture in the way in which a father is tor. iur"'¿ by watching his daughtei raped in front of his
eyes, whióhthey usçdto do in Algeria quite a bit' ln
i
fáct that's vúhat'tïdppened in a famous casc, in <¡nc c¡f
the few-.cases that was exposcd, about wh'ich Francoisc
Sùdat wrote"d-bbok and.-e.dited.a numbcr of -books ¡
very worth reading. Shewas"raped in front of' '
verv,
-' 'hêr:father, hot to get her to talk, obviously, but to |,
get her faiher to dlk. And that's torture of thc father.
Ánd of course in Vietnam-(Fred Branfman is onc ol'
the few who have made this concrete in his descriptions of Laos)-what was goingpn was.subiecting thc
people to the sight of their uncles, mothcrs, sisters,
broihers, being shrcddcd (litcrally shreddcd as
i. through Magruder's and Dean's shrcddcr) with CBUs
in froñt of their eyes-in the hope lhat evcn in a-cc¡un-

try that

we considered a dictatorship-we didn't ¡4ct

this quite straight-even in that country those people
would somehow influence the policy of the lcadcrs in
Hanoi and that was the idea. That was how wc wcrc
going to win it. . . .

wtN

9

Abernathy was also hobbled by not having.been thel
northern wtl¡te l¡Ueral choice as Dr. King's heir. Like
Carl Rowan, most whites close to SCLC had.l'ooked
þ Andrew Young to step forward. But this was largelv,because Young was the one who dealt with them
most often; he wãs smooth, articulate, intelligent,
light-skinned. Contrary to Rowan,.however, Young
uñ¿ ull the other blacks who really knew Dr. King un'
ãerstood fully'that Abernathy was his choiceicand' . .
there was n'o opposition within the organization to his

l

l

eiàvation at thð iime of Dr' King's nrurder.
The question of succession has complicated SCLC's
finances'in another way as well. Mrs. Coretta Scott
King has founded the Martin Luther Kiirg, Jr' Center
for Ñonviolent Soc¡al Change, also based in Atlanta,
and has been working to raise tén million dolþrs to
nnint" the Center's plans for a memorial buil'öing, a
library, and research programs. Mrs. Ki¡g's dì,rect
identífication w¡th her husband's memory is apparently more attractive to the remaining avfilable,liberal
c'ontributors than is the rumbling, portly Abênnathy'

l

Foundations in partiôular seem to have complgtely

SCLCT Last Chance

abandoned SCLC in favor of Mrs. King's effort, and
she has recently been unwilling to share any funds she
raises with SCLC.

Thus if Abernathy wants the organization to sur'
vive, he has no alternative to seeking black súpport for
¡t. Rn¿ such ¿ base of support will haveto be created,
because it does not yet exist' Whether he can create
it will be one of the key tests of his slaim to continued
leadership. Already.he has gained some important
initial commitments. Dick Gregory plans to spend
lwo months running from Chicãgo'.to Washington as
a personal fund-raising effort; and Jamés.Brown recently ánnounced that he would henceforth donate
10To of his concert receipts to SCLC. A few mófe

BY CHUCK FAGER
Wìen Ralph Abernathy abruptly resigned as president
of the Southern Christian t_eäAershifConferänce in
July it didn't take long for some peóple to start breathrng sighs of relief out loüd. Black Columnist Carl

predictably put these sentiments bluntly: ,,1
Foyut
don't know five black people of real perception who
truly believe Abernathy shoufd have succeäded the
assassinated Dr. Martin Luther_King,
Jr.,' he wrote.

"Abernathy lacked the articulation,'tire emotional
balance, the sense of timing, the foicefulness of pãrsonality.required to maintain SCLC as a vibrant iorce.,,
For those who don't remember, this is the same
Carl Rowan who referred to Malcolm X as a convicted
burglar after Malcolm was gunned down; Rowan also
took to the pages of Reattãr's Digest in ígei iå ¿"_
nounce. Dr. i(ing for coming out against the lndochina
war. Thus.wh.en he opines about Ralph Abernathy,s,
"less than b.ri I I iant, not-so-inspiring leadersh ip,', and

that "everyone around knew that Andrew
You.ng, now a Congressman from Atlanta, would have
made a better successor,', he can't be akén as a reprernsrsts

sentative voice of Black America.

case Rowan put on paper what many
. Still, in this
have.saíd
private

ín
ever since ebernaitry stefped into_his mentor's place. And it is now eviãent that the

infighting which led to Abernathy's dramatic'announcement in Atlanta on July 9 was over this evaluation of
hrs competence.

. .Thg struggle came into the open at the begining of
July when a letter was sent from SCLC's ,^.ãriiu.
staff to the board of directors, asking that tf¡e ãt¿
gost of Executive Director (wÍrictr A"ndrew young had
held for Dr. i(ing) be reinstated and fìlled. The letter,s
authors also wanted Abernathy to step down into a
"president emeritus,' positíon. This letter was Àot
me.n t I o

ned at, Ab ernath y's,,fa.re-wel

l

"

press co nference,

but the board's apparent unwillingness to repudiate
rt was what pushed Abernathy into making ñis move.
A month later, however, Abernathy cañe out on
10 wtN

top, when the SCLC Board, meeting at the gioup's
convention in lndianapolis, voted nót to acãeptihe
resrgnat¡on,,and reelected him to another term as pres_

(lent.

Further, a resolution passed on the conveniion

tloor.gave Abernathy the authority to fire all the staff
members who had opposed him, though he insisted

tion.

.broke
Th. monèy siruation is straightforward:
and heavily

SCLC is
in debt. ThJstaff membeis *t o ir_
main have not been paid for over two months. There
is no money for programs. IBM is threatening to come
and get.its typewriters out of the office. Abein athy ,
complained when he resigned that the black bourgéoisie, especially those who had risen to affluence foiow_
ing the victories of the civil rights movement, were
not supporting the organization. This is true enough;
but the fact is that SCLC, even in its heyday, never
drew its main support froin blacks. Ratirer, lt wa.s
white liberal money that poured in when Or. fing
marched from Selma to Montgomery, and won th"e
Nobel Peace Prize, and took a-neck fúlt of lead in
Memphis. There was enough of this money throughout the late Sixties to mainlain SCLC as a million-ãollar outfit, with.large
9trgi9s, a bevy of condescending
secretaries, and a staff which t¡aveied the country firit

class

on credit cards.

have changed of course. Vietnam and Nixon.tan Times
prosperity gave liberal money plenty of other, apqufgn.tly rnore uigenr causes ro suþport. All the óig
civil rights organizations have felt the resulting pinc-h.

I

t

(

such commitments made and kept could bring SCLC
back into solvency and keqp it there..
Giu"n dn adequate budgetthë ofganization would

that he wouldn't use it.

What will now happen to SCLC and its embattled
president is not certain. On the surface, Abernathy
appears to have routed those who wanted him out:.
but.in fact his position is still somewhat precariouí. :l
lle has two main õhallenges to face: firsi, a lack of
money, and second, the influence of Hoséa Williains,
the president of SCLC's Atlanta Chapter and the mín
who organized Abernathy's comeback at the conven-

.

"' '

'

,I
be likelv to'refleðt more and more the style and rhetorchapter'
Atlanta
president
the
of
of
Hósea.Williams,
ic.
Williams is a frre'eating militant, probably the last one
of SCLC
Hosea Wllliams, the militant k
left on the SCLC staff. He vúas part q{ the national
Photo bY David Jenkins
left
suddenly
years,
he
until
staff for almost eight
about 18 months ago. The reasons for his departure
were never explainãd, but apparently he was fired by
the board for being more ambitious and aggressive
than they were ready to take. But not long after he
left the national staff, Williams rgappeared with a-re- :
: . ... !.Unt{l Hosea Williams established thc Atlanta chapquéit fot a charter foi the first Atlantá chäpterof, '
. tei,-that is. ln a year Williams has lcd ncarly a scorc
.q..
SCLC in the organization's history. .
'of strikes'art'd boycqtts by black workcrs against somc I
It might seem odd that SCLC never had an Atlanta
áf lne c¡tv'i O¡eËêst'ancl richest whitc institutionsr
.f.ætåiË"io, e 1972, since its headquãrters WPre there, :
Ri.h'r, thi citúÏ-version of Sear:s; thc Citizcn's and'
Atlänta has the largest black community.i¡¡he South,
e*nn¡tne hrgesl.in. thc,South; ancl many
Southérn
and there are plenty of issues to be struggled against.
'ãthers. Scarcelv a.month hasSonè by whcn Williams"
Èut b".uurt oî itt i¡t" and the wealth that Some few ..
:inJt',ir itafr rtuv. not been gctting árrcsted on a pickct;'
"'
of its members had accumulated since the Civil War,
line demanding an end to discriminatiQn and opprcsAtlanta's black community was undet the influence of
bY some big or-¡tfit or othcr.
sion
'
probably the most conservative and entrenched black
This burst of militance has gcnerated continuing
älit" in ihe country. When Martin Luther King came
extensive publicity for Williams and his chapter'
and
back to Atlanta from Montgomery in 1959¡with his
it has accomplishccl for thc black pcople of AtWhat
his
him
and
opposed
elite
newborn organization, this
is not as clear. Many of thc strikes havc been
lanta
.
qppose the sit'
"radical'1 taãtics, iust as they were to
i
have ended with the pickctcrs scrambling
lost,
4nd
that
campaigns
action
direct
ins and most of the later
'
just'to
ge.t
their jobs back, ncver :.'.....1 thc grievanccs'
'During
followed. ihere are persistent reports that they agreed
his
chapter's brief carcer, Williat¡s was more
to let Kiñg settle SCLC in their territory only.on co.nwithin SCLC than hc was anywhcrc clsc'
contrõversial
dition that he keep his action programs outside it' ln
persistecl
that the SCLC board was on thc
Rumors
is what haPPened.

any case, that

W

IN 1I

verge of lifting the Atlanta chapterrs charter
of the disruptive style of its leader.

because

have gone their separate ways. Reporters were ¡nclined to see a hidden agenda here, an effort to frus-

Then came Abernathy's resignation. Within a

week
' Hosea Williams had decided thal if he was
to continuehis organizing in Atlanta, Abernathy would have iá
stay. The chapter's weekly newspaper, The people's
Crusadër, announced his intentions'in á fuil pagé arti-

trrte an attgmpt by the Board.to replace Abernathy

with l\4.rs.
in effect merging th'e two groups.
\jlq,
cf td tssue a statement insisting that
she was
'1not available" for any office in SCLC;" but she didñ,t
release th¡s statement untíl August13,the day before
the convention opened. By then it wás pretty clear
that Abernath.y's resignation would have to b'e rejected.
Thus speculation about her role continues.
The convention did adopt a set of proposals for
sweeping reorganization of SCLC: they iiclude the
appointment of a strong executive direôtor und fiu.
regional offices, both aimed at taking much of the
load of day-to-day leadership off Abãrnathv{ shoulders, this would make him the group's natioáal spokesman but with much less real authority_sort of ä con_
stitutional monarch. Abernathy has óaid ttrait ttre
way_ he wants it to be, so he can devote more
time to
tvtrs. ñtng

cle headlined "Masses Say Abernathy Can Nof
euit!,,
"We have no othèr alternative other than to call upon
the.grass roots poor people of this nation to enmass
and DEMAND Dr. Ralph Abernarhy ro rescind his
resignation as president of rhe SCLö un¿ lãu¿åi oi
the poor people of America," the article declared. lf
Abernathy did not stay, the chapter said it would
have to leave the organization, because there would
no longer be any protection for it at the national

level. "For a local chapter to challenge the power
structure as we have without protection of a national
bo{y. j.t like being a little child without a parent."
Williams was more specific in interviews with reporters from the Atlanta dailies. The people who
wanted to replace Abernathy, he said, were hoping
to turn SCLC "into another Urban League. Añd there isn't room for two Urban Leaguesl,' He repeated his intention to take the chapterãut of SCLC if a
new president was installed. ,,1'know what would
happgn to me without Ralph-they'd put me in jail
and throw away the key.',
With that, Williams began mobilizing delegations

- various SCLC chaptérs for a keepl46"rfrutny
from

push at the national convention in August. By tlte
time the c-onvention opened lndianapõlis, he Éad the
support of a solid majority of those in atiendance.
And when the board met on the evening of August
14, Williams was waiting with a petitioñfrom t-he
National Committee to Save SCLC and the Caucus of
Chapter Presidents and Affiliate Chairmen, signed by
most of_the people who mattered, demandinf that '
th ey. refuse to accept Abernath y's resi gn ation-.
., The board meeting went on all nigh1. Reportedly
there were at various times majoritiei of íts member!
ready to vote for Mrs. King, Jesse Jackson,WyatL
Walker (SCLC's first Execuiive Diiector) ér láf¡n

Lewis (formerly chairman of SNCC) as ieplacements
to Abernathy, but they weren,t ready to iace the
prospect to being challenged and reversed on the floor.
BV
they staggered out for breakfast, Aber¡he. j.ime

nathy-Williams had won; Wyatt Walker and john
Lewis left the convention in a huff. And Mri. King
failed to shoiv up at all.
Williams wasn't ready to stop just with Abernathy,s
restoration. He pushed through the convention a resolution gi_ving the president authority to require the
entire SCLC staff to resign, so he could purge it of
elements opposed to him. He also introäucõd ; r"rro_
lution denouncing',organizations {which) use the
name of Dr. Martin Luther King, Ji. not áffiliated
with SCLC thar cause confusioñãnd drains irãm tne
impact of SCLC." Board Chairman Joseph Lowery
managed to keep the resolution,.and the direct assualt
it ímplied on Mrs. King and her Center, off the floor.
_ MIr, King's refusal to share the Center money with
SCLC had made her one of Williams' chief targets in
his keep-Atrernathy drive. When Corrgressman Walter
Fauntroy came to her defense, insisting that she had
raised over a million dollars for SCLC, Williams replied in the People's Crusader that this ,,was a lie.,,
It is not clear why her separate fundraising galled
Williams so much. The two groups could jusi ás easily
I2 WIN

atAIL: Ireedçmq!
conscience
o
c

o
Cl
o

c

o
o
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Ës

3d
ø

{.i'

rr9

õ9

3<
c.ËF
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his family and church. But many observers are won_
deringwhether these proposals wilt get any iurtner .

':xG

.=o

Moreover, with the victory of tris keep-ÀUernathy
campaign, Hosea Williamslhas now emerged is the
most influential member of rhe SCLC ciiclá:- -eUernathy owes his continuance in office to hìs-organizing.
And Williams has said publicty rhat if Abernatiy
"d_oes.n't,mealure. ul within the next twelve. months, .
l'll Join them to defeat him.', This probably trans_
lates to mean that Abernathy must
þay ,lor" ãtt"ntion
to the concerns of rhe Atlania chapirr. mórrãuri, -'
Williams has been heard describing himsetfãi ã ntiine
Abernarhy, and should Abernathy decide
lu99ess.or.1g
ro "retrre". ln a.year or two, Williams has made himself
rne man wtth the hold on the kind of people who
make up the rank and file ut u cãnu.nú:;:;h;';;""_
massed" poor people that the Board coulá not ignore. .
Beyond these internal political maneuvers, itls too
early to know whether SCLC has any futur" l.rmãin-T
ing. As far as the national media are con""rn"ã, it
doesn't. The New York Times, for instance, bãr.eiy
took note of Abernathy's reelection, and put it on
pag¡.?!. But the grou_p has been writren off b.fore;
and.tt tt can get out of the financiâl hole it is in. as_
semble a.new, efficient staff, and perhaps most important develop some programs which ðan mobilize
black people to cha.llenge fheir oppression through
the mtlitant nonviolent direct action techniques which
Martin Luther King founded it to employ, thesã latest
reports of its death may, like the earlier ones, prove
IO De premature.

Blond, 26 and handcuffed, the young man followed a
federal marshal from Honolulu's courthouse. James
V. Albertini had iust'been given a 90 day jail sentence
because he refused to pay a fine for pouring blood
over top.secret electronic warfare records at Hickam

Air

Patnik

W
Hrh"*

Base.

Eiefore the Hickam incident, repeated attempts-

preiscônferences, demonstrations, legislative act¡onio inform the people of Hawaii how they are contributing to War Crimes and Crimes Agoir¡st .Human.ity met
wit-h failu-re. The best press cóverage obtained were
small articlès buried deep in the middle pages' Members of cathólic Action of Hawaii-a resistance community-concluded that more personal risk and dedication was necessar'y to get the message across' On
March2,'1972, I.im Albertini and James Douglass
entered ih. Diréctorate of Tärgets office at Hickam
wtrlie Cfruct< Giuli drove a photographer and reporter
ä ;h;;;;". Blood was poured over the records of
destruction with these words:
We

pour our blood in the name of the;God of Lave

,nài¡iit-now in the world in the maimed ftesh of q
peoPle. . .
sufferina
W" ío'u, our btood to signify the responsibility gf

American citizens for the most terrible atroclties since
Nozi GermanY's gas chombers' ' '
We oour our blood frnolly in the nome of the hu- '
mon family under God, a global community created
to live in þeace, in brotherhood and sisterhood-o

These

desired as does all well planncdnonviolent
ieristanóe. Charges against Giuli were dropped and

prUti.¡ty

iãi-óàrgtutt and Albertini reduced to misdemeanors

the damaged
wtren tnã Pentagon refused to exhibit
sàliéì itcot¿s-secret from the American people'
Now. almost a year after original sentencing, the
fine is siill unpaid although the defendants expressed

¡

construction efforts

It

was a quiet August 31st in Honolulu as i im Al-

the fõderal courtroom for sentencing'
bertini
"ntered
friends and supporters were present and
About fifty

j

BY BOB ALDRIDGE

,'

blood pãuring. He also spent a,mo.nth last summer
visiting communities of resistance throughout the U'S'
Then in August of '73 he was ordered to appear in
court for viólation of probation. Explaining that the
atmosphere of the country had changed during the
past year-the ceasefire, Watergafe, revelation of secret
bomóingt of Cambodia, questionihg of constitutional
authority-Albertini again offered to pay $500 for re-

three-the Hickam Three-were brought to
August; a trial which received the
following
trial the

:

Cly9k F.aOer hos longj been octive in the peoce and
civil rights movements. He is also conve'ner of the
New England WIN promotion collective.

i

,orrrnity of'love which con becomÞ fully reol only
,hl"n *, ore wilting to res¡st the shedding of others'
blood bY the giving of our own'
t,

oi
'o(o

'

A warrant is outstãnding for his arrest. Jim Albertini
has been working at $200 per month for the ?eace Education Project iñ Hawaii; having been fired from his
teaching poiition in a Catholic school shortly after the

Jim asked îor permission to speak before s.entence
was imposed. For ten minutes he narrated on the devastàtion in lndochina, quoted from Father'Dan Berrigan and quoted the stoiy of J esus before Pontius Piwhen Pilate asked, "What is truth?"
iate
'--l¡r
tlL"n.J his seniencing to graduation frb'm
sch'ool. Both are occasions wlìen degrees are awarded
of winners and losers
-when the American mythology
is reinforced. But he aligned himself with the loscrs,
his "brothers and sisters who can be found in destroyed villages,.in ghettos, on reservations, in lettucc
tiel¿s; ¡"ri prisoñs ¿ind povertj/ throughout the world'"
He further noted that winners and losers are one'
and
Judge King sentenced .l im to 90 days in iail
the
to
start
wished
he
when
asked
R"ne.
$Z5O
jail sentence'Vhen
Jim indicated he was ready immediately'
:'May the Lor¿ Oe with you at this timc," eiaculatcd a
man as he stood uP.in the courtroom'
"Find out what that man's name is," ordcred thc
iudee. Others let it be known they, also, wcre irl soliäarity with Jim. King said they could givc-thcir '
names to marshals later and may be cited for contempt of court.
, liramatically flourishing handcuffs a marshal slappccl
them on Ji¡'s wrists' The courtroom erruptcd as
spectators shouted from the gallery. King had to
räise his voice to iommand, "Don't handcuff him
here. Take him outside the courtroom'"
' Ñow f im is in the Halawa Jail but thc op.portunity
, for raisinÊ public consciousness will not cnd' Thcre
is certain"to be another showdown ovcr the $250 finc
siill outstanding.. A few days bcfore'going to iail Jim
wrote these'rvoids.; ryhiçh hc ccrtainly mcant for all in
thè resistance:
lndeed the wsr 0g0¡nst peace continues, but the
bond we continue to shqre cont¡nues. May the grace
. of God thlt you h.ave always responded to so openly
ond with such beouty ever increase in your lives'
Sholom mY friends,

.
,
tnan-the convention votes. Abernathy is very
much
an old-sryte black Baptist preacher, uí¿ ir.,. j"iågæion

ofauthority does.not come easily io such chäiacters.

willingness to give $500 each to the American Red
Cross.- This wãs reiected as "odd ball" by sentencing
has
Judge Samuel P. King. Since the trial Douglass
¡eèñ on numerous speaking tours throughout the U'S'
and is now writing another book in British Columbia'

:4

lim
is a personol friend of the Hickom
Honolulu 0t the t¡me of their trial'

Rob"rt C, Aldridge
Three and was

ìi

CONTACT
Jim's iail address is:

f

ames V. Albertini

F.O. Box 33

Aiea, Hawaii 96701

wrN

13

l

nll lIrllrl)un aI

along with our other resistance stances? And doesn't
that require that we provide an alternative institution
for all our sisters and brothers in jeopardy of imprison_
ment? lsn't underground that alternative and shouldn't
we be at least that serious about maintaining the quJilty of each other,s lives?"
ln a more reóent letter, to paul Salstrom. one of
the first Vietnam War resisters to do time in'jail, Tom

t vvus just coming from the WRL conference, Since
many "celebrities" from the movement were there, I
guess Ít was flooded with agents, lt was q solid feeling
io be wtth WW tand l4l,l tl reststers though. That
sense of solidarlty with a history is sustn¡nlng me now
too, Thanks for your exomPle; Paql.
I am en route to Chicogo the long woy-by car
bumptng across the country from one county iail to'
l
onoihei. Very educationol triP!
I intend to go on trial for the Chicogo drqft board
act¡on as soon os the government gets its case together
enouoh. lt would be good if you could come. lf you
tike,îou could help bl being a witness and discussing
ouíéontuct in Cotifornia in 1968'69'
Slnce beins here ih Denver, I have been study¡ng
the New Tes{oment (Matthew) ond storted o book by
Art Ford and Jerry Ellison colled On Life'Beyond
Death. / hope to get a copy ofa book on Edgor Coyce
on dreoms. Chow is good. This ploce is built like a
pen. l'm totd. tt hosa librory and yard] sb we oren't
äntírelv tlmited to steel, cement, bricks and gloss' I

said:

, .lltlyen. t first
I loóked at whot I

[*
ri,

jumped boil and went ',underground,,,
wos doingas experimentat"ion. lt '
séems thot ofter three and one half years of life be_
yond the strictures of legality, ! haie some substant¡àl
bosis ìn living thot deserues m'ore thon a brush off üo
potent¡al toct¡c for nonviolent people to consÌder, I
must admit thot ¡n this situation, my head wøs foilow_
ing ?y feet. Thot is, my decisio, to go unde,iqround
vtns made before I had a cleor rationole anA a"futry aeueloped, political perspective to present to pàopÉ.
t. .
hod talked with a number of pople who h'od äon" ,

time for draft resistance. ,qtftií ripäilr';;;Ã;;;
thot I had to operote on iold me tiat it was'on op-

pressive

foln'
FROM A CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN
TOM SMIT AND PAUL SALSTROM,
Tom Smit, a member of the Chicago 15, who in ,1969
raided a Chicago draft board headquarters and burned
thousands of Selective Service files, was arrested on
August 7 in Palo Alto, Ca., after almost four vears

situation.

Sìnce liberation is what

I take to

...

be our.gool, and sÌnce that comes about when people
are able to live lives which overcome oppression, i't
seemed to me that I should try'to brooden the iacticol
lptions for people faced.with lelony level raps by tr¡t..
ing to creote an alternative to imprisonmgn¡.'
Uy Oíiic
pr¡nciple in an advococy role is thot I nevei recommend that people do something until I have done it
myself, and have o bosis Ìn perional experience for ad:
ulling people.on optìons they may be considering.
N9y I am osking thot we begìn to consider the õption
of building a nonviolent unclerground which could offer an alternative to oll people-faced wÌth the threat of
institutionolized viole.nce in the form of prisons.

in fht:
"''
,

tr

League 50th Anniversary Conference in Asilom ar, Ca.,
and was returning home when federal agents. wtró haA'

bury, after turninghimself in to the couits
- Lur.t April, in a letter to The Peacemoker, Tom defended the idea of an l'underground.', ,,Mf own stance
has been an extension of nonãooperation and iesistance
to-the entire system of the government,,' he wrote.
" lf you'don't cooperate with the courti and prisons,
the governmeñt comes after you with bench warrants,
indictments, and the FBl. I believe we should resíst

these manifestations of oppression also." Tom addressed a number of questions to the movement concerning resistance. "We know that prisons are oppres-

sive institutions, don't wè? We know that there ii
really no difference between so called ,crimes of conscience'and the instinctual resistance of what are

known as 'ordinary criminals,' donlt we? lsn't it
about time we took a position of prison abolition to go
14 WrN

tirnes,

I hope y-gu cBn,find it i4 yoq to.yvrite
benefrt by Your word.
while-l'd
'Courage
for llfe's iaurneY,

r

ln this letter, Tom describgs some of the. peace ac'tions ñ" *ut abíe to effecti'üely'carry'out while underground.
He then goes on to saY that: , ,
' '' Mov¡no bevonã the destruction of the:system of
,ortiripúor'and into the destruction of all war mok'
ina caiabititv is the future direction I þope such a
.'ovemert would toke' If it is not fully clear by now,
-i-am
àdvocating thot people dismontle the entire mili'
tirv structure bv dirèct oction. The only stipulotion
oímv odvòcaci is thqt we occomptish this without in'
iuiiío numan iife. Property which is destructìve of
'humán
life, be that planes, bombs, ships, gyns, gmmunition-hoi no rights. People have the resþonsibility '
to destroy such mechanisms of viole4ce wherevþr ond
whenever they moy be found' t startèd teaii'ipg this. .
and my.fother told
;i;;¡ wii o'oout'twelve years oldBB
gun becriuse I
tirother's
my
destroy
to
noa
,å-i
beot iñe barrel
äii iät irrirnd ín the oss withofit'ourI apartment
un'
steps
back
the
gu,
over
ò71nà
never be used agoin"
ll it ,ât so bent up thlt it would
-ii
,oitA tr"m thot the symbol of the .Wor Relist?rs.
'iroãi:"
not a power mony have not ye't.perceived' I
mohes it clearer to some of them'
tn¡s
niíe
'--ï
t"tt"t, written þy.fg1 to Paul Salstro¡¡ from
the Denver CounÉY Jail, follows'

once in o

Love for the struggle,
Tom Smit

"

underground. Tom had attended the War Resisters

tailed him from the conference, nabbed him. Friends
speculate that the conference; which had over 600
people in attendence, also hosted a number of federal
agents, looking for resisters like Tom who while líving
underground still related to the'movement. (Meanwhile, in New York City, another Chicago l5 resister,,
John Loll, was sentenced to one year iriprison. Dan-"

io be adi,t¡sting fairly well. Frëedom songs keep ^
up,
my
splrits
I spent one night ¡n Santa Claro County Joil and
two weeks in S.F, Caunty. I wos vlsited often while in
S,F, by some of our mutuol friends from Berkeley

seiem

:

Dear
- -U¡Paul,

Oroîner' Thought it best to infornryou that

I wos orrested by the FBI August,Tth in Palo
Ànó. i niã o tist of nomes on a sheet of poper that the
'Ëgl'confìscoted'
when

't¡sl.

Your name and oddress wos on the

i

trust that this won't

Pordon the blunder'

couse

you any diffrculty'

dravv¡ngs by.Paul Spina

'J.xì.'-..

WIp*AlarbañTIr"S
t
È

i
I
¡

ii
.t

'all of them. I thought about what they all wanted,

mented sardonically to the middle'aged man, "They'rê
àl*uyt rich, and they're always handsome."
It had become apparent during the general cpnver'
sation with Barbara that she was intelligent as well as
slamorous. She had read a good deal, probably gone
io college, possessed a lively sense of humor and con'
siderablã ínsight. All was not money and clothes. My
Manhattan wãs getting to me and I commented to '
luliana. "lt's a shame she has to depend on mefffor
ätt ttloí" things. She's obviously bright enough to fly
the plane and earn a pilot's salary. I mean, if she can
drive a car."
"Yes," said Juliana, "she can drive a car. And you're
right. ihat's the heart of the problery." ' ....
But it wasn't. lt was only the surface. When she
came back, Barbara started telling me what.a bifch the
Bar Mitzvah man's wife was to him' How she sþent
all his money and didn't give anything in return. Nev'
;;;;k.J; íneat, retieo ån tiiát to iake care öÌ the

what the cars and the Bar Mitzvahs and the watch
represented-and why I didn't want any of that' I
th'ought about my own desires, for a kind of .security
and hTuman dignity, and a little adventure' Why do
people, nice people, sell out for baubles?
' fft. socioiogical explanation came to me: Status'
And I thought, what a degrading word that is' Social
l'icientists';aró always fuðking us over' I changed the
*ãi¿-to dignity, to respect. That's what thesé people wanted,lhatts why I empathi2ed with them' A
'Black
working woman, an ltalian working man-how
do they achie"ve dignity and respect in- our culture?
By makingit-only by making it. Visibly' Ostentatiously.
An'd those who go to iail for causes, who give away
all their money-are they not also finding respect and
ãignity in the ôyes of their friends? A kind of supcr
di[nity, super respect, even glory?. This is what all hum.ãn u"lirsi want-to ihine-and what's wrong with
thãt? nbiolutely nothing. What a world this would
be if we could all iust shine, as we are' as we werc
born.
: Sá we'll,¡ust drown the concept of .sta!u,5 and all
-l
'When
ttré'-inobbiim it implies, and call for digníty'
underwatch
the beautiful woman with th" beautiful
be'rewill
notiäed,
be
will
stands that she w'ill shine,
join the linc'
spected without any accessories, shiwill
people
no longcr
that
power
realize
When the men in
i.lp".l p"*"r, they will step down' Our.problem is to
givå gloiy without gold, to demonstrate thc truth of
iome verv ancient concepts, to givc recognition to
people individuallY,
' [iarbara's accomplishment is real, and so is Eddic's'
They both work haid, Barbara as a stcwardcss as wcll
Thcy
as aîustler. They think, they read, they drcam'
rniss
thcy
somehow
that
ãã, in fu.t, no harm-except
wÉat they'really want. Like the rich man's wife, thcy
tt.tint t¡'.v wani what they have' But they aren't satI itfitd. Nót the way Phillip Berrigan is satisfied, or

children-the lot. "The poor man!" sh{said'

Then Eddie, the man in the T'shirt, began t-o talk
about åls life. At 40 he was single, worked in construcgot a good salary, owned a fancy car. Very haption,-Oidn't
py.
want to cornplicate his life with a woman'
hãd n"u"t met the right woman. Really could enioy
himself and his money being single and didn't care
what his married friends thought' He was ltalian and
didn't want tó marry until he was ready to settle down
and be as faithful to his wife as he would require her
to be. Most of his friends cheated on their wives two
or three times a week.. rOne of the wives had c.ommitt-

:
tt

a

BY LEAH FRITZ
It was a small bar encapsuled in a corner of a large
restaurant. There were only three customers.: a youn!
woman in a bright yellow suit, a middle-aged man in
a T-shirt and corduroy pants, and myself. Juliana, a
husky Black woman with straightened short hair,
tended bar. The young woman, who was drinking the
house's red wine, turned out to be Juliana's niece. I
had visited this bar before, so I knew Juliana, but the
rest of us rapidly made friends. Without exchanging
names right away, of course. This is the way of New
York bars. lt had taken several light benders for me
to get to know Juliana's name.
yo.u-ng woman's head was delicately shaped, i
.herTlìe
dark skin smooth and lustrous, her feaiuressmâll,
her hair swept back in a grandly simple knot. Thþ cui
of her suit was elegant and on her wrist she wore a
heavy gold watch which might have been a showpiece
in a Museum of Modern Art good design

exhibit. ln
all, she might have-to put it vulgarly-stepped off the
cover of Vogue.

,s

The young woman was talking to her aunt about
her latest boyfriend who had spent 912,000 on his
son's Bar Mitzvah. All winter he keeps his wife in
Florida where she plays canasta and polishes her nails.
ln the summer, she stays at the house in Atlantic
Beach. They live ín New Jersey. I gather he paid
Barbara's (l'll call her.that-why not?) rent. 5he met
him on a flight to Lisbon where he had business to attend to but managed to take Barbara and one of the
other stewardesses on her plane out for a g1 50 lunch.
The gold watch came from another admirer who saw
her eyeing it in Ïffany's window. Or it may have
been Cartier's. She said this admirer bought it for her
without her even showing him "whether I'm a man or
a woman." Both of these men were handsome as well
as rich. She had a dinner date this evening with still
another man, the man she hoped to marry, for whom
she would give everything up. But he was slow on the
uptake, and she was trying to figure out how to pin

him down. And so it goes.
When Barbara went to the toilet, her aunt com16 WIN

'

ed suicide.
They each decided to buy me adrink since I had
onlv come in with enough change for one. I was expected at home to take care of a rqember of .the fami-

iv who had been temporarily invaliäed, and in truth
l'had gone to the bar'to escape for a while from the
call oiduty. I had been cooking and n¡rrsing all week'
."
1'knew thérê were others at horÍië to take up the chores
if I neglected them, and I sorely need.ed a çhange' So .
i uiféñt"¿ the'refilís of my glass and joined the general

Paul Johnson Somewhere in New lVlexico'
pcrson'
I ám not.one to say what should satisfy a
somcwant
and
animal
a
social
I believe that we are
each other as well as from oursclves' Thc
ih¡ng
woriä hus grown too large to give cach of us a hcacl-

of Friday evening after work' ' 'pay day'
comrá¿erie
--'i
exolained to Barbara the lot of rich' married Jewish
*otãn whose husbands paid $12,000 for a Bar Mitzkept a mistress. I explained that the wife had
uutt
a virgin in the first place and re6i-n9d after martã be"n¿
riase two functions in life: to be faithful and to get
allihe children, particularly theboys, into'good col- .
iéees. I explained that canasta and the hairdresser and
thi nail poiith *.t. all substitutes for living' "Pt¡t lhe
doesn't ieatize it," said Barbara. "She fhin¡..5he has
what she wants-and she must have hustled prelty

hirãto

get

.
'

to me."
I don't-know why I liked these two peoplg so much
I d¡d' Maybe it wasthe
-Barbara and Eddie-but
drinks. Or the general aura of good will sp-illing over
the bar from Juliana, who had the irony, if'not the
bitterness, of Flo Kennedy. They were all potential
radicals uÁd didn't know it' Ong day, I thought,.one
day we'll márch together. With the rich man's wife,
too. MaYbe her in the lead'
When I got home and sobered up, I thought about

tine, to write each namJin whitc smokc against thc
sty. An¿ who am I to condescend to anyonc, to say
what's good for me is good for You?
l'm glad Barbara has hcr watch and her bcautifui
.toihesiänd I hope she nails hcr man. I wish hcr luck
morc. I wish it for mysclf,
-but I wish hcr something
l'wish it for dVeryonçi. . but how to convcy what.

that

it."

I couidn't disagree with that, and it would.be rude
to point to Barbaia's well-bred watch' "Still," I said,
"hó has more fun'than she does."
"But he work so hard for his money!" Barbara
arguetl. "He never goes away' except on a business
trú. Rna she's probably lousy in bed or he wouldn't
be coming

ftot

is?

tuuSs iust th9''comraderìe of a bar on a Friday

.

nigr,t itr.i., åTièr e'couptb of drinkS, evc-rybody arl-'
.. rnÌ'res'eier,yhody elsc, and where wc confcss to cach
other, like lifelong friends, our secrct fcars anrl socrcl
hopei, without being properly introduccd. And suddenly we arc just eycs to each other, dcep, cleep cycs,
responses, warmth; weare each othcr; wc'vc exchánged identities; we arc intcrchangeable. Wc shinc
there. We are ourselvcs, and we shinc.
.
l'm loath to end this, becausc thcrc's somcthing
'
something I haven't graspcd. Maybc you have,
"more,
and you'll tell me.

Leah Fritz wants o iob in New York City. Anythinq
honest involving wr¡t¡ng, ed¡t¡ng, etc. (Cle ver at.PR,
pub., promo. &. corres.) Full or part t¡me. Write clo WlN.

wlN t7

son P. Clark, executive secretary of
the American Friends Service Committee, testified before Senator William J.
Fulbright's Senate Commíttee on For-

eign Relations.

"For the

Senate to confirm Henry
Kissinger-as Secretary of State,', said

clark before rhe Fulbright committee,
"in the absence ofany indication from
him or the Admínistration that ¡t w¡ll
change the character of the policies I
have-discussed with you today, is to
confirm.a foreign and military þolicy
with a shocking history of war and áeceit. We need a sign from this co'mmittee and from the Congress thata different policy is wanted.,'
. ln his testimony, Clark raised.questions as to Kissinger's role in deceiving

the American public and the Corrgresi
on such matters as the secret bor.nbings"
of Cambodia and incursions into;LaoL
Clark also raised issues that dealt

The Everyman lll, w¡th an international crew attempted to sa¡l to Moscow ¡n 1962
immediate cessat¡on of nuclear testing,

to

urge

David McTaggart said he was willingto pay the price when he protested
the French nuclear tests in the Pacific
for the second straight year. Last year,
the "price" was having his yacht, the
Greenpeace lll,rammed by a French
destroyer. This year, McTaggart may
have paid a higher price-loss of vision
in his right'eye.
The slight, 50 year old Canadian

I

ì
I

I

l

l
l
l
I

l

rl

il
I

passed through Honolulu in early September accompanied by a Canadian
government official and a Canadían eyê
specialist. He was going home to sue
the French government for piracy and
other changes. McTaggart said his boat
was boarded illegally by French havy

commandos August 16th in internation.
al waters off the Mururoa Atoll testing
grounds, 750 miles southeast of Tahiti.
McTaggart said he was thrown off
his boat, and was beaten and struck in
the eye with a heavy rubber club. His
rravigator, Nigel lngham, also was beaten, he said, and two wotîen members
of the crew, from New Zealand, were
"manhandlecl," Later, McTaggart was
taken to a French military hospital and
held incommunicado for 12 days until
Canada intervened and arranged for his
release. The Canadian eye specialist

said extensive testing would determine
whether the eye could be saved.
The 38-foot Greenpeace
was

lll

towed by the French into the Mururóa
!_aSoon for the duration of the testing.
McTaggart says that while the boat is
moored away from the test area it likely will be exposed to heavy radiation.
The French denied using violence
and claímed that McTaggart slipped
and struck his eye on a baton carried
by a sailor who was helping him get up.
A picture smuggled out by a woman
crew member and published in a Honolulu newspaper shows three French
sailors clubbing I ngram.
"What happened to my boat and
my eye isn't the point," McTaggart

says. "The point is that my boat was
illegally boarded and we were illegally
arrested in international waters and
forcefully taken to a country we didn,t
want to go to. The people conducting
this very expensive test were upset
with us and our lousy little wooden
boat." :-from the Honolulu Advertiser
(by perer Sctrenct)

AFSC OPPOSES KISSINGER
A challenge to the confirmation of
Henry Kissinger as Secretary of State
was issued September 14 when Bron-

Soviet chrome.
Senator Kennedy, and Nixon's appointed U.N. Ambassador, John Scali,
both state that the continuing trade
with Rhodesia has severely damaged
the image of the United States in the
eyes of African members in the United

Nations.

-Zodiac

SKINNY DIPPING COMES
TO OLYMPICS
Swimmers ¡n the 1976 Olympic Gamds

in Montreal might be competing in
the nude.
Western German female swimmers

with

in Munich have been.swimming without suits on and report that nude racing enables them to swim much faster.

tions coming under the guidance of
Kissinger as President Richard Nixon's

Western German swimming coach Gerhard Hetz sáys that he has timed eight
of his best sv/¡mrners who raced while
nude, and that all eight set their best
marks ever. They found that their
cloth suits slowed them down too
much.
Coach Hetz adds that former Aus-

U.S. violations of international
protocols and statues of The Hague,
Geneva and Nuremberg, such viõla-'

adviser.

FRENCH MAIM
NUCLEAR PROTESTOR

The Senate, in 1971, voted to trade
with Rhodesia again, on the grounds
that banning Rhodesian chrome would
make the United States dependent on

. Citing the deception. of Kissinler's
declaration last November and Dõcember that "peace is at hand," Clark
pointed to the Christmas bombing of
North Vietnam as a direct violatiõn of
public trust.
"Both sides,in Vietnam have committed ceasefire violations,,' said Clark.
"But they pale ín,significance, when it
comes to undercutting the paris Accords, compared to the post-co¡bat

policies and practices of the Adriinistration under Dr. Kissinger's guidance."
"To confirm the man,', saiã Clark
of Kissinger's appointment, ,,is to confirm the policies in which he has beeir

centrally involved and for which he
stands. Are we to have government
leaders who do not lie to us? Who do
not place us under surveillance? Or
tap our telephones?"

-AFSC

SEN. KENNEDY PROPOSES
tsAN ON U.S.-RHODESIA
TRADING
Senator Edward Kennedy is spearheading a drive in the Senale to have the
United States reimpose a ban that
would outlaw trade between the U.S.

and Rhodesia.
Despite a United Nation's sanction
against Rhodesia, adopted in l96g
with. the support of the United States,
the U.S. has continued to purchase

vast quantitíes of chrome from Rhodes_
ia. The U.N. sanction had been imposed to protest the white supremacy
policies of the Rhodesian government.

The past Year was marked with a
tremendous arms buildup in the Persian Gulf, prompted by the big rise in

alone.

including Egypt and lsrael-and Saudi
Arabia. Both these countries buy most
of their weapons from the U.S. -J.P.

MISS NEW HAMPSHI'R'E
ATTACKED

is spending more

Michelle Cote, competing as Miss New
Hampshire in the Miss America conheld in Atlantic City was repudiattest
VIETNAM
KNIT FOR
ed in the state's largest newspaper,The
CHILDREN
Manchester llnion Leader, after she anannounced her support for the women's
lndívidual knitters and groups in the.
Únited States are coopeiating with the and gay liberation movements and
õñit¿t"n't Committee of Canadian Aid "any- liberation movement that's going
foi V¡etnam Civilians. Simple garments to give people more dignitY'"
in a i'We Regret" statement boraie knitted to specifications supplied
to
Canada,
shiPPed
and
dered in black on the front Page, the
uu CAVC
lJnion Leader declared it would no
where they are Pooled with the garloneer oublicize her candidacy, saying
ménts tniited bY the Canadians and
tft"í t'r.t remarks "defied the spirit of
shiooed to Vietnam.'There, the cloththe pageant." .,
inn
ánd blankets are delivered to Viet-"LNS
'nãr"tt
Red Cross soòieties, which dis-

tribute them to the children'
Women in the United States have
been participating in this prolect for
'
almoit four years and many shipments
of finished garments and blankets and
have been mailed to

blanket squãrbs
Toronto and Vancouver'
For more information and sPecific
instrúctions for the knitted Sarments
and "simple to sew" pants and shirts
write to: Ms.-Lil Greene, 1554 Yonge
St.. Suite 4, TorÇnto 290, Ontario,

caña¿a.

Committee to Permit nude swimmers
is permitted, watch

"The year after the May,1972, Sovieti
American interim agreement on the
limitation of offensive missiles provid-'
ed little evidence of super-power restraint in that field," concludes the
lnternational I nstitute for Strategic
just issued'
Studies in its annúal report
the
U'S' could
At the Present Paçe,
have

1

tãontiäi Urâgèt for the city

majority of whom are women' are on
strike against Farah Mfg. Co., one ol
the world's largest manufacturers of
men's pants.

dropped

URGE BRITISH SOLDIERS

OUIT NORTHERN IRELAND
_ì.

The British Withdrawal from Northern

is circulating a fact
$zsOO aftér che'mical lreland Campaign
'þaii càntrol was aUan¿àned in lavor
5heet informing British soldiers how

i-ir.''EZõóOî

.
lrcland- eithcr
;¡;Ùi.í;gi;"ii""ti"t program dèveli' ' they.can quit Northe-rn
oped by tñe University'of öalifornia's,' legally, by applying for a CO; or illegal'--''' '"' ly, þy.'qging AWoL-and urging thcm
¿irtomóloey J.purtttnt,' "
The old progranì was based.on the to d.o so'
of the fact
one-page.repro.duction
A
idea ihat uti'iri¡îrti'on ihe city'sirees
were harmful. Research uncovered sheet was reprinted in Peoce News Au'.n
tfre faci thaibniy t*o insects actuallv qy.l|31' lt conclude¡i1.U9!d tyne"WE WHO ARE DISTRIBUTING
kill treeslaphids and oakworms. A
Eurooean *uro *a, discovered which THIS FACT. SHEET TO YOU, HOPE

00O land-based and71 0 subma-

'
missiles carrying well over
gö00 wurtteuds by the end bfthe 1970s,

ihe i.port saYs. The Soviet Union

in the U.S."

Over 3,500 Chicano workers, the vast

Wages range from $1 .70 an hour to
$2.20 an hour after 20 years, high production quotas are used to deny raises
and older workers are forced to quit
before retirement and thus lose benc-CAVC fits. We urge You to ioin the growing
number of people actively fighting for
an end to social injustice. Boycott
Farah Pants. -Black Panther PartY

covered that biological pest control it
not only ecologically sound but it can
save money as well. The annual pest

t'rt-Uuiãã

"has also shown every sign of reaching
the aereement limits'"
Tlioush still far behind, China is repott.i tõ be moving ahead with her
ñu"it.t program, developing a multitiãn. initttñ" diaie'range missile sufñ.Jntiv po*"rful to reach Moscow
uí int"t.ontinental missile "ca"Àã
päulã oi t.u.hing most maior targets

i

BOYCOTT FARAH PANTS

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
PAYS OFF
The city of Bèrkeley,'Calif., has dis-

for a host of new records to be set, ih'.
cluding audience attendance. -Zodiac

THE ARMS RACE GOES ON

-Environmental Action

splurge are lran' which
fãr arms than any country in the area

faster.
'water
Hetz says he will ask the OfVmPic

lf skinny dipping

cide use on these six crops could drop
as much as 5O% through,this program

oil reserves. Leading the spending

tralian swimming star Dawn Frasçr
often swam in the raw because she
found that she could move through the

to compete iñ 1976.

controls. The USDA believes that pest¡-

therebv MT' BY oNE MEANq^gl ANorHER, You Y!LL AY9IP TAKING
öäÉ*o'-r
¿ditrãli¡nÈ iné upir¡¿r.
lN NORTiI
of PART lN THE'KILLING
fátt;ssr;ith¡r

-

*"r"1¡prî

ãpr.r¡¿ eggs,

out by the introduction

ERN IRELAND." Soldiers heedìng
they. are
the plea are urged to contact the Camp"riiãrf.ri/iriirpti5t..
' e¡"i"gi¿"¡ iãnirot, appear to be the paign (headquar.tered at i,5 Calcdonian
wave of ît',, frtrr". f¡tå'u's. Depart- ii'¿, (ings ir., Lonc'lon N.l , Eng') "so
ment;f Álriculture is funding 19 uni- that your brave actions can receive as
u.rtii¡.i i"i ,ir¿V of six maior crop much publicity and have as much ef-J'P'
syst;;; tó nn¿ effective bioiogical fect as possible."

an inséci

dirru* tb which

WIN 19

least): that the main problem we have with food is to try'

iat<. ot our loóks and our cholesterolized hearts' -to
At the same time, probablu-90!o 9f the rest of
"flli.
iìí" *oiíå't people have been'trying, for their very lives¡ to
get more,
"--Ãiltf'tut may be changing. America lurched into another

ìãîiíi.

t"y

.póiñ ãiõú"á ítrã time ríe öt¿ the Russians a small mount'
ain range of wheat, for a song (plus a big bioker's per.cent:

age)-tñe s"m" way the meat-hungry Poles used to sell us
tñeir luscious hami. We won't lei òver that deal for a long
time, and now a large fraction of America's overfedSO%
are c'ontemplating o-ccasional meatless meals. Mameñyu.

Munch, cruncñ. According to the September,1973.Or'
Gardening and Forming magazine, "A Nationwide
oanic
-Gallup
survey last spring revealed that the number of veg- ¡
etabld gardens in the U.S. could increase by 3,000,000." .
The lañguage is stupidly vague, but the idea has been on the
minds of a lot of us'
. Anyhow, here is Rabbit at the bee!¡¡i1tç of the story,
iust iomins'out of the supermarket' "Rabbit was chewing
ièarrot, büt you couldn't hear the munch, munch because

!
J

o
o
ô
ã

o

;o

.

g,

o

L

D

kept sayingPhooeY."
he
"-,;;Vfóoãáf,uî'k
was waving a ieaf of spinach [also purgreen,'
chased at the supermarket]-' ' .'These greêns aren't
he shouted. "TheY're Yellow!"
""
o¿oän o c k an d'R ab b i t h ave
thÏ ;Jo*'i';;t
i' ;

D

@

o
É

¡

D

rz

tn

RISING T!DES
20th Century American Women Poets
Laura Chester & Sharon Barba, ed.
Washington Square Press/Pocket Books, N.Y.
NO MORE MASKS!
An Anthology of Poems by Women
Florence Howe & Ellen Bass, eds.
Anchor Press/Doubleday

It is very diffcult to make generalizations about poetry, especially now, when there are so many different kinds being
written. Perhaps this is one of the reasons why editors currently seem to organize their anthologies around a subiect,
rather than reflecting a trend in style. Another reason may
be the small audience for poetry: an anthology of poems
relating to a subject of broad general interest, such as the
Women's Movement, will reach more people.
ln their introductions, the editors of both these antholo'
gies appear to claim that there is something unique emerging
in the work of these women poets; that there is a new and
origina-l women's voice. I would like to believe this. But
both iñtroductions document their claims mainly on the
basis of the sublect matter covered by the poems they include, and on the basis of the feminist premise from which
many women poets write. But poetry is an art form in
which subject matter and the longuage chosen to express
it are most intimately connected- Although both anthologies are full of poems which demonstrate fhat there rs a femin-ist point of view which shows the daily life and feelings
of women in a new light, this alone does not seem to create
a new and identifìable style of poetry. lt seems to me that

uniquely feminist structures, language, forms and rhythms
arexot clearly evident in the work of women poets.
Because the use of language and subject matter are so
connected, if there were a néw feminist voice, there would
probably also be. a new feminist ontology emerging in poetry
But it seems at this point anyhow, much of the-poãtry'being
written by women is not unique in its world view: it reflects eithel: some form of the Women's Movement, or more
traditional aspects of women's private lives. I am aware that
20 wlN

;;;';;

"i'w
¡"ri uäå?åJ (;'i; th. woods! To thqwoods!" theY're,shouti
'
ing no*; pleÀty of exclamation points-in the new life!) is .

this is curious criticism, and also irrelevent to what bofh of
these anthologies are trying to demonstrate. " However, l do
not think that women's poetry on the whole is necessarily
becoming better and more unique simply because women
are now more conscious of themselves as women. Poetry
remains dependent on the depth of the poet's own vision
of the world, and on her ability to communicate ¡t in an original and skillful voice. The good work of women poets
will not be explained by rising tides or no more masks, or
other concepq that attempt to show its development in
terms of its contents.
Anyhow, while puzzling over these questions,.{ gol to
read a lot of good and exciting poetry by women.
These two anthologies do not overlap very much in their
selection, especially in their more contemporary choices.
No More Masks contains the work of 49 poets that Rising
Tides does not include, and Rising Tides contains 32 that
No More Masks doesn't have. Rising Tides you can put in
your pocket, No More Masks is bigger and a little better
spaced

FEAST.

. AND THEN A HARVEST
George Dennison

ly stronger interest in subject matter (the poems selected

are more "political", and more discursive). Rising Tides,
in its more contêmporary selections, concentrates more on
the craft of poetry, and on poets with a better developed,
more traditional, sense of craft.
Since craft seems important to me, especially in an area

that has been so bombarded by rhetoric, I preferred many '
of the selections of Rising Tides. This is not everybody's'
taste.

I don't want to talk about individual poems or poets,
since there were quite a fçw that I liked in both anthologies,
and it is diffcult to discuss an individual.poet on the basis
of such a limited selection of her work. I enjoyed the respect both anthologies give to our elders, the women who
wrote without much support¡ in the earlier part of the centur.y. Both books are worth having. 1 carry them around
and read poems to friends. While I was readíng one, someone said to me "this book is like a weapon", and I could
imagine her throwing it at me íf I were to ask her what
womenfs poetry is.
Kilgore

-Kathryn

FEAST

Randõm House, N.Y. $3-95

ì

'-''

Munch. crunch. This is a very corJtemporary tale that the.
'iilii; t'ídr ãán óätót't ón to: 'häppV food and a new life in the

woods.

I

Now ev'erywhere in the garden youlco.uld hear a
glt!.ng'
Þt""sant óru nch i ng and mu.nchi 1g gt *¡
Boy!'l
Oh
"Wow!'r
iaying,
kept
iúoodchuck

leaves of

'

chard.

'

"My friends, I toast vou.w¡th this opion-" [Be.ar]
helá it and popped ¡t in h¡s mouth' An{ gvery:'
where you.could hear, "l.toast vgu.lttith ll]:,,
radish!;'

"l

"l

toast

v.o.u

y1!h thesé bean

toast You with this lettuce!"

nåìshborlìooa. With gardens and some other things on his
riñd, C.ntg" has resðttled in northern New England, and .
ftit Àâ¿ bus"hels of the kind of experience that give authority' to his lettuce lYric.
The delight in.þreen things briskly growing, right there
forthe tasting, is ñrajor in tñis book. lt's a modest anthem
tã the part of"ihe counter-culture that foments and livcs by
thè gre'en revolution. Stripped down to animal personages'
it mäkes more sense to kids than would a tale of real humans'
MayUe that fact makes the lesson that rides along with the. '
tiie a sha¿e spurious: animals can step into thc lyrical and
pastoral a lot more easily than we twisty-turny humans

'
There were tender young leaves of.lettuce,.and^,,
shoots of bean plants, and tiny' onions, and small

for reading.

ln general,'l found that No More Masks reflects a slight-

ió"r"irri'n! like'the exhausted Pioneer Market on exhausted
Avenue À¡n tfre Lower East Side, George Dennison's old

HARV
cover drawing þy Geofgg Dsnnlson from AND THEN A

çalks!"

lunR.ulirti, or unrealistic, an important part of the lesson
i, ;;¿i;iJ. À Ür""f", ánimati-e¡i¿, bog, Cat, Bear,
"f more-start out from the súperWãäã"irif, Mout', and.

iliJlfif:f;-,1:ï ìî["tr^Ï:tr'ì:.å:ilål;i',iilin;i;i.1r"*,
ä;';åù;to ttrã *oo¿r. They iet up house and life in a dc-

;;rilîi;Ëúi",

1.E"" to cuitivate'the land, and collab.or-

å;;il;ñ;;t"#yäing,

with full play for tñe gra.nd origin-

up,.an9

in"
llh'IH;.i,t"rtl1:lâifil:1fir9ll?älä"il'ü"|.1
pluck' ,' i;'t";:ã
feathered
other
every
(and
beats
who
iong
firtrrir
their
iããã iítàt on), little Bird hai to be lecturcd ,ì
;;i;"
theY,, ;;;;; ;;ár;;ine
*orrt oit of th. garden: thc worms are
and saying "4h,"
äili ;; ñil""; the soil. Stork, ãs a latent bureaucrat,

rhe sun went down and the moon came

the moon was so bright th€y kept right on
ing green things and popping.them into
móüttls. They were saying, "Mmm,".and
were chewing and swallowing

;ii::î:'i::i;i:;:;liilil;,"*
õitñ"
Th.j ää;î;rï"il F""ri, ál ir'ã

A!,he end

or ti*lgrur::,åå,'*"',þf,ïilîlï'i!¡!:ili::"'
citv

ÚooÈ, the animals . iéaches his fellow greenhorns.from the

how to. garden'

"nJ
; wt'rrneverythingüorks.andthegardencomes.up,.hecan't
Bear,whohasdãvãlopeda
arestuffedwithfunand'food.
g.'ro"gr'' thã erowíni sãason, coc.ks an €ye ger.over the pralse that's heaped on him, and becomes a
;ffiil;;;rüàîitv
a trial of Bird for the crime of
at the moon, anct purs rt all in a nutshell-in an onion skin. ättle stuffy. He organizes
tr¡al that scarcs Bird half out
dõad-earnest
.
.a
worm-eating.
*-t'inãtðm"ãi ån
ffi';åä;;ï;;åvi ¡r unique
"¡i.n.
his defense attorney and
by
Bear,
is
saved
for
Bird
among
civilizations
the
wits.
his
of
america has been
dangles a worm beBear
trial
the
At
*f ##;;äö"f;i;îi;"ä in our iime. lt's appalling what á gt:"uranimalitarian.
subducs his worm-lovbut
(the
gulps
nervously
lJbermènschõn,
of
at
grantea
80%
who
sì.ã,
foiä
iãr
ä;;i;ï"k;n
wlN 21

ing nature, and Bear delivers one of his great opinions: Bird
"can control himself at least some of the time, and that is
good e.nough," say Bear. "Hurrah for Bird,', iries the jury.
Stork later thinks of becoming President, but no onç ian iee

the sense of it, so he gradually quits the bureaucratic racket
and b.ecomes a plain and useful communard, ret¿in¡ng ¡ust
a little aff-able pom-pousness: calling gardening ,,agricùíture,"
and affixing lots of "yes, indeeds" to h¡s remárks.
This is the pretty harmony of the book, the most hopeful
of- anarchist lessons: trim down false impulse (Stort<) ana
the worst edgesof unruly nature (Bird), and a hne oíganic
bond can spread among us, good naturê compfementi;g
good nature. "Share the work and share the food,', Mõose
says when the refugees from the city come to himfor advice, "and perhaps you will make sense of your lives."
And where are we. . .you, l, George Dennison. . . in that
simple history of consciousness I thiñk Silone described?
There was an anarchist shoemaker who said, ,,All men are
gog9." Experience wore on him, and he changed his tune:
"All men could be good." Times grew worse, ãnd in the

ll_g would say, "There was.a timê when it was pogsible
for all men to be good; but now. . ."

9nd

And Then a Harvest Feast has less realism than Mother
Goose, which talks plentifully of unregenerate rascals and
the lopp¡ng off of heads. Taken as a utopian novel, and
that's what Dennison's book is, you couldn't wantâ pretûief
or gîeener tale for kids ín this yellow era.
Rabin

-i.Y'

-Jules

A complete communications network." ln truth the book
is about communicating with one's fellow Americans.
This is not another guidebook that offeis a list of places.
to-go or attractions to see. instead, the author begins by
offering us hís own philosophy of travel. He suggests that
we Discover America by remaining free of the parasitical
hold of the Travel lndustry (abbreviated Tl), those avariciols developers who have littered our landscape with hamboogie emporiums, travelodges, and disneylands-offering
crud food, unnecessary luxury, and plastic entertainment.
The Tl is destructive of both ecology and values. The
devastation of nature to cash in on next year's tourist crowd
reveals a deeper malaise than just the turning of a fast buck.
So many Americans fear the spontaneous and the unexpect-'
ed. lnstead, they will waste their money, allowing themselves to be shortchanged ofgenuine experience. To satisfy a compulsive need to plan everything, they put them: -:
selves on a rigid schedule-and stick to it.
Buryn's approach is more relaxed and true to life. Travel
is not simply getting from one place to another; it is "a
rretaphor for life. . .a way of eiperiencing it more intensely"
and self-consciously. Traveling is not so much an actíon as
an enlightened state of consciousness, opening you to fresh
experience, to fresh looks at the world and yourself in it.'l
Consciousness, experience. L¡ttle wonder that the Tl cannot compete here, dedicated as it is to the merchandising

of services!
Likewise, his advice is

simple: "Travel the way you \ilant

to, not the way somebody wanting your bucks wants you to.
Figure out your own ways to travel cheaply, without needi
lessly expensive services and equipment. . .Surely you can
see that if vagabonds travel cheaply and live richly, there
must be a correlation between the two." The rest of the

book shows how.

"-"f¿
4tcn/\

!"rd

Paul Paln¡k

VAGABONDING IN AMERICA
Ed Buryn
New York: Random House
Berkeley: The Bookworks
1973,354 pp., $4.95
My only gripe about this volume is that its bulk makes a def;
inite burden for vagabonding. lt's as large as the Boston
White Pages-not the size of a handy pockot reference to be
used on the road. But its comprehensiveness easily makes
up. Like The Whole Eorth Cotolog or The Movement Tø
word a New America, ít promises to become the definitive
sourcebook in its field.
A couple of years ago Ed Buryn wrote Vogobondirig in
Europe ond North Afrìca. Now he has taken on our coun-

try. "This book happened because two people asked me to
write ít. One said he'd publish it; the other said he'd read it.

There follow several chapters to orient the reader with
basic i¡formation for hitting the ioad: where to obtain adequate maps, how to find the time to travel , alternative
forms of transportation, managing money, getting food
and lodging. Elementary stuff, but necessary considerations
before starting out. lt is¿ll told with a gentle, wry humor:å
that avoids insulting the intelligence of qhe reader.
Once these preliminaries are covered, Buryn gets into the
specifics of vagabonding: camping and car-camping, meeting
the natives, and chapters on traveling by car, motorcycle,
bicycle, hitchhiking and hiking. The book ís really an encyclopedia of what you need to know. Finally, there is a
chapter on "staying awhile":hints on getting Work, finding
a place to stay, and the like-plus a first aid section and several appendices that guide the reader to where he/she can get
more information.
His credíbility is high. For example, his chapter on

hìtchhiking rings true to my thumbing experience. ln patient deta¡l he explains the essentials: its promise and its
dar¡gers, the legal¡ties and the police, the strategy of obtaining rides-even freight hopþing and airplane hitching. This
is one of the first guides I have seen by a man that discus'ses
\
the danger of rape for wemen on the road.
ln addition, the author ís enough at ease with his own
sexuality to deal calmly with the "problem" of homosexual
propositíons, He does much to challenge the paranoid fantasy of the dirty old man that perverts young hitchhikers.
(l have seldom been propositioned by gay people. lnstead,.
it has been the closet cases, like businessmen away from
home. One assured me that he was really "straight,'-he
had a family.)
.Such enlightenment and honqsty are typical of Buryn,s
writings. Vagabonding in America'is weti worth iti,lt*ï;",

?s

THE

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Fr€e if no g invotved but t¡m¡ted
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