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PEACE AND FREEDOM THRI] NON. WALENT ACTION
APRTL 5,
1973
,2O1,
REPORT FROM WOUNDED KNEE
AUTOS & AIR'.POLI.UTION i
REstsrANcE tN.rHE AtR FoRcE
' ...,:.
. i
I
x
T
:1
T
MY, WHAT A SKINNY WIN!
we come with a scant
April 5, 1973
Vol. lX, No. 8
lnterposition: One Reason,Why This Time
There Was No Massacre at Wounded
.Knee..
Susanne Gowon
........4
& lililliøm Moyer
The Meaningof A.l.M.
' Kills Straight
......8
To the tndian Pecple at Wounded Knee . . . .
Hank Adams
BanCarsfromCities?
David Gurin
.
8
.......9
War Resister in the Air Force: An lnterview with Bruce Ashley
10
Lorry Gorø
Changes.
11
Reviews.
13
Cover: San Jose Red Eye/LNS
ERRATA: lnthe3l1l73
the poems by
Gustar Hasford and Robert Hahn on page 3
were reprinted with permission from il{NNlNG
issue
HEARTS AND MINDS, Wor Poems by Wetnam
Veterans, edited by Larry Rottmann, Jan Bairy,
tsasil T. Paquet, lst Casualty Press, P.O. Box
51
8, Coventry, CT 06238 ($t .SS¡.
16.
What's wrong? Has
the financial situation gotten thot bad? Actually
there's a good reason for this skinny WIN: we're
finally realizing the goal that we outlined to the
readers last October and becoming a weekly.
Thai means that, for the time being at least,
every issue will be a skinny one but also they'll
be coming to you twice as often. More important is the fact that WIN wíll be arriving in your
mailbox Or on your newstand sooner so wé can
bring you coverage of events like Wounded Knee,
the air pollution hearíngs and others as they are
happening instead of merely being able to analyze them after a month or more.
Of course no one, including ourselves, knows
how this is going to work out, therefore we have..
not been so foolish as to burn our bridges be
hind us. Our plan is to bring out five cónsecutive weekly issues, then pause for a week to survey what it is.that we have wrought. At that
time, based on how we feel and-equally important-how you the readers respond, we,ll decide
whether to continue in this madness or go back
to the old twice monthly schedule.
The importance of your response is,something
that we can't emphasize enough because, after
all, everything that WIN does depends on you.
lf enough of you don't l¡ke it, we're out of business.
So please do make sure that we know how you
feel-either pro or con.
lf you support W¡N and what WIN is trying
to do it would be particularly helpful now for
you to put your support in terms of a contribution because at the same time that we are making these important advances, the financíal situati-on has never been more grím. Our debt cor- !å
rently stands at about $7,000 and we'll need
that amount again (above our current annUal
budget of $55,000) if we are to continue as a
weekly. Also we need to hire an additional editorial staff person and that will mean a further
expense of $2,886 annually. Various plans are
in operation to raise these amounts but so far
the results have been less than spectacular and
once again we turn to you with a plea for aid.
/Whatever the outcome of the experiment of,
publishing weekly, we have lots of other ideas
and goals and in the near future WIN will be
STAFF
FELLOW TRAVELERS
marls cakafs
susan cakars
nancy johnson
lance bolville
dlana dt¡vlos
iulle
maas
mary mayo
brian wêster
ruth dear
ralph digla
paul enci mer
chuck fager
seth foldy
leah frltz
lârry. gara
nell haworth
marty jezer
box547 rifton
new
becky johnson
paul johnson
allison karpel
cralq kårpèl
cindy kent
peter kiger
alex knopp
john kyper
dorothy lane
robin larsen
york 12471
ell¡ot llnzer
jackson maclow
davld mcreynolds
gene meehan
mark morrls
peck
llm
judy penhiter
¡sal roodenko
make stamm
martha thomases
telephone 914339'4585
phrase to twists
t
.
On behalf of morcthan 8,000 prisoners
(including civilian and military ones) arrested and detained in Con Son, we are sending
th9 International Commission of Control
and Supervision and the four-party Joint
Military Commission our most urgent appeal
concerning bleak realities which happened
and are happening herel
Concerning articlès of the Agreement
ending the war and restoring peace and the
related Protocols referring tq the release of
ci¡lian and military personriel dgtainpd, we
noiice that the Saigon and U.S, governments
not only are not implementing seriously
what they have signed but also they ate
¡
'
,
3. Recently, since Feb. L2, 197 3, the
Saþon government forces many old, ill and
feärale prisoners (about 300) into planes for
unknown destinations. Before entering the
plänes, they we¡e forced to sign their accep
tance of being put into.liberty. Actually we
db not know what happened to them, The
rest of us refused to leave and asked for the
presence andwitness of the ICCS and JMC.
For this request we were.tl¡{eatened with
tear grenade and other iepréssion.
4, On Feb. 16,1973, the Saigon government sent to Con Son moÍe than400 political men and women prisoners who were detained in Nha Trang and who thought they
were put into liberty because Nha Trang au-
Holst is the greatest writer in America today"-unless hè's hoarded that quotation ,
from.8 or l0 years ago, when,I used to make
such drunken literary pronouncements oc,pasionally. I don't know, at all, where I'd
put Holst in any contemporary scale (comparisons to either Sinatra or Rodgers & Hart
certainly never occurred to me), but in the
cozy hometown of my hqart he lives in that
quaint block just on the othe¡ side of the
Tottenville trolley tracls,,down the street
f¡om Harold Gray & Nathaniel West and
Laura Ingalls Wilder, in.the cold-wate¡flat
that Amb¡ose'Bþrce sublettell to Chester
Gould when he went fo Mexico; & Gould
passed on to Dashiell Hammett, & then there'
wa$ that guy, rirhat's's name, Isäac Babel,
who sublet to Holst. . . you must know the
place: old redbrick tenement, directly opposite the derelict Hans Christian Andersen
'
thority
signed for them papers ceitifying so.
All these acts are only part of many
mânsion.'...
As a result of these brutal and inhuman
acts by the Saigon goVernment in counteÍ to
their pledge in the {Breemènt, we, all prisoners actually held in Con Son, vehemently
denounce all these violations of tlie Agreemeirt and all these crimes to the ICCS and
IMC to come to us in time in order to stop
the bloody hand of the Saigon and U.S. gov-
refused to info'tm us,about the contents of
the Agigement but also have arrested, terrorizêd and brutallÍ beaten us whe:n we' .'r
talked about peace. On Feb. 2, l973,nearernment and protect our life and our living.
ly 200 male and female political prisoners
were transferred to the security section and
8,OOO POLNICA,L PRISONERS
brutally tortured, chained day and night;
coN soN
FEBRUARY 17,L973
many of them we¡e wounded, three of (úrem
Ho Van Hoanh, Nguyen Van Thuan and
Nguyen Van Bon, seriously.
,.i
I was'really happy. to iee Marty's review
2. The Saigon government not only
.of.The l.ânguâge of
blacks àll news but also spreads distorted.
ies
proþaganda about the contents of the Agreéin the Feb. WIN. A great load off my should-'
ersÌ. I mëan, I prçr¡ised ßoy (I canlt call . ment, thus sows confusion in the mind of
prisoners in order to facilitate their icheme.
.[i.m Spencer; but maybe the old]ñicknqrne-i'.
nó longer ûts, so f¡om here.on he's jrist?líð"'
of terrorizing us and keeping us under presor Mr. Holst), and I prpmlted Muis-¡ry god,
sure. More savagely, they let their undertwo years ago-thdt I'd review ii; but I
lings-common law criminals nominated as
couldn't & I knew I neve¡ could. Might as
'specialists' or 'men in charge of keeping
well review Ìfr¡ek Finn ot Rert Bedge of
order'-go about in different camps to pro: '
Cour¡ge-I mean, how ih hell do. you review
voke us and thus create opportunity to resomething you cut your spiritual eye-teeth
press us and kill us. The most coward and
dn? It:s bad enough pretending I can be obbrutal act was their order on the day of
jdctive about Don Newlove (I'vè only known
Xuan Qui Suu to close hermetically all prisDon l.8-years, and the work hp's published
on cells and to feed us rotten dry fish and 1
:
new), but Christ, I mèt B-Mr. Holst in
smelly saltings. Specially in camp 8,
_isq.51,
I
and most of the'stories in this volume
o¡dered'to spill around 2 barrels of human
are ories I first heard him tell then, (He
excrement as 'Tet gifts'; in camp l, all doors
didn't write them down at frst; he told them,
and windows wçre ordered closed, in camp
'tp whoever would listen, and through innum2 many prisoners were brutally beaten by.
erable retellings they.wore smooth, tike pebfield police. In capp 4 (reserved for women
bles in a tumbler, until every word that was
prisoners), more than 700 women prisôners
left wasjust right, every sentence as perfect
were taken to the sècirrity department; beatand economical in shape as ûne-chased silen brutally, their fingerprints taken for the
.
.
.
Cât
i(
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-PAULJOHNSON
ALGUNLUGAR, N.M.
persoially.
'
:'
I don't fhink-l'm that f¡iend of Marty's
whom he quotes as saying that "Spencer
regime of.incarceration, livfng in the dark so
that we only know ofwhat happens to us
l.
'
have become an in-
& a half of 8-point type.
sÒhemes.and crimes of the Saþon and U.S.
governments in,their treatment'of us. We
are under close watch and pressurê-ind cruei
..,. . treating us nore brutally than'before: . '
Since lhg Agreement was signed, the
Saigon and U.S. government not only have
ofplot
''
tegral part of my family's private lang.uage;
my night'ly dre¡rrls owe debts, in both style ,
and content, to these stories. rSo how in þell
'
was I going to say, to folks,I don't know
who've never heard of him, "It's a nice little book, yóu'lllenjpy it"? It'd be;like trying to sell my mother & father in'atolumn
threatened.
they
exceDt for 4 we€ks ln Ausust and 1w€ek ln
Januarv. Mav. October-and December bv the WIN Publishlng Emplre
wlth tñé sup-pbrt of the war Roslsters Leágue. subscriptlons are $.7-.o0
oer veâr. Sècond class postaqe at New Yõfk. N.Y. lOOOl. lndlvldual
i¡rltórs are resDonslble ior o-olnlons expresséd and accuracy of facts
qiven. Sorry-inanuscrlpts cahnot be reiurned unless accompanled by
á s€lf-addr€6aecl stamped €nvêlope, Prlnt€d ln U.5.4.
wlN ls oublished weeklv
bringing you new writers, new concepts, new
projects. Hang in there, we expect that it's going to be an interesting ride.
-WlN
ver.) Some of my favorites I must've heard
him tell 200 times, at least¡ and tutns of
aillministration to fake the ¡eturnee's pledges
'(on.the
sheet the prisoners printed their
ûngers and signed 3 times, ûlled thei¡ names
and prison numbers but left blank space so
that the administration people can fill out
fake returneels pledges) before the date of
õighatudè of the Agreement. As a result of
tþese repressions, many prisoners are now
seveiely sick without any medical treatmeqt
and'detained in nar¡ow cells without opportunity to go out for fresh air. In brief,-in all
camps, our life as well as our living is severely
I
The last issue of WlN, the Harrisburg Conspira- '
cy issue, was a whopping 48 pages and now here
I am a young fellow who is conûned at
the Brooklyn House of Detention and I am
looking for soine assistance from concerned
parties on the outside to help me in my
cause and sufferings here. I am very much
in need oflaw material concerning the pro . .
cedures, drawing up legal forms for the courts,
I also would like to recieve any.type of
liberal-õriented material from anybody be. .
cause I will be here at least a minimum of
six months before I go to trial,
I am very lonely here and would like to
hear from anybody so that we may correspond, for I feel I'm very fleúble in discus'; :
sions ofvarious subjects, a¡rd this
help ease the tensions off my mind.
_STEPHEN P. KELLY 9UAI5
would
r-
,
275 A TLANTIC AVE.
BROOKL YN, N.Y. 11201
,wFrERF-TtrE HEAD
i
rS
Thin black cloud slices across
the sun
& so
my son: I¡c-su¡-has-spenedover / hls head, another
universe & now: incredible
flats of the world open
at low tide
stink
of all that's living
.there! around
us.
-Rohert
Vas Dios
WIN
3
bg Susonne Gorr¡on
& tU¡ll¡om flìouer
gathering was on behalf of Keith. He had called
friends together to give him support for his meeting in two days with the Federal Court in Brooklyn.
fhe
hìs
He was to be sentenced for his stand of resistance
against the draft. lt's a-pretty old story, bút new to
Keith, and it was new to us because although we had
given up David, Tom, Rick and hundreds of others,'
we had not yet given up Keith to tþm and it hurt in
its immediacy. We talked of good dhings and happy
times and told him how much he meant to us. There
were songs and foolishness and good words from
Keith.
Near the end, Þick Taylor asked for a few momenti
to discuss another matter of importance. "A group of
us have been concerned about the situation at Wounded Knee, $outh Dakota." The lndians of thþ Ameri-
INTETIPOSITION
ONC RERSON UHY IËlS TIME THERE IURS NO MRSSRCRE
RT
urounded knee
can lndian lVlovement had been entrenched in the tiny
American landmark for eight days. They had taken
over Wounded Knee, site of the 1 890 mässacre of 300
Minniconjou Sioux, as a part of a series of-public acts
of defiance to government lndian policy. Being held r
with them were eleven hostages. FBI and Justice Department marshalls had surrounded Wounded Knee
and the circumstance had become grave. "We.would
like for those of you who are interested to gather with
us to talk about ways in which we might help." The
government had issued a'6:00. p.m, deadline for Thurs-'
day, Marçh.8. Marshalls had threatened the lndians.
"You'd better remove your women and children".
The.hostages, who had already been offìcially freed by
AIM but had remained inside the encampment, would
presumably leave before that deadliiìe. lt was now
Wednesday, March 7.
Telephone conversations with Bishop Armstrong,
Methodist Bishop of the Dakotas, indicated that the
National Council of Churches hád persons in Wounded Knee but their position was not clear with the government. John Adams of Washington, D.C., actingon
behalf of the NCC, was moving between the AIM
camp and government forces in an altempt to begin
negotiations.
A communications system was already beginning
to be set up in Daybreak house of the Philadelphia
Life Center, a nonviolent training community in
Southwest Philadelphia. At that time the only real
possibility for direct assist appeared to b.e the physical
interventíon of concerned persons; that is, the placing
of individuals between the heavily armed U.S. Marshalls añd F.B.l. and the barricaded lndians. Specific
demands of an investigation of the BureatJ of lndian
Àffairs and removal of tribal council presidènt Dick
Wilson highlighted the AIM urgent petition for a seri- '
ous heariñg oi their problems. The official government
response was an additional show of military might.
Early Thursday, March 8, Bill Moyer and.Bernard
Lafayette flew into the Denver airport and then into
napid City. "The place was crawling with marshalls
and agents. We met Ralph Abernathy there and ran
into the owners of the Wounded Knee trading post.
4 WIN
When they heard who we were and what we were
there for, they were eager to talk with us and tell us
their version of the takeover.l' The hurriedly put together team moved into Pine Ridge, the town closest
to Wounded Knee. John Adams hopes lifted slightly ',
i
at the sign of support.
Philadelphia, same day. A group of people met in
Daybreak early to discuss possibllities for action. Telephóne chains encouraging people to call W4shingtpn
v/ere set up. There was no time for moving publio
sentlment through traditional means such as public
demonstrations or vigils. Action had to be direct and
fast. lt was soon apparent that AFSC and other organizations were beginning to hàve a yield from their ¡
þersonal telephone contacts. Later reports from the
Justice Dept. officials and agents at Wounded Knee
Washington was tied up for nearly two
indicated
- days with that
telephone calls. lt would have been impos'
sible to ignore citizen concern'
One gioup had spent a good deal of time in the offi-ce of the Philadelphia aide of Senator Richard Sweik: :ei. The Senator had issued a statement, but Phyllis
' Taylor pleaded, "We must convey to the Senator the
urgency of th¡s situation. We need from hi4,1he kind
of moral leadership that would help to avert a real
disaster." The aide was not convinced. He was also
edgy. lt was near five o'clock and the group after being there two hours showed no signs of leaving at the
official closing hour. He thought they were intending
to stay in the offce until the hour of the deadline in
Wounded'Knee. He was ríght. The aide kept checkihg the clock. The telephone rang. "Dick, it's for
you." Dick Taylor took the call. A few minutes later,
the group asked the aide to bow his head with them
in grateful sifence and with one minute and 45 seconds
to go on the official clock, walked out.
The call had been from Dave Hartsough. A truce
had been declared. John Adams had managed to fore- '
stall disaster by an iñgenious 15 point plan, Realizing
that both sides were boxed in by the situation; he had'
devised a face-saving negotiation for both parties. One
ofthe points was the presence of the National Coun, cil of Churches team between the two parties as interposition-observers. The lndians agreed to Adams proposal in fìve minutes. The government took lon$er,
but the agreement was made.
The wärt in Woundpd Knee was about to begin.
' Moyér
and Lafayette received confirmation that there
. would be no assaulf -on Wounded Knee that night.
'There would bea'thousand rounds fired that night
and many others on succeeding days and nights; but
tþere would:ndt.be an-.attack .rhat ni ght. The two
. mqved to a Pine Ridgebhurcfi where people were
' .'gatheri'ñg'with
intentions of helping. "There were all .
kinds of problems there. There were some people
Ìhat we just didn't want. Guys who wanted to'Kill a
Pig'and people showing up and leaving. We had to
start organizing that night in order to have interposition teams available that next hrorning." Those persons who were to be left with the responsibility of
;' trying to insure the stability of the situation had to
be perfectly clear in their own minds where they stood
on nonviolence, otherwise the whole thing could have
gone up with the slightest sliP.
The scene at Wounded Knee itself was the sight of
a war zone. The government had moved in 15 Armored Personnel Carriprs and armed agents of-every
sort manned barricade position. AIM had fortified it-
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WIN
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self by digging bunkers and trying to secure positions
of optimum visjon. Already the earth in the area was
beginningto scorch from the night flares used by marshalls to illuminate the field. "A real Vietnam scene,"
mused one supporter. On one visit into the encampment B¡ll Moyer was asked by an AIM member,
"When are they coming in to kill us?" The lndians
were making their wills and saying thosg things that
people feel are important to say when they are about
to die.
It was clear what was needed. Adams had laid the
groundwork and secured a tacit okay. iliterposition
teams were to place themselves as the human barrier
between the two parties. Their presence would hopefully act as a deterrent té attack. Reflection on the
work of Adains credits him with detîsing a new form
of negotiated interposition recognized by both sides.
It's effectiveness was testified to by a marshall-¡vho
grumbled to a member of an interposition team, "lt
would have all been over by now if it wasn't for you
people."
Friday, March 9. Wounded Knee. Maintaining interpositíon on the three main roads leading in to the
AIM stronghold was difficult. Only three cars were
available to transport persons from the Pine Ridge
Church to the federal check points and tþrough to the
observation points. People were cofii¡&gin wanting
to help but had no training and vastþ'varying ideas
. of what they weie willing to commit themselves. to.
Midnight, Friday night. Philadelphia. Three people
left by car for Wounded Knee. The call had said,
"Please send people who are already ,trained but don't
fill the cars, we need transportation.il. Lack of trans-
pbrt means was already a diffcultV arï'd matters were
complicated further by the fact that there Ìvere not
adequate facilities to houso those pç¡sons who would
come. As the group left Philadelphã, others were already on way from Madison, Wisconsin, Denver, Des
Moines and Minneapolis. These people would serve
as interposition-observers. Federal marshals would in
the days to come secretly say that they4iad been the
obstacle to a violent seizure of Wounded Knee by
government forces.
Saturday afternoon. Rumors ofa government pullout. All blockades were being pulled down. lndians
began flowing back and forth on the connecting roads
to Woundêd Knee. Under the terms of Adam's 15
point agreement, AIM would be free to leave Wounded
Knee to turn themselves in at some future date, there
would be an investigation of the Bureau of lndian Affairs, and there would be a.steady de-escalation of
arms monitored by the observer teams. The celebration was underway. lt was considered to be a victory
by the lndians.
ln mid-afternoon Sunday, two events took place,
almost simultaneously. Russell Means and Dennis
Banks, two AIM leaders were calling people together
in the encampment to make an important announcement. Without warning word came that an FBI agent
had been shot. The total wounded was now three.
Two lndians had been shot several days before. The
group was still rounded up for the announcement.
Now more than ever, AIM had to keep its people unified. Russell Means spoke. AIM was declaring the
creation of a sovereign lndian nation. ln days to come
they would applr¿ to the United Nalions for seating.
Outside, the iniuring of the agent was having its repercussions. Barricades were back up. Helicopters
were rnoye.fl in and APCs were visible all along the de6 \vlN
marÒation line. Marshals and agents were angry.
Since Adams had already left with the many inter'position teams that ha{ aiready returned homé, Moyer was approved as the NCC spokesper5on and by
9:00 p.m. interposition teams were'again in position.
Lveryone was aware that Wounded Knee was suddenly
closer to bloodshed now than it had been in any of
the preceeding days. Three person observer teams
were on duty for 18 hours. Jim Schrag laughs, ,,We
thought we had it bad, the next bunch puiled a 28
hour shift." He recalls the hours sitting in the car on
a lohely road with nothing but a thermos and arflashlight. "We would walk up to the AIM bunker and
meet the folks up there. We were on a long shift but
they kept changing so we would go up to meet withr
them and rap with them a l¡ttle to.,try to get them to
relax about us. We whistled a lot as we walkeddown
the road. lt was awfully dark."
Monday, March 12, Philadelphia. Daybreak'telephone lines were busy again iecontacting telepþone
chains and relaying messages. "A carload from'Madison was nearly home and wanted to know if they
\
should turn aroúnd and go back to Wounded Knee.
We advised them to do so as rapidly as possible.ll
Tuesday, March 1 3. Wounded Knee. Exhausted
observer teams were deciding to pull out. They were
being told that once outìthey could not go back inside
the barricades. Feeling a diminished need for their
placement on the road and cut off from commúnicatíons with others in Pine Ridge, they ivere beginning
to move back toward the church where most of the
other teams were located.
Jim Schrag says, "The thing that really impressed
me was that from Tuesday through Friday we built a
unit equipped for any emergency. Using the democratic process and letting the group evolve we were
able to overcome incredible obstacles." There were
always at least 30 people crammed into the basement
of the church which served as both base of opprãtions
and living quarters. There was one cold watertap, a
toilet, and minimal cookjng facilities. "l never went
more than 50 yards from that church," lailghs Scott
Beadenkopf. "Because of local hostility we decided
to keep a very low profile." Local people, afraid of
the strangers who.had moved into town had begun to
pass'about rumdrs of drugs and communist infiltration. The "Goon Squad,t'as tribal council president
Dick Wilson's personal police force are known locally,
was beginning to make threatening overtures regarding
the presence of the observer teams,and occasionally
the basement brigade found itself havi'ng to deal with
various hostile drunks who wandered in.
An evaluation in the middle of this week found several facts in evidence. While the government could attack and wipe out the AIM hold on Wounded Knee at
any moment, they would have to do so directly over
the perso4s on the interposition teams,and in the face
of a watchi'ng public. Neither of these things alone
would be enough to stop them, but it was clear now
that the White House was reluctant to draw attention
to a violent resolution of the matter and Congressional
pressure was mounting. The irlterposition trainers and
people who had helped set up the observer network
felt that there
was a sense of security about what
could be done if needed and that a smaller group of
people could handle things from this point on. lt was
also becoming important to reduce the number of persons in the church both for the sake of comfort and
to lessen local resentment. Several teams moved out
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leaving behind a skeleton crew made up o.f staff frorn
Adamis Washington offce, local clergy, and other in'
terested Persons;
How did people feel about their work there?
"Good" says Bidge McKay. "And it was fantastic to
see immediate response from all over the country.
People were in touch with each otherand ræally together about it all." What in retrospect had been the
main contribution of these so-called neutrals and their
network of thousands of telephone callers, vigilers,
and Congressional visitors? The task had been a fairly
straight-forword one-to.protéct the AIM lndians from
slaughter and give them time to make their urgency
felt where'it could do the most good and tg press the
goveinment to respond to the lndians grieùänces. By
bodily placing themselves in an intervening position,
the interposition teams served the functioh'of granting time and space for the desperat4 lndian needs to
be burned into Congressional añd'dureaucTatic minds.
The new dynamic leadership of the Am'erican lndians
is very well capable of providing direction and frame.
work for its peop[e to work within. Those who
worked with Woúhded Knee were not acting so much
' to help the'lndians as to stop 'lour" government. reVint Demming's voice becomes quiet when he
flects about Wounded Knee. "The action..at Wounded
Knee is a defensive maneuver by the lndians that is
raising honest issues and trying to educ4te us. I don't
know what the government is going to do about all
those warrants issued. The lndian's 'illegdl' symbolic
political aêts are pretty small.crimes in comparison to (
the violence that has been acted out on them. I stood
and looked at the gravésite of those 300 beautiful
people who died in the 1 890 nlassacre and thought,
'My God, it's My Lai, one century ago.' I think that
the government ought to give afnnesty. The issues the
lndians are raising are ceitain{y mtich more important
than any petty charges being leveled against them.
Frankly, I think the government ought to get the hell
off their feservation." AIM did not create a situation
where one did'not exist. What it did do was act out
the reality of the fife of the lndian. :And the drama
would not have been complete without the full partic¡pat¡on of your government and mine.
Sometime in the middle of the last couple of weeks
we had time to reflect on the beg'inning of our direct
involvement in Wounded Knee, Way back at Kelth's
pre-sentencing party. On March 9r Keith Miller was
lentenced to iwo years in prison. On Mondâf, fiharch
19 he entered Danbury prison. He wentbécause he
could not participate in the horror and injutticeof a
war upon Southeast Asia. Mostly hq we¡¡ tò prison
because he struggled against that very oppresslon '
which seeks to ãõstroy and enslave people.. The day.
Keith entêred prison we remembered him and took
time to think strong and positive things about his
coming time inside, but we had to keep moving that ,
day beicause there were things to be done. Keith's going to prison wouldn't have rnad.e any se4te otherwise,
beîaus'e we all know the war isn't over anö.wç are still
needed.
Susanne Gowan, o resident of Kingsessing House of
the Phitadetphio Life Center is o free lance wrìter whQ
covered Hairisburg Conspìrocy Trtal for llnited Church
Press,
William Moyer lives in Doybreak house of Philodglphia
Life Center'and wos an oiqonizerlparticipant in Peoptes Blockade ond PokÌstãn ship blockødes
,,,RETURN OF SITTING BULL"
, ';\À.",..
,.
by la¡r1es
I
THE MEANING OF A.I.M.
Things won't ever guite be the same ogoin, ond thot's whot the Americon
lndiqn Movement is oll abaut,
fley are respegted. by many ond horca oy some, but they oie never ignored,
They are the shock troops of lndion Sovitreignty.
They intend to rTile questions in the mindsbf âll, questions which hove gone
to sleep in the mínds of.
lndians ond non-lndians alike.
From the outside, AtM peopte ore tqugþ p.?opte. They had to be, AtM was born
out of the dork violence
of polic.e blutzlity and the voiceless despoir ú iniuit¡cè of the courts of Uinnàipotis. Aiin;;r-b;";;;";;r;;;l';few who knew thot ìt wos
enough to eidure for themsetiei in¿ otherí t¡ne them whï were people without
p.ower.or rights. All peopte3n9ugh,
houe known the insides of iails, the long wo¡t, tii;io-oppåå;;äi
tne courts for lndians becouse mony of them wère there,
The AIM idea spread ropidly into the Greqt Lakes cities because other
lndiqns knew the power of locol
lndian police wotchmen, o!.locql.le-oor aid., of o ','place to stay,, ,.vneià you could hold
up you, iáíi;;; i;i;""'
And from the inside, A!M
are cleonsing themselves, lúony have returnä¿'tá--inie otd religions of
their tribes, oway from the confusedryople
nòt¡ons of o sociãty which has ,à¿á *"m ttorii oi in"i, àwn unguided lives.
is.frrst
spìrituol movgment, a religion's rebirth, qnd the, o retbirlh or trJ¡ãi ¿igini."Á,tfu
ll!
,ucr""a, becouse
-o
it has beliefs to oct on.
M is.attempiing to connect the reolities of the past with {he í-riir"r;l;;;;r-;="'
/l
They.are, people in a hurry because they know tþe dignity of o
þerson con be fìnatty-iroken oi snuffed
bv despair and q belt in a cell in a city ioil. rnelt
the dãep,eít noþes or tne òt¿ pioiie'couu à¡e witi tnim,
f
1oy
they know thot "the lndion way" is not toteratbd in America b"rirtã,:t ¡r rot ocknowledged
os o decent way to be,
S9.u.e.r9ig7ty, lend and curture cannot endure if a person is not teft in
þeaie,
AIM is then a new worrior closs of this century, bound by the oorà ,ir lii'¿rum,
'ttv 't 5"" who
'r"v vote with their
bodies instead of their mouths.
Their business is hope.
By DAVID GURIN
Los
tion plan for
tronsportotion controls for clean
tátt month. Heorings will toke ptace in 22
other mojor cities before the summer., ln l'lew
York City the hearings ore scheduled for April
April 7th, a bicycle demonof the Implemenlat¡on Pl1n
support
in
stration
ãnd its controis on emission wilt b$in in Central
Park at 1 p.m. Cyctists will ride down Fifth
%h.
On Soturdoy
Avenue
to
Woshington Squore.
proposal to c[ear the smoggy air of Los Angeles by
ieducing auto travel 8O% was attacked as economic
suicide in that spread-out city. But for New York and
other high density places, built on mass transit, less
auto travel may be good econornics. And it is probab'
ly the only way to lower the air pollution levels to the
excellent Federal air quality standards enacted for
¡fl
197 5.
A possible ban'on private cars in Manhàttan busidistricts is included in New York State's lmple- {
mentation Plan to meet the Federal standards, but
only as a vague "continfency strategy" if all else fails.
The strategy would have been ènormously helpful in
mid-Januaiy, when for a few days the temperature
rose and the wind died down, and photochemical
smog like that of Los Arígeles'settlèd on New York.
Sunlight.made the hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides
put into the air by car exhausts and sriokestacks react to forin the Smog. From New Jersey the skyline
coutd be seen through a muddy brown haze. Weather
conditions made the pollution temporarily visible then,
but at all times New Yorkers breathe high concentrations of invisible carbon monoxide, a poison gas that
comes almost entirely from car exhausts. Sometimes
it accumulates in the streets and highways and in human lungs, because it has been trapped in the lower atmosphere by a weather inversion, iuit ai it was trapped
by locked gárage doors in the near'disasterãtLincoln
Center this past Thanksgiving
New York hasn't the conditions to produce as much
smogas Los Angeles but it has the highest,carbon monoxide count in the country. Some way must be
found to reduce automotive emissions drastically if .
ness
The lndian People at Wounded Knee
From
Hank Adams, National Director, Survival of American lndians Asso., P.O. BoxTlgrTacoma, WA 98401
At this distance, I will neither condemn nor praise what is happening at Wounded Knee-nor, in the ab-
sence.ofanydirectcommunicationçwiththepeoplethere,canlfullyundersiandit.
lappeal tothosálnoianfeople who may hear me, or read.what I say_, to liste-n to my words. I offer words hoping they may be helpful-büi'
also realizing how dangerous the mere offering of words may be.
With honesty, I must say that my pergonal fa¡th is not certain nor complete in those who would, or who
have, turned guns and weaponry against their own people. My faith, confidence, and support is diminishád utròng
any who would allow an allegiance to organizations ahd banners to alienate their primary commitments from the"
causes of lndian people everywhere and the courses of action egsential to their fuifillment-or among any who
would lead others to such shallow allegiance. The Federal Government has selected its supposed lnðian ieaders
a.mong.th.ose whose paths might be followed by-the signs of wrecked and tormented lives of lndian people betrayed
along'their way. Shall there never.again be a different standard? But my s¿dness grovys most strong wheneu.r uny
lndian makes false claim.s upon spiritual guidance and direction, if pretentions to iighteousness and-justice ¡n ttreii.
hearts, or of good conscience_and. int€grity in mind, permit any mockery of the spirlt worlds to be made through
disharmony between personal attitudes or justifications and ancient ¡nstructions or spiritual will.
.l sincerely appeal to you to act immediately to-release, or command departure from your presence, any
persons held as hostages or otherwise against their own free will, or particularly the Catholic priest änd the eit¿är--:a :
I
sleeve
l::
.
urg" you also not to use any weapons from this point forth, to set a time certain to lay down any and
all arms, and at that time time to walk away from where they lay in wounded Knee.
The appeal req-uires immediate priority over my urgings. lf you may recall the battlecry and spiritual
communion that came forth from among the strongest voices of lndian histoiy, i'lt's a good day'to die';, or, ,'lt's
a good day for dyì!q'l,remember also that the strongestof those voices also adjudged t-ñat "Haâ there bãen'anyother way, we would have taken it".
lf you would see yourselves in the shadow or spirit of Çrazy Horse and other great defenders of the lndian homeland-, draw hard upon your memories to recall whose white bodies they usedas a shield for their own
protection, or in which white homes and buildings they took refuge to make their defense.
lf there is immediate need for present-dãy lndian martyrl I appeal to you not to deliver to the White
Man or. America the type.of heroic religious martyrs or white sacrifices their society uses so well to f ustify their
aggressions against non'White and lndian people, and upon which they have based iheir prided history of iniuries
and.wars against humanity. Do not present White America the opportunity to take by aìtaçk their válued jrize
o-f their own people's small sacrifice for mobilizing a greater force against lndian life than you shall be able to de-
,,tt:,:
{
T
,
family.
".i
3¿;vÅ
liverlndianpeopleforourprotectionshouldtheirownpoliceforceiharmthem.
presence
ü
l
I
Dispatchtheirpeopletromyãur
!
. _Personally, I believe that there are other ways of the moment that can offer more to lndian life than anyone's.dying, and urge your consideratíon toward them. Even in these hours, you may show that justice is not
merely an incident of guns and manpower, but a matter of conscientious, disóriminating human judgement. The
greatest defeat for an lndian is to become or act like the White Man. Some small victoiy may nów Uìe tra¿ by your
making some decisive and discriminating judgements in favor of justice.
WIN
and asbestos that gets into the ãir from the wear oi
tires and brake linings.
lf the devices do someday actually bring automo'
bile emission levels down to Federal standards when
the cars leave the assembly line, there will still have
to be inspections to insure that emissions continue to
Angeles held its heorings'on an implementa-
à¡,
:
To:
7
I
0
1l
BIDE
s
.f
.,
¡
d
Federal standards are to be met. (The deadline had
been extended to 1971 but a court decision just re'
, stored it to 1975.) A great deal of r'eliance is.being
placed on the autô manufacturers, w-ho have been or-
àered to eliminate more than 9O% of emþ¡ions from
their cars by 1975. But their research -eftól:fs have
Àot U."n very intense nor very successful, and they
and the oil companies are now strenuously.loooylng
of the deadline and a weakening of
lot un
"r,t"ntion
st¿ndards. (They may even have succeeded
the itrict
iÀ achieving a delay tò 19i 6 or beyond by the t¡me
you read this.)
'- GM do"t hâve devices which cutdown carbon
moñoxide and hydrocarbons, but nitrogen oxides re'
prototype
ma¡n uncontrolled. The devices are ln a
can^lasl^for
they
ths
rtaià una it is uncertain whether
iäî¡ié¿ Z!,óoó iuiiãááv reduced from 50,00o) miles.
No'particúlar effort is being made to eliminate rubber
'l
be controlled on the road. Periodic inspection of cars,
taxis and trucks is recommended by the Statç lmple'
mentation Plan in New York and elsewhere, but the
value of inspection depends on the statqs' willingness
for inspectors. With'
' to spend for testing facilities and
: out a strong inspection system, emissigns regulations
could becpme like the housing code in slum areas, on
the books but hardlv honored. There is no incentive
for car ownèis to máintain their'contr:ol devl'ôes without inspection because car '!performance" actually
improves as the control devices.deteriorate.
Even with punctillious inspection, vehicular density in places like Manhattan is so great that lmplemen-
-
tation Plans must reco.mmend further emission-reducing strategies. But they face difficulties. A proposed
ban on midtown Manhattan taxi cruising is being op' .
posed by the taxi industry- Enforcement of parking
regulations is advocated, b'ut that has never proven
workable.
, Only a ban on private vehicles is guaranteed to
clean the air in Manhattan and other dense downtowns. Rather than a "contingency strategy" it should
be at the hea,rt of states' lmplementation Pl4ns.
What is called a '!bah" is really an opening of the
streets to pedestrians, bicycles and other forms of
transportation (and recreation, as during the exhilarating days of the Madison Avenue and Fifth Avenue
malls in New York.) Taxis could really begin to roll
and make considerably more money for driver and
owners on clear streets. Buses could once again move
.two Ways òn wide avenues, and exact schedül'es would
"be'possible again. Trucks could háve room to.maneuver, pending their c"onsolidation into a more manageable good,s movemènt system. (Cuirently they move '
around in New York with'an average loa.d of only 10o/o
capacity.) .Jþç òubways would gaiñ back lost passengérs and new prriSsrlres¡would,'bqcreated for better ,
.-.seii¡ióe;' .
' Sãr. private cars could be admitted to business
districts for special purposes and upon payment of a
fee reflecting the real social and environmental cost
of a car in those streets-in Manhattan about $1 0 per
day.
Until the number of motor vehicles is seriously
, limited the air pollution index will continue to report
i that downtown air is''unhealthy" or "unsatisfaitoryl'
or at best "acceptable." A kind of violence is being
done to people in a city when only a small minority
of days are "good" (meet Feder4l standards). Only
58 days were "good" in Manhattan in 1972. ln the
long run, this crime in the air is more o'mnipresent
'
and a greater danger to life in the city than the crime
in the streets.
David Gurin
il o city planner
ond o frequent contribu'
-'
tor to the Village Voice,
WIN
9
$YAlt IRDSISTIilI tN THD AllR t¡OlR0lt
"The militory ond medicine have totally dlfferent
aÍms, The aim of the mllitory is deoth and destruction. The aim of medÍcine ¡i to treat and
{ii,l;"'
-
Orn
IO WIN
o
well as with others in medicine. The latter,was harder.
When we began to develope a free clinic in Louisville
my relationship with organized medicine hit rock bottom. Then there was a student American Medical Association convention in Philadelphia the first week in
May,1970, the week of the Kent State killings and
the Cambodian invasion. Doubts had already been
,coming up in my mind and rny wife and I were very
",
Bruce Ashley is a twenty-six year old medical doctor
stationed at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base who has
consistently refused to do medicäl work for the Air
Force. Since entering the military he has become
aware of his deep-rooted opposition to war and hè'
has tried to get a discharge as a conscientious objector.
After the Air Force tr¡rned down two applicatións for
discharge he filed a writ of habeas corpus in federal
court to achieve the same end. January 26,1973 a
federal d¡strict court decision in effect gave the Air
Force 90 days to process Bruce's second claim, either
discharging him as a conscientious objector or showing cause why it should not- Meanwhile Bruce has refused to participate in a urine drug test and finally, he
refused to do any work in the military. For these two
overt acts of resistance he faces court martial during
the first week in April. The interview; excerpts of which
follow, took place in Wilmington, Ohio.
LG: Bruce, when did you join the Aìr Force anQ why?
BRUCE: I joined the Air Force in September of '1967,
the same time I entered medical school. There were a
few reasons I had planned a career in the service. For
one thing I had always felt that 4ccepting fees for
medical service is immoral. lt is änti-health, it emphasizes disease and it causes people to have to barter for
something I consider a basic right. So I wanted a salaried position which I would have in the service. rMy
wife and I also thought it would give an opportunity
for travel. Also, the Air Force program was a comfortable way to go through medical school with full
pay and allowances plus the cost of one's education.
I n turn I had .what amou nted to an 1 8-year commitment after medical school.
LG: ls there any point you recoll at which you b.egan
to seriously question the Air Force?
BRUCE: There were many things thát happened during medical school and during my summers at WrightPatterson. There isn't any one thing. The major
change on my part.was coming into a realization of
nonviolence rather than oppôsition to militarism. I
became active in community health organizing in Louisville when I realized that communicaiion of human
understanding was very poor betwe.fn physicians and
patients, especially poor patientsãnd worse still between physicians and nurses and other health person-.
nel. I then tried to involve the students in some pro.
gram early in their education that would help counteract the dehumanization in medical school and might
lead them into a more human relationihip with the
people they were trying to serve. I graduålly began to
have a feeling for the ways to approach,people in a
purely pragmatic way. I learned if I approached things
arrogantly as though I knew everything and in a vio:
lent sort of way I got nowhere. lf I went at things
with a little genuine humility realizing the worth in
other people the whole project gained. I learned this
applied to people of a different economic status as
I
an
-
an intervieww¡th Bruce Ashtey
--- .-- t
by Larry Caiã
cases where
squelched prosecution.
This proiect is made still more immediate given the recent restriction of
Canadian immigration policies, and
ffowing reports of investigation and
.upset from lime to time because we were both so unsure of the career I was committed to. philadelphia
turned the trick. During'the convention I happôned
into a room where an añti-war group was showing a*
documentary that was made in Hiroshima right aiter
the bombing. lt was such a disturbing experience I
had to leave the convention and then my wife and I
talked and wept about all these diffeient things.
I remember leaving the hotel room and walking
around Philadelphia. .All sorts of people were passing
out petitions on the stieet corners, all kinds of people.
I was struck by seeing very straight looking men in
gray flannel suits with "impeach tlp presiderit" petitions. And I remember lndependence Square was
loaded with people almost as'if one could imagine
the emotions and the gathering of people in 1776. lt
was at that point that I first decided that I was going
to have to either stay in and put'everything else out
of my mind, or to get out.
Actually, I decided to make a commitment to nonviolence, a nonviolence which for me was by no means
fully developed. But I decided to change my orientation and try another way of approaching thj¡gs. Then
I did not know there was the possibility.of f conscientious objector dischargc. ,My wife and I thought I '
would have to give up medicine and I would go to
jail. After returning to Louisville I got in touih with
an AFSC counselor who told me about the regulation
providing for'C.O. discharge and I began to work
toward preparing such a claim.
LG: How did the Air Forc.e respond generolly to
your resistonce?
BRUCE: There was very little hostility toward me.
By and large people have been friendly and very accepting and, I think, in some cases sympathetic to my
problems. Unfortunately I haven't been able to get
thern to be sympathetic toward the Viêtnamese's problems.
LG:
One gther thing, Bt uce. ls there o possibility
be oble to practice medicine if you are
you might not
court mortialed and convicted?
BRUCE: Yes, it depends on the conviction. lf it's a
dishonorable discharge, I will probably have to fight
to be able to practice. This used to be a very big thing
with me. But now it isn't because I realize that the biggest thing I can do for people is to train them to
take care of themselves which doesn't mean I have to
,
be licensed. Even if I am licensed Ill probably begin
to work with development of a program to help people learn to take care of themselves preventively as
well as in emergencies as they arise. I see preventive
medicine as by far the most important thing to be
done now.
could have
possible deportation of war resisteri
AID TO EX.PATRIATED
WAR RESISTERS
i
War resisters who are interested in hav'
.
ing their individual draft or military
records investigated are urged to con'
racr rhe Porthñd Draft & Militaiy
Counseling Center. ln some cases it
will be posslble for the resister to gain
repatriat¡on due to legal ánd-procedural errors'in the case against him; Experience demonstrates that in draft
and militaiy cases alike (even in some
of the most dreary cases) research and
legal action taken by counselors and
lawyers in the U.S. maY ceate a de
facto amnesty for 5ome.
The need for such a Project arises
on several levels. Loose talk by govqrn''
mental officials has led the American
the resister. Such a repatriation project
will be critical in the struggle for amnesty as one means of demonstrating '
in the courts, in the legislatures and to
the public in general that amnesty is
not a moral issue alone, but a legal'a.nd
oolitical issue ás well; Clearly the safè
ieturn of a few, in the coritext of amnesty for all, will be an imPortant
means of setting out the crimoccommitted by unconstitutional law3 and
uniust practices, and in makin$clear
'
the activity and complicity of those
who perpetr4ted those laws'and prac;
tices. Case-by'case repatriation is onê
means in moving toward the achievement of universal and complete amnesty' for all war resisters.
We urge
your support in helPing to
spread the word aboi.¡t this effort. Action may be initiated by resisters or
illegally within Canada. Obviously the
only way to successfully meet this
friends of resisters; PDMCC will work
move is to oppose restrjbtions and dein cooperation with-'similai þrojects in '
portations from within. However, asother regions of the U.S. -PDMCC
sistance and suPPort for anY war re;
633 S.W. Mqntgomøy St.
- Portland, OR 97201
sister who m¡ght fall victim to involunt
offered.
is
freely
Redeportation
tary
503-224-9307. t
siste¡:s returned fromanY country
should count on facing prosecution,
WRITE TO TOM FLOWER
unless counselors or lawYers have
rN lArL
cleared the wpY first.
southwest WRL fìeld
Tom'Floûeri
This proiebt is not consideredio be
representative, is serving six monthsin
a substitute for amnesty, nor does it
offe¡.any reasonable alternative for the jail for a sitdown on May 4 at Ïnker
Air Force Base, Oklahoma City. Arbroadstream of resisters. However as
rested with 1 1 others, he received the
a part of the gtru&gle for universal and
maxiihum sentence from J udge Luther
complete amñesty fo¡ all war resisters,
Eubanks for "entering a military reserwe are preparéd ¡to'aid resisters make a
vation for unlawful purposes."
safe return or su'rfacing on an individuTom surrendered in mid-February ' ,
al basis. Legal researcþ and investigæ
tion can be accomplished at no risk to after losing his appeal. He is at the fed-
public to believe that the draft is ovei.
Many draft resisters have taken this as
an indication that they need no longer
fear prosecution for draft violations.
Sþveral wçll publicized cases of men re:
turning from abroad or appearlng
-ground
have.indicated the broadabove
er misconception that draft prosecu'
tions have ceased. Draft prosecutions
have not ceased, indeed nationally w'e
have witnessed á significant increase in
draft prosecutions.
Many militarY resisters here and
abroad have suspected that the appar'
ent end of Ameiican military agres-sion against lndochina has somehow softeäed the attitude ofthe armed forces
to*uø r'deserters". We have witnessed
too many long term military resisters
'turn
themselves in to military custooy
in the vain hope of clemancy, often ln
WIN
11
eral prison in Texarkana. You can
write him: Tom Flower, PMB 20426,
Texarkana, Texas 75501. lf you don't
have time to write a letter before Easter-Passover, at least send him a holiday
card.
-;J.P.
SPAIN FREES
GERMAN DEMONSTRATOR
'
'
"Wolfgang Kroner, arrested in Barce-.
lon¿ on September 27 for demonstrating in support of Spanish COs is now
free and has returned to Germany.'l
reports thê WRI Newsletter.
WIN had called upon its readers to
write protest letters to the Spani;h
authorities since Kroner was held without bail since his arrest and fàced the
posssibility of a 6 to 12-year prison
sentence under-Spanish law. To dramatize the plight of Spanish COs, he had
chained himself to a traffic signal.
-r.P.
COURT RULES CO's MAY
BE ELIGIBLE FOR VA
BENEFITS: CO's ADVISED
TO FILE CLA¡M
The Committee
ed and eligible should apply now behalf should focus on the ieiistance reccause if the case is upheld the VA may
ord which is, after all, the important
be obligated to pay benefits retroactive- tssue.
All those who cannot attend school
4820 or
876-4074.
,a
-LNS
Mass., recommends that all interested
and eligible conscientious objectors apply for Veteran's Education Benefits.
Based on a recent class action, it has
been declared unconstitutional for the
Veteran's Ad mi nistration'to refuse
el
i-
have completed
alternative service.
This includes those who served over
180 days and were released for hardship or illness or reasons other than unsatisfactory performance.
The proper form to obta¡n from the
nearest Veteran's Administration Office is Form 2"lE-1990. The questions
should be answered- with the correct
information and the Cambridge group
suggests that those who did alternative
service answer the following questions
accordingly:
124. put in Selective Service Num-
128.
write "Alternative
Servicel' 12C & D.
-------.
ber; e.g. no.
put dates started and finished alternative service. 1 2E. put "released from
alternative servicel' 12F. put "N/4"
(not applicable). 12G. put "N/AT 121
put "N/Al' 13. none. 26. put "Certificate of Release from Alternative Ser'vice" and then attach your certificate of
release to the application..
The government is appealing'this decision to the Supreme Court and has
obtained a stay of the judgement, pènding the appeal. lt is likely the VA will
not honor the decision until the court
rules on the case late this year or early
next yær. However all those interest12 WIN
society.
..-
Early in February, g5 of the275
women in the Marysville (Ohio) Report for work. Some also refused:to ,
eat in the prison dining.hall or shop in
the commissary. lncluded among the
grievances were inadequate hospital
services, high prices in the prison commissary, stringent visiting policies, too
few black.guards,,poor clothing and
diet. The strikers said in a letter, "Wè
are staging a nonviolent peaceful demonstration. Wo feel it is necessary be
cause we have had so many promises
and no action." The strike was npt resolved at the time this is beirtg r,niitten,
but since Marysville is the only prison
Research on
the'praft and Military in Cambridge,
gibility to those who
pressive and totàlitarian
formatory for Women refused to re-
NOW
for Legal
KS
ly to the date of application.
_ L. Patrick Gray I I I , Acting Director
of the F.B.l.. recentlv eave a talk on
without benefits should contact the
criminal iustice ¡n wÉ¡ðtr he said: ¡'The
real purpose of incarceration is to proCommittee for l-egal Research on.the
Draft and Military immediately and
tect society. lf rehabilitation is going
they will try to convince the court that to contribute to protection of society
your case merits being exempted from in a given case, lei,s rehabilitate. lf
the stay.
not, let's incarcerate and protect soThe group advises applicants to seek ciety." Many well-meaning people are
some documentation as to the quality
tn tundamental agreement with Gray
of their service since militâry people
on this point. " Rehabilitation" is ofwith "bad discharges" are often ineliten a magic word, though seldom is it
gible and the Veteran's Administration carefully defined. Obviously, Gray and
may seek some equivalent proof of a
other law enforcers think of it as adconscientious objector's performance.
iusting to the society at large and conFor more information, contact the
forming to prison rules while incarcerCommittee fgr Legal Research on the
ated. Apply this to various kindspf
Draft and Military, Room W-l39 Lang- resisters and it is easy to see how the
pnsons as now constituted will play an
dell Hall, Harvard Law Schoo[, Cambridge, Mass.,02138 or'call (617) 495- important role in an increasingly re-
for women in Ohio, officials prqsumably will not be able to use the weapon
'of
transfer to crush the nonviolent uprising.
, Two recent decisions affecting prisons in Virginia have important implications across the country. Late in
It cannot be said too often that'the
jailed war resisters did more than their January Federal District Judge Robert
R. Merhige, Jr., who had earlierordered
óhare to render the.draft ineffective as
sweeping changes in disciplinary proa warmaking instrument and to bring
about the current ceasefire in Vietnam. cedures in Virginia's prisons, found
Every act of opposition and resistance, the lop state officials in contempt of
on whatever level, added to the whole. court for failing to carry out the order.
Those whose opposition led to impris- The offcials were fined 925,000, with
payment suspended if they would comonment are truly prisoners of war.
ply with the earlier order. ln another
They should be released and their
"criminal records" expunged. Amnes- decision the same judge ordered the
ty for them, as well as for the deserters head of Virginia's prison system to
personally pay three former inmates
and exiles, is not a matter of "forgivemore than $21,000 as compensation
ness," âs Nixon maintains. Rather, it
for "cruel and unusual punishment'i
is a matter of extending official recognition to the significant contributions meted out to them while in the state
penitentiary. lt was a landmark ruling.
of those whose loyalty to the human
race leads them to disobey laws which For his diligence in attempting to protectand eitend the rights of prisoners
violate fundamental human decency.
say " Right on, Judge Merhige!"
we
terms
will
be
very
Amngsty on those
diffcult to obtain, but efforts on its be-
-Larry
Gara
In the lLnited States. Chong ond Eng-or ChongEng-worked for moster shoimon P.T,'Bornqm.and
drew more.customers thon ony other attroct¡on. They
sqved obout $60,000 and told friends they wo'uld be
willìng to shore ihe¡r fortune with 'tþ9 rlght,tyo 7irl1.:
Tlíey found them in Sarah ond Adetãlde Y.,ates, I
20 dnd '19. Married Aprit 1 3, 1843, in o do¿ible wed'
ding, the two families built houses about a mile opart
, ,r.,
in rural North Carolina,
At oge 60, they were still seeking phyiical sepcrra'
:
tton.
LEO & THEODORE
Donald Newlove
Saturday Review Press, $7.95
ú
"
Dear Teddy and Leo,
I read your novel, Don Newfove, and I've got to tell you
that I wasabsolutelyamazed throughout. I mean, whata
feat it must've beenlior you two-siamese twins, inseparable but different people joined at the h¡ps from birth and
'
;
They éonsulted'the great Berlin physiologist,
Dr, Rudolf Virchow, who could not be surethot they
did not share a liver ond critical blood vessels' ond
dectined to risk their tives. Bitierly disoppointed,
Chang began drinking heovilyi
li
t
'
On Jonuary 17, 1874, while Eng was sleeping ,
soundly, Chang diêd of severe bronchitis. When Eng
woke.and leorned of it he screomed, shouted and
died ¡n three hours. Evidence showed that Eng had
died from fright.
: -[ bothered to quote at such length beguse, as'l said, I
think most reàders would say to themselves, "Oh, Siamese
twins," in the same way they would'say, "Oh,-wombats,"
or "purple outdr-space-men;i' and Siame-se twiliS may not
!
happen-very oftèn'but they dõ happen, they are human, , T
and until a pair who can and.who,çare to 'write about it
ing now instead to this marvelous composbe. . . .
come along, Newlove for my money has covered the field.
eno.ugh of that conceiü; all .l meant by it is
Without púshing it in any way, Úitþout making it much
-Okay, okay,
t
that, having just finiÈhed this novel I really coùldn't put
stranger than six toes or a stutter, he made ¡ne entirely ac'. '
gristle
godand
fleih
and
down oncsl'd started reading, I'm not entirely surewhich
of
inches
cept ihe cohdttìort-four
was my long-ago, far-away, but forever brother, boozing
knows whaf , plus never being able to say " Fuck you" and'
buddyi tutor/pupil, besf enemy, þetter frien{, goomboh:
walk away-joinihg Leo and Teddy, every instant of their
theguy named as author, or the two guys in thetitle.
lives. I *buíd trauõ quoted him rather than the anonymous
Thai's'my personal probler.n, of course, and I wouldn't
iournalist above, if he were quotable in þassages of less than
waste space complaining about it here if it d¡dn't threaten
10.pages. More about that later, the unquotableness.
'' 'to make this review totally incûherent.
Th; storv of Leo & Theodore resists summary' to put it
So let me begin again, being this time very con'sciously
limp. "A Pórtrait bf the Artíst as Young Siamese Twins"?
'
. obiective: Don Newlove has written a novel, a very honest
Like any red-blooded American Siamese twins, Leo & Te{': ,
years
his
of
first.30
the
nbvel,
spanning
auiobiographical
dy lovetheir'beautiful mother, hate the slobs she lives with,
:.
life but mostly focussed on childhood.¿nd puberty, in
miss their nebulous father, blow their minds on movies,
'
' which he sees himself and makes the reader see him, too, as
(more
or less in that order), .
comics, sex, alcohol, music
let's
¡t,
but
a pair of SiaÍne-se twins. There's a lot more to
flunk tire nínth graäe, hold shitty iobs like driving an ambu' , -'
take one level at a time.
lance and nursíng a factory'owner with Parkinson's Disease, .
What's ¡t l¡ke to be Siamese twins? I doubt that very
burn with life and talent and No Outlet, fall in love, in love, '
many of us.have seriously,pondered that question, but it
in love. lt might be easier to give an outline if I didn't know .i
i '.
scared me ihOetiUty when I was six or seven' and happened
. Don, if I hadn't lived through much of what's iri here with
upon the following article (l'm quoting frðm-place.,no..1.,
hì'm''if I weren't continually distracted.by dimensions only
añd I forget where they said they copped it frorñ;but I be- ' Author & frþnds cor4[d (maybe would) ever appreciate:
lieve I saw it first in Gzr):
the way he juggles tirh-e, shoves Great Moments together , r
decades, f'finstance sétting his first wife down to talk'
across
The.original ond mos! famous Siamese ï,w¡ni ¡n h¡s- .
ed ucatiôn wiqþ-¡fi à woma¡. herei n cal ed Salo me, and
other
to"each
bound
Eng,
olthqugh
tory, Chang ond
'ine't, 'dever will, that confrontation as i
thorJsh they nevèi
þ
foi i¡fe by a bond of flesh ot thelr chestq tried the¡r
(ät
tor
me, as electric) as any scene in The' ,
¿
iìevit'àUle
,'
'
to
a
surprlsinþ
indiuiduals'ond
best to líve as sepàrate
'
Chorterhouse of Pqrma, I'm not expectingany reader who .,.
extent succeeded in doing so,
doesn't know the people involved to say, "Wow, a new
was
Chong
taciturn,
was
Chang
Eng wos talkotive,
Stendahl!" when they.read that section, but believe me, it's
quar:
on otcoholic, Eng o teetotoler. They sometimes
there for me.
to
without
speaking
for
days
went
reted bitteriy ond
Another whole dimension of this book which I'm incap'
'!
each other,
able of judging obiectively, or in any way beyond itÞ effec.t
'l do not want to be o port of my brother," Eng
'
grew up in Jamestown, New Yo¡k,
'oo nìê, is the þtace: Don
told doctor afterdoctor,'l wont to be separote.' But
a feù years later. He calls the
god
did
l,
me,
'élp
-'and so,
-'
the greotest surgeons of the doy refused to undertake
but
that's his single conceision to
here,
iown
Kinf
James
an operotion thot mlght'killthem both.
fiction. T-hô man has, not total, but totally sensitive iecall:Though thelr combined weight wos only 180 lbs,,
sights, sounds, smells, styles, slang, ¡t's all there, or anyhow
they could defeot four ordinary men in tug-of-war.
\
what is there is so carefully chosen that all the rest rushes
The only woy they could watk was side by slde, but
back as strong as Joyce's Dublin. Again, I mean for me, for
they oftèn took hÌkes of up to I miles. To sleep,
*n" know the Place too well.
they hod to lie foce to face.
forever-to actually recreate yourselves as one single person'
to live your"lives again in synthesis, with everything that
happened to and changed each of you separately, happen-
,
I
,
ï
lVlN
13
a
Newlove being the guy who wrote the boôk, I should
and would quote him here, but he does it all so pointallistically that it's impossible for any brief string of words to
show you how very, very real he can make things. And besides, he does the whole region-Erie, Chatauqua, Ashville,
Mayville, even Riply (there's a chunk of puzzle for the read:
er who's never even heelrd of any of these burgs)-just as
well as he does JamestowR, juSt not at the same'leñgth or
depth. lt could certainly
be the kind of writing that, in a
look so much more aomp¡ehensive than any-
century, will
thing else, while now-its most strik¡ng qualities are, well-do
I gotta use the word?-provincial. I suppose Jane Austin and
and I know Stendahl went through these alterations. .. .
Once I thought that Newlove had a talent as thin as Ronald Fiibank's; now I rea'lize it's as sharp as that, but pos.
sessed of incalcuable (atsleast so far) breadth, grace, honesty,
and somehow virtue as well as wit and felicitous phrasings.
And then there's heart: "With great heart, Don Newlove,"
is the way he's been signing hinrself for more years than I
clearly recall; it's one of his happier efforts at understate-
ment-Don
has enough heart
to be a Siamese human race,
let alone twins.
He says in his inscriptiont ". . . This is the first volume
of a trilogy. That doesn't mean you have to wait for the
other two to appear before you read this one!" I expect
greater things from the three altogether; but I'm undeniably
glad I didn't wait; I can only think of the single criticism
Tolkien would accept on The Ring,that it might've been
too short, and I hope Don's next two volumes are both at
least three times as
long.
Paul Johnson
THE INCOMPLEAT FOLKSINGER
Pete Seeger
Edited by Jo Metcalf
Simon and Schuster
Schwartz -
ln the last weeks when this country-gone-mad seemed even
crazier than usual-the Vietnam Peace Treaty was signed
though the War rages on, Lyndon'Johnson died and was eulogized as a saviour of the American,people, a resister friend
of mine
was tapped by the Jusqice Department after five
years of governmental silence-l had The lncompleat Folksinger to read. I believe that Pete Seeger saved my sanity.
It's hard to wr¡te aboutan autobiography because implicit in such a review is a judgment on the author's life. And
after all, how many of us, given the foibles we all indulge in,
have the right to pass comment on the lifestyle of another.
Once in a great while, though, there, comes along a man
or woman whose very life is arl insp.iration and whose
thoughts and beliefs are proVldential, And that ls why reviewing Pete Seeger's book is such a joy.
Before we werê born Pete Seeger was living the revolution that some of us under-3O folks think we invented. He
was, if not the original flower dhild, then certainly one of
the first. He traveled the land seeing "that there are honest,
hard-working people in every corner of the globe all quite
certain that their own way of living. . . is the most beautiful.'.' And he and his wife, Toshí, built their house themselves "inch by inch" when they were young ánd broke because he had known too many people who'd put off such
projects until their energy was gone.
Pete spent his early years travelling around the country,
learning folk songs and seeing how all kinds of people live.
W¡th the late Woody puthrie, he sang for his supper in
every state of the U.S. And he also found time to sing at
labor camps and at labor rallies, and to develop a lifelóng
respect for working people and for their struggles. Pete
14 WIN
doesn't use words like "capitalism,'or ,,socialism" (he.is, in
fact, strongly oppose{, to all kinds of labels), but hii feglings
on economics are clearly represented. ln a time when it ap'
pears that organized labor in this country is òmposed of
neo-Fascists, it's encouraging to read pete's theoiies on hu-'
man wants.and needs, and be exposed to his belief that ultimately the basic decency of working people will overcome
our fears and prejudices.
. Pete Seeger's polilical theories combine the homespun
wisdom of Will Rogers with anarchist Wobblie doctrine. He
uses no political jargon, no sociological anallses, just plain
common sense, with an unusually large sprinkling of sensitivity added. Marxist theoreticians rnay be aghas-t at pete's
assertion that asong will heal the wounds ofihis country,
but to people who have a healthy respect for the natural
huqqn instinct, Peters theories on music and its place in the
world bear serious consideration
His irrepressible optim¡sm p"imeutes each page, and
while I may not share his love of America, I can easily relate
to his transnational outlook. He's sung in the Arab coún.
tries as well as in lsrael, and on one ocðasion he combined
his engagements into a single tour, speaking openly in each
country of the countries he had just left and the ones where
he was headed. He sang Arab songs in Tel Aviv and Hebiêù
songs in Lebanon, and swears that if more singing was done
in the Middle East, the guns would be put down.- The
theme throughout the book is that if people would listen to
.
the songs of other countries-the folk songs which so pláin-.
ly tell of the lives and needs and hopes of a people-the
Ere,ater understanding fostered among people
bit dífficult to follow, but
Pete is so reassuring
about the ease with which one can learn to play I'm tempted to try to read them again.
His anecdotes about Woody Guthrie, the Weavers, Leadbelly, and other folk musicians and composers lend a whole
second dimension to The lncompleat Folksinger, and in a
way are actual testaments to Peter Seeger's philosophy.
ln his introduction, Pete apologizes for the high cost of
the book-$12.95. lt is expensive, but the many fine photographs and musical notations of songs combine with Pete's
own writing to make it well worth the price. Read the
book once, then again, because "like another sunrise, or another kiss' this also is an act of reaffrmatilîí""0,
schwarrz
r6'r,i',år
exchange of $ ls lnvolved. Otherw¡se: $1 every
BLA
I
Íifä$ltËii'iäïrr{'$"'-"',"sitÄ'¿Ë}iåï
Fir¡iy'$"ù¿::'."ïti¿"ä#S"Ii,ã,r"i*;'
iËïñ'.' "
, San
Ëiifrü:å"*'äiËT*. "," i,i"*4¿,i¡i,t*r't
;tå'¡Ë"'"J'."YJ::üi'i:::,'i'ii,riåþ1.'l'-'iö'Ë'
'-:'''
E*å.i"3åi:31í'a?[tr¡]tä3,t''"'iãs¿i:-
i."?;:,?åK",Ëå!låü3rÌ",fiü"S'Jla",'3""?Tno,
Robert E. ücGiogan, P.o. Box 9901, Pittsburgh Stat€ Correctior¿al lnstitutioE, P¡ttsbursh, PA 15233. Age 49. confinêd ln the
aboúe'Jolnt, bèen conf¡ned 32 yearl got
framêd on two murders while in prlson by
thê establishment. would llkê to correspond
wlth any g¡rls or matûre womên, no age
timlt. (Whlte lrlsh decent, flghtlng spirit,
that's rh€). . . or any one Gay, long as they
ì
are stoned antl-syst€m.
lLTi'.ïl;iåT,'S.3:il:r',ii8[i*lÏi,B?b[:"Á:'
wlll¡smstown' vrA u¿¡o'.
LIBERTARIAN BOOK CLUB SPf¡nq I973
t€ctures. Thursdays 7r15 p.m., Workmen's
clrcle c-enter, 369 8th Avenue at 29th St.,
f ree3 April 12, lrving Levitas,
admlss¡on
..M€ss¡anism and Anarchlsm"; Aprll 26,
L7
Abe Bluestein, "The Splr¡t of Freedom ¡n
Amerlca"; MaV 10, Nunzlo Pornlcone, "Terforlsm and the ltallan Anarchists".
Two ¡nmátes at Soledad State Prison ¡n Cal'
ifornla would be more than happy to corresDond with any male or female of any age or
iaèe- We are both chlcanos: I am Johnny
euréstt. 27 vears old, and Mlke Garcia, 23
vears old. We both have been incarcerated
EURESTI
íoittriee vears.
-JOHNNY
P.O. Box B-3O788
C.T'F. Central
soledad, cA 93960
_MIKE
A. GARCIA
, ¿ P.O. Box El-43532
"C.T.F. Central
SWAP APTS. FOR THE SUMMER. VETETAN
Deâcenik offers grotty loft (suit one, squeêze
for
iwol July thru sept. central London
i¡m¡iar ¡n Now York. No rent pay utilit¡es.
Benefit concert for ISRAEL YOUNG1 qe-aioHlr¡ HERALD, HAPPY & ARTIE.
TRAÚM. DAVE BROMBERG. MONdqY'lT
t-ui¡ñq
petàr Lumsden,23 Soulh vlllas, London
N,W.1, England. Phone oL-4A5-777O.
Aor¡l 2. 7:3O pm at the Commun¡ty Chur'ch'
+ö ç. s'stn st., New York cltv. $3.
THE SOCIALIST TRIBUNE i5 fof þu¡ld¡ng
a non-sectar¡an soc¡alist movement; The
only requirement for¿oin¡ng us ¡s bel¡ef in
democracy. Send for..a free sample copy.
1Ol2 North 3rd St.; Su¡te 3l7i M¡lwaukee;
wl 53203.
Soledacl, CA 93960
morê
or are
to ellmlnat€
I would l¡ke,.to make contact wlth people
who took Þart ln the 1965 Selma-Montsomery March'led by Dr. Martin Luther Kin9, Jr.,
to help w¡th the research for a book about
the march and its aftermath. Please write to
me: Chuck Fager, c/o.The Real Papêr, 116
Austln 5t., Cambrldge, MA 02139.
i
f
keltl
t
num-
Nâme
by. May
would ulti-
mately bring peace and justice to the world.
Peter'almost brushes over his own experiences with injustice. ln the latter part of his book he only briefly describes his encountèr w¡th the House Un-American Activities Committee and the trial that ensued. He was never
charged with being a Communist, though clearly the government's casq against him for refusing to answer questions
hinged on the implicat¡on that he was protecting himself.'
He did in the end win the case on appeal, but he ha¡ yei.to
find dòors open to him that would have a gilt edged mai in
front of them for a nonpolitical performer of his calibre.
He passes this injustice off easily also, saying only, "l am
far more lucky than most. The HUAC ¡'uined the careers of
many people. But my incomé comes from so many sources
that they are not able to.cut it off."
ln discussing Pete Sepger's book from a purely philosophical viewpoint lrve neglected mentioning at least hälf of its
worth. That is the part he devotçs to folk music. There are
a hundred songs presented in the book for guitar, piano,
and banjo playing; and some fine díscussions of the orígins
of many familiar American folk songs. Of course, most'
"American" folk songs weren't written in America at all,
but like with almost everything else, we've managed to steal
them and then call them ours.-l think his mini-gúitar lessons are'a
g's Bullgt¡n Boord
p.lvl. gooxs.r óR E speclalizing.ln,Books on:
The Movement, Thlrd World, Polit¡cal Economy, Anthropo¡ogy, Phllosophy, Soclology,
Psychology, Education, Hlstory, €tc., also
flctlqn, poetry, drama & art books. 39O
Sanchêz Street, San Franclsco, CA 94114.
Books bought, sold and traded.
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WIN
15
r
I
a
Literature
ENOUGH OF DYING, The Kay Boyle-J ustine Van Gundy
compilation of famous Voices for Peqce including Dcnise
Levertov, Allen Ginsberg, Albert Camus, Malcolm X,etc.
351 pp $1.25
long,
look at
I
ALL MEN ARE BROTHERS, the i¡fe and thoughts of Gandhi as told in his own words, lust published in paperback by
World Without War Publications. 164pp g1 .95
FOR PEACE AND I USTICE, a new history of pacifism in
America îrorÀ ßlq 6 ß41 by Cha-rles Chatfieid 344 pp
4
54.4s
THE SIMRLE ART OF MURDER, A NARMIC PâMPhIEI bY
Eric Prokosch on antipersonnèl weapons and their d evelo{',
ers. 83 pp $1
úhe
THE RIGHTS OF SERVICEMEN, the basic ACLU guide
by Robert Rivkin. 131 pp 95(,
LEARNING PEACE-A|¡'t.Gonna Study War No More.' A
resou-rce unit
5o
$3
pp
for tèachers,
parents and discussion groyps.
PACI'FISM, the most recent bibliography on the subject
from England, by John Hyatt. 43 pp 751,
NEW BUMPÊR STICKER: GET P.O.W.s OUT OF
The war appears to be over and many
pegple are wondering.¡yliece, the peace
.¡I
movgment goes from here. The mass
mtidia declaled its demise in'Miami and
some'feel. Kissinger and Nixon performed
U.S.
PRTSONS. 50d
the burial in París. But the people, institutions and conditions that'cfeated Vietnam are,still with us,
Besides opposing the war, WIN has look- .'
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conditions and we plan to continue. ln
fact we plan to look harder and talk more
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often (every week instead of twice a
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Win Magazine Volume 9 Number 8
1973-04-05