5

THE COLLEGE NEWS."

Page Five





~ Dr. Veltmann Criticizes
Whole of Atomic Theory



“Continued from Page One

has now ceased to exist because two
theories have been worked’ out that
can explain motion without the aliena-
tion of a world continuum.

The first is Kant’s theory of dynam-
. ic matter. He said that matter was
composed of infinitesimal centers sur-
rounded by fields of force. It occupies
space by intensity rather than bulk,
_ and is penetrable according to the con-
centration of material properties. A
field of force manifests itself in grav-
itation, inertia, or electro-magnetism.
Matter identified with these fields of
force is dynamic and not static like
the atoms. It occupies an extensive
area of unbroken substrata and
changes according to the laws of
nature. ‘

Relativity, second theory, ex-
plains nature ini four dimensions. The
universe is composed of events that
have spatial and temporal extension.
Because of the four dimensions, these
events never get in each other’s way.
‘ In such a system, change and motion
are only characteristics which events
have in relation to one another. That

is to say, change and motion are in-|ne

ternal features embedded in unchange-
able phenomena. When this four di-
mensional event-continuum is conceiv-
ed, the necessity of empty space is
eliminated.

The early Materialists made their
greatest mistake when they assumed
that boundless and infinite meant one
and the same thing. Space was un-





bounded, they aed: because it “sald tact E if its true nature is understood. |
only be bounded by more space; ‘and /In ‘the first place, it should never~be
so on ad infinitum. They went on |confused .with the.greatest-number-of

to claim that space was infinite, ‘be- things, and in the second place, it can-

cause they thought of it as Euclidian'not be made up of independent ele-
rather than three dimensional in char-| ments. Infinity is the character of a
acter. A Euclidian-figure is a flat sur-|class, the elements of which have two
face and has a zero curvature, while| important characteristics: one, they
a two dimensional figure is spherical | are different internally, and two, they
and has a positive curvature. If one|are mutually dependent. Integral
imagines the surface of a sphere from numbers, for example, are infinite. If
a two dimensional view,:it is quite; you remove one number the series be-
easy to see how the Atomists made'comes meaningless because the ele-
their mistake. The spherical surfaee ments are all relative to each other.
seems unbounded and yet. the sphere | Also a line has an infinite number of
itself is finite in magnitude. Since points, but they are all interdepend-
the Materialistic philosophers were ‘ent.
not acquainted with the third dimen-| The essential thing to remember in
sion, they did not realize that space discussing infinity is that the whole
could be unbounded and yet finite. ‘|must precede the parts. If you start
This4mistaken conception of space! with the finite: you can never reach
was sontewhat justified, but the argu-(the infinite. For instance, it is im-
ments with which the Atomists tried to | | possible to start combining points into
prove ‘infinity were extremely. falla-'a line and achieve infinity because
cious. They tried to prove the infinite!another point can always be added.
extension of space on the basis of fi-!On the other hand, by: starting with
nite spatial measurements or boun- an infinite whole the finite parts be-
daries. They thought of finite parts come intelligible.
as the logical antithesis to an infinite
whole. This means that the reality
of space contradicts its ultimate na-
ture because the parts and the whole
are incompatible. In the same man-
r, they proved the infinity of mat-
ter by the aggregation of unrelated
atoms, each finite in magnitude. But
the number of atoms can never be infi-
\ite beause another atom can always
be added. Such a conception of mat-
ter is essentially incomplete because
a totality has been established which
ean never be reached.
Infnity is not an impossible con-

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‘existed in nature.



oe Atomists:

Dr. Volta! s eanslitine criticism
concerned the Atomists’ idea of per-
eeption:
first to draw the line between. the
real and apparent qualities. The real
qualities later came to bé called the
primary qualities, They were the
original mathematical qualities that
The apparent or
secondary qualities were sensory.
Atoms, of course, only had the pri-
mary qualities and were therefore im-
perceptible.

When the Atomists came-to explain
perception in terms of these qualities
they soon created a paradox. Atoms,
imperceptible in themselves, could be
presented as perceptible models to the
mind, Sensations,were caused by the
local distribution and movement of the
atoms. In this way perception was
reduced tamechanics. In spite of this,
the Materialists said that sense im-
pressions were essentially subjective.
Sensations could not be real because
no two people perceived alike. The
idea of relativity never occurred to
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These philosophers were the

‘system two alien

‘mistake and others,





have realized that primary qualities
could be reduced to secondary because _
both motion and shape are relative.

The Atomists,impressed by the uni-
formity and regularity of nature,
tried to explain it\. They evolved a
system based on the, assumption of
least parts, but introduced into this
features, empty
They \made this
largely. because
they had no clear idea of the meaning
of a law of nature.

space and infinity.



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