Win Magazine Volume 11 Number 30

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September 15, 1975 I 301

OPERATION OHIO: MASS MURDFR
BY U.S. INTELIjIGENçE AGENclEs.

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A Special

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PEACE E FREEDOM

VIOLENT ACTION

\{IN Report'Detailing Ambrican

Sponsored Political Assasination and' Toirture
in Post-\[ar Germany, Demoistrating that' thç'
Þhoenix Program w¿s Standard Opqrattng Pfocedure.

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On November 23, 1973 I published an
a¡ticle entitled "Anti-semitism and the
State ofISrael" (Chrísttanity and Cvßis)
in which I speciûcally rejected eforts of
some Jews and Christians to tag as "antisemitic" the proper political and ethic¿l
criticism of the state of Israel which must
be made. This article was widely circulated
and was sent to Daniel Berrigan. Therefore
Daniel Ber,rigan's efforts to c-haractetize my
criticism of his speech on Israel inhis Time
interview WllN, 71241751 , as an example
of someone who calls anti-semite all critics
of Is¡ael is false and irresponsible slander.
As for Daniel Berrigan's grossly ignorant and insrlting references to my book,
Faíth and Fmtricide: Theological Roots
of Anti-Semitism (Seabury Press) the most
cha¡itable thing one can conclude is that
he had not ¡ead this book at the time of
the interviéw. Once he has read the book,

Catholics do it to their saints, and radicals
do it to people's a¡mies: we edit out any
recognition of huinan we¿kness or failing
in those whose courage we admire.
Clai¡e Culhane's letter [WIN, 7/241751
and the Danny Schechter article in the same
issue a¡e two more depressing examples of
the myth making process as it is applied
to the Vietnamese-and of the fury the
mythmakers will let loose on those who
don't quite see halos and heroes they're
srlpposed to.
Claire Culhane writes from Canada that
the Vietnamese are "returning to the peaceful way of life from whch they were so
brutally uprooted." They 'lhave displayed
the ability tcj sun¡ive with an incredible
courage, consumate skill and unbelieveable
sense of humanity" the ráolence which the
US hurled at them. "They arereturning to

their quiêt paths"

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dared to suggest rather
tentatively in WIN [5/l/75] that the
present Vietnamese governments may
prove as capable of abusing their immense
powers as have all other governments, left
or right, known to history, she responds that
I am but "a part of the unparâlleled
savagery and brutality which is no longer
conveniently relegated to Indochina. . ."
Danny Schechter writes at some length
in the issue's lead article, about the "sound
political strategy," the "brilliant military
I assume that he will publicly correct these . struggle," the "unity," the "toughness," etc.
rcm¿uks. Othe¡wise we cân only conclude
etc. of the Vietnamese struggle. He too is
that Daniel Berrigan is bent on digging
' deeply annoyed with anyone wþo suggests
the grave ofhis own credibility as a critical
that, in Vietnam as elsewhere in the human
community, violent means will once again
-ROSEMARY RUETHER
Washington, DC
produce a violencebased order. He responds
to those who hold this view with incredible
This is a letter of apology for remarks I
(inc¡edible because the publishers is WIN)
made in the course of aTime intewiew
contempt "Pacifiîts moaned about Vietpublished in WIN. The remarks were
namese ¡eliance on armed struggle while
gratuitous and ill tempered and I regret
others lamented the coming of 'benevolent
them, and am so informing Ms. Ruether.
totalitarianism' and'liberation without
I am happy to k¡ow of the article she
libe¡ty."' He continues, "The lack of
wrote on "AntiSemitism and the State of
humility and. (the) undercurrent of sectarian
Is¡ael" I have no recollection of the
self-righteousness is unmistakable." All this
article, probably because I was teaching
said, of course, in the most non-secta¡ian
in Canada at the time and missed
or it
and modest fashion.
missed me.
These two writers, like most othe¡s I've
I have reservations about her book
met who share their views, use the word
Faíth and Fratricíde,
@ecause

thinker.

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but I think these a¡e
better taken up in personal correspondence.

In any cæe the iszues she raises require
both courage and scholarship, and we are
in her debt.
Thanks also to Pat Farren, whose let-

ter [WIN, 8171751, raised the issue of this
Ietter in a friendly spirit,
DAN BERRIGAN
New Yorþ NY

"Vietnamese" in an extraordinary way. It
doesn't mean, one discovers, ¿ll Vietnamese.
It means the good Vietnamese: that is,
those who joined in the PRG/DRV politicalmilitary struggle. Excommunicated from
national.identity are all those who supported
the Saigon govemment or wo¡ked for the.
US; we know without even having met any
of these persons that they are all assassins
and torturers inte¡osted only in wealth and

corruptions. They ue not part ofthe Vietnamese people. "The Vietnamese people are.
tough, "Danny Schechter write$ as a result
of which "today they afe in the Presidential
Palace-to stay." Danny Schechter sounds a
bit like the left's version of John Wayne,
another enthusiast for toughness; one finds
it in the Green Berets, another in the Viet-

tough, who hated all the ideologies and
'slogans,
who wouldn't take up weapons for
either side, or who were conscripted by one
side or the other but wouldn't kill And let's
¡ot hear it for those pious weaklings who
tried to make of their lives a bridge between
the combatants, who hoped to inspire understanding and compromise-a "third way"
solution. And God forbid we should hear a
'wo¡d of those who died on PRG mines or
who were torn apart by PRG ¡ockets. After
all, these tragedies weren't intended; and
anyway, there we¡e a thousand innocent
ones killed by Saigon and the US for eveiy
noncombatapt killed by the liberato¡s. So
we needn't mention the few exceptions or
ciiti¿ize their killers.
Meanwhile, as Vietnam's "liberation" is
celebrated, there a¡e bonûres of books in
Saigon. The newspapers and publishing
houses are closed. Compulsory."reeducæ
tion" is underway. The weaponiy ôf war
is paraded through the streets" Guns are still
in charge.
There is much to admire as well. The
govemment appears to be working to get
the peasants back to their lands and villages.
At least in some provinces, the PRG is encouraging the various Buddhist projects of
reconstruction and social sewice. Many
leaders are speaking ofreconciliation and
forgiveness There is a decency and sanity
about many of the political lea{.ers of Vietnam that is ¿ll but unknown in the US. But
we neither help ourselves nor the Viet-

killers or despises them. And it means
searching for ways to encourage the
reverence for life-the search for nonviolent
alternatives that, I had thought, was what

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ourselves talking to each other in slurs. We
listep to each other in a state of paranoiaPèrhaps it isn't too late for this to
changç. d¡ perhaps our experi;nce of the
war has oncc and for all destroyed our
ability to even imagine' exc€pt in the most

WIN was always about.
Perhaps,

namese. So let's hear it for touihness. But
let's not hear it fOr those who refused to be

ternatives, seems to have arrived at a þoint
when the time is about ripe to discard its
zubhead: "peace and freedom through nort
violent action." In its lette¡ column we find

Vay of killing, whethe¡ one admires the

for many of us, the hope that

nonviolent alternatives could be found was
one of the main casualties of the war. This
was certainly often the case with those who
actually went to Vietnam and wçre shown,
'.
by friends in the PRG and DRV, what it was
like under the bombs, and yet who ex.
porloncod tho dignity and forglvenes$'õf'
tholr Vietnamoge hosts. How could ono not
sympâthize with, indeod support the armod
fesirtancê?
It ls ¡ pity so fcw of us had an equlvalont,

sxperlence of the p¡ciûstc of Vietnam, Thdf,ì1
wo¡€n't able to organize toursi lndecd fow
of thek numbcr spoke any language but
Vlctnamese, They were dependent on a
smsll number of rëpresontativss end fiicnds.
And they were always vulnêrable to par
slonate criticism for preforring any pcâce to
the continuation of the war. For making
response to suffering the babe of their
various peace efforts, they could be dis
missed simply as doers of charity. And so
they were dismissed. Again, very understandably,
However understand¿ble, it seems tragic
that what most people seem to have learned
from this war is that violence is, after all,
the only way. The Pentagon is letting far
more serious about nuclear weapons. And
the onetime peace movement is peopled in
very large measure by individuals who have
come to recognize "the necessity" of arlned
'struggle. Even WIN, for a number of iears
an oasis of imagination about nonviolent al-

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polite ciroumstances, a nonviolent way.
FOREST
Nyack, NY

-JIM

I am writlng to correct sonlo mistaken
improssions croatÊd by Jane Alport'r lot'.
tef ln your Augut 7 issuo. Ho¡ lettEr ¡sld
thet the NEtional Lawyero Gulld prlloner
ncwslette!. lhc Mldillght Spscføl had madc
dEath tltrcats tgslnst her,
Erst, thc Speclal in its Mateh/April
19?5 edltorlal stated thst M*Alput was
cooDcratinc with the authontigs and
wariled thJwomen ln prison at Muney' .-

iÃi-tt.t i:t¡tt.'s

a

traiior in their midst"'

Whether ot not such is a death threat i¡
certainlY oPen to question'
Second, while the Specøl was started
as a project of the New York City chapter
of the National Lawyers Guild in response
to the Attica and Tombs rebellions, active
participation of Guild members in the Specíal collective ended long ago. Because
of.this and because of the editorial cor¡
ment on Ms. Alpert, the NYC chaPter
directed the Specíal to remove its name

from their masthead.

Sept. 18, 1975 lVol. Xl, No. 30

4. Operation Ohio: Mass Murdor
by US lntelllgence Agencies
Moils Cakars &, Borton Osborn
20. Changes

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Cover: Jack Gaughan

AFF
Maris Cakars
Fage r

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Susan Cakars

. Mary Mayo. Susan Pines

Fred Rosen . Murray Rosenblith

LETTERS Contlnued on Page 22

å

namese by seeing only that side of their
reality. Pacifists especially have been
thorns in the side of every government, al-

ways trying to remind whoever will listen
that there is something so important and
sacred about life, something so fragile, that
no ideology can rightly justify the taking of
life. It can and must be said with respect.
It certainly doesn't mean equating all
governments and all social systems. It
doesn't mean not respecting and admiring
anyone who resists suffering and injustice,
whatever the means. Nor does it indulge
preaching from the secure sanctuary of
America's much vaunted free press.
It simply means being very stubborn
about life and stubborn about getting in the

With this issue WIN returns to ¡ts regu,lar weekly publishing schedule. Our
August break provided a welcome oppbrtun¡ty to meet readers, catch up on
some of the things that simply never get done when cleadlines are crowd¡ng
in on us, and step back and get a b¡t of a perspective on what it is that we
are doing.

This first issue of the new season represents a departure from our usual
format. A great deal of work went into it as well as some expense. We hope
that our readers find it all ìvorth ¡t and thát the publicizing of. some of the
act¡v¡t¡es of "our" ¡ntell¡gence agents helps to cramp their style. We look
forward to the day when there no longer will be government Sanctioned
murders to expose.
ln the meanwhile the drive to raise $50,000 and thereby assure WIN's
cont¡nuod ex¡stence cont¡nues. During the summer months, while both our
readers and we ìvere preoccupied, the submar¡ne moved forward at someth¡ng
tess than full speed. Our hope is that, w¡th the resumption ôf weekly pub.
lishing (and weekly expenses), it will move ahead a few knots faster. -WlN

UNINDICTED
CO.CONSPIRATORS
Jan Barry' llance Bêlvllle.Tom Bruckor
Jerry Coftln. Lynnê Coffln.'Ann Davldon
Diana oavl€s' Ruth Dear . Ralph Dlcia
Brlan Doherty " willlam Douthard. Karon qulÞli
Seth Foldy. Jlm Forðst . Lêah Fr¡tz. Larry êå¡¡
Joan L¡bby Hawk. Nell Haworth . Ed Hsdemann
Grace Hedèmann. Hêndr¡k Hertzberg. Xarl¡ .táy
Marty Jezer. BeckV Johnson. Nancy Johnson
Paul Johnson .Allison K¡rpel .Cralg Karpel .
John Kyper. Elllot Llnz€r . Jackson Mac Low
Davld McReynolds' Davld Morrls. Jlm P€ck
Tacl Rlcharda. lgal Roodenko. Nancy Roien
Ed Sanders. Wendy Sçhwartz. MaÍtha Thomases
Art Waskoriv- Átlen Young. Beverly, Woodward

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Box 547 / Rifton / New York 12471

$30,372.SS

Telephone: 91 4-339-4585
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WIN ls publl3hod w..kly .xcrpt lor th. llrrt
two wackr ln Jrnuary, th! lrat waak ln Mrrch'
tha llrrt waak ln Juna, tha lrtt two waak¡ ln

Augu¡t, rnd tho llr¡t ti^ro w.Òk¡ ln s.pt.mb.r
by th. WIN Publl¡hlng Emplr. wlth th. ¡upport
ol tho Wlr Rarl¡têrr Laâ9u0, Sub¡crlptlon¡ rra
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Now York, NY 10001. lndlvldurl wrlt.r3 årr
re3ponslbl€ for oplnlonS exprasi€d ând rccuracy

of facts glven. Sorry-månuscrlpts cannot bc lè

turn6d unl€ss accompanled,by a self-åddrossed
stamped €nvelope.
2 WtN

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While there is yet no proof that the Central lnielligence Agency (ClA) has succeeded in assassinating
any heads of state, WIN Magazine has learned
through an extensive six-month investigätion that the

CIA's companion organizations, the Army Coqnterlntelligence Corps (ClC), Naval lntelligence anil Air
Force lntelligence, have financed, supervised and
tolerated the murders of numerous innócent men
and women. By '1954, only seven years after its inception, the CIA was controlling the group that had
com mi tted the assassi nations,,an d probabl y stil I
continues to finance it.
The CIC operation that we have investigated-in
depth, code named "Ohio," took place in Germany
and Austria during the late 1940's¿nd.throughout
the 1950's.

OPERATIONOHIO
A SPECIAL \TIN REPORT DETAILING AMERICA}I SPONSORED POLTTICAL
ASSASSINATION ANID TORTURE IN POST.\ryAR GERMANY, DEMONSTRATING
THAT THE PHOEND( PROGRAM \ryAS STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE.

At least threé of the American intelitgence agènts
who "graduated" from this program went on to work
with the notorious "Phoenix" program in which over
40,000 Vietnamese lost their lives. Among these
Americans was Richard Helms, later Director of the
CIA and now ambassador to lran.

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Although the exact number of victims of this
operation is still unknown, a number of people
familiar with it feel that possibly over 100 men and
, women were killed. Nearly all the victims were antiCommunists killed in a misguided attempt to stop
Communism. We can now demonstrate that the CIA
and Army Counter-lntelligenöe Corps used the same
murderous techniques in Germany as they did later
in the Phoenix Program in Vietnam, and with.comparable "success." Operation Ohio is proof that for
the last 25 years or more, a major function of the intelligence services has been somethipg other than the
,gathering of information. Thé picture that emerges is
neither that of the James Bond adventurer nor that of
the cool analyst of information. From the beginning
a major task of the intelligence community has been
'dirty tricks," including murder. There is,now horrifying documentation that throughout the period
following World War ll the American f ntelligence
services committed acts of murder with the same
readiness that they engaged in regular peace-time in-

either the United States Congress or the American
public.
Finally, we have uncovered inst¿nces ol kidnapping
assault and battery and obstructíng iustice committed by CIA agents. Althoúgh the statute,of limit¿-'
tions has now run out on these 'Crimes, it is important
that we know the nature of the intalligence heritage
, so that, hopefully, some years from now we rvill.not,¿
look back at the events of 1975 and feel false relief i.
that they are no longer taking place.
,

WE DIDN'T MAKE THIS UP
The evidence of direct American involvement in
murder and other illegal.activities comes from over a
dozen people with either first or second hand knowledge of them. We interviewed most of our source's
iri'Europe and some in this country.
One of our informants is a "soldier of fortune"
who served in the French Foréign Legion, the
Spaniçh Foreign Legion (during the Civil lV¿r-on
Frañbb's Side) and the ill-fated Vlasov Army formed
under the Nazis to fight against the So¡iet Union. After the Second World War he served ?s a guard in the
Schleisheim camp for displaced persôns ðr "DP's."
Now retired, he has been a paid informer for both
German and US intelligence services.
One source, a woman, did secretarial work for the
US at the Mittenwald DP camp located in the
Bavarian Alpsand the scene óf a number of the
murders uncovered by the WIN investigation.
Most of our informants, hoth Europeans and
Americans, have insisted on anonymity. They have
had direct experience with the long arm of the ClA.
Those who have.agreed to our use of their names
help and their names appear
in the text.
Finally, a number of groups and individuals concerned with uncovering American intelligence ac- 'tivities have been most generous and helpful. They
include the Committee for a Fifth Estate, the Center
for National Security Studies, Ed Sanders, Victor
Marchetti, Tim Butz, Gary Thomas and many others.

¡ have also been of great

telligence gathering.

to date. Ostensibly established for the purpose of
helping to achieve military objectives, these services
appear to have taken on a political role unknown to

BY Maris Cakar:s and

Barton Osborn

Maris Cakors lived in Germany os a Displaced Person
duri7g his eørly ¡teors. Associoted with WtN since its
founding in 1966, he now works on it full time, His
FBI fìle reveals that the "subject" hos "been arrested
on numerous occasions for disorderly conduct in connectÍon with anti-war demonstrotions or reloted ac-

tÍvities."

Th. Phocnlx, ¡ymbol of ths CIA l!¡l!¡lnrtlon progrrm ln South.!3t A¡lr.
Cou

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rtr3y of Countarl9ylLNS.

Barton Osborn worked with the Phoenix Progrom
in Vietnam, ond was a consultant to the AIA's
Agent Motìvation Operotions. He is responsible for
the publìc exposure of the Phoenix Program, ond is
o co-founder of the Hfth Estate, lnc. whlch octs as
a n i nde p e n de n t o n d pu b I ica I Iy-su ppo rte d re sea rc h
group on the government Íntelligence communìty.

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THE FIRST INKLING: DACHAU

ln addition to the illegality of the activities that we
have uncovered, the role of Army, Air Force'and Navy
lntelligence in these abtivities raises very serious questions that have received little or no public attention

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Best known for the concentratíon camp located near
Dachau.is a picturesque Bavarian city, 1,200 years

it,

old and only six miles from Munich. The concentration camp still exists although there are no occupants'
other than the guards and ticket take'ts at the museum , ¡
located in thd former main administration building.
Among the things prohibited by the regulations
posted at the entrance'are the "distribution of leaflets or any form of printed matter" and straying
"from pathways provided."
Over 200,000 died at Dachau.
We met our first source at the stately former
residence of Bavarian royalty, high on a hill overloole
ing the valley in which the concentration camp was
located. The palace is now a public restaurant and its
.toilets included a plumbing fixture common to most
German drinking places: a sink-like thing with
handles, at just tþe right height for regurgitation.
We suffered a definite urge to make use of the
unique German plumbing after our interview with
this source, a former CIA employee who lived at the
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Copfdght t975 W Maris Cåkeh & Bart Osbom.

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Mittenwald 'ldisplaced persons" camp at which a
number of the murders occurred.
He told us that in the Mittenwald camp American
lntelligence used techniques borrowed from the Nazis
by burning murdered bodies in large bread baking
ovens. To compound the horror these were the very
same ovens used to bake the bread for the hungry
residents of the camp.
Our informant was a Russian.born anti'Comgrurlfst
who decided to leave the USSR hastily after an un' ".
successful attempt to turn the political tide in the ;
1920's by means of a bomb directed at high Communist officials passing through a Leningrad intersection. Because of his own activist background in the
East European political tapestry he apparently saw
nothing unusual in the burn solution to political

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problems.
The CIC sponsored organization which burned '
bodies in bread ovens was the OUN (Organization of
Ukrainian Nationalists). This organization has had a
long history of committing murders, beginning with
the German occupation of Ukrainia during World
War ll, according to our source, when the OUN
played a significant role in the exterfnination qf Jews
and other "undesirables." lts murdërous role con'
tinued after the war under American sponsorship.
And our informant was convinced that the American
sponsorship continues to the present.
Specifically it waslthe SB (Stuzhba Bezpeky), the
secret political pol.ice of the OUN that carried out
the killines. Patterned after the notorious Nazi SD
(Sicherhe'ítsdienif), our informant, referred to it as
the OUN's "combat organiza.tion" and seemed
pleased to report that, as far as he knew, it had been

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WHO WAS MURDEßED1AND WHY

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phased out after 1 959 with the assassination of the
OUN's leader, Stepan Bandera.
Our informant felt sure that a key link between
the OUN and American intelligence was a Father Ott,
a Jesuit and agent of the Vatican intelligence service.
Ott's familiarity with the Ukrainian situation
resulted from the Vatican's concern with the division
of Ukrainian Catholics between those loyal to the
Pope and those of the Eastern persuasion. Ott had
been in the service of German military intelligence,
had been captured by the Soviets, and had spent ten
years in their concentration camps
Our informant thought that Ott is currently the
head of Vatican intelligence. He stated unequivocally
that Ott had received training from a "friendly"
intelligence agency, probably the ClA.

The primary reason for the OUN murders was coldbloodedly ideological. "l have no doubt that these
people killed their rivals," admitted John Armstrong,
ä political science professor at the University of Wisconsin who has done numerous classified studies of
Soviet refugees for the Air Force. ln our interview
with him, Professor Armstrong added that "the

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Mittenwald ¡

motivation was strictly to eliminate the political oP

position."
The "opposition" consisted of the anti-Communist members of several more moderate groups,
one which was also known as OUN and another called
the Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council. Both
were led by former allies of Stepan Bandera, the head
of the murderous OUN.

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WIN Magazlne/S€ptember

lS, 1975
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More cynical members of the intelligence community suggested to WIN that at times the. passion for
ideology may have become confused with the need
for US cash and that one way that the Bandera OUN
attempted to corner the market on American financial
support was to decimate the ranks of its rivals. c
There can be no doubt that desperation to gain
dollars, a crucial element in the survival of groups far
from their natural bases of support at home, did lead

to excesses.

". . .the passion for ideology may haue become
,confused with the need
for US cash and that one
way that the Bandera
OUN attempted to corner the market on
can frnancíal support ùtas
to decímate the ranhs of
íts riuøIs.

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One Russian emigre group, TSOPE (Central Association of Post-War Emigres), is reported to have
gone so far as to set off a bomb in the courtyard of its
own headquarters near the present Olympic grounds
in Munich. The idea behind this bizarre incident,
which took place in the late 1950's, was to make it
look as if the deed had been done by Soviet agents,
thus making the TSOPE look more important in the
eyes of the ClA.
The OUN, while projecting a fiercely indepe¡dent
image, was even more desperate for outside support,
and naturally turned to the Americans-despite tþe
fact that duiing World War ll, and even before, tftey
had worked for the Germans both in Europe and in
the United States.
One way that OUN found to impress American intelligence was to play up their contacts on the other
side of the "lron Curtain." Without a doubt there
was an ahti-Communist armed force calling itself the
Ukrainian lnsurgent Army (UPA) operating in the
Soviet Ukraine and there can be no question that the
OUN maintaind somp contact with ít. lts activities
ceased by 1950 with the death of its leader, Taras
Chuprynka. But the OUN exaggerated the importance
of the UPA and its own role in that movement. One
person close to the situation described for us an
instance when OUN leaders reported to the US
Army Counter-lntelligence Corps that the UPA had
set up a new powerful radio transmitter inside
U krain ia and'was broadcasti n g val uabl e i n tel{ i ger{ce
information to OUN monitors. The CIC was invited
to OUN headquarters to see for itself.
CIC agents went, lístened and were impressed.
What they did not know, and may not know to this
day, is that the transmitter was located not in the
Ukraine but in the apartment next door and the in'
formation was faked.
Faked photos ofguerrillas in the forests of
Ukrainia-photos actually taken in the forests of
Bavaria-also served to impress the gullible Americans
and keep the dollars flowing into the OUN.
Another motive for murder was a desire by
former Nazi collaborators to disguise their pasts.
Many of them had participated in the mass murders
of Jews, Poles, Russians and even other Ukrainians.
Were ttreir true identities to have become known
thev wou ld have been convicted of war crimes and
exeóuted. Those with hands a little less bloody still
faced the prospect of forced repatriation to Ukrainia
under the terms of añ agreement between the United
States and the Soviet Union which called for all
citizens of the USSR at tle time of the outbreak of

war in 1941 to be repatriated.
Those Ukrainians who could prove that they were
from the Follsh controlled section of Ukrainia were
exempt. Since all OUN membCrs had at very least
engaged in anti-soviet activities, they sought to avoid
the cãnsequences by means of false documents "proving" that they were from the Polish Ukraine. This

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was easy

to do because during their retreat from their

homelañd they brought out every sort of official
form, æal, etc. New "offcial" documents were
readily obtained.
Un-fortu natel y docu ments were not €nou glr since
among the two to three million Ukrainian refugees in
Germãny and Austria were many who oould rcveal
the true ¡deht¡ties of the OUN criminals.
These were some of the reasons the OUN debided
on a course of assassination. ln the words of one of
our informants, "Some. undesirable Ukrainians re
coived thrcatcning lettcrs wlth death seríte.nces from
thê SB. Only a fcw of the liquid4ted Ukrainians werê
inow¡. Miríy murdcrs and liquiäations remain ln the
.

dark."
Our research indicates that at least dozensaand
poss¡bly over 1O0-people were assassinated and
inany rirore were teirorized into silenc¡ and si¡,bmis'
slon.
The full extent of this relgn of terror is probablyknown only by laroslav Steßko, the present head of
the OUN, ind'Mykola Matwiyeko, head of OUN's
security þolice-the notorious SB-at the time of the

murden.
Steßko now lives in London and Munich and uses
the name¡ Wasili Dankiw and Sernon Karbowitsch as
welt as hls own. Matwiyeko, on the other hahd, has

not been heard from since departing for a secret mis'
slon to Ukrainia in 1951. The misslon was sponsored
by one of the Allies' intelligence services and rumor
hàs it that ln fact the purpose of the mission was to
got Ma'twiyeko out oflthe way because he knew too
much.

After Matwiyeko, the SB's new chief was lvan
Kashuba, believed to be still living in Augsburg,
, .Germany, under an assumod namb. A German him
.' police rdport that we have obtained describes
'¡A common bandiL Always carries a pistol."

as

Other SB inembers and officers known to have
been lnvolved ln the assassinations include Wasyl
Mudryk, lwas Kaminsky (while Chief öf Police of
Trembovl in Ukrainia during the war Kaminsky was
responsible for the murder of many Jews; he now
lives somewhere in the US), and Roman Petrehkq al'
so known as Eugen Tatura, now believed living near
Buffalo, NY.

It was Petrenko who, direcæd by the leadership of
the OUN, ffrst established contact with the Army
Counter-intelligence Corps (ClC) in 1 946. lnstru'
mental in the contact was also Rev. lvan Grinyokh
who had served as the chaplain of the Nazi'OUN
"Nochtlgnlle" battalion during World War ll, and had
been awarded the German lron Cross. Grinyokh also
had worked for the Gestapo and had used the names
Orlov and Herasimowskyi. Earlier he had been an
advisor to Nicholas Lebed, the first chief of the SB.
During the post'war years, when the OUN was under
American control, he continued to serve as an officer
of the SB. Latei he was to split with the OUN and
form his own ñrral organization (the Ukrainiañ
Supreme Liberation Cbuncil mentioned earlier), also
tunded bY the US.
Among those killed by the OUN were B. Bulavsky,,
l. Chaikovsky, Ï. Charnetska, D. Chizhevsky,
Danke, Yuriy Gorodyn'Lisowsky, Y. Moroz,
Nikolai Mushak, A. Pechary, Professor Petrow,
Fyedor Rikadtshuk, Y. Stelmastschuk and Tamara

-

TshernetskaYa-ZarinnY k.

REIGN OF TERROR
Ì

Not every murder was commitûed because of
oolitics ór American money or to avoid capture.
in some cases the reason was as petty as the f4ilure .^
to pay "protection" money or was simply the relult '.
;
of oersonal squabbles. Ïhe Sg was effectively
camps
80
approximatoly
law enforcombnt in the
where Ukrainians.were the only, or the most numer'
ous, national group. There was no cheok on its ex'
ãesies other tñan tiv the OUN'r American sponsors.
Until the äarly 1'950's the German police were be"
ing re-established and wêre not an effective force.
Much of the police function-particularly matters
relating to the displaced persons-lay in the hands
of the Allied military. Harold Zink, one of the
archjtects of the American occupation policy,
pointed out in a report prepared in the late ;1940's
with government support that in the DP camps "the
publiõ-safety angle conlinued to be f direct rgsponsi'
bility of military government after UNRRA Ithe
Unit'ed Nations Rélief and Rehabilitation Administra'
tionl asbumed the task of administering the camps."
Slnce well over 500/o of Ukrainian refugees settled
in the American zone-chiefly Bavaria-this re'
sponsibility fell on the American Military Police, the
Counter-lntelligence Corps and the Criminal lnvesti'
gation Division*of tne Army. Although, on.the.whole,
ihe military was reasonably effective in maintaining
order in a diffcult situation, there is no record
ariy branch of the military taking any measures'to
put ah end to the OUN murders.
lndeed, one of our informants who was a wítness
to these events insisted that American soldiersprobably intelligence officers under the cover of
ordinary soldiers-held the keys to the Mittenwald'"
bread/body ovens. The OUN snuff squad had to apply
to the Americans each time it wanted to make use of
the ovens.
Thus the responsibility for the assassinations must
rest ultimately with American intelligence,-first the
Army Counter-lntelligence Corps, then Naval and
Air Force lntelligence and finally, by 1954,the

the

of

'

.

Chizhevsky and Professor Petrow were among
those incinerated in the bread ovens at the Mitten'
wald displaced person camp. The others were probably simply buried.

I

clA.

'
.

WHY THE US PAID THE BILL

lf America's primary fgreign policy objective at that,
time had not been the rolling bacftof Communist
gains in Europe, these assassinations would not have '

"*

occurred,

A top secret National Security Council document,
NSC-68, which has recently been de-classified, reveals
the real policy of the Truman administration, a policy
steadfastly adhered to by his successor, Eisenhower.

Dated April '14,'1950, the document recommended

"lntensification of affirmative and timely measures
and operations by covert means in the fields of
economic warfare and poliíical and psychological warfare with a view to fomenting and supporting unrest
and revolt in selected strateg¡c satellite countries."
Prgpared by a top'level inter'departmental group
headed by then chief of the State Department Plan'
ning Staff Paul' Nitze, NSC'68 makes it clear that the
defénsive posture publicly taken by the US during
wtN

9

"Despite the abundant
euidence of OUN war
crimes and mass muiders, US support for it
continued, and almost
certainly contínues to
this
the post war period was strlctly a publlc relations
sham.
Whon

lt

camo to "fomontlng unrest and revolt,"

the OUN wæ ready. Not only did it offer an ox.
perienced organlzation, but it also clalmed to reprÈ
sent an armed force, tho UPA, already operating within the borders of the USSR.
ln addition, and this was a key olement of its arrangoment with the ClC, it offered to eliminate
Communist agênts in the l{est.

the OUN's initlal attempt 4t implement
.ing Actually
thls aspoct of the agreemont

was a dlsasder. ln the

hope that the CIC could be tricked into doinc tho aø

tualClrty work, they ldentlfled thelr polltlcaiop.
ponents as Sovlet agents. But thls tætlc backffred
when the ClC, to lts credlt, checkcd tho backcrounds
of thosc who had boen flnjered. Out of one llit of
"agents'f supplled by thc O:UN on July 22,1946
only

10/o

of ths

cases

{"'r

Thls blunder may have been the reason why the
OUN grew estrangod from tho CIC and obtålned
!h.qsupport of Air Force and Naval lntelligence. The
OUN's new sponsors apparently cared littlã about the
mlsadvontures with ClC. Under the new arrangoment
the OUN would do its own killing.
Once the new program was put into operation it
didn't matter to its overseers that the overwhelming
majority of those killed were not in fact Soviet
agents. The important thing was that there was a
project, reports could be filed; it looked good at
headquarters. Similarly it didn't matter when, rhore
tian a decade later, a víllage in Vietnam had to be
destroyed "in order to save it."
There is no proof that, when contact was first established between the OUN and American intelligence
shortly after the end of World War ll, the Americans
knew the true nalure of the OUN. But there càn be
no doubt that wittrin a short tilnè the brutaf facts of
the OUN's past became known, as many Jews
famillãr with the details of Hitler's attempt to exterminate their people joined the,ClA and other
American intell igence agencies.
A study of "soviet opposition to Stalín" was
commissioned by the Air Force and published ín
"1952, lts author was George Fischer, the son of
Gandhi's biographer, Louis Fischer. The study
describes the OUN as "the anti-Communist, antiRussian, and, it must be added, also anti-democratic
Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists." lt goes on
to describe the OUN's ideology as fitting ín ¡'perfect10

wlN

.

qr

ly.ryitþ the Rosenberg Conception I Ro¡enbergwas

From 1954 until July of this yea'i'bargeaht was
president of this succession of committees. Prior to

Hitler's Minlster fsr Eastern Territories] ; its fãnatlc
racism also bore an sbvious affnlty wltñ Hltlsr's and
Himmler's Untemensch theory, and was not wlthout
significance in the over-all development of German

Ostpolltlh."

.

The purpose of the Fischer study was to examlne
options and make recommendations on how best to
pitch Amerlcan anti.Communist propaganda so as to
encourage opposition to the Soviet regime. Thls was
no more academic exorciso but an action report
which, if only because thoy pald for it, muit havo
been read by tho managers of the OUN.
Dosplte the abundant evldonce of OUN war ølmes
and mass murders, US support for lt contlnucd, and
almost certalnly conllnue¡ to thls day.
HOW THE AMERICANS WERE ORGANIZED

turned out tó wárrañt further

lnvostlgatlon.

day."

l;_

not yst bsen ablo to uncover the ohannels
through whlch the OUN recolved the funds
wittingly contributed by Amorlcan taxpayðrs. Hoiv.
ever the broad outllnes of the structure of tho
Amerlcan intelligence community in Europe during
the post war years have emerged
Some Americans who had detailed knowledge of
tþe OUN atrocities worked in Munich for three CIA
fronts: the American Committee for Liberation of
the Peoplei of Russia, Radio Liberty, and the ln.
stitute for the study of the ussR. The American
Committee which was the "sponsor" of both Radio
Liberty and the lnstitute, ¡ubsequently changed its
name to the Amer¡pan Committee for Liber¿tion
from Bolsfievism and iater iimply to American Committee for Liberation. The current name for the same
group is Radio Liberty Committee, lnc., and, although it wæ supposed to be formally divorced
from the CIA in 1973, eight out of ten members of
the current committee were trustees of the American
C,ommittee during the darkest days of the Cold War
in the 1950's
We have

.

un.

These eíght stalwarts are Mrs. Oscar Ahfgren

(former head of the General Fedçration of Womenls
Clubs), J. Peter Grace, Jr. (of the W&R Grace Co.),
H.J. Heinz, )r. (57 varieties), lsaac Don Levine
(Russian born journalist now living in Wddorf, Md.),
Dr. John W. Studebaker (former US Commissioner
of ECucation), Reginald T. Townsend (Princeton
graduate and author of God Pocked [VIy Chrlstmas
Basket), and Howland Hill Sargeant.

'

,.

this assignment he was an Assistant Secretary of
State in charge of East European Affairs. His connection with the CfA during that period has not been
established. ln coming to the American Committee
he succeeded former Ambassador to Mbscow, Ad'
miral Alan F. Kirk. Finally having reached retirement age, Sargeant is being replaced by
Sig Mickelson, formerly of CBS News.

A certifiable ClA.agent on the staff of the American Committee and someone who was familiar with
the details of the assassinations was lsaac Patch,
Director of Emigre Relations. Patch.eventually suffered a nervous breakdown and left the Agency. There
is no record of his ever having taken steps to put a
stop to the slaughter.'His two sons cuirently live on a
commune in New England.
Another CIA agent on the'€ommittee's staff, its
Legal Counsel, was a man called Muller who personally
was responsible for-and guilty of-kidnapping and
assault and battery. More on him later. Yet another
'
of
Williams,,piiector
co-conspirator was Spencer
Emigre Press Relations.

Radio Li berty (ori ginal ly cal led Rad io,Liberation
before political developments dict¿ted a toning down
of its militant posture) first went on the air on
March 1, 1953. Under the cover of broadcasters, '
journalists and concerned citizens, the CIA agents
employed by it actually waged war against Communism on many fronts. One of its tasks, obviously,
was the broadcast of propaganda. This often included
proposi n g admittedly "impractical " actions that
Sov¡et citizens might take to oppose their government.' Equally important was the gathering of intelligence information about the USSR from letters
which Radio Liberty uryed its listeners to send to the
station describing local conditions. These letters
were written as if to relatives or friends and mailed
to addresses broadcast by the station. This operation
was euphemistically dubbed "audience research."
At the same tíme efforts were made to bag information from US travelers to the USSR. "sparks
lnto the USSR", booklet published by Radio
Liberty during the 1950's, urges tourists to contact
the station and states that "whatever information
they can glean will be of great ínterest to the Radio
Libertv siaff." This effôrt to turn US civilians into
iunior ipies raises serious questions of ethics since
travelers who unwittingly provided information to
the CIA in this way could well have been ieopardizing

"

their right to retùrn to the USSR or possibly be running the risk of prosecution for espionage during a

future trip.
.rln addition Radio Liberty-American Committee,
tWo CIA fronts, did a brisk business in attêmpting to

influence domestic American opinion with an endless
stream of press releases, backgrounf briefingsand
studies directed at gett¡ng the American mass media
to parrot its line of slavery, starvation and incipient
revolt in the Soviet Union.
Among those wþo worked these v¿rious Radio
Liberty raikets, and were informed about the OUN
assassinations, wqre Robert F. Kelly (eolicy Adviser),
Jim Condon (Security Officer), Max Rallis (then, as

now, Director of Audience Research), Gaither Stew'
art (Radio Liberty Book Program, a proiect for
smuggling printed matter into the USSR), Mike Terpak (Assistant to the Policy Advisor in thê New York
office, now head of the Ukrainian desk at Voice of
America), Robert Dreher (Director of Pr,ogramming
later with the Phoenix Program in Vietnam), Gene
King (Dreher's successorat Radio Liberty in 195.6),
and Eric M. Kuniholm (Director of Political Affairs,
based in New York).

The American Committee's other branch, the

lnstitute for the Study of the USSR, posed as the
academic/research arm of the operation. fhe CIA also
used this as its cover. Among ¡ts agents were Leon J.
Barat (a Russian born US Army Lieutenan.t and

Deputy Adviser to the lnstitute), Dr. Oliver f .
Fredricksen (Advisor to the lnstitute), and Hank
Schott (Coordinator).
Other American officials who knew what the OUN
was doing with American funds included Richard l!l.
Christiansen (ClA), Nick Alexander (ClA), Ralph M. _
Jones (ClA under cover of the US Consulate in

Munich), Ernst Langdorf (Radio Free Europe), Dr.
Von Berg (Radio Free Europe)and Navy Lt. Cornmander Richley.
According to one former CIA agent with whom we
spoke, the CIA man who worked closest w¡th the
Ukrainian groups during these operations was John
LaPerque. Our informant described him as "the most
knowledgeable person in the US today about
Ukrainiañ operations. . .and generally as crazy as hell."
At the head of all of the fronts, agents, operations,
plots and crimes was Richard Helms, Director of the
East Europe Division from 1951 to 1955. An agent
since the inception of the CIA in 1947, Helms was
succeeded by Hugh Cunningham who served until
1957.

wtN.ll

"like an octôpus." Since the aúets of the CIA are
close to limitless compared to those of conventional
organizations, since the CIA itself car'ed little about

Although .ìo one has been able to chart,the vastof the empire under the control of the Director
of the East Euiope Division, it is known that the two
radio stations alone, Radio Liberty and Radio Free
Europe, received over $30 million annually from the
ClA. Radio Liberty maintåined publicly however,
that it was "dependent upon private contributionsindividual and corporate*as well as upon foundation
donors and it has received the contributions with no
strings attached." lt is un known what portion of this
budget was acûrally spent on broadcasting and how
ness

much was devoted to clandestine activit¡es.
At the center of the frantic anti-Communist
activity of his division, Helms wás known as the
coniumate bureaucrat, playing, like Richard Nixon,
close attention to the details of the many operations
under his direction. Later this rheticulousness was to
be rewarded with his elevation, first¡;to the.post of
Chief of the Clandestine Services and, then, to
Director of the CIA in 1966. ln his current post as
Ambassador to lran he supervises the vast American
intelligence gathering apparatus in that country.
W¡th the exception of Helms, none of the other
men that we have named were directly responsible

for the atrocities of the OUN. Control for that

,i1,pu,

*,

,¡,

operation was located elsewhere i.n the highly
compartmentalized CIA structure. Nevertheless all of
them were fully aware of what was taking place and
did nothing to stop it. lndeed, because the assassina'
tions suited their view of what American policy
ought to be, in varíous ways they encouraged-pos'
sibly even aided and abetted-them instead of re'
port¡ng them to the appropriate authorities. Their
failure to act raises a question as to whether or not
they are guilty of obstruction of justice or malfeasance in office.
An ironic aspect of the relãtionship between the
CIA and tlre OUN is that the public posture that was
taken was ohe of antagonism between the OUN and

the American Committee, with the OUN accusing the
Committee of favoring continued Russian domination
of neighboring nationalities after liberation from
Bolshevism. The CIA even went so far as to set up
two new Ukrainian groups, the Ukrainian Liberation
Movement and the Union of Ukrainian Federalist
Democrats, to "compete" with the OUN and publicly to cooperate with the Committee. ln faqt, the
CIA was supporting both sides in this political
competition.
Of course, when it came to political competition
.the OUN knew how to react. ln early 1952 an OUN
mem ber u nsu ccessfu I y atte mpted to assassi nate
General Diomid Gulai, the head of the Ukrainian
Liberation MovemenL This was too much. The CIA
tightened control and OUN assassinations were on
thìir way out although support of the OUN was to
continue.
At first it may appear self-defeating of the CIA to
support rival organizations, but actually such practices were (and are) not uncommon for an organization which one of our sources described as being
I

the specifics of political differences between its
clients, and since it could never be certain which
group or personality might suddenly prove itself use
ful, it simply backed everyonè.

i

THE CONTEXT.

'

ln order to understand the US responsibility in these
Cold War atrocities it is helpful to examine the ':
structure and program of, first, Military lntelligence
and, second, the CIA in Germany and Austria during
the post war period.
' At the close of World War ll the first unit of US
intelligence to arrive in these areas was the Army
Countér-lntelligence Corps (ClC). lts job was to
establish absolute authority for security in occupied
Europe. Army Regulation 38G100 statedl "The mission of the Counter-lntelligence Corps is to contribute
to the operations of the Army Establishment through
thè detection of treason, sedition, subversive activity,
and disaffection, and the detection, prevention or
neutralization of espionage and sabotage witþin or
directed against the Army.Establishment and the areas
of its jurisdiction."
ln the early stages of occupation (1945 and 1946)
this broad directive was taken to mean the simultaneous establishment of informant nets within the
German and Austrian civilian community and the
labyrinth of displaced person camps in order to
finger those opposed to American policy, while at
the same time conducting a campaign to enforce
authority over the German and Austrian population.
At f¡rst the CIC's target was deNazification, but
almost immediately the emphasis switched to the

battle against Communism. A recently declassified
official history of the CIC paints this pictu re of those
early days: "These first CIC agents and those who
followed them were to learn in the months ahead
that the devastation of a world war and the ensuing
. occupation did not destroy the espionage nets. New
ones sprang up overnight as occupation forces of
four ndtions (US, Britain, France, and USSR) and
displaced persons from many more swarmed into

Austria."
Although this report concentrates on Austria, the
situation was much the same in Germany. lt points
out that: "Post-war Austria was a hodgepodge of
nationalities. Displaced persons by the thousands
swelled Austria's population of 7,000,000 making,it
a simple matter for an agent of a foreign power to slip
quietly across a border and lose himself among the
multitudes. The terrain, dotted with mountains and
lakes, offered cover when the crowds did not.
" Divergent poli tical phi I osoph ies and organ izations further complicated the picture. Remnants of
the Nazi Party still held key positions in government
and business when CIC moved into Austria, and
CIC's first major task was the de-Nazification of the

..

Rlchard Helms, former director of the ClA, being sworn
ln before the senate wåtêrgate comm¡tteo in 1973.

WIN 13

.r.

country. Soon it became evident
that Communist
activities were an even greater
menace to freedom
and to rhe securiry or,{mericun';;;;;:;
Å"r"rili..
Even among rhe disptaced prr.or,r,
pãitì.tj1"äi u,,,
ews, the .were

J

re

o

rþn ized' effãrt;'rãä;;fr

Tr.ri

can authority.,'
By 1948 the CIC came to. believe
thar rwo
every 't000 persons in Ausrria ,"uru-uii.rtiü ogt of
ãiindirectty tin ked wi rh soui.t-"iignrå-iilrffi
agencies. So rhe job of us ¡ntãiiisencä-iriüiJp,
u"
-tñå"Ën"ting
came the same as ir larer_was ¡"
üiétnãm,

J;å'

out of Communist suspects

"The CIC,s offrcíal hís_
tory asserts that ,Al_
though ít was not stated
iry officíal dírectiues the
ClC quíckly realtzed ihat

tþe primary míssion of
de-Nazifrcq,tion soon
would be replaced by the
louiet problem., Th¿ fact
is that the word had

q

come down from the
policy makers in Wash_
ington that the Cold War
was

14

wtN

on."

mechanism Ay wnicn the CIC controlled
. tllp legal
m ex

was rh e ríi, piirå¿-Þãri.i'rîri
¡9 ol
wntcn. gave Army
Ç!C full license not only for
¡u emigration and release from rhe
Ouiãüo

ll.,.D
y+ö

r

ro unrold thousands of
informants.
cess

"r

*_
""rpr,
potentiaiã!e;;r;;

But the importance of this responsibility with.respect
to security m€ant that CIC would take control. As
stated ¡n dhe CIC's history, "From the start of opera'
tion in the fieid, it became clear that the CIC was in
fa6t mak¡ng a dêcision, as to security, with wlrich the
Presi den t's-executiVe order had charged the Pom'
mission. Tlìis was deliberate with the Comnil'ssion,
and at no'time was the CIC relieved of this bæic
funciion in connection with strict se'curity findings
and conclusions."
Once the CIC gained control in these areas,- it was
easy for its opera[ions to get out of hand. l¡.th9
woids of a reiired Colonel who had been with the
430th C¡C and who later went on to play a key role
in the Vietnam Phoenix Program, "ln those early
davs we had some wild ass times in Europe. Now'
anä-agaín a suspected Communist agent would get
klllsd. Thlngs wore so tense in thodêUayt that ¡t

dldn't take much, You know."
An example oi ån operatlon that crossed the llne
lnto lllogallty w¿s one namod "snatoh/Countor'
Snatch"-thai ran for a number of years ln thE late

1940's and oarly 1950's. This official, if ludicrous, .
codename referisd to a series of Amerlcan and Soviet
kldnappinss. The oficial CIC history conc€ntrates on
Sôviei ki¿ñappings as they were thwarted by one of

the "most eitenÑe'invest¡gat¡ons ever conducted by
the 430th CIC Det¿chmon{" Nevertheless a partici'
oant ln the operation has revealed to tf¡ that kid'
hioolncs wsr'e carried out by Americans as well.
'óttrãr
oooratlons lnvolvlng ma33 arrests included
¿'Llthla," and
"Blñgo" (ln whlch 407 "low'
"Suñríse "
lcvà|" USSR aronis werc arrcstcd), Llke Phoenlx ln
Vletnam. thc ðrltcrla for arrest, dctcntlon and
as fllmsy,as an accusatlon by
slnnle lnformer.
Fõrmed ln 1947, tho CIA wa$ not to takc full
onerãtlonal. control'of the rcfugce sltuatlon untll
iþS¿. gut ln the lntervenlng porlod the Agency had

lntcirogátlon coulC.be

I
,.

". . .In those earbl daYs

"we had sorne wild oss
:times ín Europe. Now'
an&agøin a susqected
Communist øgent would
get hílJed. Ihings were so
tense in those daYs that
ít dídn't tøhe much, Yotl
,1'

.

hnow."

a

assumod the rols of "blg bróthor" to the mllltary
lntolligence servlces. The CIA opsratðd ln doeper

ioveritran Mllltary lntelligence and wlth q ¡nuch
more sophlsticated structure that included less

vislbility.
THE OUN'S WAR RECORD

,

,|

t:tí

Members of the largest minority in the ÚSSR and the
inheritors of a distinct nat¡onality and culture, the
Ukraìnians have nevertheless been subiects of the
Russians, Poles, Rumanians, Czechoslovakians, Turks,
Tartars, Hungarians and others. ln the last few
centuries theie has been an independent Ukrainian
sovernment onlv for three years, from 191 7 to 1920.
Ëven that goverñment contiolled only a small portion
of the geography which is generally considered to
amount to Ukrainia.
Under these difficult circumstances a slrong . - nat¡onal¡st movement began to emerge before 1900.
Bv 1929 it had taken the form of the Organization of
U'krainian Nationalists (Organizatsiia Ukrains'kykh
Natsionalistiv), an organization sharing many of the
Dol¡tical assumptions of the German Nazi Party, initlAing the notion of the F uhrerprinzip, By 1938
the Nizis were supporting it in its efforts to gain
iutonomv for the Carpatho-Ukraine, a regíon then
under Czechoslovakian control.
ln t940, as a result oi a split between the young
m¡litants and the older moderates, Stepan Bandera

wrN

15

to become the major
branch of the OUN. lronically the split was based
partially on the accusation by the Bandera faction
that the oldei" Melnyk supporters were too closely
allied with the Germans. As events unfolded it
turned out that the Germans found the youthful
Banderaists more skillfull, organized and edger to
accompliSh their objectives.
The head of German military counter'intelligence,
Admiral Canaris, wrote in his diary on August 12,
1939,"1would like to make appropriate preparations
with the Ukrainians so, that should this alternative
beçome real, the Melnyk organization can produce an
uprising which would aim at the ann_ihilatio¡ of the
Jews and Poles." But that portion of the organization
controlled by Bandera would go on to "produce.such
uprisings" while the Melnyk factio¡ dragged its heeli.
ln early spring of 1941 rhe Bandera group, was
cooperating with the German llehrùocht i'n the
creation of two Ukrainian battalions, codenamed
"Nachtigall" and "Roland," both of which played a
significant role in the German aggression to the east'
As soon as German military units, including
Nachtigall, entered the Ukraine on June 30, 1941 ,
the OUN seized the opportunity to declare an independent provisional government in the city of L'vov'
The head of that short lived government was laroslav
Stetsko, the present head of the OUN.
Almost immediately the Germans had made it
clear to the OUN leadership that they considered the
provisional government a case of premature nat¡onalism and downgraded it to the status of a "regional
committee" and placed Bandera under house arrest
while permitting him to continue his political act¡vities.
At the same time that the provisional government
was being curtailed, the Banäera forces were sending
out "maúh groupst' þkhidny hrupy), allegedly to
spread the'word of the new government throughout
German occupied Ukrainia. Others, including Philip
Friedman of the YIVO lnstitute of f ewish Social
Science in New York, are convinced that the'OUN's
purpose was something else. According to German
documents, the march groups were organized to
"combat Jews and Communists."
assumed control of what was

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provisional
-Even before the establishment of the
qovernment, at the Second General Congress of the

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ÓUN (Aanaera faction) in April of 1941a resolution
was adopted that included the following:
The Jews in the USSR const¡tute the most failthful

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WIN M¡g¡¿¡¡s75cpt.mbcr
16 WIN

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support of the ruling Bolshevik regime and the von'
guord of Muscovite imperialism in the Ukraine. The
M u scov ite- Bol sh ev i k gove rn me nt ex p I o its th e a n tilewish sentiments of the Ukrqinian mqsses to divert
îhe¡r attention from the true cause of their misfortune ond to chonnel them in time of frustrotion
into pogroms on Jews The OUN combots the Jews
as the prop of the Muscovite-Botshevik regìme ond
simultuneously it renders the mosses conscious of the
foct that the principol foe is Moscow,
Here we have the classic identification of Jews=
Bolsheviks. From this basis the Bandera group
moved into action. As Friedman þoints out, "in the
implementation of its program with reference,to the
lew¡sfi problem the Bandera group complied with the
wirhm of th.it Nazi,protectors to a much greater extent than in theorY"

August 30, 1941 , two leaders of the Melnyk

-On
branch of tñe OUÑ were shot in the back and killed'

assassin was immediately killed by
Ukrainian and German police thus excluding the
possibility of learning his true motives' But coniiderable'evidence exists that the Bander4 group had

Their Ukrainian

;

ordered the assassinations.

year the Bande.ra group
-ln'October of the same
issued a letter saying, "Long live greater independent
']'

Ukraine without'lets, Polei and Germans' Poles
behind the San [úver] , Germans to Berlin, Jews to
the gallows."
T-he most vigorously pursued and tragically successful part of ãhis progiam was to prove to be the

third

one.

Friedman reports that,"in

forests

*

of

-th.e
-Philip
Kapyczow and Arianow the Bandera followers killed
100'Jews" and that "a Jew who escaped the concen'
tratión camp in Janow near L'vov, reported that a
Bandera group had surrounded a forest where about
80 Jews ñad been hiding and killed them."..
' -ln testimony before the Nurembprg tribunal
German Lieutenánt Erwin Bingel describès how
Ukrainian militiamen (OUN memþers) participated
in an action at the V¡nnitsa airpQrt in the Western
part of Ukrainia. The Jew.s of Vinnitsia had been
ässembled at the airport ahd then:
"One row of Jews was ordered to move forward
and was then allocated to the different tables where
they had to undress completely and hand over everything that they wore and carried. . .Then, having
takeñ off all their clothes, they were made to stand in .
line in front of the ditches, irrespective of their sex.
The commandos then marched in behind the line and
began to perform the inhuman acts' . .With automatic
pistols and 0.8 pistols these men mowed down the
line. . .Even women carrying children a fortnight to
three weeks old, sucking at their breasts, were not
spared this horrible ordeal. Nor were mothers spared
the terrible sight of their children being gripped.by
their little legs and put to death with one stroke of
the pistol-butt or club thereafter to be thrown on the
heap of human bodies in the ditch, some of which
.,were not quite dead."
Bingels testimony continues, but we will spare
you.
-Raul Hillberg's The Destruction of the European
Jews describes the OUN the following way: "The
Ukrainians were used principally for dirty work-thus
Einsatzkommando 4a went so far as to confine itself
to the shooting of adults while commanding its
Ukrainian helpers to shpot child¡en."

The evidence of the OUN'codìplicity in mass mur- .
der is extensive. No one investigating the period could
be ignorant of it. Certainly the spooks of ClC, Air
Force lntelligence, Naval lntelligence and the CIA
knew who they were getting involved with.

THE OUN TODAY
The OUN is more than a creature of 1950's cold war
hysteria. Today it maintains world headquarters in
Munich and US headquarters in New York City.
The Munich office is located at 67 Zeppelinstrausse,
an apartment building in which the OUN and its
various satellite organizations occupy the ground
floor. The OUN complex is guarded by three men
who appear to have revolvers under their lackets. We

l97S
WIN 17

L

.
'
'

refrained from a close examination of.the suards.
gained entrance to the OUN corñplex we
ryavi1g.
spoke with Anatole Bg-dr¡V, editor of their newspaper,
Tlte ll/ay to Victory. Sitting beneath a portrait of '
their "fuhrer" Stepan Bandlra, he freeiy admitted to
us that the newspaper is ,,aligned', with'the OUN.
However he refused to discusi with us any details
concerning the size of OUN's membershió or its
structure. He described information alone these lines
as something rhar ¡,could not be talkéj;il;;J; H;;ever he did characterize OUN,s present condition as

"healthy."

.

Bedriy would not admit to us that either OUN or
the newspaper currently received any outsidesrpport
a.lth.ough he commented,with atrace of nostatg¡a;ilìit
during the reign of John Foster Dulles as US Se"cri
tary of State their organization had received ,,cooper_
ation" fromìthe United States ggvernment. He alsä
confirmed to us that even today both Madr,id Radio
and Vatican Radio continue to'broadcast OUN
programs to the Soviet Ukraine.
A mystery that Bedriy was unable to clear up conqellgd the financing of The lUay to Victory. Of the
8,000 copies printed each weeli an unspecífied

number of thousands, þy.Bedriy's own'admission,
into Ukra¡nia. Weil over haif of tnesê
are intercepted by the Soviet authorities.
Who pays for these copies? lf it is true that, as
_
Bedriy maintained to us, the cost is covered by
private.con_tributíons, then the Ukrainians muit be
exceptionally generoús. The cost of tub¡¡;hi;g a week_
ly newspaper (*!rir! carries no paid advertisin¡¡ wittr
a staffofabout2í full and part time workers lÁa payare smuggled

Ìng to smuggle nearly half of the press
anoth.er country each week runs high.

njn into
this does not
even include the unusual publishinf expense of main_
taining arméd guards at the front aãor, Uút that ex_

pense is hard to calculate since, presumably, their
cost
is shared with the OUN and the other groufs in the

{"{

building.

Back in the USA the OUN operates under the
cover of the Organization for the Defense of Four
Freedoms for Ukraine, lnc. (ODFFU) and strongly
infl u ences th e U kraí n ian-Am erican yôu th Asoiiaiion.
Spokesmen f91 both organizations denied any knowledge of the OUN to us. However the near panic that
greeted our mention of the OUN during our recent
visit to the ODFFU offices in Manhathñ,s Lower East
Side, belied thê true nature of the organization, as did

the prominently displayed.portrait ol Stefa¡ Bándera
the first leader of the OUN. ln addition a Ukrainian
source familiar with the politícal organizati.ons r.epre
senting Ukrainians in America ideniified the imalí
brownstone facing Tompkins Square park as the
American headquarters of the OUN. lt's current head
is a Mr. Cokolyk.
The Ukrainian American Youth Association also
headquãrtered at31S E. jOth St., maintains summer
grmps. in.E-llenville, Nf; Buffalo, Ny; Wisconsin;
Detroit IVlich.; and Cleveland, Ofrio. We visited íhe
beautiful 106 acre Ellenville camp where abot¡t 100

teenagers we-re learning to become camp counsellors

them:elves..ln years past as many as 25b youth have
paÉicipated in this program but interest appears to
have waned recently.
"We do have in the back of our minds that we are
training young people who may eventually be involved in an armed struggle in the Ukrainer,, admitted Askold Lozynskyj, a likeable member of the
Nationaf Executive Committee of the Association and

the person in ghagL9.f th,e camp. He denied any con_

nection with the ouN, admittins onlv that

A short while later Christiansen was expelbd by
the German government for breaking into the apartment of another mysteriously missing CIA employee,
Major Leonid Ronzhin.
After Moroz's release he filed complaints with
every manner of authority from the lo'cal police to
President Eisenhower, to no avail.,Apparently'the
power of the CIA was such that it was able to cover
up the crimes of kidnapping and a'isault and badtery.
This fact was recently co¡firmed for us by the
woman that Moroz lived with until his ¿eath in 1912.
Vera Berku! also an einployee of the lnititute for
the Study of the USSR, told us t¡at not only Moroz
but also friends of his well connécted with the"in-.
telligence establishment had demanded an inquiry
with no success.
While Peter Moroz was undergóing torture á CIA
agent named Henry Sutton was puttin&into e..ffecta
plan to organize a paramilitary force of'German
youth to be thrown into action in the event of an
armed confront¿tion with the Soviet Union. Of
course such a plan went altogether against the notion
that every effort possible be made to prevent a
resurgence of German militarism. Nevertheless, the
CIA shipped arms to the German youth while attempting at all costs to keep the operation a secret.
The fruit ol this blundered attempt is now know as

it

"probably" stilI exísted.
. There,. not far from the famous Jewish resorts that

have presided over the emergence of another immi_
grant group into the American middle class. the
crimes of the OUN seemed almost of another world.
How nice.
The peaceful scene in Ellenville was indeed a¡h¿rp
contrast to the scene a month and a half earlier ln
Germany where, seated on a sidewalk bench jn front
of the MacDonald's on Lud.wigstrasse we met quietly
with a retired CIA agent still altive in emisre afoairs.'
He was lamenting the fact that the agency-no longer
supports the OUN and other emigre groups in thJ
style.to which they have becomeäcri;r;m.d:
We commented that we had heard that this was
indeed the case.
"But," he said, "l just heard fr:om a friend who has ,
qf_ten supplied me with reliable information on the
OUN.that th.ey have developed a new sourçe of suþ

port."

"Oh, that's interesting."
just put mãney into an account at the
^ "Y.r, they
Credit Lyonaise bank in Switzerland and the OUN
draws out what it thinks it needs."

"And who

is this new generous benefactor?',

"The Chinese."

OTHER HORRORS
Other facts brought ro light by the WIN investiSqtjpn þ Munich involved a Russian born employee
of the CIA 1a¡ned Peter Mbroz who was kidnäpped
and tortured for three months bv CIA oDeratives.
Physical and psychological tortuie techniquei which
were to turn up ten years later in the CtA detention
centers of Vietnam were used against Mr. Moroz.
Peter Moroz was an employeè of the CIA's lnsti!ut9 f9r the Study of the USSR. Foltowing in his
father's footsteps his son Rem also joinedihe. ,
Agency ahd wæ traíned at a CIA center near iVasÉ-

il8tol,

DC. Subsequently he was assiined to.work in
tast cermany. ln the fall of 1956 Rem lost contact
with hls CIA control who, coirectly, suspected that

reached the same conclusion.
Several people familiar with Operation Ohio advanced.the theory that this operation was purely {he
result of the fact that the American agents ope¡4fi¡g^
in post-war Europe were "of poor quality" and "be' ..
low par." However America's performance in otþer '
places at other times suggests that what happened in
Europe was no aberration.
The explarìation for how these things continue to
happen lies in the fundamentál contradiction between genuine national security bæed on peace with
freedom and America's historíc urge to reorganize

I

the world in its own image.
Until that contradiction is resolved we can continue to expect to find the Navy sponsoring assassina-'
tions in places like Mittenwald, high in the Bavarian
Alpsãnd 200 miles from the nearest oceani and the
Air Force carpet bombing iungles in Southeast Asia.
And we can also continue to expect ttle governnlent
to keep the truth about these operations from Lis in
the name of "national security."

the "Black October" flap.
Simultaneously with the attempt to create a new
"Hitler Jungend" the CIA was drawing up lists of
agents not of American extraction to be "terminated"
in the event of the same confrontation with the
Communists. The rationale was that they would be
ttsaved" from the enBmy.
Although the list,was top
secret, a number of the people on it le4rned what
was that their American friends had in mind for
'them and, in a fit of pique, let oüt news about the re
armed youth, news that did not sit well with the antiNazi Europe ofthe 1950's
This embarrassing development resulted in a
ma.jor reshuffing of the CIA apparatus in Europe.
But the timingwas fortuitous s¡nce, as the CIA was
just beginning to find out, the grass was greener in

'

Southeast Asia.
AS AMERICAN AS APPLE PIE

he had defected.

On Sàptemli r fi,'1956 rhe farher, perer, was
ieized.by CIA operatives posing as German þolice.
Their leader was a man named Muller, a ClÄ agent
posing as the Legal Counsel of the American Cbmmittee for Liberation from Bolshevism. Whíle serving
with the US Army Muller had earned a reputation for
excessive brutality with German POW's. He now put
his skills to work on Peter Moroz.
Moroz was taken to a "villa" or safe house near
Gruenwald, south of Munich. Until December 9 he
was held there, forced to sleep in a basement room
without furniture while bright lights were left turned
on. He was fed highly salted food. Constantly
Indonesian music was piped in over loudspea'kers.
The CIA's objective was to make Moroz denounce
hís son, thereby blunting the propaga¡da effect of
his defection. Additionally the CIA was desperate to
learn from the father exactly what information his
son had that could be of use to the KGB, the Soviet

Security Service.
Amazingly Peter Moroz failed to break under the
pressure and was rèleased. But while he had been in
confinement two CIA agents, Leon Barat of the
American Committee and Richard Christíansen
broke into hjs home to tearãtr rãi¿ãärråîir. irl.v
failed to find anything of value.

tion's infrastructure) and "bludgeon" (large military
operations). AthóuÉn most Amèricans have finally
come-to the realizai'ron that neither of'these two alternatives is acceptable there is no evidence that
côuntless "intelligence" agents in our employ have

It is now possible to trace the history and growth of
the modits operandus used by American intélligence
over a period of more than three decades. As the
CIC and the whole of Military lntelligence burgeoned
in the early post-war years in Europe, their functions
quickly went far beyond the mere cóllection of information and the analysis of that information.
When the CIA consolidated its leadership in the intelligence community during the 1950's it continued
to follow this Precedenl

lndeed, the mentality that produced the charred
to produce even
more widespread destruction in the 19b0's and
1970's.
As a result of intelligence operatives beine transferred to'southeast Asia the concept of assalsination
as a lesiümate political tool was reincarnated in the
Phoeik Program and its predecessor,_P-åung Hoang.
Although Phoenix wæ_the creation .of William Col"by,
corÞses of Mittenwald would go on

-

the curlent Director of Central lntelligence, its roots'
in Vietnam actually go back to the 1950's when
Anierican sponsored
'Edward "counter-terror" was introduced

Lansdale.
bv General
Ultimately American policy makers introduced
terms such as thp "scalpel" (murder of the opposi-

Cartoon from the Daily Wortd/LNS.

18 WIN

WIN 19

!f

---_L_

junctions.
All the companies involved have
acquired court iniunctions making the
strikes "illegal:" Miners say that,
"They're using these injunctions against
us just like they used guns and bombs
against our
7LNS

fathers.""

ChnNcÈs

NEW COMMITTEE FORMS
TO FREE MARTIN SOSTRE
A Committee to Free Martín Sostre
formed in New Yor.k Cíty as
part of an intensifying campaign to
gain rçleaæ of the black activist,. who
has been imprisoned for eight years.
since he was framed on drug dealing' i
charges in 1967.
Catholic activist Daniel Berrigan,
black actor and activist Ossie Davis,
and New York Assemblywoman Marie
Runyon assumed leadeishíp of the
group in mid-August, "hoping to make
this committee the focal point of a
mass campaign for execut¡vo clcmdncy
for Sostre," said Runyon.
lntensifi cation of 'the "free Sostre"
campaign within the last two months
has included Sostre's own informal
request for executive pardon or commutation of sentence, which he
telegrammed to New York Governor

!-

has been

\

THE LAST WORDS
ON KENT STATE:
NOBOEY IS GUILTY

IOANN LITTLE AC-

' ôu¡rreo oN MURDER

FCderal Court jury in Ohio has
denied civil damages to the victims

of

the shootings by National Guardsmen
at Kent State University in 1970. Unless appealed successfully,,the verdict
means that the courts havê turned

effortl to fix personal

respon-

sibility for the

'

*'l.

Joann Little was found not guilty of
second degree murder and voluntary
manslaughter by a Raleigh, North
Carolina jury after only 78 minutes
of deliberation on August 1 5. One
, of the iurors explained afterwards
that they had all voted for acqui,ttal

vote. .

deaths of four students
and injuries to nine others dúring a
demonstration against the war in
Southeast Asia.
The President's Commission on
Campus Unrest, created shortly after
the shootings, terms the Guardsmen's

on the first

actions' lunwarranted, un necessary
and inexcusable." The Guardsmen
were then exonerated of criminal
charges.by a state grand jury. A
Federal grand jury later charged them
with conspiring to violate the civil
rights of the students. The Guardsmen were cleared when the trial'iu dge,
after hearing the prosecution case, dismissed it as insuffcient.
The surviving victims and the
parents of the dead students obt¿ined
a ruling last year from the United
States Supreme Court that they could
bring a civil suit against the Guardsmen, university offcials and Ohio
Governor James A. Rhodes, who had
ordered the troops onto the campus.
'
The victims and parents sued for
$6-million in damages, alleging that
the defendants had violated the stu-

jury, half of which was black, sets a
precedent for a woman's right to

dents' constitutional right of assembly.

The key issue in the 1S-week trial was
whether the Guardsmen were actually
in danger from the demonstrators at
the time they opened fire. The jury,
voting 10 to2for the defensg, apparently believed the Guardsmen's
testimony that they felt themselves

threatened.
20 WIN

parts of Kentucky and Ohio as well.
The wildcat, led by rank and file
miners without union sanctions, began immediately after a union. local
president, Roger Thompson, _was frred
August 11 by the Amherst Coal ,
Company at their Buffalo Creek Mine.
The company charged him with
"turning cars back," or not letting
people go in tþ work, but Thompson
says he was merely talking to sorne

NINruSUNUGHTER CHARGES

A

aside all

out on strike, and minês were shut in

AND

-News Desk

Li

ttlê, a 21 -y ear-ol d

was chargdd

.

blac k,woman,

miners.

with the murder of

Clarence Alligood, a white jailer who
she says tried to rape her in her jail
cell.
The decision by the seven-woman.

defend herself against sexual attaçk.
Juror Paul Lassiter said, "l was
always waiting for the state to bring
something in kind of like a bombshell
to surprise us. I was surprised whqn
the state rested its case."
"l owe my victory to the people
and not to the judicial system,"
Little said at a press.conference fol'
lowing the jury's decision. "lf my
sisteis are ever faced with the similar
situation, and I hope they never do,
maybe now there is a law that says a
black woman has the right to defend
herself." Little announced at the
press conference that she will begin a
speaking tour around the country to
advocate prison reform.
-LNS
.

COAL MINERS WILDCAT
IN WEST VIRGINIA,
KENTUCKY AND OHtO
Miners in Logan County, West Virginia began a wildcat strike August 1 1,
shuttìng down every mine in the
area. By August 21 ,32,000 miners in
the southern part of the state were

,

Miners say. that the fir:ing climaxed
a conffict between rank and file
workers who had heen demanding
better grievance procedures, and the
company and the union, who had þotþ
been stalling on the issue. The firing
came shortly after a meeting between
United Mine Workers president
Arnold Miller"and members of the
'
local who wanted to s€t up an Arbitration Review Board that would hear appeals of grievances. The establishment
of the three.member review board was
outlined in the recent contract be-.
tween the United Mine Workers and
the owners, the Bituminous Coal
Operators Association.
The hard-won contract which
ended a 2*day strike was signèd on
December 6,1974. The review board
was supposed to have been set up
within sixty days of.that date. At the
time the contract was signed, the
union called the review board one aspect of a new "streamlined grievance

.

sit-in.

At their meeting with carey three

,

procedure.l' But as of yet, neither the
coal operators northe union have '
nominated review board m.embers.
The rank and file strikers are now
demanding: 1 ) fair grievance pro.
cedures, 2) the end of all fines and
contempt citations which they feel

to penalize.
those that organize for better condi'
tions, and 3) the end to all court inare being uniustly used

Hugh Carey in June. His request followed an eight hour sit-in in Carey's
.office, staged by 16 activists June 20.
The action woñ a meeting with Carey
to discuss Soqtre's cæe. Daniel Berrigan, three other priests, Marie Runyon,
and eleven others took part in the
days later, the group presented evidence that the Sostre conviction was
a frameup and outlined the brutalities inflicted upon Sostre by prison
authorities during his eight years of

confinement. '

The state's chief wítness at the
original trial, drug addict Arto W¡lliams, testífied thãt he had bought
heroin from Sostre. An'all-ivhíte iury
convicted Sostre and sentenced him to
a 30 to 41 year pi'ison term. An appef late division of the Supreme Court
later modified the sentence to 25 to
30 years "in the interest of justice."

After Sostre had served five years
in prison, much of that time in solitary
confi nement, Arto Will iams admitted
that he had helped the Bufralo police
fnme Sostre in exchangc for his own

'

freedom, but his swornãffdav¡ç to
that effcÈt was not allowed in court
by the judge who had sentenced
Sostre.
Sostro was recently transferred

federal prison in New

to

york City after

the
and
move,
sworn
Sullivan,
coldcell
sub
re
rectal
shave
ðon- :

he filed afederal suit charing
The 28-minute movie, entitled,
state prison system with brutal
"What Time is The Power'on Today?"
genocidal treatment. The
depicts a:c¡ty in the near futute where
ordered to protect Sostre from furthei the power must be shut off from
hanssment, was aided by a
10:30 am to 4:30 pm each day beaffidavit by parolee James
cause of the utility's i,nability to me{t
stàting that while he wæ imprisoned power demands. lt blames the rÈ
he overheard guards "plot the
sulting chaos on stringent environblooded beatiàg of the guy in
mental standards, oppositign tg power
number 38. His name is \4artin Sostre." plans and rate increase, and un+ealistic
Sostre has been repeatedly
regulatory commissions. ;
The climax of the movie occurs
iected to beatings by guards for
fusing to submit to degrading
when a leading "environmentllist"
"searches" and for refusing to
sees the light and accepts the compart!
'his quarter-inch beard. He-lras helped point ofvléw
organize prisoners' unions which
Currently being shown to schools
ducted strikes.at Auburn and Wallkill and civic groups throughout AEP's
seven-sbtã service area] the film does
not ment¡on that the utility industry's
For further information and
support Sostre's struggle for freedom, generating reserve. margin last year
wls at ¡ts h¡ghest level in.more than a
ãòh'tjct ft e Commi-tíee" to
debade, and that the28% reserve
Náiän Sostru, 339 Lafayette
margin was almost twice the Federal
Ñðw Vork, NV 10012.

pqispns.

to
Free
' Street,
-LNS

minimum of 15%, This ovirexpansion,

åNðiñ'#,iifi',t¿å.rÏo

;l]fi¡,åí,[ffi'ffååi:'ffif,iJï'13*,

A United States soldier statloned in
South,Korea has been ret'urned home
by the Army at the request of the

DEMAND THE RELEASE OF
DR; HENRY MORGENTALER.
Dr. Henry Morgentaler, a survivor of

Park Chung Hee regime.

"What l'm guilty of," saíd Michael
E. Kerr last month, "is the crime of
petit¡on¡ng the US Congress and
Presiden to respond to the:totalitarian oppressive policies and human
rights violations by Park Chung Hee\
government."

Kerr had sent a letter to President

Ford in ,une protesting the US role
in supporting Park. The letter was
signed by 107 US soldiers, more than
a third.of the lower.ranking Gls on
the Cainp Long base in Woñju. Kerr
says that he had no contact with
South Korean people or organizations
workingin opposition to the governrnent.
Park, Kerr said, was using United
States aid to "willfully and systemati.
cally subiugate and oppress the good
peonlg of south Kott"jou"rdian/LNS

BLACKOUT BLACKMA¡L?
The West Virginia Citizen Actíon

Group and the C¡t¡zens for Environinental Protection have asked the
Kanawha County Board of Education
to review a film released by the
American Electric Powor óompany,
and consider prohibitlnr its shôwiñi
in schools wldhout a baianced prcse-ntation from environmental and cbnsumer
groups.

'

the German death camps during
World War ll, was acquitted by a jury
in 1973 after having been brought to
tr¡al on charges of committing illegal
abortions in Qqebec. ln April of '1974, , '
the Quebec Court of Appeals reversed .'
the jury verdict and found Dr.'
'Morgentaler guilty of the
n ',
This is an historic case of a Canadi, .)
an Appeals Court over-turning a
'i
guilty verdict of a jury. lt is a
example of the State powers'
. .1, ,,
tempts to destroy the Canadian right 'i.'..;
to trial by iury. The Quebec Court,
using Dr. Henry Morgentaler as a,

charges.
notclear
at-

scapegoat, is attempting to set a

precedent by over-riding the right of
trial by jury.

Dt. Morgentaler is being held in
prison and'is bèing persecuted for ho
sañe reason. The irrational State
powers are showing a dangerous and
disgusting disregard for Dr. Morgentaler's life and for the right of trial by
. iury.

Demand the immediate release of
Dr. Morgentaler by writing to the
Quebec Minister of Just¡cê, Jerome
Choquette, Quebec City, Quebec,
Canada.

Write to The Canadian Association

Abortion Law (CARAL),
Box 424, Cambridge (P), Ontario,

to

Repeal the

Canada

for more information;
,wll.¡ zr

.-,

t

LETTERS Contlnued from Pago 3
There is culrently a stnrggle going on
within the organization regarding what the
relationship betweên the Special and the
national organization of the Guild should
be. A major question is the lack of any
mechanism of accountability of the
nlght Speclal to the Guild. Most of the næ
tional leadorship oftho orgenizadon feel
that the Specr¿l should be an lndependont'
orolect wlth fratem¡l rslations wlth the
buii¿, uut many othors feel that lt should
bc a project with edltorlal indopondence. , .
F-or tliose interested ln rcadln¡ coplee
oî the Speolal,lt may bo obtelncó frorn
them at-166 W. 27th No. 21t', NY, NY'
225-2:A80, The July lsrue of @¡lld¿alrs

llió

(f¡om tho abovE addre¡s) eontaln¡ opporlng
posltlone o¡ the queetion
io the Gutld.
Natron¿r Lawyero

ofthe rolrtiorrhlp,

o"uq

il:l,li:f8ï,i

Am I the only one who was scandalÞed by
some of the lhings Ma¡ty Jezer said in his
letter [WIN, B!7l7Sl on mv letter Î'll3ll15l
on the-Uhl-Ensigr piece on Portugal

l7lL7l7sl'.

Jeze¡ writes: "Given the level of
political consciousness (and the rate of
iüiteracy) elections ai this point are fool-

hardy."What outrageous condéscension!
Sincè when is some arbitrarily defined

d

"level of political consciousness" a pre requisite-for having a say in the political
erolution of one's country? Salazar made
thât arsument for decades, but I never
to ûnd Marty Jezer agreeing with
"*ou"tãA
him. Anvwav, I thought the Portuguose
oeoole displãve d a nther hlgh level of
lãiiüc¿ .onóioutn.ss in their elections'
is Jezer suggesting that voting Stalinist and
having a high level of political consciousness

wæ ðrushed, Cunhal, the Portuguese Cor*
munist leader æplauded The Italian and
Soanish Communist parties, bn the othér
f,à"¿, ¿i¿ not applaud. Nor do they ap
orove the dictatorial policy of the Portusl¡ese CP. The ltalian and Spanish conr
irunists have leamed from Soviet "misiakes," but Cunhal hasn't, and his approval
of thó invasion is a clue to the kind of
regime he would like to establish in his own
.

country.

Jezer writes that Cunhal is not a
Stalinist hack Half true' O¡nhal is not a
hack As Fallaci rcported, ho is a btavo
man who hrs suffe-¡ed toribly for hls be'
llofe, ¡nd ho l¡ also charmlng But he fs
s Stallnist.
Jozo¡ u,rltss thet mY defen¡e of the
Portun¡e¡o Soeiall¡t Pa¡ty ls urprlsln¡ ln
vtew õf tho fact th¡t European eocid
domoor¡ts "lre not moto rsdlc¡l than thc .ffUii¡t *tn¡ of our own Democntic Party"'
That'c ¡ duilou¡ p¡opolltlon-the Swedlsh'
Dutch, Groelç French, Dani¡h' Sp¡ni¡ht

ana bigo soctions of the Brlti¡h and Ger
man soõianst parties are moro radical than
the ceneral run of liberal Democrats here¡ut ä.n supposing it to be tnre, so what?
Is it such a terrible thing to be "not mote
radical than the liberal wing of bur own
Democratic Pæty"-to be "not more radical" than Bella Abzug Ron Dellums,
Ramsey Clæk, Fred Ha¡rig Michael- Hanington (both of them), Geo¡ge M¡'
Goverq Tom Hayden? Shouldn't such
oeople be permitted to publish book and
n"*spaptt$, organize political pa¡tics' and
o"ttiôioãtr ît tiv in the political life of
itreir c'ountry? Èor that matter, shouldn't
wen people who are less radical than our
own úberal Democrats, people who are
conservative or even reactionary, have
these rights? And Stalinists, too, and, Mao¡sts-an¿ anuchists? In fact, shouldn't
all oeoole have political and cultural free'
¿orir? Èven-da¡e I say it-Orbans and
Chinese. too?

I don't dispute Jezer's view that the
iunta and the Þortuguese CP a¡e ultimately
well-intentioned. But it's not enough to
have good intentions I just don't see how

are synonymous?

One díference between the Socialists
and the Stalinists is that the Socialists be
lieve in "free elections'? (Marty, why do
vou out these honorable words in scornful
ãuofes?) even when they lose. Stalinists
úke eleótions onlv when they get ninetynine percent of tñe votes.
lezerwrites: "I am no friend ofthe
Soviet system, but other communist
countriós seem to have learned f¡om lts
*ittuk"t and are striving to cleate a decent
society." I would use a stlonger term than
"tnirtuk t" to describe the murder of mil'
lions of people and the repression of
hundredi of milions more, but let that
oasc The Czechs leamed from the Sorriet
ãxample. and the Soriet answer to Czech
socialism with a human faqe was ¡ military
trfvasion. The rest of Eactom Europe drew
ihe lusson that while the Rumlanr might
iãtcrate an lndopendent foreign pollcy ln
ihãir tmme¿irto rphere of lnfluence, ac ln
fumanig any attèmpt to pormlt frocdom
ofexþrecsion l¡ beyond the pale. Re"
memùer, Dubcok didn't want to bringtack
.."lt"nsin. He didn't even want to with'
áiã* ¡to. the Wa¡saw PacL All he w¡nþd
wãs to tet people s¿y what was on their
minds. And when the Czech experiment

that includes military dictator'
rhio. iuppression of f¡eedom of expresion,
tfre óxeõútion of political disidents and
'lery hard repression" (the last two have
been sr¡ccested by one of the junta generals)
a Droqram

'

:

,

is soinclã produce a decent society. Means
haie aïay-of effecting ends virtually to
the point of determining them-isn't that
oneif the basic insights of radical paciûsm?
Maybe this whole disagreement a'bout
elections boils down to a dtfrerence in
valuos. I beliove in f¡eedom of thought and'
er(þt€sl¡ion. not a9 a means

to 80me othef

enl

such as socisl lustice or economic
eqr¡allty, but at ¡ pollticat end ln itself.
li¡¿ ttrüt why I bcllaro in froo olsctlons
and rorroccnt¡dve domocr¡cy-not bccsuge
elcctlon¡ þroduco wlæ lcadorr, which thcy

obvlou¡ly'don't, but bccauco I Jult don't
know of any polltlcal arrangomcnt afåar
than freo elections and represontaüvc
dcmocracy under which freodom of
thought and expressiqn can bo wen a little
bit dfe, (If Marty tezor or anyone else .
knows of one, for God's salce speak up !)

!{

And'I'm against dictatorship on principlenot because I think it's a lousy way to run.
a revolution I do think it's a lousy way to
n¡ir a revolution, but that's incidental.
-HENDRIK HERTZBERC
New Yqrlq NY

vt.

Pqrtugal has been occupying a place of
imminence in radical debate, precluding
the closing and reopening of Republlca
which only intensifed. polomics,in this
area. Fine Ilay, Debate is an e¡ ily healthy means of education, if con'
ducted objectively and refraining from
back stabbing ¡nd namecalling. For

¡ 0

lohn

PUBLICATIONS

Ùemocratic Socialists in the US for

Portu guese revolu t¡onary speaks-The
Struggle ¡n Portugat Today-Anton¡o Sitva,

RECON, September ¡ssue ¡nctudes¡.pentagon Gets. lndian Oc€an Bas€, Women's
Problems ¡n the A¡r Force, New Atomic
Cruiser Functed, '76 Etectoral Strategy and
much more. Send 3sClcopy or g3/year
(12 ¡ssues) to RECON, PO Box 146O2,
Ph¡|a., PA 19134.

sister'party, according to a
recent reiolution passed by the SP-USA

SP Portugal as a

National Committee.
Initially I supported SP Portugal, but
after some study and debate with othe¡
radicals I now must, in all faimess, back the
Porhrguese peoPle and the AFM.
SÈPo*ugal netted 35V.o of the vote. A$
suredly this is the most githered by any
group. In reality it falls short of a majority'
For the AFM to h¡rn the government over
to Soares and his Party would have been '
counter'productive and politically naive'
Because he got the most votes Soares
ûgures he has a mandate to n¡n the.col¡q'
t¡y. Thus his volatile disagreements wrtn

revolutlonary soldier, detega'te to Workers

and Sold¡ers Councili Sunday, September
14, 7:3O PM, Hotet D¡ptomat, l08 W. 43
It._:]\_"-ry York, and Monday, September 1S,
7:3O PM, Art¡ngton Bapt¡st Church, 335

Boylston St., Boston, sponsored by
workers Power portugat Sotidar¡t)a Fund.

AGAPE Foundat¡on has complet€ct a booklet detail¡n9 ¡ts âct¡vit¡es and projects. For
a copy, write to AGAPE Repof t, PO Box
6749, Stanford, Ca, 94305. Upcoming ts a
benefit concert for AGAPE projects Nov.

FILM-"Coup pour Coup" (Btow for Btow).

Free Associat¡on, 5 W. 2oth St,, Sept. 20,

I & 10 PM. Oonat¡on.

]¡sts books, tapes, gamel deating w¡ili'
poss¡ble future developments in technology
ancl soc¡ety. 25ø, World Future Soc¡ety,

!,

THE

Soares.

Tlte Republìcø incident was a golden

oooort'¡niiy for Soares to claim repression
airå to promot" the divine sovereignty of
his PartY.

hnoiher distressing trart among Amori'
can democratic Socialists, following the
victotiod in Indochina, is to denounce
as "Stalinist."
Tïis ls s l¡bel boing sttsch€d þy tho
capitallst ptels and by utillzlng it Amorl'
c¡n democratic Socl¡li¡t¡ rllgn them0elves
with fo¡ces of impodalltt rcsction'
oeuuoly
No one dictatêB thst wc chould hand
orrt bl¡nkot ondorscmêntr, But st the sarne

revolutionary movementg

tlme I wlll suppo¡t those rerrolutionary
movements boiore I sit on the sidelines
witÏ th€ capitalists, sneoring catcalling
and throwing-_STEPHEN
"garbage,"
T. WILLINGHAM
Beiryville, Va.

ln lh¡s i¡w;
.Huntôr S. Thoñpson: Journal¡st ô¡ S!pe¡stðt
.The ,(ud¿, Story: Und€.gtound ¡n M¡sriss¡ppi

use

of mind controt

(¡mpfoved memory). Ail fepties h€td in
strict confidence. W'riti Tom at PO Box
50842, Tucson, Ar¡2. g57O3.

New M¡dwest research ¡nstitute soeks unselflsh, €ocially-conscious. non-care6r¡st,
MA-Ph D wov err¡er.¡r éionom¡sts, por ifl carSc¡ent¡sts, etc. MUST be able to get grants
or raise funds. Sem¡-scholarly studles on
War-peâCe reconvers¡on. etc. READ GrOss
^(l-stelman "The f\ei¡v. profess¡onats"
qp.- r_r-- 1 /,_ ìlugs Tef ket .,work¡ n9" pp.
5;¿.-.az t, 5J /-54O, Claud¡a Drelfus

(Vol.

ll, No,4)

.Tråck¡ng tho Alternåt¡ve Modia
.:lhei'.êxsObs@r: A Journ¡l of Free Vo¡cos
.Côpt¡ve Volc€s: Hioh School Jou,n¡l¡rm
. Who Owns th€ Mediá? '
.How to Ch¡ll€nge Your Loeâl TV
.Not€, on tho E¡rly Black Prô33
.Tho Womrn 8oh¡nd M¡nnir p.r.t
.St...Patarrburg ¡¡irr¡j Raport¡ng
lor thc Con3uru¡
.Tâlklng St.ioht w¡th Rpbrn
Collt
.Oi.ry ot A Woron ßoportar

$2.OO
!

stotrt¡eær

t=¡¡ogrrre

----

ancl

';1åi

"^î:

åll"ålY,'iïå1':

west

In

str tu

_
_

MINNESoTA WAR TAX RESIsTANcE
ANo ALTERNertve 'ÉÙñö
are ative and

ifl îü|" l.ll:iif,ï ir'"' i;"..xl"

k'|r

n,

N

o'

or write:

ì

BOOKS

'Aúailøcble
btrN

Çon

ßtftan.,.Ñ.Y

lz{)l

gey 5'{t
A Bool-

htAsll us aND
cot-lg ü9
Bar b6;çaÞonnj
rdit1a àrat^ttitÞ bg
Ja'ne rn-)o#o's
ül.qs value

cofi!! ol Fæur 6 thr Mldi¡ @ s2.dt
touFh{ê ,ub¡cr¡pt¡on(3| e og.m

*øtÅcotr

AODFESS

crrY/sÍarÊ

...

b5

Post OÍfice Box 2gO
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te'

MISC.

bookstore

NONCOMPETITIVE GAMES for chitdren
and adults. Play together not aga¡nst each
other. Free catalog; Eam¡ly Past¡mes,
R.R. 4 Perth, Ontar¡oì Canada K7H3C6.

,,lEDlI

Rêsearcher interested in contacting anyone

techn ¡ques-particularty hypnotism-employed by the mllitary; espec¡ally ¡nterested
in hear¡ng frÖm ex-servicemen who havè
rèason to bet¡6ve they were hypnotised
wh¡le ¡n the service and subs€quenfly
exhiblt s¡gns of amnesia or hypermnes¡a

gf

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NEW Dl RECTIONS-nât¡onwide,,Vetêrans,
Yellow Pages" needs wrlt¡ngs, photos, art,
ôlternat¡ves ¡n veterans' l¡festyles. Please
contact Lawrence Morgan, PO Box 865,
Lawr€nce, Kansas 66044.

with knowledge of the

$rchdioceæ

\

FOCUS Or{

HELP!

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writers." ICE Ner¿rsleffer,
Detroit

MARYKNOLL, NY tOaU

WasntngF

AFM.

this country; a story both of dedication
to ideals and failure to fulfill these ideals. This will be a valuabìe aid to religious believers as we celebrate the
bicentennial of the Amerícan experiment." Liguorian
"There is a fascinating and challenging
integration of scripture with modern

OF|BIS
ffi
t:
THE FUTURE: Catatoque of Resources

Dep! Y, ¿glO 5t. EtmoAvenue,
ton, DC
20O14.

675-3043.

"A tapestry of passages from the Old
and New Testament interwoven with
documents and voicesfrom the story of

At your local

15 ¡n San Franclsco.

'

Scharperr

EVENTS
MIDWEST ORGANIZERS FOR SOCIAL
CHANGE: Conferênce for sk¡lts and support, Oct, l0 weekend, near.Chicago.
Wrltê NCSC, 58 N. 3rct St.,.Phita., Pa.
19106. (2ls) WA3-6763.

02138.

some teason, unbeknown to me, adopted

Philip'

raising experience. Crazy hours and
lo¡v pay but many intangible re
wards. lf you are interested, tell us
something about yourself. WlN,
Biax 547, Rifton, NY 12471.

A Self-Educat¡on package on the.,poilflcs
and Economlcs of the World Food Crisis,"
An excellent collectlon of 25 short articles.
ldeal for use by teachers, activ¡sts, cc.ops
and food organlzat¡ons. $2.O0 (¡nctud¡ng
postage), ll carden St., Cambridge, Mass.

else's opinion and work "garbage?" Uhl'
Ensign were, are, attempting illumination'

Eryleson

anfl

background andlor movement fund

^

Free lf .no $$ involved
and under 20 words.
otnerwiòe $2 every 10 words.

Hsnd¡ik Hertzbsrg IWIN 7/31/75 to dtg

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BUSINESS HEAD needed at WIN.
Prefer someone with publishing

D

'
mls¡ Uhl-Enshn f WIN, 7llTlTSl and the
Portu¡r¡sse Rõvolutlon a¡ "gaibage" ll
leurhíble and a blt cock'oyed to boot.
Cer-talnly t wouldn't chÊoti8e Mr. Hertzberg
for hil oþlnion, however, I quertion.the
valtdlty àf ¡uch utterancoE ln a public.forum.
How fiu towcrd understanding and cnllght'
cnment do wo mcwo by e¡lling someonc

Tlne Repubtícø clash should exemplify
where Soa¡es stands. First, SP Portugal
claimed RepøÞlic¿ as "their" newspaper
when in fact it is independent, merely en'
dorsing the SP editorially. Vfl'rren Republicø's
editoriefused to cooperate wen marginally,
statine that he ran the paper and no one
else, tie printers locked him ouL Conse
quently troops were called in to protect the
workers and the office itself from an unnrly mob rallied under the tuteledge of

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