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PEACE AND FREEDOi.I THRU NONVIOLE NT ACTION
December 20, 19731
20d
The Energy Crisis: An Irtterview wit{t l\'lr.li'r'¿y
The Navy Plans Nuclear"Escalation
Revolution in Human Se¡uafity
Paul .lohnson on Gr¡ns
..
..,
llri(ìlll'i¡r
';
ì
1
t:
lr
.tI
:¡
readers can go and do likewise by writing to
POA, 1029 4th St., Rm. 38, San Rafael,
Calif. 94901, with $5.5 0 for a b¡acelet and
information about a prisoner; or supply
iss¡e, in what ways are communes, as present-
ly constituted, aiding (or.hindering) the
ievolution? The revolution I envision will
their own bracelet and still get details.
The antidote to Watergate is personal
resPonsibilitY.
Incidentally, I plan to have a section in
The Realist ôn the unique ways in which
people have stayed out of the military or
resisted the system in other ways. Quacking
like a duck is in its own way as courageous
as going tojail or to Can¿da. I'd like to hear .
from these weirdos,
Keep spreading your beautiful shit.
_PAUL KRASSNER
Watsonville, Calif.
Thank you fo¡ that article on co.ops in ¡
the
twin cities ll2l6l't 3l -
so nice
.
to heur al
intelligent view on these things-so often tho
it's hard to involve the poor (and I'd like to
know if the author was able to). They tend
to think eating brown råce will turn you into
a Chinaman, etc. Therets nothing I'd like bet-
Farmhouse in Malcolm, lowa. Photo by Lawrence Frank/LNS.
As a personjust returned
from North
and South Vietnam, I would like to reply
to Larry Erickson's criticism (WIN 11/22)
of Marty Jezer's article SAIGON ESCA*
LATION (WIN 1U I ó). While agreeing with
his premise that we should not "search for
heroeswho do no wrong "I also'feel that
such an approach can lead into blind alleys,
and worse, into adding to the mystification
of true facts
Having been present at the PRG Embassy in Hanoi on the l5th October when
Nguyen Tien issued the order in question,
let me quote from my notes: ". : . , fo
allow PRG in SVN to attack anywhere that
Thieu forces continue to violate the Paris
Ageement, not only to counter-attack the
níbbling operatíons (20,000 of them) but
now also to øttack their base of nibbling,
in their own territory; the GVN has been
usíng bombers to penetrate deeper and for
langer periods deep into PRG territoryrecognized as long ago as I 0 years by Germon and French jourrulists-Orders issued:
if níbblìng eontínues, we will attack-if they
stop nibbling, we will not attack. With tlwt
order we want the Paris Agreement implemented We are detertnined to stop thís
situation, .the real question is will the
Parts Agreement be implemented? If not,
it is implicit that all arøs wíll be used by
Thieu and considered under hís controL"
I tþel it if fa¡ more important for the
North American "movement" to recognize
that the Paris Agreement is being brazenly
violated by the USA and its satellites, and
that the DRV and PRG have everything to
gain and nothing to lose by their scrupulous
adherence to it. Does that make them"the
good guys who can do no wrong" or does
that place the issue squarely within its
political and úilitary context?
On every occasion during my two weeks
in DRV this fact was stressed and it was
hoped that the message would be made
clear to friends and foes. It hardly appears
reasonable that they would jeopardize their
sound position for one of counter-violations.
Construction of airñelds by the PRG in
their own areas does not happen to be a
violation of the Agreement.
I feel that while Erickson ¡ecommends
an honest fortfuight position to avoid falling
int<ì the "trap of fantasy", in his analysis
he does not succeed in avoiding the other
trap, namely by taking an even-stephen at-
titude that "of cou¡se violations are taking
place on both sides" just does not happen to
be the truth. Not because "they" are such
"good guys", but simply because it would be
neither politically expedient nor militarily
advantageous to do so. There is a diference
between violating the terms the way US
Thieu are doing, and anhouncing counterattacks to preserve territory guaranteed
by the Paris Agreemeut,
This is what can lead into lalling into
that second trap. Erickson is already prepared to accept at face value the notion that
"PRG is restricting freedom of movement, . ,
sending peasants off to indoctrination
camps. ,,tùrning them into forced labour. , ,"
Certainly, there are areas which are restricted,
certainly peasants who break the law could
well be sent to camps where they must work
in the fields during the day and take courses
at night, in the DRV and PRG prisons,
until they show sufficient sense of rehabili.
tation to be ¡eturned home. Why should
there be any need to interpret such straightfo¡wa¡d rules as something which begs
"whitewashing."?
And while I'm at it, let's lay low anothe¡
insidious ¡umour that is going the ¡ounds_
that the DRV are selling out the pRG be
cause of thei¡ concentration on getting aid
fo¡ themselves Of course ttre DRV arJ mak.
ing every effort to ¡ebuild their nation in
order to strengthen their capacity to resist
any future attacks-the MIDWAY is 500
mile offshore and the U.S. Reconnaisance
planes still fly overhead-and who will there
be to continue helping the PRG, ifnot
the DRV?
Sometimes I think we concern ourselves
too much with the moral standards of others
while forgetting the serious deterioration of
our own, Let's concentrate on preventing
any further aid, o[ afry description, from,,
leavlng our shores to be used to terrdrizê¿
peoples elsewhe¡e in the world. Ifwe succeed
in that project we will be getting our own
revolution going which after all is the only
meaningful way we can ensure permanent,
noninterference in the affairs of others, and
the improvefment of our own.
-CLAIRE CULHANE
Montreal, Que.
I do enjoy the magazine but, with a gross
income of n-othing, I receive it only as ígift.
As a draft refuse¡ I receive ,.free,' ¡oo-m
and board f¡om the gov't
I do hope those "on the st¡eet,'come
thru-they don't know what they could end
up missing (we do).
_ROBERT L. BELL, EsQ.
gandstone, Minn,
.
I got my Wa¡ Resisters Leagne 197 4
Calendar and was filling in my mother's
birthday (September 25th) when I noticed
that the note on American Indian history
for this day ¡eads: "Ana Lou Coelho (Apache)
with murde¡ of man she never knew1971. She is still in prison"
Just to co¡rect the record, she is out now
Ana was my adopted Prisone¡ of Ame¡ica. I
charged
wore a b¡acelet till she was released, corresponded with her, visited her, and got her
a lawyer (whom I still owe money), You¡
ter than to see some of these loial general
stores with all the heart and geniality, in the
core of Appalachia turned into co-ops, selling
the best foods in all respects (organically as
well as morally grown) so that not only
were there healthy vibes,(which these stores
abound in) but the hea,lthy products to back
them up. Anyone inteiested in starting a
.health fbod shop down here should (or good
nor¡.industrial complex type goods-that is
the nost revolutionary angle I've.hear{ to
date) contact
-MS, LESLIE BERG
me:
Box 125
It
was
hearte¡,r,
.r
r::i"iJ#::i
article (WIN, 121617 3) which raises the ques
' tion of personaf or group reform versus basic
social change in regard to the commune
movement. This is the question of whether .
"alternative" irrgroups are or can be revolutionary.
The article indicates that the commune
movement's relevance to social revolution is.
open to question. Paula did not, however,
state one fundamental issue that has to be
. considered before an analysis of the question.
can realistically be discussed, namely, to
what extent do communitarians think of
their projects in terms of social change? Holt/
L
many communita¡ians think in terms of
'social
revolutior¡ much less want to be
revolutionary? I contend that nost people
of middleclass background must understand the realities behind industrial society
before they will see the need fo¡ basic so,
.
cial change'(in contrast to reform), but
be conscious of such re¿lity does not neces
sarily propel them toward becoming revolutiona¡ies. Neithe¡ does wanting to be revolu-,
tìorary necesvrily lead them toward the
understanding needed to be effective in
working toward the rooting out of the
causes of oppression, etc Honest and comrnitted revolutionaries are hard to come by.
Also to be considered are to what extent and in what ways do those in the commune movement think that their activities
are actually contributing to the sgcial revolu-
to
.
tion. And lastly, but perhaps this is a separate
certainly entail drastic changes in interpersonal relationshipq but I am not convinced that intra-group encounters alone,
however,necessary they may be, will con
tiiUute toward that revolution.
'I thus believe that the first huidle for a
cla¡ification of the principle question Paula
raised of horü persons who are "in the Movement" can become more committed to
revolutionary change, is to conclude that all
communitarians and all communes are not
ipso facto revolutionary in fact or in intent.
One may have to become involved in a different aspect of the "movement."
. I think Pagla's article is an opening wedge
in WIN for (I hope) a discussion of these important issues.
.. -JOE SHAVER
New London¡ N.C.
More than'a thousand words, more than
the sign carier's four words.4bout rnanifest
Satan Guru, the pictureil-hanils tell: .hers,
and her accusers,
I surely don't agree witþ everything yqu
publish, but Bill Sonn seems to have doné'
his best to explain the inexplicable in WIN
lll29l73. Nice cover, too.
,
.
-LESLIE OXNARD
Central Pennsylvania
At the risk of,seeming grim and hqmor.-,.
lesg I wish to take exception to a riew bïmp'
er sticker being advertised by two companies
in WIN. It says, "Impeach the Cox Sacker."
The usiof the epithet "cocksucker" for
Nixon or anyone else who is despicable may
notbe cqnscíousþ antlhomosexual, but at
its root the term is used to a'ssociate homo
sexuality with evil Sbmetimes it is a bit of
a strain for us to adjust our language but it
is an effort worth niaking. To give another
example, I have ceased using the term "bay
tard" for people like Nixon When you look
it up in the dictionary, a bastard is still
an illegitimate child. I now know too many
beautiful and "illegitimate" children and
their "unwed" mothers; how can I in good
conscience use the term "bastard" for peo.
ple like Nixon? And if we continue to c41l
Ñixon a bastard, it only mgans, thdt we don't
ca¡e áboufthe feelings of those children and
.-ALLEN YOITNG
thoæ
.
mothers
.fiah,
Orange, Massì''
hatr,
hah-that "very smari
blurb following my article in the December
l3_ issue really was a.sides$littei.-I haven't
laughed so hard sincé SCREW itubbed me
"Pussy Power Potentate" when I used thei¡
pages to stir controversy and consciòusness
about the women's movement.
I know the editors meant well; they just
cot¡ldn't find anything new to say abouf a
writsr rtho's been with WIN for six years,
Is it really necess:rry to introduce me each
timq an article appears? i
As for my "smartneis" or lack of lt,
woùldn't it be best to let the reader decide?
Her judgment means a great deal to me. I
always learn a lot from WIN's correspondents.
So far no cause for leafleting at WIN, sis
ters. I'll let you know when. -LEAH FRITZ
New York, N.Y.
þ
December
20,1973 Vol. lX
Number 39
The Energy Crisis-Myth and Reality. . . 4
Murray Bookchin
I
Trident the New Nuclear Menace. . . . . i'2
Bradford Lyttle
Revolution in Human Sexuality
14
Martin Du\erttlan
Sittin'in...,.-...
Poul
Johnson
17
*'¡
Changes.
18
Reviews.
.20
Cover: Jack Gaughan
STAFF
TÍllïïl',itií.i"',i
'
marty jezer, ed¡torlal âssistant
nancy johnson, deslgn
mary mðyo, subsct¡ptions
susan pines, compos¡ilon
FELLOW TR.AVELERS.,
.
,,
lance belville + lynne coff¡n + diana dav¡es
..'' ruth dear + ralph digia + paul enclmer +.chuck
.. fagef + seth foldy + j¡m fotest + mlke franich
lðah fr¡tz + lafry ga_ra + neil haworth + becky
johnson + paul ¡ohnson + all¡son karpel + craig
,..: ç¡rp€l 1 c-indy kent + peter k¡Eer + alex knopp
'jöiirl t
david mcreynolcls + gêno meehan + rhark morris
igal roodenko + wendy schwartz + mlliçrs_t?mm
martha thomases + br¡an westêr
WIN
13
publlrh.d w..kty .xc.Þ¡ tor lh. ltr¡t
two.waak¡ ln Janr¡ary, Znd waal( ln Mayr l¡¡t a
wt k¡ ln Augurt, .nd th. t.tt w..k ln öcto¡¡r
by .th. WIN Pubt¡¡htng Emplr. wtth tn¡ ¡udport
w¡r R.rttt.'3 Lq¡gu.. Subrcrtpüonirro
s.cont ct.tû po¡t¡i .t N.w
?.f.y.t7.
N.Y. lOOOl. tndtvtdu¡i wrttãni¡¡ ü.
qoplÞla lor opþ¡on¡ .rpr.rr.d .ñd tccur.cy
ot llctr- dvan. soffy-mans¡crlpt¡ cannot bõ
raturnad unla¡¡ ¡ccomÞtnlad by I ralf.¡dd'.¡aad
91t¡_o
l-7,90
Yotk.
¡t¡mpad cnvalop.. Prlnt.rl ln U.S.A.
.
wlN
3
ll
a
fJJ
-
WIN: There has been a.greatdeal
abo u,t rhe rea l iry-or ar least, the
rent "energy crisis." Do
of public skepticism
* rlJäf in",ur_
you'thinkit,ii;,"iirir,,
¡, u,
serious as we are being told an¿ ttrai itre
ãxflanations
for it are valid?
Murray Bookchin: lf , by a crisis, one means
a definite
shortage of petroleum, natural
.äái,h;l;"*
eâr,
available to the public'for immã¿iat,""ä
.onrurpt¡on_
shorrage exisrs. But u, to *t,.iñåi
such a
Illt.tu"h,u
snorrage has to exist and whether we are
literally uf
against the wall ín terms of
¿xtriuslins'oriîånurn-
reso urces,. rhe nf;rma;iån ii,ui¡,
li:::t."^":lqv
to.thg public by
¡
q1-e-n
u"¡ ne
the adminisrration and the
oii
rs.grossly misleading. The impression
:ompantes
is
Detng created that we have reached
Armãgeddon so
far as these resources are concerned_thai"we
trave
finally begun ro ,,run out".of oìi, ãnO-niiriu"t gu,
r.rserves-an impression that is simply falsà.
I fi.nd myself in a pecu.liar poiitíon *ìif, regard
ro
the relationship berw'een ,,nutrrái iãiouiiär;;ån¿
rrr-
.
Our profir_oriented capiratistic iociety ii
llijlldlon production
for the sake
production
Dased
of
anl
consumption for the sake of ,onrurnbtion. iñi,
,ociety totally distorts our conception 'ol nrà¿s.'
lt,,
hardly necessary to stress that it would äãuãrr.
tfæ
yere permifted ro operare indefinitety on
l,:l:l_,ïll
rrs own. Not only does the society produce
unendrngty and waste materials unendingly_indeed
delibengineer irs products ¡nto ,",oUsotesc-eiie,,_
:rltgly
Dut tt has. turned people into unending
consumers of
cneap and shoddy goods with infinite ,,wants"
that
are rnemselves engineered by a rapacious
mass media.
\_rne oï rhe most liberating developments
ínitiated by
afree ecological society liould be'for p.opi"
lo l."¿¡r_
cover rnetr real sense of need. The ancient
Greeks,
for.all their shorrcomings, deliberarety pii"ã'
ãà*n
their needs ro free rhem-sétves fo, á ,âi, f.,rì"åì
un¿
spiritua,lly futfiiling tife. We, in the Unitãj'ðiäiæ
un¿
prooaoty tn western Europe, would have
to do much
the samesímply for brute reasons of healiÀ.
à s¡ze_
aote portton oï the American population overcon_
sumes and has been,,educated" io ou"r"onrürnà.
Such overconsumprion of everything ü",
ã"äiev
t"
4 WIN
an ÍntenvÍew wÍth
junk food has been not only.spirítually
deadening
but pathogenic so far as ttre oåJy iñä'.nuiiäìr.nt
''
natural gas, and coal are finite resources.
to consume nothing but known domestic
reserves of oil at current rates,-we would piãbably
run
out of oil in abour 20 years; give or i.t" iiã*
v"urr,
much the same is rrue ior oúi¿or"it,:lioåru.,
or
Coal, our.mosr ptenriful fossil fuet, woutd
l1l[1,F1¡'
pr.o?1bty be.use-d up in two or three centuries if we
rned to synthesize oil and natural gas from
known re
t,,rj::: u.fresrnt growth rates. lf oui presenr
2.6 tril:i:: ilrl :,T_fy budget(to rranstate äil of ãuì energy
,..1..1f9!-.1m,
tr we were
tnto electrical terms) expands as it has been
do"i,ng
we would have to find entíreiy new fuels_cerL¡ntv..
non-fossit fuets-wirhin the néxt tt rrã iãnturiäéä;J
you.see, we need a decisive refocusing
on the issue áf
uses
ø
ñ;il;;
i
I r.' r, u n iitü;
:::1'r
inp .o{
qtmenstons.
-?j::'itAnd
I don't think we can ac'hieve thil
goal withouf a fundamental ctrange
in io"¡"iv_" ,ociety that is.no tonger based on
óiãju"tìã" iär *,"
bur on a fundamenral reworking
:1-,:-lt^qnd*tion,
or
trs soctal ends and a rediscovery of human
needs.
Yet ir becomes infuriaring to nîã tfiai ifris'vr.v
approach is being used as a lãver to
,n_
oermtne the limited environmentalistic
".rplriäiu
gains we have
scored over the past few years. The adm'ínislation
in fact the ,,energy industry,,
111a.whole,
lry oit companies,
as
seem almost to have conspirðd to create
a
public sentiment that the conservati.i"
oir"ior..r,
aird environmenral consrraints are inãóÃpåiiù1".
not
only are we being told to ,,conserve,, on iñ.'uià or
ft is we, rhe pubtic, who are receiving the
?i:i1y-:.lq
orunt o1 this propaganda, less so industry_but we are
being "warned', that ,,environmental extremists,,
are
largely.responsible for the present ;;"néigv ,lirlr',
u"
cause they have obstructed the developrñént of
nup9y.l and imposed environmentälisr iiobstacles,,
:1"Lt
to the Alaskan,pipe-line, port construction for large
otl tankers,.drilling for oil in offshore areas, and ,,ünreasonable" environmental standards for aír, water,
and radiological pollution. Thís scandalorr átt.rpt
to use the excessive consumption of energy as an arn
e.ed
why
gument agáinst the most meager environmeñtal constraints must be clearly revealed to the public. I thus
find myself in the curious position of emþhasizing
the myths that entgt into the "energy crisisl' instead
of stressing that a rational use of energy is indeed
necessary, and that such a rational use of energy involves the creation of a rational society.
are concerned.
WIN: Granted that we do need a rational society,
what are the myths that enter into the "energy crisis"?
''.
M.B.: First of all, we have,not reàched Armageddon.
There is no absolute shortage of even conventional
sources of ènergy and there need not ber.even if-we
use energy at present growth rates. How long this
situation could last-whether for two or more generations-is difficult to predict. But the oil and natui'al
gas, not to speak of coal, are there in the ground. ln
this sense, w€ are not up against the wall in terms of
conventional, even domestic, reserves of energy.
Secondly, we have far more lead time for choosing
and developing ecological energy patterns than we are
led to believe. Even if one operates within lhe parameters of a fairly centralized Iarge-scale energy 'st{ucture, say with Aden and Marlorie Meinel's'giant solar'
energy project (which I will touch upón late¡), we
could probably begin to shift over to solar.generatois
by the 1980s. We are not going to do much"better by
opening the Alaskan north slope to oil production.
The prediction that Alaskan oil will begin to alleviate '
petroleum shortages by 1977 is probably hogwash.
The real figure is probably much closer to the 1980sand even then we can expect thal10% or less of the
petroleum needed to supply our energy needs at current growth rates will be furnished by Alasl(an oil'
Thisis not exactly an astronomical figure forraping
Alaska and the arctic regions.
.,
Considering these two essential facts, we are being
asked to commit ourselves to a staggering expansion
of nuclear-energy plants, extensive offshore drilling,
the reckless growth of strip'mining, and such idiocres
as the production of oil from shale.
WIN: lf there are still plentiful reserves and enough
lead time to shift to large-scale solar power installation,
.
i'
is there a shortage
of oil?
M.B.: Primarily because the oil companies have deliberately held back on.the expansion of refinery
capacity.
During theiixties ecónomic boom, they greatly
overexpanded refinery capacity-with the result [hat
retail outlets were virtually flooded with gasoline and
price wars occurred among the independents. At this
point, we were deluged by advertising to "Discover
America!"-by car, of course-and our friendly utilitíes tried to coax us into greater use of air-conditioners, appliances, and electric heating. W¡th the beginning of ihe seventies, refinery construction had come
to a near halt. Despite the most obvious indicators .
that demand was growing at a recklèss pace, only one
refnery seems to have been built in the few years
directly preceding Nixon's April "energy message"
of 1973. Although previous refinery expansion had
been a factor in limiting further expansion, the oil
companies were clearly looking for an excuse to utilize a diminished capacity to press their anti-enúironmentafist demands, to raise prices, and to put the independent rgtailers o"v t of business. ln Nixon they
feund a cornpletelY, pl iant instrument for pro moling
all, they had paid well in campaign
these goals. A
modating an administratign
contributi
r¡e of the propatet's
.þnda,:with.which the public
been deluged. llas
it bêen primarily domestic or household uses of energy-such as home air-conditioners-that has produced the drain on energy?. Household energy accounts for less than 2O% of the country's total energy consumption. The rather telling point has bcen
made by Emma Rothschild in a broad review of the
.
/
"energy crisis" last summer that domestic air-conditioning requires less than 5% of the energy consurhed
by automobiles alone. By contrast, industry uscs
more than 40% of the energy produced in the U.S.,
and at highly preferential rates. Office buildings,
stores, government buildings, and the like consumc
another 14%.The insane increase in skyscraper building that has occurred in almost every American city
from New York to San Francisco is responsible for
wlN
5
By far the gteater part of the remainder is supplied
by Canada and Latin America. The Arab countries'
furnish the U.S. with about 15% of its petroleum. ln
fact, the quantity of Arab oil entering the United
States has been carefully limited by import quotas
which date back to 1959. Arab oil is very cheap. Un'
til recently, it cost only 101 a barrel to produce com'
pared with $1.31 for a barrel of American oil. By supplying the American pebple with high-priced petro'
leum from domestic reserves, the oil companies have
been milking the consuming public some $7 billion
annually according to Senator Phillip A. Hait of
Michigan. Nixon's Cabinet Task Force on Oil lmport
Control placed this extortion at $5 billion for the
--,
-:5
A street and ra¡lroad near the steel plants in Youngstown, Ohlo/LNS.
of energy resources. The World
Trade Center in New York alone requires the gener'
ating capacity needed to service the city of Schenecfady, a city with a population of about 100,000. And
these hermetically sealed monsters are still going up
all over the country. Finally, more than 25% of our
energy goes into transportation, largely automotive.
The oversized two-ton vehicular missiles Detroit dispatches to American highways are enormous consumers of petroleum, not to speak of their role as
lavish producers of air pollution.
The irrationalities that enter into this tableau are
sickening. Let me give two examples. lt takes six
times as much energy to produce a ton of aluminum
(and this is done quite wastefully) as to prodube a ton
of steel. Granted that we can get more metal out of
lighter aluminum per ton than we do an equal weight
a staggering waste
of steel, but a considerable amount of the aluminum
we produce goes into cans. The shift from re-usable
bottles to wasted aluminum cans contributes considerably to the drain on electric power.
Another example can be drawn from transportation. Approximately half of the automobiles in the
U.S. are used to travel for distances of ten miles or
less. Much of this travel could be eliminated by expanding and improving mass transportation facilities.
Clear along the line we can expect increases of over
5% annually in the production of paper; folding
boxes, 3% an n ual y ; metal can, 4- 5% annually ; plas'
tics,7% annually. The production of these com'
modities involves not only increased energy consumption but considerable air and water pollution. I would
like to stress that increases in the economy are by no
meãns explained by increases in population, organizations like Zero Population Growth notwithstanding.
A recent study on electrical energy usage by the Council on Environmental Quality make the significant
point that while the Gross National Product has increased at an aÍlnual rate of growth of 3.6% (followed
by comparable increases in energy usage), population,
growth has averaged only 1.5%.
I
WIN: To what extent has the Arab oil boycott affected the American oil picture?
6 WIN
year 1970. After essentially trying to keep Middle
Eastern oil out of the United States for nearly a decade and a half, the sudden discovery that the boycott
is decisively responsibie for the "energy crisis" is a
bit of a farce.
Frankly, we do not really know to what extent
the real picture is contrived. The energy industry as
a whole is one of the inost secretive and, generally,
one of the least understood in the country. Petroleum
companies have far-flung international connections.
They comprise one of the earliest multinational industries and one of the most highly cartelized in the
world. The extent to which even government agencies
are dependent upon the willingness of the oil cor'
porations.to disclose data about reserves, interlocking
diiectorates, and income would surprise most individuals. These corporations are immense powers unto
themselves. ln the course of internecine wars, they
have subsidized contending armies in the Middle East
and, in my view, there is little doubt that they play
a political role comparable in every way to lTT.
"wanti you to know'i is proUaUty atiny
fraction of what it is prepared to tell. The administration has accorded the oil industry favors and privileges that compare with the worst Watergate abuses.
Over the years, as a result of tax writeoffson foreign
royalties, depletion allowances, drilling and equig
W'hat Exxon
ment depreciation exemptions, and the like, corporations like Gulf have paid only 2.3% in U.S. taxes on
pre-tax profits of $1.3 billion, with a loss to the
Treasury Department of $500 million. An almost
identical series of figures can be cited for Texaso. ln
no small part, the shift from coal to oil can be explained not only by the increase in automobile usage,
but the 22% oil depletion allowance compared with
a "mere" 10% for the coal industry.
Which is not to say that the coal industry is sur'
rounded by a halo of innocence. We live very much
in the dark about'what is going on in that quarter
too. The coal industry is committed to a campaign of
its own to annul hard-won safety regulations for
miners, slag-dams that have snuffed out the lives of
scores of townspeople in Appalachia, and environmental regulations that are meant to reduce levels of
sulfur compounds in the air. (l should add, here, that
probably most of the damage in the disastrous Lon'
don smog episode of 1952, an air-pollution plague
that lasted for nearly a week and claimed some 5,000
lives, was caused largely by sulfur pollutants') The
coal industry's concern about environmentalist "re'.
strictions" is understandable enough when one notes
M.B.: lt would be difficult to take that question serthat' The
6;¡y;if many people were not doing justindustry
the
all
to
capitulation
viitual
is
a
r"rtáft
demañds. lts effects aie already being felt with the
óurrus. of the Alaskan oil legislation, plans to accel-
that after the Black Mesa complex is finished, it will
more sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, añd
"iã¿rc"
ãaiticulate matter than Los Angeles and New.York
õîty combined. Actually, we do not even really .. . .
Ilów t ow much low-sulfur coal reserv€s are available
in the United States. The data are drawn almost en'
lìrely from what the coal companies deign togi-ve us'
'iÊnergy crisis" or not, some of the best low'sulfur
cãal ñro¿uced in the United States, I may add, is be'
eiported at fat profits to the coal corporations'
lne-The
crassness with which the energy industry
manipulates people is incredible. After'holding back
ãn r.hn.ty expansion and operating with available
îaoacitv tast year at only .85%, the industry suddenly
bolted forth with immensè plans for construction
oroiects. As Emma Rothschild notes: "ln three weeks
M.B.: Far less than most people are being led to be'
lieve. More than two-thirds of the petroleum used in
the Un¡ted Stafes comes from domestic resources.
ärut.ih. construction of nuclear
reratin-g
Òn
off-
shore driläng and sí:rip-mining, increased wellhead
'orices
energy program that ls
and an "alternative"
.
{
'
pro€rams to develop
the brèeder reactor and to acquire oil from western "'
rüãrã iãpãt¡ii. Ñã*t'ét" in thå-t.sugt'does one find
even a hint that solar energy and wind power, to cite
onlv two increasingly viable sources of energy, can
åü'"å.ó."¿;"cã on roiói
nüclear fueis. The worst possible alternatives are
cited. Those which are really hopeful in the long-rgn
iuite horrifying to contemplate:
il;ii#;iftì;i;i;É
Ni*on't energy message [of last spring] , f ve '
major refinery constructioñ piolects yere announced,
w¡tî t ¡ more expected. . .The proiecis werd waiting,
åfo"i'
an¿
'
.are completelY ignoÉed.
WIN: What are these "worst possible alternativés"?
evidently for political support; it should not be sup-
oãse¿ that Eixon, for example, planned for a $400
'rn¡tt¡on expansion ip the space of three weeks." Going
back even îurther tô November of a year ago, Charles
F. Wheatley of the American Public Gas Association
notes that Americans have been told over the,past
four years that "gas shortages" are becoming more
serioús and that ihe corporations, which "are also the
maior producers of oil," do not have enoçgh "incêntiuét" io develop thç immense natural gas reserves in
the U.S. As Wheatlèy observes, what the gai pr-oducers
'iare really saying is they want afar greater profit than
the substãntial profit (1 5%) they are currently earning on their production óf natural gas..With regard -
reactors,the
ãiéxisting reaçtors, a loosening of restrictions
r
M.B.: The most obvious, I think, is a stepped-up
nuclear reaclqr program, and especially an attempt
Stri
minin s/L NS,
,I
t
of inadequate wellhead-priees, it
should be pointed out that although the existing area
th-ê industry-charge
''''
rates
for nätural gas have recently
been dramatically
increased'at the froducerd' request; à concomitant
increase in'supply has not occurred." The industry
still continuei io-demand "adequatè" wbllhead prices
spe-ak of an obliging
-and the "'energy'crisis," not to coffe¡s have been
administration lhose campaign
filled by $100,000 illegal contribuations from o.il
seôms more than willing to o-blige them'
"ompuni.s,
has increased its profits by 910/o
óxample,
rár
icrii,
in thé last quarter') Here, too, secrecy fa.vors the in'
ãuiüv ou"ittt. prbli.. As Senator Hart has pointed
out, we don't even know if there. is a gas shortage
sinÉe
"the onlv information available to the IFederal
comes from the industry-which
would benefit enormously by price'Ìncrea3ëi'"
in ttre meant¡me, the óit óompanies have'tieen'
Þo*tt Cottiisionl
spen¿¡àg a fortune ín hx-deductible advertising selling
tireir itoiy-whi ch co mpou nds -th.reat wi th"paternal isy' Times survey,
tic "adviie"-to the public. A N.
the American Petro''
that
ago,
showed
several months
anã Ámerican Gas Association thave
t.rtlnttitré
/.bell",the energy'
recently sÞent some $12 million to
millions that
the
crisis. Íheie figures do not include
aryÇ power
corporations
oil
are spent by iñdividual
ut¡lities. I have pounds of this literatur.e-aôif e,from
n.*tpup.t and magazine ads-in my files'
WIN: You've sketched quite a pictureôÊduplicity,
deceit, manipulaticn, and what is virtually a conspiracy by tËe energy industry
toexploit-ìf not ac-
tialiv'creãte-an "eÏergy crisis'" Do you think
Ñiioit't latest [octob
el,lglzl
message and
-e-nergy
the controls he has dernanded offer any solutions to
the "energy crisis"?
WIN
7
to
make the breeder reactor the focus of future nuclear technology.
To depend upon nuclear reactors, in my view, comprises a historic-l'm almost tempted to say, geologicturning point in the affairs of humanity. There are no
previous wars so horrible that humanity did not survive them and there are no natural catastrophes so
terrible that the biosphere proved incapable of absorbing their effects. I can't vouch for what a nuclear
war in the future would produce, but life on this
planet has survived several ice ages and again recolonized the earth. Radiation, however, is quite another
matter. We cannot diminish radioactivity nor can we
avoid its genetic and carcinogenic hazards once radioactive isotopes get into the food chain. There are no
chemical combinations that will lessen it and no
thereapeuiic agents that will significantly counteract
its impact on an organism. Once we've added to the
radioactive burden of the biosphere, that burden is
here to stay until time-and time alone-diminishes
the amount of radioactivity in the biosphere.
lf the rea_ctor programs contemplated by industry
and the AEC are not stopped now; if the plans to increasè the use of reactors are executed, we will have
many-tons of highly radioactive debrís to dispose of.
And if we shift from "burners" to ,,breeders.i' this
debris will have to be watched for millions oî yearsfor what amounts to geological periods even lónger
than what it took for the human species to eyolve.
Plutonium-239, one of the mogt lethal elements to
which living things can be exposed, will form the
basic fuel of the breeder reactor and will exist in our
midst, however much we guard our stockpiles, in immense quantities. This radioisotope is an alpha emitter (a Lelium nucleus) with a half-life of over 24,OOO
years.
_That is to say, it will take more than 24,OOO
years for a given quantity of plutonium-239 to lose
half of its radioactivity, and still another 24,000 for
the remaining half to be halved. The radioactive pre
ducts of nuclear fission, whether from the ,,burner"
or "breeder," require a discussion in themselves. I
couldn't possibly hope to give more than a brief reply'
to the conseguences of these products on the entire
world of life. For the presen! I would merely point
out that alpha radiation will definitely produce lung
cancer if the emitter enters even in very small quantities into the atmosphere. What is arguable is the
quantity to which the lungs will be exposed-not the
role of alpha radiation in the etiology of lung cancer.
I could cite scores of radioactive isotopes that,
once they enter the food chain, would damage organ
systems in the human body and genetically degrade
the species. I've written on this problem since the
mid-l950s-not only in my book, Our Synthetic Environment (19621 but also in my report on the Ravensbrook Reactor (1963), one of the earliest studies to
counteract a joint attempt by the AEC and a power
utility (Con Edison) to locate a nuclear reactor in
the middle of a large city. I cite this because it never
quite occurred.to me.that, once the wastes from a
reactor had been stored away by the AEC, there
would be serious problems of leakage from storage
installations-at least during the present generation.
True, I was worried about the destiny olthe wastes
se-veral generalíons later; possibly, leakage as a result
of geological disturbances; certainly, losses in trans¡t
from reactors to waste storage depots; inevitably,
from meltdowns of fuel elements in the reactor core.
I wtN
But I accepted the arguments that once the AEC had
the wastes safely d-eposited in its storage tanks, they
were s,afe for a while, barring earthquakes or wartime
bombings.
Well, the AEC pulled the rug from under even this
sense of assurance. Quite recently, 1 35,000 gallons
of long-lived and intensely radioactive wastel (aver-
aging 500 curies per gallon) leaked in 2 single òpisodes
from a storage tank near the Columbla River.
Smaller leakages had been going on for quite some
time-but this one was really enormous. They're
monitoring the leakage-a leakage which invólves
appreciab le quantities of Srontium-90 and Cesium_
1 37. The leak occurred only 700 yards from the
Columbia River. The AEC buoyantly assures us that
the wastes will be absorbed by the soil before they
can reach the ground water. . .and, of course, that .
such accidents are virtually impossible again. And up
to now, I thought this kind of accident would not
occur at all, at least in my lifetime.
:
It must be kept in mind that a 1000 megawatt
reactor requires 100 tons of uraniúm. Over its life
span the reactor produces tons of highly lethal radio
active devris. lf it is a breeder, the reactor's wastes
will have to be watched for thousands of years.
,
All reactor wastes from
watched for millions of
these sources will'have to be
years. A,,burner,,' which re
lies on the limited resources of Uranium-235 for fuel,
operates at 30% effciency. The remainde¡ is waste
heat which is delivered, especially in already existing
plants¡ into water bodies and yields considerable thermal pollution. This kind of pollution can produce
significant damage to aquatíc life. The ,,energy crisis"
is already being used not only to rerate reaciors
whose operatíons are very questionable but also to
dispense with the cooling towers in which hot water
is stored before it is relèased into the environment.
Serious flaws have been found in many reactors .
that are already on-stream, with the result that thqre
have been near-catastrophes and revealing shutdodns
for months at a time. Studies on loss of coolant accidents that could yield lethal meltdowns of iuel
elements have shown that such meltdowns are quite
possible, given the state of the art and the kind of
workmanship that is producing poorly made reactors.
Again, I could go on for hours discussing the nearcatastrophes that have occurred, the flaws that have
been found in many reactors, and the possible dangers that could lead to very serious accidents. What
disturbs me enormously is that Nixoñ, in his latest
energy message, has given a green light to the acceleration of "burner" and "breeder" Feactor construction. lmagine the problems our generation-and future
generations-will face when we have 800 for 1000
,nuclear reactors on-stream. lt's too appalling to contemplate.
WIN: What about Nixo¡'s suggestions regarding the
use of shale deposits for producing oil or offshóre
drilling? That is, until we get fusion going?
M.B.: The shale project is sheer nonsense. The socalled ",oil shale" mountains of Colorado would provide us with a mere 25 gallons of oil for each ton of
shale. Consider what massive quantities of debris we
would have to dispose of. Perhaps as one wag suggests: we could fill up the valley and gorges of the
Rockies with the shale debris we acquired from the
mountains-presumably producing a nice flat plateau
that could be parcelled into reäl estate for subdivisions
üd factories. Anyway, that's what the "oil shale"
colution essentiallY amounts to.
After Santa Barbara, I should hardly think that
anvone would want to rush into offshore drillingittát is, anyone who was not owned by the oil"corpor'
áiions. Rgain, one sees the sinister implications of the
,,energy crisis." The "emergency" provides the coroorations with a "mandate" to drill miles offshore
w¡th precarious equipment and under ecological conditions that have never been soundly te3ted. That we
have already degraded the marine environment appallingly-as Cousteau and others attest-hardly deters the
oetroleum corporations from dealing with the oceans
äs well as the continent as mere raw materials. We
'
have plundered and undermined the aquatic environ'
equal
few
on
a
scale
thatlras
no
decades
a
in
ment
r
during centuries of exploitation.
Your question alluding to fusion power implies
that this form of power is really desirable-"limitless" and "pollution--free," as we are so often told.
This is another mytfr that should be exploded. Quite
a few fusion cycles have been proposed. Perhaps the
most. attractive is the fusion of deuterium and.tritium
to produce helium and free neutrons. ,This cycle requires one of the lowest fusion ignition temperatures
known, about 40 million degrees Celsius, 4lthough
there has been a grorying interest in cycles that re'
quire higher temper"àtures because certain pläsma-con'
finement techniques opgrate better at these tem'
peratures.
Certainly, if tritium is ìnvolved-either as a fuel
or product-we have a very serioüs problem of con'
tainment. Tritium ¡s å hiehly radioactive hydrogen
isotope. lt's a bet¿ emmiter with a half-life of over
twelve years and is so highly diffusible as to be vir'
tually impossible to contain by any method that.l
am familiar with. lf this isotofe were produce{ in
considerable waste quantities it would definitely get
.into the food châin. Remember well that organio
compounds are combinations of carbon and hydrogen.
We would gravely imperil the integrity of life's chèrÍ''
ical components if radioactive hydrogen in any ap- .,
preciable quantit¡es entered into the biosphere.'
Moreover fusion requires considerable neutron activity. ln the deuterium-tritium cycle, we would have
to produce tritium in much the same way that the
breeder reactor produces plutonium-239 from uranium-238-by convgrting lithium into tritrium
through neutroñ capture. Neutrons produce radioactive isotopes, whether in conventional burnels,
breeders, or in the fusion reactors that have been so
hopefully projected for the future. Everywhere along
,the.way, we would be appreciábly increasing the,
rätli'oactive burden of the biosphere. I thÌnk we should
be quite clear that fusíon reactions are not clean and
I should add thi¡t if we ruh into any'Serious diffculties in extracting lithium from sea ivater, our supply
will be far from limitless.
'
seem odd that the "energy crisis" for
which the oil companies are responsible should promote research and construction in rival fuels like
-'
nuclear fuêfs..
WIN:'lt would
M.ti. That's really not difficult to understand when
we examine the structure of the energy industry.
Storm King, proposed slght on Hudson River for nuclear plant. Phota by Laurence Prlngle.
'I
t
I
Petroleum corporations own about 40% of American
uranium reserves and they are heavily invested in
nuclear technology and research firms. Most people
do not realize the extent to which the oil corporations are interlocked with nuclear technology industry, not only in terms of raw materials but also design and engineering. To cite only one case in point:
the famous Loss of Fuel Test (LOFT) which was intended to test the effects of a coolant loss at the
AEC's ldaþo installation was in the hands of the
nuclear division of the Phillips Petroleum Company.
So far as I can judge, this famous, indeed crucial,
LOFT project will never really be undertaken, at
least to the point of a complete meltdown. The pro
ject has become so expensive and the reactor in which
the test was to be made has developed into such a
sophisticated piece of machinery that I doubt if the
AEC will permit it to be seriously damaged, much
less
completely destroyed. Actually, Phillips Petro
leum was hired back in 1950 to manage the entire
National Reactor Testing Station in ldaho. But the
company and the AEC had a falling out in the summer of 1972 over delays and overruns, and the station's management has been turned over to the Aerojet Nuclear Corporation.
WIN: Well, then ,what future do you
see
for modern
technology if our energy base depends upon very
finite fossil fuel reserves or biologically hazardous
nuclear fuels? Should we follow Barry Commoner's
advice and go back to a labor-intensive society, stripping down if not retreating from our high-technology
civilization?
ir
il
Ill
i'j
rl
rj
.t
M.B.: With all due respect to Commoner, I think this
is not a very searching conception of the options before us. I'm glad, of course, that Commoner has directed more public'attention than he has in the past
to the role that business plays in producing our
ecological crisis and has definitively broken with
Ehrlich and the ZPG crowd, who brought such discredit on the ecology movement in1969-7O by malç:
ing "us"-the ordinary people who cominite the "original sin" of breeding to "excess"-responsible for
environmental deterioration. Time was when Commoner, Ehrlich, and other environmentalists tended
to defuse the social character of the environmental
crisis by placing responsibility for it on technology,
population, popular "lack of concern"-in fact,
everything and everybody but the commodity system
and the bourgeoisie.
I should hate to see another simplification now
replace those which I cited above-that we must
learn to accept "sÇarÇity," if not outright "austerity"
and "toil," as the price for living in harmony with
nature. And already I'm beginning to hear that we
are faced with an "ecological breakdown" in ten
years comparable to the "economic breakdown" predicted by the old-time Marxists at the turn of the
century-a sort of mechanical breakdown, not the
steady degradation and erosion of the environment
which is by far the greater and more sinister likelihood. J ust as ZPG-type "environmentalists" created
a panic atmosphere around population growth, so'a
new breed of "radical" ecologists may be fostering
a panic atmosphere around abundance and a technologically-intensive society, thereby evanding the
heart of the problern-the market relationship itself,
the bourgeois system of production for the sake of
production, and the distortion of human needs that
stems from a syÞtem of consumption for the sake of
consumption
I see no reason why we cannot liberate humanity
from a lifetime of toil, all the more to free it for
creative, self-expressive work in all domains of life.
There is no reason why technology should not take
over much of the onerous work that has burdened
humanity for thousands of years. Nor is there any
reason why it should not be deployed to eliminate
scarcity and denial. The real question confronting us
is not a labor-intensive economy versus a technologically-intensive economy, a society based on renunciation and scarcity versus one based on fulfillment
and the elimination of material ,want. The real question I see is the kind of social relations that will replace present-day buyer-seller competitive relations.
I think we can have a libertarian society organized
around communal ownership of resources and develop
*
an ecologically sound technology-not a mere handicraft. one, but a quite sophisticated one-that will harmonize our relationship with nature. So far as energy
is concerned, we could replace most of our fossil fuels
by solar energy, wind power, methane digesters, possibly liquid hydrogen, and other such forms of alternative energy. And we wouldn't use exclusively
one source as the solution to our energy problems.
We would interplay all of these ecologically sound
energy sources, deploying them in decentralized communities as an energy plttern, rather than reverting
to the gigantism that marks our technologies and
cities today. The work that is being done in these
areas is really impressive. Homes have been built
that are warmed by solar energy and electrically
powered by wind generators. lndeed, much of our
fuel consumption for space heating and domestic
needs could be cut enoimously at every latitude by
interplaying these two, really pollution-free, sources
of energy. Thereafter we could completely fregourselves from dependence on fossil and nuclâr ftels by
developing still other sources of energy, such as pollution-free fuels like hydrogen or relatiVely low polluting fuels like mehtane derived from wastes.
Accordingly, we could have quite an advanced technological base and our goal would be to produce lasting materials, not cheap shoddy goods that have to
be replaced almost as soon as they are bought. Handícrafts would be encouraged-not bQcause we are
compelled to abandon a technologically advanced
economy, but because craftsmanship is desirable in
itself, as a means for e4pressing human powers, as a
mode of self-expression. We would see craftsmanship
as a facet in the development of rounded human beings-individuals who seek a synthesis of the intellectual with the physical, of the mental with the sensuous-just as we would aim for a rounded society,
scaled to human dimensions, which would seek to
overcome the split between town and country, urban life and rural life. Such a society, I would hope,
would not only resolve the historic problems of
material want, toil, and renunciation, bu! would also
lead to a redefinition of human needs, quality goods,
and the individual's role in shaping social life.
Gigantism-technological, architectural, urban,
social-essentially precludes a development along the
lines I've sketched. lt subverts the individual's comprehension of her or his technology, city and society;
it undermines individual participation and control.
Ir even erodes the self by driving the individual into
) orivatized world, an atomized world, that'is manïí.d and manipulated by technicians, bureaucracies,
iíing classes in-the economy and body politic.of1t
oîãrot.t massification, homogenization, and
domination.
touts.,
""Ïãittr.t.
reasons I am not a keen admire¡ of the
lv.i''r-.'l ótoposal for solar energy that would'ðoncentlrzÍe collectors in the southwest desert region or
äiircr't proposal for giant satellite collectors beyond.
Itrà earth's atmosphere, although the Meinel proposal
ü fur mort desirable than a commitme¡t to nuclear
iuels an¿ the current wastage of fossil fuels. Our goal
ihould be to eliminate our prer4alent cenlralized tech'
nology, diversify our local sources of energy, and
rescale our communities and agricultural techniques
to human dimensions.
Our discussion, at this point, should center around
the need for an ecological society ba*d on new
ecotechnologies, ecocommunities, and above all, new
social relationships, To stress such issues as whether
ihe existing society has to be more "labor-intensive"
rather than "capitatintensive," or whether population
is getting out of hand or not, is actually obscurantist
in my view and plays directly into the hands of
îhe very system that has produced the "energy crisis."
To panic irÍ the face of this "crisis," to describe in
apocalyptic terms the inevitable "collapse" of the
environment in a de-cade or so, is in fact tb promote
a
9399!Yi!y, !.t:dgçdl deadly fatalism, that assures the
dominance of the powers-that-be. And frankly, most
of the apocalyptic claims are misleading. Although I
would view an energy base committed to nuclear technology as a turning point in the development of
humãnity, such a ðommitment is not quite immi.
nent and we have many years in which such a Gomm¡tment could be undone. For us, the real question
.is to understand the alternativqs-tocial, technological, and communal-that are open to us; to mo.bili2g
around these alterhatives and, in an understanding .'
human way, attempt to make people aware of what'
could exisl in contrast to what exists today. Above
all, we should try to convey what we mean by an
ecological outlook and by the respiritization of the
natural world in a non-domineering relationship-a
non-domineering relationship that presupposes the
elimination of domination between human and hu.man. I would say that these elements constitute the
real framework for radical ecology, not the rather
shallow invocations of "sÇarcity" and "labor-intensive technologies" that conceal a basically reactionary
iapJqroach with "radical" rhetoric.
has
Murray
the environment with
of Our Synthetic Environment and Post Scarcity
t
I
Anarchism.
"1
Vr^A
f
WIN I1
lo wlN
Itident jl-he New Nuclear,Menace
1 greaterexpanse
fräilil"#f i.'?li'
ofocean for
4.3 then replaced A'2. A'3 has a range of 2,500,
lt has three 200,000'ton warheads that separate,
iå"¿ on their targót in a triangula,r pattern (This.
"'jì¿
äakes it a Multiple Reentry Vehicle (MRV) weapon).
Ää-*ut a "shotgun" missile. lt gave the Po[çris fleet
miles.
t-
The other motivation was fear that nuclear weapons were endangering the species. There was sub'
stantial evidence that the human race would be destroyed by the blast, firestorms, and residual radiation of a major nuclear war. As missile systems pre
liferate, the chances of accidental war become gr:eater.
Polaris submarines seemed the most atrocious of
the deterrence weapons. Each sub could carry 16 missiles, and each missile was armed with a warhead of
500,000 tons (lzmegaton) tNl equivalent. That
means that eoch sub held the explosive power of
400 Hiroshimas. The subs could launch their missiles
from underneath the surface of the water at a räte of
one a m¡nute, and.expect them to be accurate to ,.
within a mile or two at a range of 1,200 miles. One
sub therefore could destroy a country the size sf
France or Poland in about a quarter of an hour.
Polaris Action was a uhiquely "pacifist" project,
even more so than the actions against Atlas and other
land-based missiles. This was because the subs' missiles wèren't acçuraLe enough to destroy an "enemyls',
hardened missile bases, and therefore couldn't be
used for a "first strike", "preemptivet', or "cou.nterforce" attack. Poaris missiles were designed for re
taliation against cities, or, as the nuclêar strategists
put it, they were "countervalue" weapons. Land
based missiles like Atlas, Titan and Minuteman, however, were sufficiently açcurate to wipe out missile
fifteen years ago, a number of American pacifists became deeply concerned about intercontinental ballistic missiles, and the policy of nuclear deterrence
that spawned them. They organized several protest
projects. An Appeol to Cheyenne took place the sum-
mer of 1 958, and focused on the first ICBM bases
being constructed near Cheyenne, Wyoming. Ken
Calkins, who later founded the Student Peale Union,
had his leg and thigh severely bruised, and was almost killed when run over by a'huge dump truck
while he was sitting in the entrance to the missile
construction site.
Omoha Action followed in the summer of 1959.
Nineteen pacifists were arrested for trespassing on an
Atlas missile base near Mead, Nebraska, a small town
base
and ordnance depot about 30 miles southwest of
Omaha. Six of those arrested received federal sentences of six months. Omaha Action produced the
famous picture of A.J. Muste committing civil disobedience by climbing over a gate to the missile base.
1960 saw Polaris Action which focused on Polaris
missile launching submarines, and included walks,
leaflet distribution, public meetings, and civil disobedience, in or near Groton and New London, Connecticut. The first Polaris submarine was built at
General Dynamic's Electric Boat Shipyard in Groton,
and nuclear subs were based at the U.S. Submarine
Base a few miles up the Thames River Estuary. Even-
'
swam half a mile or more through the cold November waters of the Estuary and climbed on the submar¡ne Patr¡ck Henry, just after it had been launched.
The government rewarded Don with more than a
year in jail.
Pacifists in Great Britain shortly gave the protests
against Polaris subs international scope by organizing
aproject in Holy Loch, Scotland, site of an overseas
Polaris base.
All these demonstrations against nucìear missiles
had two main motivations. One was moral outrage.
Nuclear deterrence requires that governments be willing to incinerate whole continents. The Nazi holocaust would be a candle beside the bonfire of a fullscale nuclear war.
f¡.
.
I
'
sites. They could destroy the "enemy's" retaliatory
force, and therefore were more"provocativef' than
Polaris. Nuclear strategists welcomed Polaris as a
relatively "stabilizing" weapons system. Non-pacifìsts
accepted Polaris just as they accepted deteirence, as a
tually, two pacifists, Bill Henry and Don Martin,
warheads'
about
-- 1,7.00
íatest l'improve'ment" is the Poseidon missile'
posà¡don has the 2,500 mile range of the A'3 missile,
is radically different in important ways. Each
üut
'
óãseidon carries at least ten warheads,that can be
åiopp"d on ten different targets (The milciles can
ãíöian¿ several warheads on one target from differ,ãnt directions and at slightly different times). Each
necessary evil, best of a number of unpleasant alternatives. Pacifists, on the other hand, who rgjei.ted
killing and war in principle, were particularly out-
raged by Polaris, a weapon specifically designed to
annihilate civilian targets.
The pacifists failed to prevent development of
Polaris, and by 1967 the U.S. had 41 Polaris subs
with a total of 656 missiles. Since then, the weapons
system has been "improved" in a number of ways.
The original A-1 missile with a half-megaton warhead and 1,200 mile range was replaced with the one
megaton A-2 missile with a 1,500 inile range (More
warhead is about 50,000 tons of TNT equivalent,.or
ii/, times more powerful than the Hiroshirna bomb.
ãäseidon is callèd a Multiple lndepepdently Targeted
t
ReentrY Vehicle (MIRV).
;
MtRV missiles have "advantages" over missiles
with one warhead, or with three waíheads that con¡n u known þattern on the same target (MRV)'
"äirL
Thõ principle one is that their multiple warheads are.
f'rårããt
io intercepú and destroy. They
can "saturate",
defense
';;terload", and '¡exhaust" any known missile
svstem. They are much more accurate, too. And
líreir num'eróus, relativelf "small" warheads can do
more damage than single, huge bombs.
The technological jargon for MIRV hæ a term
that evokes partiiUlarly poignant images' The war."iried into ipaceby a maneuverable "bus"' t
r.åääi
at
"t"
The "bt¡s" jockeys aioün¿ to'drop off each bomb
iß aPProPriate Point.
l"l Þãiå¡don't nut"iãrt warheals aòd accuracy (the
lått iiãt I t ptoved iub mari ne navifiãtiona.l
^á;.;; as well as fröm better missile controls and
' ä;ñ;T;;"t
;¡';:;bü;; ;neans of aiming) credte a disturbing-prob.'.
Ë;. Th;v mãte posei¿on"t'oör titê a "counterforce."
I
*"upon that can destroy missile bases' Be-cause ot th¡s'
of
Mìlv;; i;, dã"ãiat are rógarded as a n-ew dimension
and
of
"balance
upset
the
missile thaican
.terror"
control agreements impossible' .
;;ï;.¡;;
" -Ñ;äïh"l;ti,
th.Ñuuv is installing Poseidon mis'
silet'in âi'irui.'f.n subs will be left with A-3, mjs
iiiãi. f r't"t will give the submarine fleet a lotal of
about 5,1 20 nuclear weapons'. Whiló each Polaris sub had 16 nuclear weapons'
,.u.t, trU with poseidon missiles has 160;nuclear
an.
hour. From the Russian point of view, one Posei-
don sub in the Caribbean could anihilate the eastern
ftiif ãi tt. U.S. from Key West to Bangor in 15 minuies. Ttrat means killing perhaps 70'million people'
The cost of the Polaris-Poseidon fleet in 13 yeprs
has been
$30-$40 billion.
Now comes the Trident. Another name forTri
dent is "ULMS" (Undersea Long Range Missile Sys
tem). One part of Trident is a Ml RV missile wjth up
{o í+ *urn"uds and an eventual range of 6,00Q milgsThe other part is a 16,000 ton submarine (twice ¡¡.,
laige as the Polaris-Poseidon sub), equipped yilh 24
miisites and capable of a submerged speed of 40 mph'
Ten subs are Planned.
One Trident sub will be able tb carry 408 nuclear
*"upont. Lying in the Mediterranean, it-could oblit'
eratä all of iluisia; from the South Pacific, all of
China; from the Caribbean, all of the United States
and Canada
Navy plans are to build Trident subs at General
Dvnamicis Electric Boat Shipyards, Groton, Ct',.and
UJtéìtt"t at Bangor, Washinglon. Lockheed will
oröbablVbuild the missiles. The Bangor'base must
from scratch, will cost $533 million,
6.
"onstir.t.d
3,000 military þeopleand 3,000 civilian;'
ãn¿.tptov
Trident
háJ been
the Ñixon AdminisiratioT's top
priority budget item. lt's the most expensive weapons
iystem'ever, þroposed by the Pentagon. lnitial pro-
rl
r. ,
iéited cost fbr ten subs, not including missiles, is $13
6illion, or more than $1 billion per sub. Ultimate
costs sbem.so sreat that even the Senate Armçd Services Conimittee'recoilèd'at Trident. Despite the proiuìnJãouott of many Senators and Congresspeople,
in November Congress finally authorized the money
for the Trident program. to proceed at full speed' The
first subs are scheduled to go into service in 1 978'
tal threat to the entire sPecies.
desgrgv all"
;;;;;;. öná pãse¡¿on therefore could.
;iÊi;;;.;; uit óf *.tt.tn Russia withi43'quarter of
TyÞlcal Polar¡s Submarlne, From SCIENTIFIc AMER!.CAN, June 1972'
REACIOB
COMPARTMENT
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SHIP CONTROL CENTEB
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MISSILE COMPARÍMENT' .
Kioour War-that 200,000 human beings are rotting
in'Säigon's iails-that 2,000 have iirst been killcd in
r]-
ir
órriã:."¿ ihat Trident is a long step toward the
fii\
Doomsday
MISSILE
CONIHOL
CENIER
LtvtNG
ouARTEFs :'
TORPEDO BooM
-
Bract
1
machine.
-Brad Lyttle
Lyttle took port in the Gheyenne, Omoho and
Poloris qctions qnd is still octive in the peoce movement'
wrN 13
lRovlrlufion
o
ill
Dr. lngeborg Ward, the Vanderbilt Un¡versily scientist,
that pre'natal hormonal influences affect
suggesting
'ö{t-nutul sexual behavior. Her hypothesis may outlase those among us who are convinced that culluial diversity is a sufficient explanation for sexual
ãivefsity. lt.may also outrage.those among tl3 who
reieú any discusslon oÏ causality as tantamount to a
oolitical betraYal'
' But if we are, as we like to claim, ,,critical intellieences, "then we must make good our-claim. We're
íieht tô insist that heterosexu¿lity as well as homose-xuality needs explaining; but that means broaden'
ing the inquiry, not putting an end to it. Weire right
tolnsist that if some day sexual behavior rb shown
to have a hormonal or genetic component, -rve will
have gained insight only into how certain patterns
eet folmed, not whether a particulaf,pattern is "good"
-o1
"bad," the latter is a moral judgement añd reflects
social mores; it hinges on cultural not scientific im'
Huill¡tn Soxu:tlifry
The universitÌes and,the Ggr
.Experience was the theme of the frrst conference
of the Gay Acodemic rJnion, herd
over riinaiguirg weekend at
John Jay cortege
of criminol lustìce in Nery yor! c¡ty. oiii t'níee hundred peopre
attended, including students ond teagherl from óoriegisäii
o*^, the country. The fortowÌng
is Mortin Dubermqn's keynote address tõ thà cànference,
Duberman, a historion
-voín,'i;i;r";ñi,;;'ái"íi"íi
oi
ñei
'Í,!:!!i!:g?!t:g:t.city.'tJnÌversity
otogrophies, incruding th.e
"rd
ryce1t Black Mountain: An Explorat¡on in'community,
an Anchor poperbsck. He is arso octive ¡nlii-p"oæ
movement in New york.
A seem.ingly absurd phrase has been haunting me
stnce I bega.n to prepare these welcoming remarks
several weeks ago. That phrase is: ,,hono"red ribbi,
dear p-arents, relatives and.friends." lt's the opening
line of a-speech I delivered at age 13 to the ,Jngr._
gation of Sinai.Temple gathered for my bar
the ce-remony in the Jewish religion thât marks
^itïvin,
the
nte of passage to manhood.
When the "honored rabbi'r phrase first popped in_
to my head, I tau.ghe_d.ar iÇ rhóughr itAúírl[_tvpical of the way disaffiliated, inapfropriate images
continually break into the iogicãi prãcesses thär we
like to believe dominate our mindi an¿ iives. lnen
at some later point t realized tnat tne Êfiiaiä was not
inappropriate, that like many ,,illogical" intrus¡ons
it had managed to make connectivã sense out of
feelings and events widely separ.ated in time.
. For.today, too, is a rite oi passage. Not for me
alone, but for us together; not into-manhood or
womanhood as those states have been traditionally
defined; not sanctified by supernatural doctrine; not
blue-printed.by centuries of ritualized behaviàr; not
greeted by kinship rejoicing and sôcial acceptance;
not.marked by the extension of fellowship into the
established adult community.
Yet today's rites of passage are of great significance-for the society at large as wellãs for u:s. For
what we're saying here today ¡s that we do not accept standard formulas for gender identilication and
standard norms for sexuality. We,re sayins instead
I
what Herbert Marcuse suggested som, fiftõrn years ago
in his book Eros qnd CivitlzotÌon. Namely, tt u't ,ocalled "sexual perversion,'could be the iútting edge
of rebellíon against "the subjugation of sexual"ity und.er the order of procreation, añd against the institu_
tions which guarantee this order.,' ln protesting
genital tyranny, in_rejecting the notion that sarie gen_
der love and lust affront the laws of nature. we are
placing ourselves in the forefront of the newest and
to my mind most far-reaching revolution: the re-
characterization of human sex ual ity.
is ín this spirit that I welcome you: not simply
-lt
as fellow gay women añd men, but ás fellow revolutionaries.
. This two day conference ína¡ilgurates an effort to
integrate the truths of our persònal and professional
lives. This is not the first time gay men und *ornrn
14
confidence of those damaged Uy g"nerutión, ãf residence in a homophobic society. Ãnd they ài¿ tt,.i,
worK wtth lar fewer comrades and faced with
a far
more hostile social climate than is currently the case.
. .Fyt though we are not pioneers in the síruggle to
build consciousness and to win civii ,ightr, åir.
the most severe ideological pressure nor in the name
of the most sublime political advantage. Í
The potential rol'e we might play as scholars and
critics is the subjecT of this first day's p4ne[ and work'
shops. But I'd like to say a few words as well about
tomorrow's topig "Coming Out in the University".
î,
ing.together today does nonetheless ,iãniivãn f,i"
"om_
I
toric, perhaps uníque möment: the poi"int ¡i iime
when gay women and men decidgd, on a lirge scate,
to organize themselves around theii professiãnal
tivities, to
use
ac-
their professional skills and-idãntities
tn rhe Íght against sexism_their skills as socioloSists,
biologists, historians, etc. their identities ãi i"tooturr.
educators and students. Our personal exper{encê prd_
vides the sensitivity, our professional expe¡tise the
tools,.for taking on the function of critical philosophy
that Herber! Marcuse envisioned for us.
conference, we hope, marks the
.,
-Thir march through those particular beginning of
the.lo¡g
acãdemið
drsc¡pt¡nes and institutions with which we find
ourqelves affiliated. Marching
is notoriously harJ work.
And institutions are norõriously resi5tant. ñ"ilnËi'
dedication nor competence, moreover, guarantees
success. ln the short run, they probaUíy-guaiaÀtee
heightened resistance. Because we cna¡íeñge-tn!
clusive heterosexual life sryle by *t,irn tf,Ë-rn"¡.iiiy
"*in_this counrry al.l at once.äefinês Uiolãsìc tiuiír,
socrar necessity_and personal essence, our work wíll
be
drmcult and fiustrating. Because we are asserting our
gwn wgJtlr and our special perspective, the wor[ can
De grat¡fytng and joyful.
Self-worth, however, is not a function of selfcongratulation. lf we mean seriously to challenge
sexual stereotypes, we cannot assume any auto'matic
truths... lf we wish,to ínaugurate a profoúnd ¿eUatà
on
sexuattty, we cannot set the topics or terms, nor announce in advance the nature of tne concluiiòns.
Nor can we afford to dismiss out of hanJ inioimat¡on
or argüments that might discomfit our own theoretical
models-we cannot, that is, if ,,liberation', is,to be more
than a slogan, and ,,revolution', more than a posture.
I th¡nk particularly here of the recent findines of
realize, of-course, that evèryone has to decide
ìt
is
to believe that
same gender sexual attraction is
symptomatic of retardation or disease.
Finally, there's the risk that a public"ayowal of
being gay will be treated as merely confessignal, as a
self-indulgent, vaguely unclean bít of exhibitionism.
Our culture has long told us tfiat it's "exhibitionis' ,
tic"-or worse-to discuss our p¡¡vate lives, and we\e
internalized the negative iu¿gement. But'íexhibi- ,'
tionism" may be the wrong word for what is in fact
an impulse to end bifurcation and pretense, to understand honestly and to share honestly. The fear of being called "exhibitionistic"-or worse-has proven a
potent mechanism of social control, a device for preventing new kinds gf communicat¡on that might
. fhreaten accepted definitions of human-ness-and
thus accepted relationships of power.
The risks of coming out are real, and only a Pollyanna would deny them. But they seem to me ines'
çapable aspects of becoming þolitical,,risks that must
Fe'run'becäuse of the over-riding necesdity of open'
ing by uniting with others no less frightened, complex
and private tovend the common óppression. " '
Besides, the risks, at least to my mind, arefar
over.balanted by thê gains. ln cqming out, in ioining
together, we leaçn that we are nôt singular freaks but
'i
t
i
part of an emergilng community-one that includes
some heterosexuals, mostly women, along with gays
and bi-seXqals-a,community willing-at last to talk
about what we all want to hear, to demystify the
desperate secrets, to end the separation in ourselves
this matter in terms of his or hei own timetable and
circumstances-and absolutely free from external
coercion. I realize, too, that my,own experience in
coming out,may be of limited'use tò others. As a
'' '
tenureã fdl professor teaching in a New York City
$chool, I operated, as it were, out of â ñaximum
security situation. Knowing my experience may be
,
untypical, I want to speak with great;caution about
wnit t take to be the risks and gains of coming.out'
Tliere ore risks. First, the risk of losing jobs or
never being hired for them-a p4rticularly potent consideration in today's desperate job market. I doubt
very much if I would have come out if. l hadn't had
iob'security, and I can only say that I'mlin awe of
ihe courage'of those students and untenùre{. flcqlty
who are cóming out in increasing numberr,.lhdeed,
the untenufed leople among us-tlíose wit'fi the most
to losq as the worid measures loss-have been setting
the paóe for their more privilegrd and proteited
colleagues. I know they don'Í like.being óá1led
they préfer to say.they're acting for
""orrulg"ors";
'
ttremiäves, tt'tut tt't.y owe it to their.own integrity
j and peace óf tind, to stand up' As,l.sa;', l'm in awe
'tt
J
o
o
o
3
o
of them.
I
'
Ð
The iecond risk in coming out.is one we all share,
,'tenured
m
or not. And that's the risk of layipp ourselves
open to simplification, of giving the straiglit-wprld
the opportunity it often seeks to reduc.e our varied
personälities to a one'label category' Within every
movement, moreover, the need to stress common intersections and to fight against com-mon oppresslon
always involves somã miñimizing of individual inclinaiions. No one likes being labelled,or minimized'
Sometimes we have to remind each other, as we work
to forge a movement, to emphasize our,commonalities, that individually we are a.gooo oeal more com'
-l
o
2
-.{
I
m
3
o
Ð
z
z
o
wlN
I
l
I
wtN
peratives. lt is up to us to make that distinction clear,
but not to prevent*or di,scount the research that makes
such distinètions nècessary. lt's our function as stu''
dents, scholars and teachers to reevaluate current
evidence and to provide new evidencè, but it.can
never be our function to suppress evidence-.-not under
stood up publicly to declare themselves. lt is
not the first time they have_united for .orron pr*
poses. Many-like Ba¡bara Gittings,
*1.,o iii, flrrc on
the platform-hav-e for years batt'íed agaiÀslantideluvian laws and cusroiii an¿ worteã iä irii-. tf.,.
have
plicated than the sum of our sexual experiences.Jvlo/e
often, we have to remind the straight world; eageràó
15
\
\
I
ì
and in our culture between the private and public
voices. lt's a community willing to emUrace-variations
in sexual behavior as enrichmeñts to be enjoyed, not
shameful fantasies to be concealed.
Aqain, I can only_speak for myself and again, my
experience may not be widely applicable beiauie its
been unusually protected. But
l'iio want to
say
foi
myself that I feel my options and opportunities have
exponded.since I came out about a year 4nd a half ago.
I mean lhis in terms of feeling more integrated and
comfortable.within. myself; in terms of proliferating
contacts with people l'wouldn't otherwise have met,
or if met, would probably_ have avoided-for
bi-sexuals; and in terms of feeling part of an.impor"^umpí.,
tant-struggle for human rights and'sexual re-definition.
lf it's true that there are never gains without lossesand I think it is true-for nre personally-for whatever. that's worth-the gains haúe unquestionably
predominated
of adversaries assailing each other,s deviations. The
former builds community, the latter perpetuates
p_owerlessness. The one does the work oi the revolu_
tion, the other the work of the oppressor.
ln saying this, I don't for a moment mean to subscribe to sappy slogans of ,,love, lovg love". The expectation that all gay people should
'ilove,' one
another seems to me as mindlessly destructive of individual impulse and choice as thé larger society's
.
¡
!i
I
The right concluding words seem alwa ys to come
from Emerson. "lt is a mischi evous notion,' ' he wrbte,
"that we are come late into nature; that the world was
finished a long time ago. . .A false humi lity, a complai sance to reigning schools or to the wisdom
of
antiquity, must n ot defraud me of supreme possession
of this hour. . .Sa y to such doctors, We are thankful
to you, as we are to history, to the pyramids, and the
authors; but now our day is come; we have been born
out of the eternal silence; and now will we live-live
for ourselves-and not as the pall-bearers bf a funera l,
but as the upholderd and creators of our age.. .Now
I can't think of
better set of wishes for our two
foi the work beyond: that we
begin to take our own measurements, to live for
a
days together-and
q
slTTn'lfì
insistence that no gay people can love-one another.
My hope is that we cân serve as a genuine alternative to the sexist models that domi-nate our cuþ
tqre; that we will refuse to talk of human beings_gay
or.strai ght-as. si ngle i m pu ses, fi xed essences, ji¿gã-'
able objects; tha-t we will offer in opposition îo the
current vision of homogenized humánitv. our
celebration of human diversity.
that we are here we will put our own i nterpretation
on things, and t offer] our own th lngs for interpretation. Please hi mself with com plaisance who willfor me, things must take my scale, not I theirs.',
zJ
reflex colors the whole pacifist image, most men (and
women) are not going to refuse, and wars will continue to plague our species and devastate our biosphere. So long as we insist on a puristic (and incidental ly spurious) micro- macrocosrnic relationshi p
between individual and organized violence, pacifism
is bound to remain an ideal and completely unat-'
tainable minority dream.
To say that over again, just fpr the emphasis, so
long as most people think that in order !9 be 1, paci-'.*,
fist you have to lie down and take it while rapists .l
romp and murderers massacre, the vast preponder- .;
ance of humanity will continue to prefer to believe
that governments, with their armies and police
ourselves, to create our age-and: to end the eternal
silence. The goal is utopian, and must partl y tqil. rJ
But only utopian goals, I believe, willal low us partl
Y
to succeed.
-Martin Dub erman
AN OCCASIONAL COLUMN OI\l NONVIOLENCE
E00
word conÛlbut¡ons ore invTted fròm readers
Back in the early '60's, when I was new to both
oacifism and what we were beginning to call The
Movemeng there wab one popular conundrum-so
oooular, in fact, that we came to expect to have it
iodsed sinugly in our faces at least twice a week:
"What wduld you do if someone broke into your
home and raped and murdered your wife and children?"
Some of us, Brad Lyttle perhaps pre-en{inently,
even saw fit to tease,their own and fellow p4cifists'
brains with this logíòal extremity;and l'm sorry td
have to say so, but I never heard or thought of a
decent rejoinder, at least until I read what I still believe to be the funniest article WIN ever published,
'iGandhi the Aphrodisiac" (9116/68), where Bob'
Calese gleefully bludgeoned the entire subject into
eschatological silly'putty. l, resurrect it now most un" 'willingly, ãnd only because it'õffers'the most direct
route into a'very cfitical confusion existi¡g in almost
' everybody's. mind these days.
I'm talking about the total, unthinking identifi'
cation of pacifism as a political or moral position
with Gandhian or Greggian nonviolence. Please-'
I'm not attackingany kind of nonviolent doctrine;
only the supposedly foregone conclusion that "going limp" is inevitably the only truly pacifistic re'
sponse to all acts of violence.
-What would / do right now if someonÊ, etc.?
I used to wrack my conscience, but no more. I'd grab
the handiest of the several loaded guns we keep in our
'home, and if the sight of it didn't stop"him, l'el very
simply shoot the bastard. Lacking for the sake of'
,
argument, all pistols, rif es, and shotguns, {'wouldn't
hestitate for an instant to use a knife, a chunk of
stove wood, or any other effective weapon to terminate such a threat to my, my family's, my friends',
or my neighbors' existences.
Does this answer really shock anybody? I know
very well that it does, or I wouldn't be bothering
my head about the whole (to me, nowaday6J selÊ
evident topic. The reason for my going to this tt'ouble
is that pacifism could and should 4nd hqs got to be
a major¡ty position;and to make pacifism'synonymous with quietistic nonv¡olence is tantamount to
equating free enterprise with monopoly, communism
with state control. or anarchism with throwing bombs'
Wars will onlv ceíse when oll men refuse.to fight in
them, but so'long as the limpgoing crypto-vegetarian
in New
lN fqrm.
1
forces, are a necessary evil.
lf you want to eradicate all your own personal
violent tendencies, that's your business; but don't
try to persuade me that, in order to end orgonized
violence, we have to end ollviolence-because alL
we have to do is to stop all violent organization.
(Which, you might say, is like dealing in billions in'
stead of
:
'
trillions: both very huge and unwieldy, but
much'inore so than the other.), -'
The main problem with the Gandhian position,
as a basis for massive chanse in the behavior of human
beings, is that Ghndhi (seebrwell's-fine short aliicle
about him for the argument, if you need one) was a
saint, not a man,,by definition exceptional, a goal
we might strive towards, a (barely) embodied ideal.
The same goes for Jesus, of course, and while turning
the other cheek can be a completely practical tactic
ongV.ery-
"
'I
¡
.t
under certáiir €öíìditions,'to'expect it to become
typical species behavior in time to save this planet is
to await the New Jerusalem.
I used to label myself a Paul-Goodman-type pacifist, Paul being the only pacifist spokesman around
who didn't sweepingly condemn the entire notion
of sêlf-defense. Gradually it occurred to me that his
distinction (between fists and all other individualscale weapo.ns) was as arbitrary as any could be. The
single real distinction is whether you are individually,--. . .
defending you-and-yours, or collectively "defending"
(and inexorably extending) something too big for
you or any other individual to ever realize or control.
Nations, for instance-like the U.S. in Southeast Asia,
or Germany in Poland, or RuSsia in Hungary, or lsraelis and Arabs in Palestine, or any other, anywhere.
.l suppose ypu could say that the "anarchist síde"
Of''my pácifism has won out over the "nonvi<¡lent
side. "ln any gase, I'm.4bsolutely opposed to the
\
idea of goverRments rnaintaining armies and stock''
piling weapons, bç! the notion of an armed, selfprotectivé citiandy*ns longer bothers me at all. ln
iqct,'1 think the tiight-iltr5gèrs hdVe'.something solid
'inlthe slog¡in; "Wheri guns are outlawed, only out:'
larirs will have guns." (My only basic obicction therc
is to the implication that Law'n'Order should rule
our lives, in any manner.) lt's governments armþd to
the teeth that we have to get rid of, not privately
owned firearms, bows and arrowsj or slingshots. I
believe both the countryside and city streets would
þe safer and happier places if everyone openly re- '
.larded every strángei as armed and dangerous (r,g.,
with a good deal of respect). Of course, in modern
super-cities, the problem boils down to the unappeas.
able fact that the human animal has never really
learned how to live in larger than tribal-sized groups,
where everyone can be recognize.d personally: give us
about half a million more years (who'll cover thal
bet?), and it's remotely possible that we'll become
able to live peaceably in congregations of a tnontålt"n"
r,
wtN
17
The
groupinj
october,a unified command of
At the
same time governments
Resistance was organrzed,
pãpu'tat rétñoär-to
inBether all the parties of ine
mainrain
bä',tv, ir.'ã rrlin,ãã ir''" union.
ít wasnlt yet a question of an
:;;;;;tlrti;i?ãi¡t¡ãn
süateg¡ to be followed was still
tne'ðüirän
BOMB FArLs
un¡tv covãinment
ro oerEn ;;N[;
r"."iuåäii¿r rãiá"tf.un
'"'ilää,i*
.ouo'if.r" past ten
rtii r¡ltuiiiy uecom.
g*q,:y',r*:iî;iiç;ll*l*
October situation in Chile:
.
The 4 general commanding The
Junta, -Letgh of the
Air Forcg pine
chet of the Army, Merino fo úhe Navv.
and Mendoza of the ,,Carabineros", '
are not the real leaders of the fasciit
process they are putting into action.
Pinochet is a much decorated brute
who only leads as a result of a compromise. The arm¡ which he com_
mands, is the largest of the 4 armed
ïorces. Leigh, who is not connected to
a political party, would like to irnpose
a corporateregime without parties, in
the best of fascist traditions.
. But others are the real political
leaders, and they remain fôr the moment discreetly in the background..
I hey are Admiral Huerta, Minister of
Foreign Affa-írs; General ilaeza, Chief
of lnvestigations, Genéral Torrôs De
La Cruz, Chief of the paunta Arena
area, and Admiraf Castro, Minister of
Education. Their strategy is simpte:
.The role of the presentlunta is io
"dirty its hands and cleanse the country" by any means. As soon as the
bloody repression has had enough results, the other 4 wíll replace tfrãm in
l8 wtN
cesses" of their colleagues, and reallv
take the reins of powe-r in'hanã ¡" äioer to lead a political line that con-
lorms to the interests of American
imperialism, bur which wilt appããi ac_
ceptable in the eyes of internäijonai
opinion.
Faced with this situation, the
.bo.urgeois
parties are at the í"iri in u
delicate position, and their r"tationrwith the Junta are not as cordial as
one mighr think; especially since ihe
vanous sectors of the bourgeoisie do
not have a unífied stance oiunconáitional
lupporr for rhe J una. f Àis ¡ì'
parrtcutarly true for the Chilean
glrql"h and rhe Chrisrian- Demoirars,
(Dc).
Within the Christian-Democrats.
- example,
for
there have O"en-t*olr"_
cessive divisions since September 1
1.
First,.a definite break between the
party's popular base and its leaders
when the coup took place; the pea_
sants and workers of the DC fought
the Junta wírh their comrades ofi'he
unions and the industríal strips. firå-n
*.ur a sptit ín rhe teader;ñip il:
!h,"Jg
setf, between the Democrats and' the
supporters of the Coup, the latter led
by hduardo Frei, the domocratic sec_
tor is lead by Deputy Bernardo
Leíghton, supported by Tomic and
t-uentealba: They made a public decraratton against the coup. Leighton
oirrut"
o.f
hearrh
-¡, ;Ë;i;ä;;i;;r.î'by .tt e* iñìn
of the U.S. Committee for lustice to ' ::::::.i;.;ì;.^;;,,;'r..,
iffiffiil[r1;*ltl',*l'lfå."'.''
^ç "^,,^t";oc "
porirical Ë,"i,îi:i::ï
Laiin Rmer¡can
LNS
On October "12, ¡he support committee
for the revolutionary struggle of the
Chilean people met in paris with an
important member of one'of the parties of the Chilean left. He brought
the following information on thõ mid-
a
in i;xni:Ï:*,ru;i*lifin;
ES
power..They. wjll then be able
to put
up a "liberal" facade, regret the,,'ex_
countries
Exprosion of a high.powered bomb
early evening Dece.mber.l at the offce
Liiil:liiffi:1;ÏT'f,'llion
NEWS FROM CHILE
60
years.
Ãónlrusr cHILE oÞpREsstoÑ il6j"r;';i;;fieË
¡mffN'"rgff*f*i*m*ffi:*#*ffi*'*
jl,T T:sred ?y.r.he J unta, and
::,'^
severat members
of this sector went
underground. The milítary tras, mãieover, arrested many of the woiker and
peasant leaders of the DC,
who have
been detained in the shdíums.
Leaders of the two bourseois oar_
ties, the Christian-Democrals ah-d-ðlu
National Party (both now dissolved).
are currently on a tour of western
countries in a campaign whose goal is
stmply to convince the J unta that
since their parties are recognized in all'
parts ofthe world, they should control the power. Henceforth the Na_
tional party and the ,,Golpista,' part
of the Christían-Democrats are in
rivalry to bring the Junta the maximum
technical assistance.
Within the army there were no
splits, in part because the perpetrators
of the coup had taken pr..urlionuru'measures. During the night before the
coup, they arrested or shot the hisher
officers likely to support Allende.
ln many barracks and police stationc
in working class neíghborhoods, the
"Carabineros" took the side of the
people and refused to follow the
Junta.
There were numerous desertions ánd
confrontations. The number of Caraþi19ros killed since Sept. 1 I is berween
4,000 and 5,000.
At present the idea is to survive, to
prepare for the struggle ahead, and to
go back to work in order to finance
The Resistance. At the beginning of
,
.,
beginning of the trial telegraphed to
fiñurc bases'irs conctu- the prosecution of the chiçaeo.7 their
i.tt¡ié¿ countrv bv countrv lawvers and Bobbv s:u1t -ylt- ?l-
being examination of allegations of torture
åiçi,¡iä¿.
lÉ;;;" interview
with a leader of
populai
BOYCOTT FARAH PANTS!
nàüti"lite opposition
"condemnatious conduct." According
to Gignoux,-Judge.Hoffman "from the
théjury his Çontempt for the defense'l'
power.
-i.¡;'àíi;ige
Amnesty lnternational Despite the upbeat slose of tle.t!.altr
t;;il
R";;k *
tititury ;;;; ;;;
iL|[iLeíJiõtÁs'ãi tã"d.Ãt,ió
on
Bur
organ-
are
and
using ¡nü.ülngtv sofhitti"ut"d torture
,.oäir*"*ã'ino
¡régat'rons
measured as a great vlctory Tor rne.
Nixon administration. The plo-se'Ë¡on
was begun, against the recommen4ation
of outgoing attornev-seneral Ramsev
:JillÅilJåil"fifliil;ì'åÏi.lfff
ì
defense cost the movement hundreds
;t:iliiiåö11"":i?llä'"1ïlJr',xiäl
and put the anti-war movement on the
defensive when we were. winning sup-
maãe i:li?îîiîffîi,:IfJi
iJilli:
i'
Martv lezer
ðîiËiliîd;d;ë;";ii'?i:,"J."ôUl' 1??''ï#j:ï,iïi#ïiå'if:f?| ALL you NEED rs LovE
later at' Town Hall in New,York..(T.wo ci'¡,iåïÀãiJ"*iouàiutio¡ is more , Hisrorian Arnold'Toynbee once said
¡¡; ;b;; ;ä;.*ring, :,íf," jéstìiry of our
volunteer workers required ho,spital ãim"rft ro obrain.
""Tñ rãó*t ¿.i"r¡bes methods of
ûeatment for injuries in1111ea')
w"ttr- ciriilruîron rurns on the issue
..
Charging that the explosion was,"an torrure used by counrries thrôughout .fiiii¡,ui t¡;;ñ; À;;"e srands for.,'
attempt by pro-Junta elements in the it'rt *ort¿ un¿ hotes that, "òosh Rica lf thai's truålìn* *"'ur i.rtuinly
U.S. to intimidate," the.political.pris- ü if.,é onlV country in Lalin America turned ,orã'roii'of ,orn"r. The íoloners committee promptly.issued a
riom wn¡ðn Amnesty lnternational ,
io*ing itrior the N,Y, Times adverstatement saying: " Rather llìun
f,* |""lriur¿ nà tortúr, altegations of-".' iiringi.l u^i ll'-Zl-lZ,
f9treat, USLA_ is stepping up its.activ-. uÀV ki n¿ witf,in ttle past yeär."
The recrrt of (C.anodo Dry,s)suc¿lt hu¡ however, been îrequently cess, the øtnt aicrey (od ogency) and
t-Y?P9-'Îîft
'ities and calls upon
9l.
"ll
free speech to. join the picket line out' reporteiihat ttre ÚSR has financed and the'client know, is the'repoíitioning
- - - ;ï,;:;-;:;^:;,,-* )"-.
side Town Hall."
"À,¡-",,r...*i.,^ ;",i;i;"^* Å.¡nb .nthir
' ìn" ou,"o'e wâs rhe þigqq'I "11[.- ^[."^t.^i
ï'.ii:Íiilï*iii:iTiJ,ii3ilå ,",,, ?í:n';iiiti';: ;;r,i';f {i:',r¿,,-
!
¡
the police and ârmiõs of govein- in 197b.
,D9t_p]llun- p,ing
,,We
meñts tnät have used torture, it can be
did a moior piece of reseorch
argues that the USA bears a óontribu- thot showed thaî people brought it in,l?yY^demonstratord turned.out' ?oliÎÎ-,?T;-^ ,, iáiy r."rponsibitiry for the merhods to the house as a'mii and dro-nk the
u'.â ov"tç:,'.:"';î,H:ll?':,".:-*.,,"
*¡à ni. Hosteimon (or
iliåiîiî,fill"Xlt"i,',Iï'i,iylìäåiJå¡
.!!",iyili,;;
iLorc was ct very big word bock in
the street, and the ttl.*-1o-t-11..,ro ttu" Amnesty lnternational; p.O. Box l 1g2;
..970-,1'¡, emters;kias were yelling
fic, in order to contain_the crowd' .
Palo Alt'o, Cu. g+ZOi.
Some of the demonstrators banged on
cHlcÁGo.7^¡.\EF,
ããiï-""¿ óåni *r''¡"r, ure'""t'ã
i:;i:. ''!'ui',',ilnufir'i:iX:;,f;;';i{
place since early Septemb.t;
a heavy.downpour climaxed-boynn
seasonal thunderstorm, s9E"
il''
:
Iql-^"
'iírii
he'said.
o,_ cÒNSPt RACY CHARGED Now*,:inthe¡,,,,
ÏllLompaign did.n't mention
The.
ed.
Fêd,
end
The'Conspiracy
has
'
trial
.
'
ilila ì"i" f"rin Hätt.
Drv sinserale wls either
Cieno* .iäf q.J '
lnside Town Hall, the Chilean mili- "ruf1¡¿ge.ÈJ*ãt¿
'Y^!:t!:
drÌnk' but under the
^D"c""tbrr 6 againit impoiinejuil ;o !': :,1-o^soft
ary Junra, fronred UV lî""öättiti.. on
lo'"
and with folks all oges
6entences on Davã Dellingär, W'fi1i)^';'*'' 'umQrg,U!,o,f
for the Resrorarion ot öÀil.-, t'r.t¿ u
ery¡òyiñl'¡t iilihtout of the bottle' ¡t"
kunstler,
ROUi.
H"ffq"¡¡;;;á'i;il
benefit concerr UV p¡uioi'iu'un"Nun"t
tatter'
C;bi;:îil;- h" i;;;å ;ülli" árä,í;- imptied the
and by Raout Bazan, näåi'åi';nrltthas servecl the Norton simon
for
tempt
i¡,."""
their
actìonifuiinä
.Love
,on"órt
ta,s Mission ro the uN.-ä,
its bottlers well for
' original CPTeìr¡:tl¡uiin tfri .o,tt subsidiorv and
was parr of a nationwi¿t åîUitiäf"
three veors' but 1974 will brins new
ãf
ráui
Hoffman.
rrre
iuage
Julius
rions campaign aimed ii#titäiliiti"g m"gcõulãhaveservedlTTdavseach' d¡rections"-.deiitotakeanewlooh
theJunta'soppressioninå'ierrorism.
'"" 'i¡i'"eå'r
in
,.Htli';¡¿i:ai".;ru;ix;iåi;1.;;,. *;,y:i:;i:l|î:11í:";',i, ;i: !;;
shouting iound of ".n1,i"iirlålli,
no!" as small groups.of ind¡viduals
cí'¡r,.
,H'iffi'î';"îl*:,1;
'*2:nífi',{:;i:,{,JT[:,iql'e e;,*
v¡cte¿ ofiev.;;;";;;;ã-ihe other sumer reselrch, "We faund that o
reoson for soft-drink usge wos
Military interrogators are taking over three activists of t*o óornts each. An maior
to que.nch thirst," Mr' Hagelmon osplanned
is
rrln
in"tt'rr
rii
ràuntt.
on
polil.-m.n
oi.¡uìl¡ãn
ih;;;;
lppeal
fy;i¡.q to punish the four, the Judge serted',. ' ' - .
;;õi world epidemi, ãf gou.rnm.ntsaid that the defendants' behaviorala
So bye-bye love.
to
accordi"ng
torture,
sanctioned
Dry spends $95 million a
tfgugh
Canada
conreport
be
could
not
iustified,
maior Amnestv lnternational
^,
3),. sidered apart from Judge Hoffman's year for advertising. -Marty f ezer
December
ilúi;Á;;;oi;v.(NãnJuv,
roRruRE usED
THE WORLD
ARouND
;l*;n'*l;:l:'
WIN 19
't
o
ln postwor Americary
Re VIE ws
nized by o small but qrt
iüi!],ïäa"å!:å?îFi;ffi,#:,1ïîiïïï?î?,itÍ,x;
üil ;,äïriä ärì' ;i ;Ë'rö;,üjf i:liif, t,H"iji.}ffi îlf :tfl ï.,:i,",'Jïii*"f
^íii'lll'
brtyandtnepuisii-åîi';;;,::,!,,iíi,#:åi3,tf;:,{f;n,f;,
some future day of fruitió:;: ï;;";;,í;;;l;;;;;
immediotety
to make those ends
I
The most innovative rrzrr nr
:
HISTORY OF THE UNITED
STATES
Harvey
Wasserman
fiflEjru*lfimffiffi
POSTWAR AMERTCA:
1g4l-.tg7 1
Howard Zinn
ís
ñ't., j:tr
Random House, g10
n's
r ma
schoots. waserman, u
m is r¡ r
rorr.ilfuöffi;;#
rryustice of that time ha
now a farmer
il,'j;;.*o'
0.,s,
ü t ffff li l [1
"Tå,f
:i;
::!:.19,1,füTi"ö'"'i,tfJ'^f
was
predictab le. The cruet
tn, farmers
and the tabor movement
rhar
imasrre¿ oy
)"^.:;;;;;;td
Drs money (in rhe etecrion
of 1sé6 ;i;;ï'"{"äå rhe etec_
r¡on of 1972 seem honesr)
un¿ iñ,,ä_rujl.ä'Ëiåerrrr¡u.
movement. ln hís section
1""
::l:ï_P'.Y,
o
20 WIN
w
w r, i ;;
i"-l
; ilLï? "" iå l'¿#,f ï; fi ; i:ä:# "
?1,"
;11.t^governmen.t,
;
wasserman also describes
:he rebeiiiãn-of
r,
selness an¿
:xlïå."#ill,Í'tffJ.'nîff ,u
un iï;;#;
;;r"r bombing
iË:fü'ff ffiii*'i1åt,*,;#.i," y*rrlil fii,,,T3it î?: ::uli:,m
h*i
prevroustyff
funcrioned illi
ffiüdl'ç;ffi iryj*:*itrå'rïrïr,},'ïi",{ïffi
s
nïår¡"ia"ji
an¿
"
r r
¡*:qf,'Íff
world. But then came lr1in|todo what is best for the
nlstonans explaín thut?u'"tnut'' 'How can establishment
"n,
[üii,llj' üåtr"iîîi'åî
te
'r#;'
üiiËi!iå:lïr::?:,iîüîö',nïThå'ii,;ïiåî,'i'
¡;ry,qi;qgfi.;;;*i*r-;i+,,*;,ru
t
H i s.
i;f n"o' a,t tt é'JatT-
on rhe Sovier Union and p"rüàv
well-meaníng countrv
peopte_far"i;;ii;ån;l] åi
rì ¡iå,'üiåä
To,n
o o r,,.
Wasserman describes h^ow
the Robber_Barons_many
whom made rheir miili-ons
of
fro,
wui pioRäîñng_rur. to
power, describes their
re'ri:;* iliË
e,s
Howard Zinn's own hístory
of postwar America is arso
in Amer_
fish;
1g9dp;Ë
soc ia r ists,
r
ji'ú:r"'triîrfi{ftiibiff ,î:ii:,r;:Fj;.
or magic ;;,,
ï:i
i'",:' " lmmnil; :f# iff "
i:1r,eïi.üffi
periatism
and repression ge^ca.mé;;#;ilä"mes
ican tife, despire the
säyiii;;';*ü"iJ
.r.li
,r;jåi;'lii:l.lffi
ö#i,'ililifl
red b oo k
,ii +;ï ¿ilï,î,i il,ï:'::l. tv,1sse
rv,tr,iii,îåï#-',',,1i:iJ;i"i;ï:'tr#X;l;",""rr14,.
:,
as
räoîïä;;J:.19
,",f;,?,Y',Í."\'J# ?, ['; ¡ i ry q * "ît"' v"Ååî'å,i * o
"
rhe Democraric Experience
Jjl[,t*i,}tcANS:
quotej
113sr'l Jwail
native
Amerícan'cri mi nal
tsobbs-Merrill
and fig,'.u"t' d istinctl y
b
1 1¡"
1åjãío"riäñiiri¿e
ecame
the.federa I govern
ïåi :ff lålT lli'îîl
I'i"¡u"ã- n'tãi'i
i
men
ä,i
i
v
t.
"r
Íñ ,:[
"
rhe fed-
A nd
i
ts n ee¿s
i*.1+uff,.irg¿,*iç;hsrft''fg*i,*t
how our economv thriues
on militarism'änj"iirper¡alism,
how we dear inadequaterv
witÉ'ïaJiä'åÅäili^i democracv
righi to asree, un¿ *nåtîupöà"'i'.
p.opre'
iliri:#lJje
.
.
own.
Like Wasserman. Zinn ends
with a section on ,,m6ys¡sn¡,,
fi"iiriÉiiJ,'H;;'.1,töi:i*if*trå,ffi
,,¡v,v,u(
il,.,îï;,ïïï:'
quotingi'*'close of the book is worth
.
t
;;;#;ì;s,
É
,
A small point, but indicative of Boorstin's perspective:
when he speaks of jazz (in the context of his.djscusion
about the wonders of electricity and the phonograph.) he
reol,
mentions Paul Whiteman, Bix Beiderbecke, the Original Dix teI wish Zinn had also gole i_ll.to
the dultural aspects of
land Jazz_Band and Benny Goodman_all white anlall
but
this rebettion: the effecti
Goodman laughable iazzman. Mamie Smith and
rhe.exampte of rhe bearE "r "nr""åã ãiÏiå,,Ërl""nrq
Pjl"l9
;h.l;fi;;niåäiulurL
w.L.. Handy are the two blací
and black cutrure. But Zinn
But'
""á,t¡.t, ilär"iv
jazzis a.black music. lts innovatàrs _Louis
iJinä political
Àlrnrtrong
theme and rhe culrural hisro.ry
of tfre päiwai àia, wnicn
Duke Ellington, Chartie parker, Dì;ry ôäi;rpie, ornetie
has i mpo rra n r po I i ri ca I irn p ¡ i räii
i1i r"i,"l" a n or he r
Loteman, etc. are all"black. But, characteristicaily, they
" "r,",i'üü
do.n't fi¡{ their way into Boorsíin'i*"iiå. i"-tte smalt
prtnt ol the bibliography, one can
Daniel Boorstin is a respected,
measufe the extent of
award_winning academic
historian. He,s currenrty ¿ir."iã?
Boorstin's
racism:
tiJñiiiäiril
Museum
of History and rechnorogy at the"iimitt,ràîii""r"rrirute.
Future historians will doubtless begin to be wary of the
Random House has promote¡ ¡,i, uoã[*iii,äî'"ii"nriu
bo-oþs o.n the history of the Negro ¡, íie
Ui¡ir¿ Stotes when
e adverustng campatgn. As a distinguished
yo^r!'Negro' being disptoced by the word
historian. he has an
n/
rc/in lte
'8lack'
image rhar tireraily r..t, *itñ'ãu¡Ë"riiriiv.
the 1960's ond 1970,;_just as they a¡ç wory,of
äåliiradicat activists, Zinn and Wasserman are open
books in Gerntàn history *nr,, tir:iii¿iÃíñr,became
to charges of ideologfos[97aþle, Negro is a neutral h¡storiqt teiñ.
i_calbias. Bur nor Dr. Boorsrin. tmug" noi *itîitanoing,
Boorsti n's mam morh r, n¿ trráioueïiv'
Thii is rhe one overrty subjective i^r^iiiin Boorsrin
readab te
and.enjoyable)
shows in the book. But despiie tt. o'Uje"iivi[y àf tf," lun.tristory ol American technóloeícal and
Dustness know-how reads like a brief
guage Boorstín is never neutral. He admires pâwer
for the ü.S. Cha:nber
and
manipUlative skill. Advertising, public relariåns,:it . rJ.tno¿r'
ir,.,''iü åf
.1"i
American G'o€ër'ters use'to riãi¿ ttf nrrii.uí peopte in_
n
sift reatity. There is tinte Booistin
with America. to viable communities-what he calls Consumptilàn ðo;_' He'd have done weil as a parry rtuc[ in siãñ"i?t
munities and Stat¡stical Communities_are examples of
Russia. He
clai ms-everyrh i ng wo nderfu t for" Àr.iiãã-"åïr'iñ,
triumphant America. The right of every Rmôiican to
i
tion of caviar and vodka.
own,a private car is what he means by âemocracy; no
"rå"_
mat_
ln tracing the rise of Amprican affluence from the Civil
ter if the car is an unsafe,.over-power.d, over_pricód piece
..,
.". War.to the presenr, Boorstin ¡s ii'riimaeinii¡ue
p^f.lr1:!: lik. rhe peopte he admires *ñ'o ,L¡llirllv rnuniprun¿ uroiil.
are the .,go-.getters"; operators like ohn D.
late peopl.e and language,. Boorstin, too, wants to manipu_
I':
l"r-.:t
J
Kockefeller. "Rockefeller was a distinctively American
late, to tef I black people how they shoúl¿ J.r"iiU. tf,"r_
breed. . ." he writes. ,,4 colo-ss.us of ,orut-iégut amUiguity.,,
selves.
The conrexr in which Rockefeiler orguo¡irl'n¡,
Boorstin calls his book The Democratic Experience.
ñnåüi
I
ho pe he writes another book about Ameri can foreign
y"! ll" "Go-Gefting Morality_the ,îràl,.iv äf tawtess
y.
peace.,,
shériffs anil honest desperados.', lt had a ;;iefieshing
tc
He can call it "War is
and
-Marty Jezer
energizing appeal and spread from West to East, l¡Ë.
àtf,.,
creative tendencies.,, Of Rockefeller's competitors,
snuffed
(continued from p. 17)
out by brutal and rurhless violence and illegal rnunípuláiiãn,
of the marketplace, the workíng people whä produced the
9!' f"otg: Meanwhile, so long as most of us tacitly or
Rockefeller fortune with the sweat of their iiües, il;;í;;
implicitly depend upon police,.courts, and penaisyssays.nothing. lt is enough that Rockefeller or,ganized an
t9m.s tg proteet our.livۧ and proper:ty for us, the
efficient oil industry. Boorstin cannot or will ñot imaeine
vrctrm/execu.tioner lyñdrome cartwheels merrily along.
that industrial efficiency could have been achieüed air"y
_Nobody likes tqdwell on the fact that anonvmoui
-'
:the.r ry1y. The price rhe wortd ta, haJto päylfor ttre
defenq.elessness"tàiìt*lizes,, inyites.brutalitv, .oni.iii
Koct(eïel¡er fortune does not interest Boorstin. I hope
he
l.ngthgril qpq|5nesses to vicio usnèss; because, along
runs out of gas on the Secaucus section of tne ru.¡. furn_
,dhis.mídnightèxpress
train of thought, there'ii no
pike.
certain stopping point short of political paralysis, or
Boor_stin's respect for power and efficiency at the extotal anarchism, along with the dissolution oiall'our
pense of human values dominates every subjéct
he touches.
urban obscenities-so blithely mislabeled as ,,cities."
When he touts industrial organizers likô Henry Ford or
Which is not to say that crime can,t happen iÀ'ihe
Fredrick W. Taylor (the tim-e-study man who founded
sci_
country, merely that when it does, retribution tends
entrï¡c managment) he describes the efficiency they brousht
to be swift, personal, and free of most of those mon[o the assembly line without not¡ng the de.cline of crafts-"
strously hlind b ur eaucratic appurte nances whose
lan¡hip or the tediousness and deñumanieäfion of assem_
chief effects See m to bc more crime, more anomie; '
bly-like work. Nor does he question our need for all the
more victims, more bureauc racy. lf this be lynch-law,
products that come tumbling out of American indusiry.
all I can say is, make the m ost of it. l'd ra ther bc
When Boorstin talks of atãmic energy it is in awe of its
lynched by my neighbors (if they don,r know me
technological meanirig. ,,The new worlã'of the divisible
well enough to judge rightly, that's my fault as much
atom brought new dimensions of catastrophe as well as
of
as th eirs) than cool my heels for lhe rcst of my life
knowledge. The destrqctive power of the ätomic Oomù, in Kafka's Castle.
-Paul Joiinson
book.
uf nilr,*tmlUflU+îu,..t**îiï:'",ii""
92.95
made in the U.S. A. and first used bY Americans, gave
Ameri cans a new sense of the community of man," When
Boorstin speaks of commu nity as a goal for humanki nd, it
is a worthy by-product of catastroPhe or disaster, or ir is
artificiall v created by a mani pulative and powerful elite.
Never is ir a goal that human beings can'seek out on theír
rrri,
ru,i,h',,,fr,ilËgr.,*Nffi:
r¡r^-_-_Harper Colophon paperbaclç
beginìing to be recog-
system demonded ø long revolutionorsí
procrss of struggle
and exompte. rhis orocely
enoush,
intense enough, to char,
o, ro i o, p otí¡ Ët i,",
;ií : ;
l. Y *y: ' r:;
greot ends of the Declarot¡^, !
l
*ru¡rufi''ntltl*r*ffi
ln his sectíon on
was
'p;"¡,tA;"iï;;;;í;;;?Xfi#::,:"5,!iff:I:,;:å:'l;i:::i'
r.;i';;;,Ä f;i;ì;;s
;;î :! #f:f rí: *':*, f;:' *,
åii ü'i'ffi'.i'iii i!:r
-_
it
ili
:il ::*i [n *r*.;;1,:
fil; ;l;nî
l#
wtN
21
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Appolntment Book
Selected by Dolores McAuliffe and
with an introduction bY Dick Greg-
,
-
ory¡ the WRL's 1974 Peace Calendar
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ilril
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on'Nonviolent Conflict Resolution in I volttme
I: POWER 'l
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II:
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;ñ-"jîo[
¡,"
power
"n""ti"u;"r-;i
noi"iol"n..
Part
METHODS
.
...
.
III:
Ge4e sþrn-'s
DYNAMICS
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that will úe convinciñg to'hardboiled realists who believe in militarv
Henry
Bass
WIN
' '.'
. . . an extraordinary reference work for n*ni. *ho *ani to know-howt9 .qSf.t4"¡$IP*i?
areas of conflict
not just for academicr unlr"ftof"ts: it has mich to say to the.s(e¿! 4?oq1"; ,1"+ 1_,lj,inrmedi¿te
hook
day. flrey need the vital dialogue with roots, principles and histOry that'thls
of this society'
provides'
'
it
is
!o'
i
'l'
î-
the pressures better and con- '
I wish Id had this book four or five yeâ$ ago. . . . We would have been able to withstand
this ènormous encyclopedic
in
us
tells
tinue our work in t",,"r"ri'ii*l-i rnot. oþ-us had known what Gene Sharp
"nd
Michael Ferber WORLDVIEW
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zip
NcN llcrrco
D. Ph¡|. (Oxo'n.)
for draft refusal.
¡lddrcss
S¡î¡c
Nonviolbnt
Action
study....nothing*tf,otã'ugil,ry"tematic*A'rp".in"hasbeencompileduntilnow.'..thefruitofovertwentyyears
oxford, as well as to jail (during the Korean war)
of reading and research,ä;ilh ih"t togr shu"p iã i"¿ì", N"i*.y
:,1¡rmc
(:¡iy
Í
Elizabeth McAlister THE NEW REPUBLIC
Order
Blank
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I cnclosc g1,95 (plus loc posfî8c and hrndlin8) for crch
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The
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Phonc
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The sale and study of this book will very_ likely have a direct correlation with
of conflicts between the
movement to generate *ärrääl*ttt wn¡óh to típ¡ani"iolence in the resolution
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of
oppressive
the
tions of oppressed peoples and
structures'
Tom Corne' FELLO*SHI*
WIN 23
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T
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rr
', i/;
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Win Magazine Volume 9 Number 39
1973-12-20