Win Magazine Volume 14 Number 37

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Evil is not a force that inhabits the spirit
of human beings in industry. Evil isbur
fear ofthe unknown, the fear of death,
the fear of powerlessneis.
I raise the question ofevil because it

was apparent the entire weekend that
'outthere' somewhere evil was lurking,
waiting to strike. Whether it wore the black shroud ofdeath as it appeared on
countless pamphlets, or it was visions of
the skeleton-evoked apocalypse, or it
was the landlord capitilist. ño matter
what the represcntation, it was always
outthere. always vicious and inhumän,
always imminent. And out of our fears,
we arose as the self-proclaimed

just now went back and read "Who's
On First? What's On Second?" (WIN,
I

l0/12/78), and was stunned. Martv

Jezer is

right-building

alliances

aîd

coalitions among fellow movement
members, radicals, etc., isfine. Butif we
are going to "change the world, " we
must concentrate on the ''outside. " That
is where the untapped potential lies.
Thanks again for the great publicationt

_JAYWEST

harlotte, N.C..
Thank you for publishing David McReynolds' excellent review of ' ' Madam
Rosa, " (WIN, 10/5/78) and thank you

eyes.
The fact that the weekend happened at
all, and that it drew so many of ûô together should have been gieat cause for
celebration. But to this obseiver the
despair hung over the conference like,

shalllsay,acloud.

I looked around and

found a sprinkling
_JOEGERSON of minority group members in attenCambridgo, Mass. dance. Except Nicky Perlas from the
Philippines, who constantly impressed
me with his calling our attentioñ to the
international consequences of nuclear
As a relative newcomer to the anti-nuke
power, especially in the Third World,
movement I attended the Critical Mass
there wasn't much vocal expression from
conference this past weekend in DC. I
these minority peoples.
came a'way with distinct imprêssions I
In the all white, all-too-brief Southern
could not have forecast on Friday.
It was exciting to see and hear so many Caucus I raised the point that we all need
to be aware ofthe use ofclassism and
people whose expressed intent was to
racism in the efforts to discredit our
stop the nuclearization ofthe Earth. It
movement-, and our need to face these
was equally rewarding to meet with
attitudes within ourselves.
people from around the world and
I feel 6afe in saying that a good 80% of
country who could share their experithe people who participated in this conences with protest and dissent, and the
'
governments' and industries' responies, ference were convinced ofthe necessitv
ofrestructuring our social, economic aid
Everyone seemed genuinely intent,
poltical systems before nuclear power
involved and concerned. They also
became a hot issue. I think its attraction
seemed frightened, worn out, and none
for many has been its apparently clear
too hopeful. At times while I listened to
workshop leaders I felt I could have been catastrophic potential, and the use of
this potential as a tool offear, as an easy
at any ultra-conservative rally listening
means of selecting an enemy, and as a
to the warnings ofthe Red Threat, ofthe
nightmarish scenario around which to
dangers offlouride. The standard scare
build a mass movement,
phrases of Joe McCarthy, Nazis, and
The notable exceptions to this rule of
fascism were all raised in emotional
fear include the sucèessful camoaisn
.tones.
against CWIP in Missouri baseä oñ'
I believe that the centtalization of
power inherent in nuclear power genera- rational intellisence and trustins oeoole
tion is dangerous to everyone's civil liber- to think with thleir heads and nof'riith'
ties. I believe the potential destruction to their hearts.
I will continue to work against the irlife is greater than any technology yet
developed. I refuse to believe, however, rationality ofnuclear techñology, but I
in evil. Evil is nota force that inhabits the will work harder on overcoming our own
fears, prejudicei and feelings õfbeing
bodies of human beings in government.
David for writing it.

\

crusaders.
At first I found it distressing. But
then, quite franklv, I found it õorine.
I cannot claim tô have had contacl with
even one tenth ofthe almost 800 participants at the conference, but I waõ somewhat saddened by those whom I did
meet. They seemed worn out, not to be
caring for themselves or each other, Not
allowing time for fun or sharing of
successes. On the rare moments when
success was announced and good stories
told, faces brightened, laughler or relief
rolled from thirsty throats ãnd the hope
that we might wiri was sparked in our'

2

WIN Nirvermber 2, 1978

is to be attained by educating the masses
to a sense oftheir capapity to regulate

the underdog that can only bring failure
to all ofour good intentions.
I arrived home after typing this letter
in the afternoon to find the latest issue of
WIN with the superb article by Marty
Jezer (WIN, l0 / 12 / 78). I have iust completed reading it and strongly support
his contentions. Martv writes in ã verv
clear, flowing and understandable
manner that points out faults whilç
offending no one.

"

and control authority.
Many thanks to Marty Jezerfor
sharing his perhaps unpopular perceptions. Not a meetins should continue
until evervone has iead his Piecel

"

SantaCloz' Callf.

This letter is addressed to people who
are active in the Mobilization for Survival. I'm not opposed to demonstrations
in WashingtonDc' I'm not oþposed to
demonstrations involving thousands of
oeoole because demonstrations such as

-JEFFREYW.LONDON
Raleigh,N.C.
Marty Jezer's article, "Who's On First?
What's On Second?1'(\YIN, 10/12178) is
the best thing written about the antinuclear movement to datet It is a comprehensive political and historical approach to the symptomatic problems we
refuse to confront.
I helped organize and participated in
the August 6th direct action at Diablo
Canyon. During the action I had a deep
sense of discouragement. It felt like a
parade. Four hundred people festively
out to ' 'Stop Diablo. " But every person I
talked to in that town (San Luis Obispo)
said the same thing: "I'm concerned
about that nuke too, but you kids are
doing it the wrong way. ' ' We alienated
the commuriity by our very tool: civil
disobedience.
And now the Abalone Alliance is in the
throes of controversy because people
\Ã/ant to "do it again" (this-time-withten-times-as-many), The group refuses
to acknowledge its political myopia;
while we struggle to keep afloatÍinancially, we repeatedly put aside our
internal political structure (of lack thereof) forthe pressure ofmass action. The
Abalone is so blind in its dedication {o
mass nonviolent civil disobedience that
it can't see where it's obsolete, or ai least
inappropriate.
Mass demonstrations put (our) force
against (their) force. Butlhat's all
wrong. Our true power lies in individual
strength and commitment, not in

battling along with 400 or 4000 other
people. Not that numbers aren't significant. But if the power is only in numbers
then we are a weak lot. It takes only
separation to destroy us.
The problem with the anti-nuclear
movement is a symptom of American
society. {e are taking atradition, civil
disobedience, a concept rooted in
philosophy and coútemplation, and
usins onlv the idea. It's incomolete. onlv
a ven-eer.ïhere's always beerian aúrac"tion to things anti-social or'anti-establishment. And a tendency to only go
skin-deep. As Jezerpoinis out, ifrhout
the political and historical perspective,
thafis, without a clear senie ofihe entire
system involved, we will either arrive at
the wrong strategy or only go so far.
The answet is to create aã effectively

politicized community. To ensase individuals through a sense of the'Írõwn
empowerment to take control over their
Iives. Mahatma Gandhi wrote: "swaraj
(the rule ofall people, the rule ofjustice)

-;I)EENãIIT'RWITZ

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iheie are empowering to people' What I
am ooposed tb is demonstrations which
are càlied'inational demonstrations.."

- Áiatiõ"al

áemonstration by its vely*
natufe consumes scarce local resources.
If we ball for a national demonstration
and onlv a few people attend, it would be
classifiðd as a failuie. Therefore a national demonstration puts a lot of pressure on peoDle to make it a success and
this is dõne while local activities are
neelected. Local actions and a national
aciíon are not mutually exclusive but resources committed to one will notbe
availablè for the other.
We äre al! working againstthe clockto
prevent the bombs from being used.
Since time is at a premium I think we
need to decide where tofocus our
energy. In Washington we have people,
who ãre interested in controlling us, ap'
propriating moneyto build more
weapons. Throughout the country we

Dear

Friends,

have people making a living by building
theseweapons.
Is it easier to stop money from being
approptiated forweapons or to convince
people to stop building them? In most
cases the people building these weapons
only do so for economic reasons while the
adminstrators who fund these \t eapons
programs do so out of a desire to coïtrol
the world. I believe it would be easier to
convince people to stop building these
weapons than to convince the government to endtheirfunding.
If you look at our Mobilization conferende (WIN, l0 / 5 / 78), it was the
unions who came and said "We don't

want to build these things. " No member
of the present administration came to tell
us that they do notwantto fundweapons
programs. paniel Ellsberg had indicated
that the presence of demonstrators influenced him in his decision to leave the
government. What I want to know is why
I did not receive the same support when I
was building nuclear weapons at Bendix.
Why was everyone always gone to national demonstrations ?
I think we should look closely at our
opposition, the government, the military', and the multinationals. They are
centralized and there is no way we can
match their concentration of power and
we should not try. We should not centralize ourselves because it is not a good
strategy to get into a rooting contest with
a pig. Instead we should be working to
promote community control and thus
bring power to the people.

uDt12
1978/Vol. XIV No.37

Nov

4. Leadership for Chang e / Bruce
Kokopeli and Ceorge Lakey
15. Democratic Left Plots

Responseto Right Wing
Advance/ J ackClark
17. Changes

20. Reviews /Ray Olson. David

McReynolds
Cover: òrawing by Susan Beadle

_PATJLSCHAETTR

KanrasCltyrMo.
.

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The WtN staff is grievously behind in salaries, since the pr¡nter, the
posl office, and (gasp!) even the tax man get theirs first and there's
not enough left over to pay the people who do the work.
The work of Wl N Magazine... it's the peace movement's source for
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Howoften haveyou heard, "Did you see ¡n WlN. ..?" ot "WlN has
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When I ran a small weekly newspaper in the wilds of NewJersey,
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It's Wl N and not Newsweek that tells what ii really happening to
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STAFF
Susan Beadle ¡ Patrick Lacefield
Michael Lardner o Lauri Lowell
Murray Rosenblith
503

Atlantic Ave./Sth floor

Brooklyn, NY 11217
Telephone : (212) 624-8337, 624-8595

UN¡NDICTED
CO.CONSPIRATORS
Sandra Adickes o peg

Averill* o Jan Barry. Lance
Belville. Karl Bissinger o Maris Cakars o Susan

. J erry Coffin o Lynne
Shatzkin Cbffin . Ann Mori¡ssett Davidon -t Ruth
o
o
Dear Ralph Dicia* William Douthard . w.D.
Ehrhart. Robert Ellsberg/ . Dwight Ernest r
Ruthann Evanoff ¡ Chuck Fager o J im Forest ' Larry
Gara o Ed Hedemann* ¡ Crace Hedemann ' Marty
Jezer o Paul Johnson . John Kyper. Ell¡ot L¡nzer'
.lackson MacLow ¡ David McReynolds* . Mary Mayo
David Morris . Mark Morris . J ¡m Peck ¡ Susan
Pines' . leal Roodenko' o Vicki Rovere* o Charlie ,o
Scheiner* o Wendy Schwartz* r Craig Simpson
Martha Thomases . Art Waskow. Susan Wilkins
Beverly Woodward ¡ Van Zwisohn*

Cakars o Sybil Claiborner

"M'êmber of Wl N editorial board

Peace,

Van Zwisohn

WIN EditorialBoard
November 2, 1978WlN 3

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D

ERSHIP FOR CITANGE

by Bruce Kokopeli and George Lakey
with drawings by Susan Beadle

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INTRODUCTION
WIN offersthis analysisof shared leadership in the
hope that it will promote discussio n and change
within the nonviolent Left. Bruce Kokopeli and
Ceorge Lakey have studied the problem and put
togeth e r th i s g u i d e to

ef f ectu ate n o n h

i

erar

ch i ca I

and nonsexist modes of leadership.

We particularly encourage reader response on
this pressin g issue; an exchange of your thoughts
and experience:s will f urther develop this f rontier
within the socialahange movement.

\
LEADERSHIP AND LEADERS:
WHAT'STHE DIFFERENCE?
t was quite an occasion. The eminent leader of
a social change group in another coqntry was ,
'visiting us, sharing ideas f rom his storehouse of ex-

perience. J uSt before he departed he took aside one
of the older members of our organization and offered some advice: "This group needs a strong
leader. You are the man to do the job."
Our member argued in vain that we were trying a
different style, both collective and egalitarian; we

thought that leadership consists of a variety of
functions which can be sharedand there is no need
to lump those f unctions together in one person
called 1'the leade r. " The visitor would hear none of
it. Back homejhe said, the organization holds

bilities. The feminist perspective shows howold
leadership models are intertwined with the continuation of patriarchy. By patriarchy we mean a
social structure in which women are dominated and
gayness is suppressed. lt is not the only dom ination
structure (class, race, age are others), but it is an
important one. lt deeply ínf luences both the culture
as a whole and each of us individually through
unequal opportu n ities, rewards, 4dd pun i sh ments
and the internalization of sex role èxpectations.
Patriarchal Leadership
Patriarchal leadership means the f ihal

responsi-

,{

bility is vested in one person: "The buck stops
here." However much delegation ofnguthority
there i.s, the ultimate power rests with.the pgrson at
the top. The organizational structure-looks like a
pyramid and the preoccupation is co¡lrol. Some-

-"s

Lecturer in Peace Science at the IJniversity of
Pennsylvania and active in the Moverhentfor a
New Society . He wrote Strategy for a Living Revo-

lution.
4WlN November2, 1978

together because he leads it well. Every organization needs a leader.
Even among people dedicated to radical social
change, there aré large differences about what
leadership could and should mean. We have been
bruised by power-hungry leaders and inspired by
leaders who evoked ourtrust. We are sometimes
intimidated by the leadership of others and uncertain about our own capacity for leadersh ip. lt's
easier to.be conf used or angry about the question of
leadership than to be clear about it.
Fortu nately, todayl s h i storical s ituation al lows
us to do f resh thinking on this question. We do not
have to resign ourselves to yesterday's conclusions. Feminist writers, social scientists and movement experimenters are all pointing to new possi-

times there is rebellion and we real'iiä'that all along
the actual power is in the people andtheir compliance. However, as long as people;ãre following
the rules of the status quo, control f lô\¡vs down f rom
the leader at the top.
"'
is
The blatant form of patriarchal leadership
authoritarianism. (Here, as elsewhere in this artit

,November2, lgZBWlN 5

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cle, we use the analytical method of " ideal types. "
No situation is exactly like anyof thetypes
described here-the types are abstractions,
models drawn from the complexity of everyday
reality in order to clarify what is going on. ) The
leâder controls through threats as well as ability to
perform leadership f unctions. The threats may
range from physical intimidation to threats to
resign and leave the group without its leadership
needs being met. The leader can face down challenges to his leadership in personal conf rontations
if need be ("his" because the authoritarian leader
is traditional ly a mdn). He embodies such masculine characteristics as toughness and aggressiveness, and must not reveal any feminine characte,ristics he may have. An example of this kind of
leader is Richard Nixon, who reportedly begged
Henry Kissinger not to et anyone know that he
f

once cried.

Domination as a leadership style is fading in
many places. Although still glorif ied in the army
and criminal gangs, dominating leaders are being
replaced in some places by people who reject

intimidation and instead seek to win the conf idence
of the group. They are still at the tops of pyram ids

\

and still control theirorganizations, but they are
nice instead of overpowering. This alternative style
we call paternalism.
On television we watched the paternalist in
"Father Knows Best" -a nice, likeable man who is
skillf ul in solving problems but doesn't share the
skills or assume that anyone else can exercise them
as well as he does. The paternalist includes the
feminine characteristicof nurturance in his role; he
cares. ln fact he constantly does good forothers; he
visibly puts enormous energy into f illing the
leadership f unctions a group needs, and he wins
their rêspect - and their dependency- by h is devotion to their needs at his own expense.
(lncreasingly, women are getting io play the top
leader role in organizations, and they sometimes
adopt the " paternal i st" style. We' I I conti n ue to
use "he" though, because paternalism is a characteristically male accomodation to challenges to
patriarchy. The feminist response which many
women are making is described below.)
Some i n stitution s stron gly encourage paternalism forthêir leadership style: churbhes, social work
agencies, the modern nuclear family. The institutions expect their leaders to be in control, butto
exercise their authority through helping others and
being good for them.
The actual rneans of exerting power becomes
quite subtle. The leader does so much that he piles
up indebtedness in his followers; notonly are ihe
leadership f unctions being met, but also with such
caring and self-sacrif ice ! Would the rest of us want
to work such long hours, take on such responsibil ity, be subject to the strai n of recurri n g cri ses ?
We should be grateful forthis devotion, and know that our small part of the work should be done well
lest he notice and be disappointed.
6WlN November 2, 1978

The tension inside paternalist-style.leaders is, of

course, enormous. One source is the "hice guy"
image to be cultivated while maintaining power,
including the power to hire and f ire in staff-type
organizations. A lotof messirress in personnel matters (in movement organizations,.as well), is related to the anrbivalence of the leacler how to f ire
without appearing ruth less ?
Another source of tension for the páternalist
leader is'between personal needs for self-realization and the requirements of maintainirrg power
through being good forothers. The blatant styleof
patriarchal leadership, authoritarianism, exercises
control directly on the group, and ntay leave
considerable energy left for personal wants. The

paternalist controls others indirectly, by controlling himself and maintaining a "doing for others"
posture. The classic exarnple is tlìe Roman Catholic
priest, who gives up many roads to personal satisfaction in order to be vîsibly available for other's
needs. And, not surprisingly, in the Roman Catho-.
lic church we easily f ind rigidities of control and a
stout defense of patriarchy by religious leaders.
The poignant moment for the paternalist leader
is when he feels his loneliness and looks in vain for
the gratitude which is surelyowed him. His fol-

lowers, it often turns out, are also ambivalent.
They are grateful in one sense, but they are also
resentf ul of the dependency of their position. They

feel at some level the deprivation of.¡heir own rightf ul power as human beings, and they sometimes
focus that anger on the leader without seeing the
structure which has them all boxed in. Open revolt
may come with the anger'or, alternatively, a sullen
ineff iciency wh ich drives the leader to f rustration:
''How can they f ai I to do what they said they'd do,
after all l've done for them ?"
Paternalism is a big step forward from authori-

tarianism towards humanizing leadership, but
both authoritarian i sm and paternal i sm maintain
the power of the group f irmly in their leader's
grasp. The-authoritarian leader doesn't care if he is
meeting the basic needs of the group. The paternalist leader cares, but group members f ind.it very
diff icultto make needed changes against his will
without rebelling against hirhi
Reactions to Patriarchal Leadership
Because we have al I eÍperienced these styles of
leadership, and they have failed to meet our needs
time and again, we have wanted to rebel. We have
found that our disdain for Richard Nixòn echoes our
disdain for the teachers, bosses, and parents who
have alsobeen unresponsive to our needs.
Our strong personal feelings about the old styles
of leadersh i p have,welcomed thought-out criticisms. Our anger has coincided with our analysis.
Having experienced the worst forrns of leadership,
manyof us in the movement declared leadershipto
be bankrupt. We attempted to form and run
"leaderless" groups. The groups often fell apart
quickly; where they held together it was because
leadership was in fact exerted, þut in a hidden way
so that no one knew quite what was happen ing.
We didn't see the very crucial difference between leaders and leadership: between the role
and the functions. We denied the roleof leader,but
didn't have an alternative structure that dealt with
the functions of /eadership. This diffèrence is important because groups, organizatiorrs and
societies do need leadership, but they do not need

leadersl They need thefunctions to be filled, but
not by one (or a few) leader(s).
Leaders who arethreatened will often usethis
conf usion, unknowingly, to keep their posi{ion of
power. The argument is that the group needs
leadeiship, the leader is providing that leadership,
and so the group needs the leader. ln aworkshop
that one of the authors attended, the workshop
leader actually began to storm out of the workshop
when the group didn't accept his agenda. Hetold
the group that if they didn't want to do what he'd
planned, then he would leave and they could do
whattheywanted. Because most of the leadership
functions had been placed in this leader, his offer
was a choice between accepting his authority as
leader or being faced with a group workshop without l'eadersh ip. The f unctions of leadersh i p and the
role of leader weren't separated in this case, and so

there was really no choice at all-because â group
cannot function without leadership. ì

Feminist Reactions to Patriarchal Leadership

'

The feminists saw in sexistorganization the degradation and powerlessness of women. They recognized the lack of attention to feelings and nur. turance in male-led organizations; at the same timg
they expressed newfound pride in some feminine
qualities which patriarchy held in contempt. The
November2.1978WlN 7

ilr
Although it is importantthatwomen recognize that
we do iot have equal abitities (we are not allthe
same), leadership among women impl ies, perhaps
for the Íirst time, a possibility of a relationship
among polítical equals. (Same Quest article)
Social Science-A Parallel Development
Over the past century, social scientists have developed, then discarded or refined, several theories of
what leadership is. We have found a lot of similari'
ties betweeq the experiences and thinking of the
f em i n i st mdvement an d these leailersh i p theori es.
The social scierttists lack a feminist analysis, but
they do provide much useful information regarding
morale f unction of nurturance was emphasized by
feminism and consciousness-raising groups
blossomed.
Consciousness.raising (CR) groups were ex-

plicitlydevoted to their members. Therewas no
outside task to accomplish. The group existed for
support and growth. As Charlotte Bunch points
out,

...The original groups in women'S liberation which

\

we r e p r i m ar i ly sm al I consciousness r ai si n g g r ou ps
oÍ f ive to '15 people, started in reaction to both the
male Left and the male establishment; the kinds of
leadership, the kinds of elite, the kinds of power of
parti cu I a r i nd iv i d u a I s th at went w ith a I I th at were
whatwe saw as male forms, the male structures of
leadership. Our desire was to avoid those structures, to somehow build a new kind oÍ movement, a
new kind of participation, participatory democracy-whatever word you want to call it. ("What
Future for Leaders\ip?" Quest, Spring 1976, p. 3)
But, over time, the women's movement found
that thq consciousness-raising group's sole emphasis on nurturance could not challenge patriarchy.
" ln the beg inn in g; people didn't see the women's
movement as a large political force for the f uture,"
Charlotte Bunch recalls. After some CR group experiences,

...We began to see that the movementwas political, we also began to lace the question of structure
and leadership. We saw that itwasn't goingtotake
a few months of f iguring out how to handle our relationships or s¡tuatians in a particular job, but the
next 50 years of our lives in struggle against
society's oppression of women. We started thinking about what ought to be the structures, the
forms oÍ organization, and the leadership to guide
that strqggle. (Same Quest arti'cle)
The failure of the CR groups to f ill needed f unctions forthe women'S movement gave cause to
rethinking. Flipping back into patriarchal leadership structures,, with their "no leaders means no

leadership" rltionale, has been atemptation.
Some resisted that pressure by hanging on to the
''we have no lgaders" alternative. But that has not
worked either.
BWIN November2,1978

The movement needs structures that realize the
difference between leaders and leadership. We
need feminist leadôrship strong enough to wage
the struggle, and human enough to make worth it
when we succeed.

WHAT DOESSHARED
LEADERSHIP LOOK LIKE?
Shared Leadership

-

A New Model

lf authoritarian and paternalist patriarchal leadership forms are inadequate for a liberation movement, and the anti-leadership reaction prevents
dynam ic and effective action, where shall we turn ?
We need a vision of what leadership could be.
Women's consciousness is evolving a perspectiveon leadership which excites us. lt resonates in
our own experiences of quality leadership and is
supported by social science theory.
J ackie Stì Joan in the Quest issueon leadership
describes this evolving leadership model. 6he
' follows writer Joanna Russ in pointing outthat in
women's science f iction, heroes are often groups of
women; in other stories, the hero in one group may
be on the periphery of another group. ln the lesbian
feminist novels of J une Arnold, the consciousness
and integrated efforts of the group is the powerf ul
force, although one or two women may take leadership in a specif ic situation. ("Who Was Rembrandt's Mother?" Quest, Spring, 1976, pp.73-74)
J ackie St. Joan goes on to say:
fhese concepts s ugges t a patte r n of I e ad e r s;h i p f a r
differentfrom men's, in which the group focuses
on the leader in the center, with him and his con. stituents fortilying their egos back and forth. The
expectation is that he is the leader now, and always
and everywhere will be the leader. , . .

Women's organic(i.e. notcontaminated by male
systems) ways ol leading may be a kind of "shifting
Ieadership'' which does not expect a leader to always and everywhere perform thatfunction.
We call this view of leadership '1shared" to emphasize the equal stake members of,the group see
themselves as having in achieving group goals and
maintaining group morale. J aôkie St. Joan
describes the power impl ications :

what leadership is.
Social scientists' earlythegries focussed mainly
on the role of leader. A leadeiWas someone with
the needed aúthorityto move a group forward. Sigmund Freud, for example, sawthe authority
coming from the need for a father-f igure evên for
adults. Never able to excape dependency completely, most adults Would go from father to father,
p[oiect¡ng on hirn their need for love and direction.
A group or organization, therefore, gained its
sol idarity from the common allegiance of its
members to the leader. (CroupPsychology and the
Analysis of Ego.)
One of the newer theories has an interesting
'parallel
wìth what feminist women and other movement people have gone through. Experimental
groups were assigned tasks and given leaders who
used thr,ee different styles: authoritarian, laissezfaire, and democratic. The groups with the leaders
who the experimenters called "democratic" were.
in general most effective in getting the task
completed and also had highest morale. These experiments remind us of the progression in the
mÒvement from patriarchal forms (authoritarian)

to leaderless efforts (laissez-faire) to the still
emerging concept of shared or feminist leadership
(democratic). Wh i le th i s view of leadership is very
popular among progressive people, it leaves wide
open the possi bi I ity of paternal ism.
Most people today are still inf luenced by
theories which focus attention on the leader. New
'theories, however,
havechanged the emphasis, in
order to keep pace with new knowledge about organizational behavior. Many people have nqt kept
up with the social scientists, so we have a situation
primed for conf usion. lt is as if most people still believe thatthe world is flat whileothers believe it is

round.
Most recently, social theory is supportive to the
emerþing feminist perspective because it switçhes
the emphasis completely from different ways of
looking at /eaders to examining the functions of
leadership. This functional view clearly sees leadership as the useof power, or influence, within a
group to help it achieve its goals:
With a group, when two or more members who :
depend on one dnother to reach the group's goals
ìnÍluence one another, leadership exists. The pro-

cess of /eadershlp i s an i nÍ I ue nce rel aüonsh

i

p oc-

curring among mutually dependent group
members. Because all group members will at times
influence other members, each group member will
at ti mes exe rt I eade r sh i p. F r om th i s def i n i tion it
may be seen that a dif f erence exists betwee n being
adesignated leader oÍ a group (such as chairperson) and engaging in leadership behavior within a group (such as inÍluencing other membens to
make the next rneet,n g a wine and cheese tasting

party). Leadership implies that one person is influencing other group members; a designated leader
implies that one person is in charge of the group
and has been given the authority to exert leader-

shipwithin it. (DavidW. Johnson and Frank P.

Johnson, Joining Together: Croup Theory and'
Croup Ski//s, pp. 17-18)
This interpretation of leadership is helpful to us
as social change activists. Our efforts to equalize
power in society and in groups can be strengthened
by using this theory to equalize the powers of leadership. lf dll of us can exercise leadership, then we
will alltake more responsibility forthe group. This
strengthens the group through democratizing it.

"Democratic decision-making" is not enough.
Decision-making i s an i nf lexible exerci se of power
after the terms are set; the structure designates
who can make what decisions under what circumstances. Leadership, on the other hand, is a f lexible
use of power to inf luence other group members,
thereby formulating the terms in which the decision is made. ln addition to democratic decisionmaking, therefore, we need democratic-or
shared - /ea dership.
It could be argued that accountabilityof leaders
is suff icient; as long as we can replace an inèffective or corrupt leader, why worry? The diff iculty is
that people who use power usually seek and gain
more power. Those who only occasionally exercise
power usually lose their sense of powerlessness
(and their genuine inf luence). A classic example of
this is the American people. Adults havethe
decision-making powerto vote, but a decreasing
number use that power; the sense of powerlessness
in this country is pervasive
Research on groups supports our conclusion
about the impact of leadership structure on other
aspects of group life. ln the standard text in the
field, Cartwright and Zander summarizethe f indings of a number of studies:
J

Att of the leaders in these experiments were externally imposed upon the group, buteven so those
leaders wha tended to distribute the f unctions of
leadership more widely obtained group performances generally regarded as "better" in our
society. When production was measured, itwas
hi gher. When interpersonal affect was measu red,
itwas more f riendly, And when cohesiveness was
measured, it was stronger. (Dorwin Cartwright and
Alvin Zander;Craup Dynamics: Research and

Theory, p. 313)
November 2, 1978 WIN 9

ltlost views of leadership today emphasize that
leader.ship ¡s a matter of abilities and skills that are
learned, and they stress thatcertain functions have
to be lilled if the group is td so/ve the problems
necessary for it to operate effectively. The functional theory of leadership tries to discover what actions are necpssary Íor a group to achieve its goals
under various conditions and how different group
members should take part in these group actions.
Leadership is def ined as the performance of acts
that help the group reach its goals, maintain itself
in good working order, and adapttochanges in the

environment, and these acts are group f unctions.
(Johnson and Johnson ,p.22)
Leadership f unctiòns are separated into two
major categories: goal ach ievement and group

¡

Task Functions
1. lnformation and opinion-giving: offers facts,

opinions; ideas, suggestions, and relevant information to help the group.
2. lnformation and opinion-seeking: asks for facts,
information, opinions, ideas, and feelings from
other members.
3. Starter: proposes goals and task, initiates action
within the group.
4. Direction-giving: develops plans on how to proceed and focuses attention on the task to be done.
5. Summarizing: pulls together related ideas, suggestions, plans, proposals, and restates them by
summarizing major poi nts.
6. Coord i nati

ng:

1. Encouraging participatión: gives support to

members to participate through giving recognition
for contributions, being warmr accepting and open,
and being responsive and attentive to group

members' needs for

involvement.

'i

2. Harmonizing and compromising:.'helps turn conf lict into opportunity for creative and co.nltructive
solution-f indi ng, search i n g for common elements
in conf licts anfl helping others to kèep unity in mind
when they disagr,ee.
3. Relieving tension: creâtes fun, safe and relaxed
atmosphere where members may feel secure and
vulnerable, joking, playing games, taking breaks,
doi n g

non-work-related activities.

4. Hel pi n g comm un ication : makes commun ication
accurate aÀd clarif ies misunderstanding.
5. Evaluating emotionãlclimate: pays attention to
how people are feeling about the group and each
other, helping people to express feelings and

sharing own feelings.

\.
maintenance (commonly referred to as task
f unctions and morale f unctions). Understanding
these f unctions can make the difference between a
group that f lounders anU a group that moves:

\

Land. " (These are morale f unctions.)
Leaders who are skilled in thesefunctions are

Morale functions

How does th is f unctional theory of leadersh ip
work in reality? Since we all inf luence eabh other, is
it even helpf ul to talk about leadership? We need a
more specif ic def inition of leadership that can be
applied to our own experiences with groups.
Luckily, we have that:

keeps perspectíve on relationsh i p

between various sub-groups and individuals, between activities and proposed next Steps, and helps
to keep the group functioning smoothly over-all
(keeps things from slipping through the cracks).
7. Diagnoser: f igures out sources of diff iculty the
group has in working together and the blocks to
accomplishing its goals.
B. Energizer: stimulates a higher qualityof work
from the group.
9. Reality-testing: examines the practicality and
workability of ideas, evaluates alternative solutions, and applies them to real situations to see how
they would work, drawing on past experiences and
history.
'10. Evaluating: compares group decisions and accomplishments with long-range goals and with
values and standards the group has set for itself,
drawing implications for the f uture.

6. Process observer: examines the processes the
group uses, providing information and evaluation

for improvement.
7. Setting standards: states and restates the group
standards and goals to he,lp group maintain Awareness-of direction of the work and of accomplishments, reestablishing acceptance of group norms
and procedures.

Active listening: accepts input and thoughtfully
considers it, is receptive to others' ideas, proþosals, etc., and goes along with the group when
not in disagreement.
B,

9. Building trust: accepts and supports openness
and vulnerability of other group members j reinforcing risk-taking and creating safety.
10. Sòlving interpersonal problems: promotes open
and disciplined discussion of conf lict between

.group members to resolve conf licts and increase
cohesion.

Within the task functions, there are several ways
to help a group do goal-settihg. We want to emphasize the importance of this because it is often over-

looked by groups without "strong leaders. " We
must all pay attention to how a group is proceeding
toward its long-range goals, and help target objectives which will help achieve those go4ls.
One quality that many þeople see as a leadership
f

unction is inspiration. Certainly leadership in¡

cludes encouragement for the group to keep going
even when things are very hard. One way to do that
is to restate the goals and perhaps the ultimate
vision of the group, and put the group's cugent
situation in an optimistic framework. (These are

goal-setting functions.) Anotherway is to
encourage more warm support within the group,
and to strengthen the connections between individual and group goals. Croup singing is often effective for this; some songs have exactly that content, for example "Come and Co With Me to that
\

called inspirational, although what they do turns
the group toward itself for vision and renewed
strength. There is another kind of inspiration which
does ñot do this, but instead focuses the group's
attention on a single person, sometimes perceived
as charismatic. That person mobilizes the group
throúgh her/himself , by her/his enormous certainty, articulateness, and "presence." ln a sense,
the group then borrows its motivation and bolsters
its shaky conf idence by believing in its leader's
vision and clarity.
We f ind this a tempting shortcut to group
solidarity but self-defeating in the long run. lt
mystif ies leadership and plays into the masculinist
style of the certai n, authorit¡itive, and articu ate
leader. Further, the opposition then has an easier
time hurting the group, by co-.opting the leader or,
if that proves impossible, by destroying her or him.
The assassinations of Martin Luther King, J r.,
Malcolm X, and Candhi are all reminders of how
vulnerable movements can be when structured
around a leader.
I

Patriarchy and LeadershipFunctions
Of the leadership f unctions that we have recognized, the task f u nction s ( goal-sètti n g an d goal accornpl i sh ment) are the f u nction s most common lythought of as " leadersh ip. " The rnorale functions
that nurture the group members and their feelings
are not seen as leadership qiralities nearly as much.
The task f unctions also wield more power than
the morale f unctions. Once the goals are set, the
morale job is to adjust members' feelings to the
group's new direction. The task f unctions (goalsetting, etc. ) have more independence of action,
and therefore more power. Also, those f illing task
f

unctions are more likely to interact with others out-

side the group, wh ile the morale f unctions are

mostly f illed by interaction within the group. Status
in this society is linked to mobility; that status
generally translates into power for those performing task functions.
Men aretaughtto "getthe jobdone," while
women are told to nurture and give support..
The functions the men fill are valued more by
society and are more powerf ul. The nuclear family

exemplif ies the sexist division of leadership functions and is the place where it is most intensely
learned by young

people.

r

Same-sex organ izations often reveal the connection between leadership f unctions and sex roles.
The military is predominantly male and largely un-

concerned with feelings or individual needs. The
task is paramount. A drill sergeantdoes not worry
about how a recruit is feeling; he wants the soldier to
follow orders eff iciently. On the other har¡d,
women's organizations tend to emphasize nurturance. Even the politicdlly oriented League of
Women Voters is more concerned with the process
of political dlections than with their outcome.
Patriarchy is served well by this sex role division
of leadership f unctions, and by the conf usion betlveerí leaders and leadership. The outcome is organizations where male leaders have concentrated
þower. They f ill the.task f unctioós by def in ing the
group's goals, strategies andtactics; they defend
this position by holding out "no leadership" as the
only other option to their authority. They are
recognized as necessary to the group's functioni ng, and either respected or feared às ''leaders. "
At the same time, women continue to f ill the morale
function without apparent poweror status. The
necessary leadership that women are expected to ''
fil I is invisible to a sexist society.
Shared leadership in a feminist vision, then,
values the morale functions highly and sees that
the power of the group in the long run is as
dependent on the nurtu.rance of its members as on
its efficiency in particulartasks. Moreover, all
group members develop skills and caring in
morale-building; with men, as-much as women,
ulf illing that f unction.
Shared leadership can only.persist'in a cooperative structure. When people growtired of dependf

November2, 197BWlN

10WlN November 2- 1978

1.1

,1

It inhibits power seekers still underthe influenceof

ing on the supermarket and decide on an alternative, they don't simply buy food from a farmer and

patriarchal styles. Because everyone performs

dump iton someone's lawn, leaving itthereforthe
taking. They create a structure for cooperation,
with attention to sharing responsibility as well as
benefits. Without a structure, a food co-op could

appreciation for the work of leadersh ip - not the
old appreciation born of indebtedness to the leader
who does so much for us, but an appreciation

not do its
in other settings, too, shared leadership needs
more than goodwil I . The paternalist style often has

sponsibility.

job.

I

goodwill. What makes shared
leadership possible is agreement on expectations
and discipl ine rqgarding fol low-through. Th i s
means being explicit about leadershipfunctions so
the group can see what is happening and so there is
no mystificatioñ of howthings work.
ln addition to knowledge and skills related to the
group's task (peace action', tenant organizing,
strike support, etc.), group members also need the
knowledge and skills of group process. Fortunately, the knowledge and skill of good process isn't
hard to learn, except for people deeply entrenched
in patriarchal leadership styles. Once learned, the
knowledge enables the f unctional shifting around
which the feminist perspective points to, for no one
or few any longer hold a monopoly of knowledge of
what makes a group go.
Shared leadership liberates leadersl lt frees
people who have been worn dewn by years of extra
respon si bi I ity to water thei r garden s and n urture
their souls. lt enables them to share their experienced wisdom atone moment, and followthrough
with manual tasks the next. lt f rees them to take
risks, the risks which inevitably accompany personal growth, for they now know that others are
accepting responsibility. They can also say goodbye to loneliness as they "move in a common
rhythm, " to quote from Marge Piercy's poem:

some leadersh i p f unction s at some time, it bui lds

rooted in our own experience of power and re-

f

shpred leader.ship.
¡

with people who submérge
in thetask, who go intothefields
to harvest
and work in a row and pass the bags

along,
who itand in line and haul in their
places,

lield

deserters

butmove in acommon rhythm
when the food mustcome in, olthe

firebeputout.

'

(Marge Piercy; ",To Be Of Use, " To Be Of Use,
Doubleday & Co', Carden City, NY)
Most important, shared leadership puts the
members of the group in òharge. lt demystif ies
leadership by getting everything intotheopen, and
clarif ies each individual's opportunities for maintaining and changing the direction of the group. lt
reduces irresponsible withdrawal because
everyone can see clearly that the functions are
shared; blame cannot be dumpedon "the leader."
12WlN November2,.1978

Breaking AwaY from PatriarchY:
Thoughts on StrategY
From an analysis of styles of patriarchal leaders
and avision of shared leadership, weseetwo broad
areas where immediate steps can be taken: structure and personal chánge.

and of a sense of power and confidence is part of

I want to be

who are not parlor generals and

HOWTOSHARE LEADEBSHTP

Strttcture: Chapging an organization -or setting
upa new one-can proceed by paying attention to
the f unctions which must be f illed for effectiveness. The functions of goal-setting and goalachievement (task f unctions) and of cohesion
(morale f unction$) must be f illed by a group, an individual , or a process . The organ ization can go
down the list of f unctions andchart how each
function isbeing met. Howthdse functions are distributed depends on the natureof the group (it's
size and soon). Thefeminist concern is thatthey be
met flexibly, with shifting of persons from one
f unction to another, and that morale f unctions be
highly valued.
PersonalChange: lt is not enough to devise
egalitarian process and a cooperativeoverall structure. lndividuals in theorganization need to have
skills and conf idence to f ill the f unctions and use
the process. lf most of the individuals have habits
of passivity and self-doubt, they will not use their
skills, and the initiative in theorganization will return to those who are "naturâl.leaders," that is,
those who al ready have the confidence and experience. Therefore, the personal development of skills

a very great deal of

\

,

Every group needs to think about itself as a
whole. We know a movement grou¡i in the Midwest
which appeared to be thriving, judging f rom the
enthusiastic participation in its varietyof activities.
The group, however, failed to grow. Only when
three members formed a committee to think about
the whole group, its general direction and vitality,
did the group grow (and i4 the process became
more solid).
Both the ''attention to the Whole" and the perspective of lon g-ran ge goal s demand a capacity to
"think big. " This is often diff icult for many people
to do and is therefore frequently ignored. We need
to support each other in f illing these leadership
f unctions.

Tactics of Structure
There are more and more innovations which can be
built into organizations to share their leadership
functions. Here are a fewof thesê:
Determining Overall Coals and Direction: The
Movement for a New Society (MNS) began with an
inadequate understanding of leadership theory.
MNS people knew that task and morale f unctions
could be shar.ed ratherthan lumpedtogether in a
leader, añd knew also thevalueof collectives as the
f undamental units of organization. MNS did not '
see the critical f unction of developing overall goals
and direction, so once the basic f ramework for the
organization was set, itwas rudderless.
ln Philadelphia, the MNS network is now
starting to fillthat need with.a Strategy Group
whose job is to 1naintain air overview and facilitate
the development of strategic priorities for Philadelphia MNS. The group, whose membership rotates,
encourages strategy debates and collects ideas for
new goals from MNS collectives. lt weaves this
information together and submits it as a proposalto
the collectives, who discuss and feed back. The
group reform ulates if necessary and proposes
agai n . Fi nal ly a network meeti n g of the col lectives
agrees on the proposal.

Consensus in Direct Action: Consensus is wellknown to work for groups whÍch have a lot of time to
make decisions, A Quaker Action Croup (AQAC)
used a variation of consensus in its pressure-filled
second Phoenix voyage to Vietnam with medical
supplies. ln that 1967 voyage, the sailing ship was
harassed by South Vietnamese Naval.gunboats and
pressured by the US. AQAG agreed on a two-tier
decision process: consensus if there was time; decisioñ by the project director if therewas not, laterto
be evaluated. The project director (who was called
the political comm issar by the rest of the crew) was
deeply committed to the consensus process, and
repeatedly called meetings to discuss and agreeon
contingency plans. As a result, despite crisis after
crisis, the leader did not once have to use his
authority; there was always an agreed-upon plan to

implement.
Fem i n i st an d pol itical theori st J oan Roth sch i ld
argues in the Quest issueon organization that consensus is also the modeof decision-making most
consistent with the feminist concept of freedom:
i nterdependence, i ncl ud i n g self -real ization a nd
support for others. (Winter 1976, pp. 24-25)
Decentralization: Breaking with the Candhian
tradition of top-down leadership of masé action
(Candhi insisted on the lndian National Congress
nam in g h im commander-in-ch ief ), theClamshel I
Alliance set up an affinity group structure for its
mass civil disobediencein'1977 . The 1400activists
arrested at Sgabrook discussed issues in the
aff inity groups, which sent representative
"'spokes" to the body wh ich made decisions.
Study Croups: Since knowledge is a form of
power, the formation of study groups for ¡nembers
to share information on vital issues is awayof
sharing power and, therefore, leadership. The New
American Movement has a program of study

groups bui lt into

rits

organ

izatioi.

M eeti n g F aci I itati on T ech n i q ues: Dif f icult meetings are often guided better by co-facilitators, who
spell each other's conductof the meeting and keep
a more watchf ul eye on the emotional tone of the
group. Si /ence after proposals are made and before
brainstorms begin helps women f ind more sþace
for speaking up. ln Sweden, neighborhood and
community groups sometimes use small buzz
groups tci increase participation and to reduce.
dependency on the most articulate. Process obseryers reporting in from ti'me to time help everyone be more aware of things such as men speaking
more often or longer than womeR. Agenda review
at the beginning of the meeting enables changes to
be made which could not be anticipated by the
planners, and holds the facilitator accountable for
the guidance of the meeting. Cooperative games
I ighten the atmosphere, reduce tension, enable
people to pay better attention to the business, and
build morale . Evaluation bythe groupof what went
well and what needs improvement demystifies
meeting process and puts the members in chargeof
theirown future conduct in meetings.
November 2, 1978 WIN 13

t

t

Tactics of Personal Change

"One of the special qualities that distinguishes
feminist leadership from traditional leadership is
its essentially educational nature. lf we as women
are working to create a world in which power and
responsibility are shared by all people, then we
must unàerstand the process by which people become leaders, ancl thereby lead ourselves and each
other toward that goal." (Lorraine Masterson,
"Feminist Leaders Can'tWalkOn Water," Quest,
Spring 1976,p.33)
There arè two dimensions of persgnal change for:
shared leadership: skill developmentand conf idence buì di n g . Moverhent-oriented ski I I sh ari n g
has become more systematic in the past 15 years..
Several manuals are now available from the Movement for a New Society, which has brought leadership training ffom several f ields into its workshops
and longer-term training programs.
When hundreds of activists were imprisoned in
armories in New Hampshire for protesting the Seabrook nuclear power plant, workshops were set up
to share skills in organizing and group process'
Confidence-building is just as important as
learn ing skills, for without conf idence the skills go
I

unused. Conf idence-bui ldin g i nvolves learn

i

n

g

shared power and unlearning patriarchal power.
Çaucuses can help empower people who have
been controlled by traditional leaders. Women's
and Third World caucuses are well-known; working class, gay, young peoplei's, and elders'
caucuses are also needed in manyorganizations'

\

By gathering together and comparing notes on
what is keeping them quiet in meetings, they can
support each other to throw off the old effects of in-

timidation
The members of a caucus can f ind a speak out
empowering . ln th is procedure, the caucus stands
before the meeting of the whole organization and,
one byone, the caucus membeis tell simply and
with feeling, how it ha's been to beworking class,
for example, or gay. No response is allowed while

thecaucus is present. Afterthe presentation, the
caucus leaves for a period whiletheothers meet in
small groups to react to what they heard .
Another empowering techn ique is taking turns
atthinking out loud on an issue. Sooften inarticulate people believe they have nothing to say, but
when given the warm attention of someone who
wantsio listen, they find they have a lot iust below
conscious awàieness. ln taking turns, people in a

meeting pair up. First one thinks out loud on an
issuó for, say, f ive minutes, while the other listens,
then the roles are reversed. This can be doneon the
f loor of the meeting so it is an eff icient way of max!mizing participation,

'

Caucuses; speak-outsandtakingturnsareall
tools for learning to exercise power. Here are a few
tools for unlearning patriarchal power' (Seethe
WIN articleon "Howto Overcome Male Domination in the Moveme nt,' ' 11 /1O/77 , which includes a

14WlN November2, 1978

number of suggestions for men we will not repeat
here. The reprint is available from MNS in a packet
of articleson men's liberation.) thebuddy systern
takes a few minutes in the beginning of a meeting.

Men pair up and ask for support f rom their bud"
dies: "On the fourth agenda item l'm likely to over-

participate-help me stay cool on that.one!" "1'
have a headache and might feel like sleeping-help
me stay alert. " Once the system is established, it
may take I ittle non-verbal comm un ication for
support to be given; since so many men over-

participate because of emotional needs for attention and approval , the buddy system can'make a
dramatic difference in men's dominating behavior.
Women can use this technique for their own empowerm ent, and al srì to'restrai n overl y-articu late
sters .
A second tool, when taking a position on an issue, is to share the process as well as the conclusion

si

with others. Male leaders "often present their
position on iertain issues as accomplished fact,
without sharing with their constitqents how they
got to that position f rom having no position at all ,"
writes J ackie St. Joan. They "fail to presentthe
contradictions, the diversity, and the struggle
wh ich comprised the decision.

"

I f-'--lFf

Press conference with Ifrom left) Rafe Pomerance, leg islat¡ve director of Friends of the
Eleanor Smeal, president of Nat¡onal Organization for Women; Cesar Chavez

A tool for helping a person to become accountable to the group wh ile still leaving necessary freedom of personal choice is the c/earness meeting. ln
this process, the focus person chooses people
whose opinion s/he values and places before them
the crossroads s/he has reached, asking for feed-

back. Support as.well as critical responses àre
included. The individual hasthe benefitof having
trusted people think about her or tiim, but is still
leftto make an "individu4l decision." ,
We believe that people grow best in an
atmosphere of warm aff irmation. Leadership is
hard work, and people performing leadership functions deserve support. The advantageof sexual

politicalanalysis such asthis isthat itenables usto
see the difference between loving the person and
cooperating with a behavior pattern which was laid
on heror him by patriarchal culture. We who seek
to change an organ izätion need tò love everyone
involved and suppor! leadershlp, even while chaf lenging theold acceptanceof "the leader.'1 -AResources
A manual for cooperative games is available for $1
from Friends Peace Committee, 1515 Cherry St.,
Ph i ladelph ia, P A 19102.
Meeti ng F acil itation : the No-Magic Method is
available from Berit Lakey for 6OC ai4719 Springfield Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19143.
Resource Manual for a Living Revo/ution is the
most comprehensive manual from New Society
Press, 4722Baltimore Ave., Philadelphia, PA
19143 ($5.50). A list of MNS training programs and
workshops is available from the same address.
'A
Clearness Manualis available from MNS, 4722
Baltimore Ave., Philadelphia, P A19143.

Hooks, executivedirectorof NAACP; Douglas Fraser;
arm Workers.

DEMOCRATIC LEFT PLOTS RESPONSE TO
RIGHT.WING ADVANCES
by Jack Clark with photos by Carol Jachim

fl
I I

either the Labor party predicted by the Nation,

alRevlewnorthe "dumpCarter, draft
Kennêdy" movement eagerly sought by many reporters coverin g the meeti ng material ized..Despite
th at, the October 17 meeti n g i n Detroit' s Ctrbo Plal I
marked a significant event in American politics.
- Called by United Auto Workers President Doug
Fraser, the meeting saw a remarkable coming
togethçr of diverse organ ization s . ln one room sat
representativesof the Plumbers union and,the
NAACP, the Oþerating Engineers and Friends of
the Earth. All themajor liberal unions and a
numberof less liberal unions attended. So did
groups like the National Organizatiôn foì Women,
the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee,
SANE, Americans for Democratic Action,
Women's lnternational League for Peace and Freedgm and the Ne'w American Movement.
Even more remarkable than the breadth of the
groups in attendance was the emergence of a rough
political and programmatic consenius. Fraser had
called the coal ition meeting to follow up on his
resignation f rom the Dunlop Labor-Management
Committee lastSummer (see box). Everyone there
shared h is concerns about the power of the Ri ght
and the defeats being suffered by all the forcel for

Bella Abzug, former US representative from New york.

I
ta

social change.
J ack

After Fraser's welcoming remarks, Rep. Ron
Dellump (D-CA), theonly avowed sôcialist in the
US Congress and a national co-cþair gf the New
Democratic Coalition, opened up the issues dist
cussion. Hecalledforaprogramofecónomic
democracy and traced the development of the civil
rights mòvêment from a concern with the moral demands for' justióè to a/movement pushing for
greater econom ic iustice.
Speaker after speaker echoed his theme. Peace
advocates called for more jobs through economic
conversion. Feminists reminded éveryone that

Clark is national secretary of the Democratic

Socla /istiOr

g an i zi

nt

g Com m ittee.
November2, 1978WlN 15

JQ

I

acing the brunt of the n'ight's attacks, can
provide a powerf ul constituency for. social change
'and social justice. Environmentalists stressed the
importancã of the energy issue to workers and con'5umers
and,hailed the work of the Citizen-Labor
Energy Coalition. ln the afternoon,session, J ules
Bernstein of the Laborers uÀion focused-the'many
strands of activity and di scontent. "We're al I
tal kin g about the same th in g, " Bernstéin noted,
"the existence 4nd abuse of vast corporate power.
That's our common enemy and our common ,
women

Fraser's Move: The First Step

¡f

,

challenge'"

Continued on p.2'r

.

Back in J uly, UAW Pres'ident Doug Fraser attracted national -even international
-åttention
with his stâtement resigning from the Dunlop
Labor-Managerhent Comnl ittee. Althou gh the
Committee is non-governmental, Fraser's aCtion was rightly seen ag a step away from the
Carter Administration and the Democratic
majority in Cong¡essi lt was also one of.the
toughest labor stâtements in recent history on
the nature of labor-management relations.
Caiter was characterized as ineffectual; the
Congress, with its tax giveaways añd its labor
law reform filibusters was portrayed as an even
'bigger probler¡. As for the corporate world,
Fr.aser leveled a blast at the "one-sided class

ol

war " being waged by business leaders;
ln its final paragrapþs, Fraser's letterof
resignation struck a note not typical of pragmatic labor pronouncements. It is worth quoting
' at length:
" l would rather sit with the rurál poor, the
desperate children of urban blight, the victims
of racism and working people seeking a better
life than those whose religion is the status quo,

CATIFORNIA POLL SHOWS
MAJOR SHIFT ON ANTI-CAY

INIT¡ATIVE
There is a discernible change in
public attitude in California toward
the anti-gay school workers Proposition 6. A new poll by the Mervin
D. Field Associates shows that in
just one month's time there has
been a shift in favor of rejecting the
intitiative f iled by State Senator
John Briggs.

whose goal is prof it ând whose hearts are cold.
We in the UAW intend to reforge.the links with
thosewho believe in struggle: the kindof people
who sdt down ín the factories in the 1930's and
, who marched in Selma in the'1960's

t

The Proposition 6 initiative

fu

would require qchool boards to
discharge teachers who admit to
being gay,or publicly support gay
rights issues. The measure has

coal

\

cE n

t

Above: Bill Means of theAmerican lndian Movement. Beláw: Tonr Hayden
of the Campaign for Economic Democracy speaks with Doug Fraser of the

uAy

ilr:l.

;

i::r+:i1.,,.:¡i

':
:...:1r,.':,'

j

drawn the f ire of Californials gav,
progressive, and even lâbor con- stituencies for its draconian stric-

tures.

.

The change in the voters'
opinion was called "a major shift"
by pollster Fielfl. ln late August,

the publicfavored the measure by
61 percent. But, in late September
those in favor of Prop. 6 numbered
only45 percent, with 43 percent
against the anti-gay initiative.
Twelve percent were undecided.
AcCording to Field, the public,s
change on Pr.oposition 6 ,,appears
to be due to the increasing number
of influential voices now being
raised against the measure. l,

ln the past weeks, prominent
state off ice holders, including Cali-

,

fornia Covernor J erry Brown, candidates and editorialists in newspapers throughout the state have
come out in oppo3ition to the initia-

tive. Last week the California
16WlN November2, 1928

u

Ð

Leg i slature's attorney cal led
Proposition 6 "unconstitutíonal.
Conservative leader Ronald

"

Reagan has also called on voters to
vote no on the initiative.
After this second "California
Poll," pollster Field stated that reliable predictions on the outcome
of the November vote "are impossible. "

Field said that Re-publican Senator Briggs is "getting considerable
support from conservative Christain religious groups." He added
that the growing trend against the
anti-gay initiative seems to indicate
that I'wh ile the public may not be

willing to endorse any specif ic enhanceÌnent of homosexual rights,
neither is the public willing to
specif iôally deny homosexuals any
of their civil rights becausethey
speak out about their sexual

preferences.t|

:t

gorytothe most appropriate male
in the family
NowtheCensus Bureau is
saying that due to changi ng sex
roles in the fami[y, it will not ask
who is head of household. lnstead,
itwill askthe "household member" in whose name the home is
rented oÊowned. lf there is no such
person, the Census Bureau will
simply list adult members of
households without designating
who is head of household.
The Census Bureau reports that
it has added a new category of

"pàrtner, roommate" fãr gay or
heterosexual couples who are
living together outside of mar-

riage.

-HerSay
CHARGES DROPPED ACAI NST
STEVE NS BOYCOTT ACTIVISTS

,

:-Gay Community News
HEADS UP

After 1980 there won't be the category of "head of househol d" according to the US Bureau of the
Census.
Ch ief demographer David

Kaplan reports that the Bureau
came under fire in 1970 because it
had a concrete rule that the husband was the 'ihead ofthe house-

hold." Kaplan said.thateven if
people surveyed said differently,
census computers were
programmed to automatically as-

sign the'head of household cate-

On September 18, a NewYork
State Criminal Court judge threw
out al I charges brought by the
management of Cimbelp department store in New York City
against three persons arrested on
September 5 for wearing '( Boycrtt
J.P. Stevens Prpducts" T-shirts in

their store. Charged by Cimbels
for "criminal trespass," the action
volunteers successf ul ly argued
that wearing T-shirts is not an unlawful act insiile a store, private
rproperty or not. J udge Alain Bourgeois and the district attorney's off ice agreed and nullified the
arrests sought by Cimbels.
Cimbels is at the heart of an ef,

November2,1978WlN 17

fort by the national J . P. Stevens
campaign to cut ínto the anti-un ion
company's sales in the New York
metropolitan area market. J . P.
ltevens has retaliated by stepping
up advertising through billboardS
and in the print and electronic
media.

The Amalgamated Clothing and
Textile Workers Union and its supporters are incensed not only by
the ar¡ests:-an obvious attempt to

intimidate New Yorkers who support the

boycott-but

also by
Cimbels' verbal assurance to one
of thè arrested that despite the law

and despíte the court, they intend
to arrest any T-shirt wearers in the

future. lt appears that Cimbels
made a management decision to
casttheir lotwith J.P. Stevens in the
company's battle against the
workers. Not content to sell J .P.
Stevens, promote J .P. Stevens and
increasetheir stockof J .P. Stevens,
Cimbels has now adopted Stevens'
tactics: to harass and intimidatethe public and the courts be
damnedl
-Newsdesk
AND HËR MENSTRUALCYCTE

TOO?

:

A.retired Air Force colonel has
called on the FederalAviation Ad-

Gordon Christianse n, 1920'197

\

I

On the afternoon of October 6,
while driving home f rom a rou;

tine shopping trip, Cordon
Christiansen died of a heart attack. He was found in his truck
in the middle of a meadow'12
miles f rom the site of the house
he was building near Guada-

lupita, NewMexico. Hewas 58
years old.
Cordon will be remembered
as a professor of chemistry at
Connecticut College, as the
authorof awidelY used textbook
in chemistry, as a captaìn in the
Pacif ic theater during World
War ll, as a consultant to the
Electric Boat Company (manufacturer of nuclear submari nes),
as chairman of the executive
committeeof the Committee for
NonviolentAction, and as author of many peace movement
leaflets such as the seminal
"Some Facts About Vietnam. "
He was an organizer of the nonùiolent socio-dramas sponsored
18

WIN November 2, 1978

Cordon Chr¡stiansen. Photo by

by the'Canadian Friends Service
Comm ittee on Cri ndstone t sland in Ontariofora numberof
years and he was among the
f irst to catch,Wl N Magazi ne
fever. lt was at his home that the
yel low submari ne surfaced.

Although older than many of
the people he worked with in the
peace movementf Cordon was
not a moderating influence. He
foughtwith A.J . Muste, was
f ired by Connecticut College for
giving LSD to a student, became
a devotee of the Curu Maharal
J i, and stopped being a devotee
of the Curu. He rarely did any-

thing halfway. Yet, nearly
everyone who met th is birthright Mormon converted to
Unitarian loved him.
Among them are his sons:'
Steve, Scottand Roger; his
daughter Cori; his wife f rom
1945to1973, Mary; two brothers, Robert and Royce.
And a big bunih of other
people.

-Maris

Cakars

ministration to post pilots' names
before commerical air line flights
take off.
TheWall Street Journal reports
that former Colonel Robert Bohan
made the demand so that
passengers can change fl¡ghts if
their pilot turns out to be a woman.
The FAA's response? lt says it
sees absolutely no need for posting
pilots' names, since all pilots-'regardless of sex-are tested adequately for stamina, strength and
emotional stability, not to mention
their knowledge of aircraft electronic and hydiaulic systems.
The FAA reports; by the vt ay,
that by 1990there will be at least
2000female pilots on certified
commercial airlines.

-HerSay
BELL'SAPPEALOF SWP
LAWSUIT TO BE HEARD NEXT
MONTH
The US Court of Appeals for the
Second Circuit wil I hear oral arg'uments during the week of November 13 on whether a contemPt citation agaínst Attorney Ceneral
Criffin Bellshould bevoided. Bell
was found in contempt in J ulY 1978
by District Court J udge Thomas P.
Criesa for refusing to obey a court'
order to turn over 1B informer files
in the Socialist Workers Party lawsuit against the FBI
J udge Criesa's J ulY 1978 contemptóitation against Bell was the
f irst time in history that an AttorneyCeneral had been found in I

contempt of court. The contempt

ruling was temporarily stayed by
Appeals Court J udge Murray L
Curfein pending consideration of
Bell's appeal.
Under established principles of
law, acontemptcitation of this
kincl cannot be appealed prior to
f inal judgement in the case itself
However, the Attor.ney Ceneral is
arguing that the "exceptional"
nature of the case requires that his
.

appeal be heard now:
Both the Court of Appeals and,
the Supreme Court had'earlier de-

clined to overturn Criesa's order
that the 18 f iles be produced td ;
SWP attorneys. Bell stil I ref used tc
obey the order, and is now seeking
' to overturn the contempt citation.
Kings County (New Yo,rk) Dis.

trict Attorney Eugene Cold and the

National District Attorneys Association have f iled a "f riend-of-thecourt" brief in defense of the At.torney Ceneral, arguing that
forcing the government to turn
over the f iles will "hamstring law
enforcement" across the country.
The Socialist Workers Party, on
the other hand, argues that the

Atto¡ney Ceneral has the same

obligation to obey court orders as
any private citizen. No claim of
"extraordinary ci rcumstance" can
elevate the Attorney Ceneral
above the law.
They also point out that the government's 4O-year long "investigation" of the SWP has not produced evidence of a single illegal
act by the socialists. ln iarrying
out this campaign of harassment
and intimidation the FBI and its informer-provocateu rs have
engaged in numerous violations of
law and of the Billof Rights. No

claim of "informer privilege,,
ought to be allowed to concealthe
government's i I legal activities.
- Political Rights Defense Fund
EVENTS

ALBANY, NY - New York $tate,
northern New J ersey, and western
Con necticut Reg ional Conference
of the Mobi lization for Survival on
Saturday, November 4 at Friends
Meeting House, 722 Madison Ave
For more information , call (212)

. 673-1808.
ANAHEIM, CA

-

Demonstration

against the Military Electronics

Expo'78 on Tuesday, November
Anaheim Con¡¿ention Center,
For more information , call (714)
14 at

s22-25O4 or

12t:) 937_0240.
CAMBRIDCE, MA-Noam
Chomsky will speak on,,Restoring
the Faith" on Friday, November
-17,

I pm at MlT, 105 Massachu_
setts Ave., Bldg. 54, Rm. 100.
Sponsored by Ëìlack Rose Anarchist Lecture Series.

,

FLORIDA-Caravan for a NonNuclear f uture, the f irst major
Florida anti-nuke action, on November 11.16. The action will begiri'at the Turkey Point reactor in

Miami and pass through Ft. Lar-¡derdale, Palm Beach; Cocoa
Beach, Däytona and J acksonville,
ending in Tallahassee. For more
information, contact the ConchshellAlliance, PO Box 430735,
Miami, FL 33143 (305) 253-

South

9428.

HUNTINGTON, NY- Sr. Rosalie
Bertell will speak on "The Health
Hazards of Nuclear Power" on Friday, November 3, B pm at St. Elizabeth's Parish Center. Sponsored
by Long lsland Mobilization for
Survival Religious Task Force. For
more information, call (516)2612461.

MEDIA, PA- Natronal Military
Tax Resistance Workshop and Organizing Weekend on November
1O-12 atMedia Friends Meetinghouse, 125W.3rd St. Sponsoreã
by Brandywine Peace Community,
WRL/Philadelphia, Mennonite
Central Committee and others. For
more information, write: Center on
Law and Pacifism, 2016 Walnut
St., Rm.300, Philadelphia, pA
x9103.

NEW YORK ClTyr- tsraeli pacif ist J oseph Abileah and Allan Solomonow will speåk on ''Can the

Middle East Survive Camp
David?" on Thursday, November
9,7:30 pm, at EthicalCulture Society,2 W. 64th St. Sponsored by
WRL, WILPF, Middle East peace
Project and others.
NEW YORK

CITY- "WhileThere

ls A Soul I,n Prison...", a benefit
graph ics and poster exhibit by
political artists for the War Resisters League runs October 19November 12, -12 noon-6 pm, at

Cal lery 345, 345 Lafayette St.

NEW YORK CITY- Anti-nuke
Silkwood Mernorial teach-in on
Sunday, November 12, 3 pm, at
Horace Mann At¡ditorir¡m at Co-lr-rnrbia University, 120th
St. &
, Broadway. Speakers include Kitty
Tucker, Norma Becker, Connie
Hogarth, and J im Haughton.
Sponsored by New York Mobilization and the SHAD Alliance.
NEW YORK CaTy- Northeast.
Coalition for the Liberation for
Southern Af rica óonference on di-

vestment and anti-apartheid support work bn Novembe r 17 -19. For
more information, write NECLSA,
c,/o American Committee on

AfriNy

ca, 305 E. 46th St., New york,
10017

NORTH SYRACUSE, Ny-Conference on "Energy and the Economy: Building for J ustice ancl
J obs' ' on Novem ber 4-5 at Northway lnn, 4OOZth North St. Contact:
People's Power Coalítio n, 196

Morton Ave., Albany, Ny 12202
(s1B) 449-7444.

OAK PARK, lL- Jonathan Kozol
will speak on education in Cuba on
Thursday, November 9, 7:30 pm at
the Oak Park Public Library. Sponsored by Third Unitarian Church of

Chicago.

ST. l-OUlS, MO Demonstration
and sit-in to stop prison behavior
modif ication and close the Marion
Federal Control Unit on Monday,
November 27 at the St. Louis
Bureau of Prisons Office. For more

-

information, call (314) 533-2234.
SANTA CRUZ¡ CA-W ar Tax Re,

sistance/World Peace Tax Fund
workshop on SaturiJay, Novemþer
4, 1 pm at.Resource Cãnter for
Nonviolence, 5'l 5 Broadway. For
more i nformation, call (4OB) 4231626.

TEANECK, NJ Forum on radioactive transport on Friday, November 10, B pm, at the Ethical Culture
Society. Sponsored by Bergen
County SANE.
November 2, 1978 WIN 19

t
formal criticism of each of those three modes of
expression. Or in the "Pictures of Things Moving
Toward Their Coals," which includes sections that
analyze a "petting party" (this wasthe 30's, mind

IR

t,

lv
o

I
0

llv

u
-+-

THE BREAK-UP OF OUR CAMP:
sToRrES 1932-1935
by Paul Goodman
,
I

edited by Taylor Stoehr/Black Sparrow
Press/1 978l$5 paperback.
ln a continuing fascination with the American novel,
we usually forget our extraordinary tradition ôf short
f iction. The f irst great American man of letters,
Washirigton lrving, is a superb short story writer and
typically American in his dreaminess, meditativeness, exquisite command of prose tone and color, and

tendency toward what is now called "psychohistory. " Most of our great 19th century f iction
writers follow lrving in these qualities and in practice'
Poe, Melville, Mark Twain, and certainly Hawthorne

\

do.
ln the 20th century, Paul Coodman became one of
the best writers in thls tradition, which he joined instead of the socialist realism that'was fashionable for
young writers in the 30's. Large among the motives
ior so doing is the scope for experimentation the tradition affords. As in the "tales and sketches" -to use
a phrase often applied to their short f iction -of lrving
and Hawthorne, experiments are f requent, even
usual, in Coodman's stories. This volume is the f irst
of four that will collect all his stories, except iuvenilia
and chapters or'episodes later incorporated into

noXfll*rnorne

was coodman's favorite writer of
Taylor
Stoehrwrites in his introduction
stories,"
here. Like Hawthorne, Coodman worked from
"f actuãl" data, giving them the truth of f iction. But
where Hawthorne used historical or extrapersonal
material, Coodman most often took his life for the
stuff of his stories.
Yet the pieces seem autobiograph ical on ly at thei r
.furthest remove from conventional f iction, as in
"Dresses, Arðhitecture and Church Services," a progression of considerations of the possibilities for
Ray O|son, once a librarian, is now unemployed in St
Paul, Minnesota. Dav¡d McReynolds is on tf¡e national staff of the War Resisters League and is a
member of the Socia/ist Party, U.S.A.
20WlN November 2, 1978

you), discuss the sharpness of a sword, and invade the
turbulent silence of the minds of students in a philosophyclass. These are extraordinary, filled with an
analytical liveliness regrettably foreign to all other
modern f iction I know except, perhaps, that of
Borges.
, ln the more conventional stories, this analytical
mode has startling effécts. "TheWandering Boys" is
a Depression idyl that encompasses social and
economic observations, a lot of synesthesia- Keats is
invpked by name and quotation -homoeroticism and
homophobia, allwithout sacrificing its lovely sad
tone. "lhe Propriety of St. Francis" discovers the
gentle saint moving aÍìong highways, factories, baseball, and labor-industrial conflict, praising their
various proprietÍes and at last being rapt "into a
vision of his Beloved (where unfortunately we cannot
follow h¡m)" as workers and police open f ire on each
olher. Both of these many-themed stories are literally
wonderf u I and awesome. They are ful I of aston ishing
things and they inspire reverenceforthe human lives
and predicaments Coodman abstracts so deftly and

HOWMUCH SOCIATISM IS THERE IN THE U.S.A.?
by Harry Kelber
Straighi Talk pamphlets, Box 1059, Grand Central
Post Office, NYC 1001 7/paperback $1.25 lhÛpp.

worse, he has gíven us a sickening exarnple of a nonsectarian approach. lt is almost impossibleto findout
whether Kelber takes the right position on the Soviet
Union or the Peoples Republicof China because he
doesn't talk about them. Hetalks about America. You
can't be sure whether he is a state socialist, a demo-

Th i s þamph let f i I I d one of the huge, remarkable gaps
that is so obvious no one quite understands how it
gotthóre. lf you ask a socialistfor a simple intro=
ductory bookor pamphleton socialism there,is first a
pause and then si lence, We have books on the basic
efrors of the Len i n i st position i n the pre-revol utionary
situation in Russia; we can refer you to the dffective
Marxist rebuttal of Bakunin's position; we can
suggest books foror against Trotsky; Stalin's perversions are fully documented; Mao's rise to poweror
that of Fidel or the tragic f lar,v,s in the early American
movement or...anything excepi what socialism is and
what it would look like in this country.
Kelber's slim book(orthickpamphlet) is notan intellectually penetrating analysis of Capitalism- in
fact, one suspects Kelberof being subversivetothe
whole tradition which holds that socialism can be f ully
grasped only bythose with a college degree. Even

cratic socialist, a Stalinist, a Trotskyist, an Old Leftist,
an Unregenerate Old Leftist, or a New Leftist.
Kelber's whoJe approach threatens the f undamental proposition thatthe American socialist movement should be very small, limited to those with a
college degree, and should spend 9oo/o ol its timediscussing events in someother country. Pamphlets like
this, if carried too far, could even result in the building of a mass socialist movement, I f ind it outrageous
that Kelber, ínstead of seriously dealing with the
LaborTheoryof Value, devotes histimeto issues súch
as inflation, nuclear disarmament, racism, sexism,
the problem s of the elderly, the cities, miliiary spending, and a host of other chic íssues in a desperate
effortto make socialism'relevant. This pamphlet is so
shocking you really must get a.copy and read it for

yourself

.

-David McReynolds

amusingly.

Aggregately, these early pieces already show
Coodman articulating his great preoccupations. Such
stories as the rather weak "Phaëton, Myth," "A
Prayer for Dew, " and the novel-in-stories "The Break
Up of Our Camp" are concerned with the foundations, maintaining aitions, and dissolution of human
community. His marvelous moral seriousness is
strikingly communicated in such passages as tþis
from "J ohnson and the Total Cood," part of another
novel-in-stories, "J ohnson" i
...there was a Kantian distinction which he understood, between the highest good and the total good:
the highest good being what itis one's duty, as he
sees it, to do; the total good what would be the superlative condition of aÍf airs if only the world were
equitably regulated. Now /ohnson, as I say, tookthe
f irstvery seriously, and he did his duty with might
and'main. But he took the second serieusly, too, and
he tried to regulate the world more equitably.
Yes! One must live in theworld as if itwere as it
should be. ln other places here also are Coodrnan's
quick and natural erotic responsiveness and his religious and mathematical enthusiasms,r.
These stories are obviously and beautif ully the
work of the man who would write Çommunitas, Crowing Up Absurd, and New Reform ation; He thought
these and their later siblings and hísrþoems, were the
.

mostvaluableof his writings. ['m not aboutto contradict him. His tales and sketches are very good; f ine
contributions to the American tradition. They
sharpen the appetite for the otherthree volumes to

come'

-Rayolson

Clark. Conti nued f rom p. 1 6.
What can be done to counteract that power?
That's the central question not only for the Detroit
meeting but for the entire Américan Left.
Two broad concerns and areas of activity were
suggested by Fraser. One theme centered on

for change tn ih¡s society havetraditionally ad1
vanced the ideas while the conservatives and the
..þusiness leaders reacted and resisted changing the

'

¡latu¡ quo. With the riseof right-wing thinÈtañks,
like the American Enterprise lnstitute, that
situation has changed. Currenttax debates provide
theclearest illustratíon of the Righttaking the initiative, so to speak, with Kemp-Roth, and J arvisCann and its spin-offs. ln some places and under

political procedures and the creation of a more
principled and accountable Democratic Party; the
other concerned the ideological momentum seized
bythe Right.
some circumstances, the l_eft has been able tô captufe or recapture the initiative and turn the tax
ln opening the meeting, Fraser stated the f irst
relief issue intboneof tax reform. Massachuçetts
concern in the sharpest possibleterms. "l was unFair Share, which was,represented atthê Detroit
derthe mistaken impression that we wcin the 1g76
meeting, has donethat quite successfully.
election." .loe Rauh of ADA quipped that the
Fraser wanted to express his own solidarity and
Democrats did not need to write a new platform in
that
of the the UAW with those kinds of efforts:
1980 since "the1976 platform hasn't been
Further,
he wants to begin new efforts to think
touched. " And Cesar Chavez, President of the
through Left initiatives on issues and to explore
United Farm Workers, said atthe press conference
mechanisms for creating an effective and resþonprecedíng the meeting, that party responsibility
sive Democratic Farty. The meeting authorized
was a central concern for Farm Workers and
h im to set up three commi ssions
Chicanos. "You vote for a Democrat, and he votes
-one on pol itical
process reform, oneon issues, and afinance comas a Republican. You don't know who or what
mittee. That's less dramaticthan what someof the
you're votíng for¡ so you end up with disillusioned
\ predictions for the Detroit meetirig anticipated.
peoplewho just stop voting."
But if those commissions can continueto holdtoThe seçond theme was also sounded bv Fraser in
gether the broad coalition'assembled October 1 Z
h i s open i n g rernarks. The Ri ght is out-organ izin g
and begin to give it a deeper and more coherent '
and out-spendin g us, he noted. But what disturbed
programmatic consensus, wewill have seen a
him most isthatthe Right ¡s ,.out-thinkinB us.1,
major reorientation in the labor movement's
That's a relatively new developmÞnt to Fraser and
political perspective and perhaps a shift in
to us all . The labor movement and the other forces
American politics as awhole.
5l
r

November2, 1978W1N21

darkness of oppression. I Ilustrated by Cærge
Knowlton. $2.åOpostpa¡d. FlatsWorkshop, POBox

)

13, Kingston, Rl 02881.

D

Free if no exchange

$$$

$2
and only 20 words. Otherwise
for everY ten

words.

PUBLIC NOïlCE

Nonvioleht-feminist study group ¡nv¡tes women w¡th
an interest in feminism and nonviolencetoioin
them: Wednesdays, Womonspace, 232 H¡ll St.,
Santa Mpnica, CA (213) 469-0749.

"Do No Harm"

is the highly recommended

f

ilm

about drug company prof its; 42 min., color. Available from Crim Films, PO Box 1811, San Francisco,
C494101. Rental: $50, Purchase: $475.
A colorful poster showìng a greedy drug company
executive and a doctor hold¡ng a hypo reading "To
Hell With Their Prof its, Stop Forced DruBging of

Psychiatric lnmates" isavailablefrom Alliancefor
the Liberation ofMental Patients,1l2 Sol 16th St.

Prospective law school graduate seeks full-time
movement work. Experience: organizing, publishing, fundraising. lnterests: feminist, health, labor,
peaceconversion. Contact: CaryMitchell, l0BrooksideAve., NewBrunswick, NJ 08901, (2011249-

tSuite'1305), Phila., PA 19102.

7671..

PEOPLE'S ENERCY is: a No Nukes/Sane Energv
1979 Calendar; 14 excit¡ng, original six-color artworks illustrating such toþics as Waste, Seabrook,

Activist/Educato r / Or ganizer

FEED THE ClTlES. NOT THE PENTAGON: Write
Women's lniernational LeagueforPeaceand Freedom, 1213 Race St., Philadelphia, PA 19107.
MEMBERS NEEDED: N.C. People's Alliance, a
state-wide citizen's group for social and economic
¡ustice. Wr¡te:'Box 3053, Durham, NC27705.

13203. (3't s). 47 2- 547 8.

Christmas Peace Pilgrimage, December 16, Phil
speaker. Write for f lyer: MCC Peace
Berri gan

sticker-

Sect¡on, Akron, PA 17501.

War Resisters League/Southeast offers workshops
on several topics including disarmament, feminism,
nonviolence history and theory. For more information and a sample copybfour newslgtter, contact
WRL/SE, 1OB Purefoy Rd., Chapel'Hill, NC 27514,
(919)967-7244.
PUELICATIONS
Ever asked "What could a pacif ist do under Hitler?"
Read "QU,IKERS lN NAZI CERMANY." 44 pages.

l\

Prefer groúp decisions without losing minority?
Read 'DECISIONS BY CONSENSUS, A Srudvof
the Quaker Method. " 48 pages. 51 .75 Íor'one,92.75
for two, any five for $4: postpaid from Progresiv
Publishr, Úept. W, 401 E. 32, #1002, Chicago, lL
60616.

\

"surveil lance of Nuclear Power Opponents" describes recent activities by government/private investigators. Send SASE tc Campaign to Stop CovernmentSpying, 201 MassachusettsAve., NE#112,
Washington, DC 20002.
WIN's Speciàl Double lpsueon Health Carewith

articles by Ron Dellums, Claudia Dreif us, and others
on occup4tional safety and health, women's health,
rural medical alternatives and more. Order now in
bulk for distribution to friends and co-workers. $1 .0O
each for 1 -9 copies, 401 each for ten or more plus
2070 postage. Send oiders to: WlN, 503 Atlantic
Ave,, Brooklyn, NY 11217.
THE STUDY KIT FOR NONVIòLENTACTION,
oroduced l¡v War Resisters League/West contains
ärticles on the theory arid practice of nonviolence,
both personally and politically as well as accounts of
the successes and problems of contemporary nonviolence. Articles and pamphlets by Camus,
Candhi, Cene Sharp, Barbara Deming, Mark
Morris. Cæree Lakev and the WIN double issue on
Seabroôk arelo be foúnd and much more as well
Send $2.50 per study kitto WRL/West, 1360
Howard St., San Francisco, CA 94103. Special rates
are avai lable for bulk orders, so order therh for your
study group, teach-in, or classroom.
Kansas Citv Nonv¡oleht Studies lnstitute Book Store
closed it's doors last year. However, there are still
lotsof good books and pamphlets available at unbelievable savings o1 5}o/o to75Vo olf list pr¡ce. Send
5bl for a book list to Robert Calvert, 3'144 Hardesty

Drive #1-C, Kansas City, Missouri 64'128.
.PRODUCTS

Drawings by Peg Averill, FredWright, Johanna
Vogelsang and others. Wl N postcards. $2 for a set of
ninè. WlN, 503 Atlantic Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11217.

"Asvlum For Krist¡na Berster" button, bumpersend donation. All proceeds go to Krist¡na
Berster Defense Committee. Write: Ed Stanak, Box

61, Marshf ield, VT 05658.

SERVICES
Radical Psychotherapy for gay and straight men in
the Philadélph¡a area. Fee based on abi I ity to pay
J ack Sternbach, (215)W A3-1257
.

Free lance editing or writing iobs wanted. Will rewrite or edit manuscr¡pts, theses, dissertations,
anyth ing, but wi ll not do your research. Marty J ezer
c/ó Morton,226V illeneuve Ouest, Montreal,
Quebec, Canada.

THE FATTED SPROUT is an alternative food service with a conscience. We can provide low cost,
individually tailored hearty vegetarian food for
eròuos f rorí 30to 1Ó00. We are a collective in Moveäend for a Ne'iv Society. We feel a iesponsibilitY to.
the world beyond purely pragmatic business-fororof it considerations; we provide subsistence
incomes to our members wh ile seeking to raise consciousness about food i ssues in the context of
creating revolutionary commun ity institutions. Conference-s are our specialty. Contaét us if we can help
you with food issues or food for your organ ization or
event: 906 S. 49th St., Phila., PA19143. (215)7260743.

\
22WlN November2,1978

falo area CALCrelated peace group seeks 2ñd staff person to coord¡nate programs on disarmament, anti-nuke, human
rights and hunger iisues. lmmediate opening. Subsistence pay. Send resume to: Western New York
Peace Center, 440 LeRoy Ave., Buffalo, NY 14215.
Phone: (716) 833-021 3, after 5 pm 833-31 75.
Two experienced commun ity organ izèrs wanted to
develop ut ility áction groups. Experience in community organizin g and f amiliarity with utility issues
requi red. Salary commensurate w¡th experience.
Positions avai lable October 1978. Apply to: Executive Director, RECAP, lnc.,34 South St., Middlètown, NY 10940.

Responsible, considerate people to ioin nowform ing col lectively run natural foods restaurantcoffeehquse. No experience necessary. Heavy, longterm commitment. People's Power Plant, 43 South
Washington St., Binghampton, NY 13903.
HOUSEPARENTS WANTED. Coupleor single person. Commun ¡ty orgariization that helps former
"delinquints" plans to expand, establishing more
tam i lv style group homes tor teenagers, with-3-5
kids in each. Houseparent salary currently $60O per
month plus room & board, plus medical coverage;
salarv neeotiable. Cal I or writq Frank Lindenfeld,
Community Federation for Self Help, 210 S. Walnut
St., West Chester, PA 19380. (2''|5) 436-8824.
PRISONERS
These prisoners have written to WIN request¡ng
contact with the "outside," hoping you can give
them more thân a cell and a number, Someof them
are in the "hole," many are politicallyaware, all of
them are WIN readers. Take afewm¡nutes-write
to a prisoner.

,

Lee Sheperd, #143479,P.O. Box 779, Marquette,
49855

Ml

:l!7837

wHo KNLED

Search Committee, Sam's Belly

FoodCotp,427

wRr

League calendar. Measuring StA" by 8%",.it has a page for each
week and is handsomely produced with many striking illusirations. rts

INENAlURE

spiral binding enables it to lie flat.
But much more ¡mportant ¡s its text, which is written by Martin
Luther.King, Robert Lowell, Judith Malina,.Dave Dettingär, Rosa
Luxer¡burg, Emma coldman-all prisoners át one time in tñe¡i rives.
The "oidinary" pr¡soners are here too, speaking to us no longer as
numbers but as coherent beings. Remindihg us t--hat pr¡son itse-tf is a

$'HITE MAN'S JUSITCE, BLACK
MAN'S GRIEF. Donald Goihes. The
title is self-expl¿natory-an excellent
orison book.

2tepp

.........$1.s0

WAN ON PEACE IN TIIE MII'DLE

EA$T! Editedby Peggy Duff, tong-'
time British activist. Anthology
articles.

202pp

of

....r......i...r...........$4.O0

cr¡me.

'

Handsome, pract¡cal, mov¡ng and more. The 25th annual WRL
calendar includes listings of peace organizat¡ons and periodicals, important dates in the history of the mov.ernent for sociai change, and a
pr¡son reading list.
This is-a meaningtul lgTg calendar for you and an important gift

.

THE ARMS BAZAAR. Anthony
Sampson. Traces the history ofthe
arms race from mid-nineteenth
century to the pfesent.

for your friends.

340pp

Enclosed is

SUPXTYING REPRESSION: Michael
Klare. How the US eives financial
backing to fascist díctatorsh ips.

Name

55pp

Please send

me-calendars,

$_.

l(ôte
ÀÞÞ

tO'/.

at $3.s0 each (or $13 for four copies).

........;....s0.50

State/Zip

ITNACCEPîABIE RISK. McKinley
Otson. Contains some startling facts
about the dangers of nuclear energy.

280pp

WarResisters League/339lafayette St./New Yorl¡, NV 10012

...........$2.25

-Gl,OBAt REACH. Barnett & Mueller. The outstanding book about the

multinationals.

SOapp

2E4pp

...........$4.95

.......

nn3 mîÐÐÐu
Ä,^ME

......$3.80

6

A NEw BUTTON. The .ú\[torld Cltl.
zentt button is bright orange and blue
on wh¡te. l0d each. $l for i2. $6for

t00.

A NES| PIN. The imaeinativelv designed ó'No Neutron Émbtt pín
c(lmc$ from Germany. $t each.
Send to:

lltAn RESISITRS IEAGITE
!lt9 Lrfryctûo Shoet
Ncw Yort, tfy ilþ12

trIENCII)SE:

0:-FOTIIIEttEMS
CIIECKEIIABOVE.
DIENGLOSE¡

3_ASACONÎruBrmoNl0
lnEwu..
clTY

sÎ

6

D

BABEFOOT cEN. Keiii Nakazawa.
A 7.year-old boy from Hiroshima tells

3Ò* EA
t5ÉEA

Two store coordinator positions open November 1;

PRISON
One desk calendar is both practical and idealistic: the War Resisters

his story (in cartoon format)
HELP

disarmament, andachangeof valuesand pr¡orities'
'
away from war and its preparation to an emphasis on WANTED for book ¡n preparation, ¡nterviews with
ex-orofessors now involved in alternative education.
peace, social justice, and people's needs.
Contact; C. Täylor, Box 370, Edgewood, TX75117.
Brandywine sponsorseducational programs, action campaigns, and public demonstrations in order
to highlight the moral, political, and economic
'New YorkC¡tywlN reader desperately needs
remedial sewing and cheap bicycle. Barter prefered,
imperatives of disarmament. Add¡tionallythe group 'though
cash posible. Shei Horowitz,4S Duffield
is riraking a positive statement w¡th ¡ts alternat¡ve
war
of
ref
used
taxes,
St., Brooklyn, NY 11201 (212)858-2461.
fund. This f und, comprised
personal savings, and group deposits, makes
Peace Is Oùr Profession: War Protest Poems...War
interest-free loans to social change and service
protest ¡n poems and short prose by soldiers, war
groups (primarily in Delaware and Chester Counveterans and c¡viliahs who refused to be soldiers,
Pèace
Community
Brandywine
PA.)
Contact:
ties,
f rom the lndochina War (and before) and ¡n its wake:
and Alternât¡ve Fu.nd, 51 Barren Rd., Media, PA
a sort of reader of revolt to hand the next generat¡on
19063.
being wooed into üniform. Please send material(including art work) with SASE to J an Bà'rry,75 Cates
TIVES
Ave., Montclair, NJ 07042.
Enthusiastic Volunteertneeded to establish Natural
Farming program for the retarded. Small residential
school; self-sufficient manual farming to develop
mental, physical, spiritual potential of students;
order æw {or tlor. t3r¡
committed to simple lifeon land. Stipend, room,
board. Mountainview, Route 3, Clarkesville, CA
30523.

East3lst Street, Baltimore, Maryland2'12'18.

WHILE THERE IS A SOUL IN

: Buf

David Boyd, #07821, P.O. Box 1000, Lewisburg, PA

The Brandywine Peace Community and Alternative
Fund is a nonviolent resi stance comm un ity (both
live-in and extended). Weareworking for peace,

Decemberl5. $75lweek. Tenure: oneyear. Writeto

FROMTHE HOLE 1979. A graphicdeskcalendar
based on the writings of those speaking out from the

Help Needed: Hanford Conversion Prolect seeks researchelrs & organ izers (based in various parts of the
Northwest). To help develop anti-nuclear, prodisarmament campaign. Full tirie $500,/month half t¡me $250/month. Aff ¡rmative Actidn employer.
Application deadline: November 6, 1978. Hanford
Conversion Project,4312 SE Stark, Portland, OR
s7215.

c

Srere/zl P
ôet o to w lN tiaenuxe/ro3

nurr:[
4

¡i{ri.ì { r" ,: lúf Ì a ,!l¡..\ i \ {)\ \t ,: { !àì)i
¡ r,f.l!1.ßtì:. fîtir!;l i!.r \¡,!,1,.:
{lj }hr rrri '"a.I.r. ,"rrrÌ',.ri
f, flrilr,'¿".

AÎtAr¡f tc Av€

Àr,

'Who's On First?
What's On Second?"
AGRASSROOTS POLITICAT
PERSPECTIVEON THE

ANTI.NUCTEAR MOVEMENT
This special WIN issue features Marty
)ezer's essay on strateg¡es and tactics for
the anti-nuclear movement. You may
agree or disagree with it, but it's a "must"
reading for all no nukes actìvistS and organizations. Available in bulkfrom WIN at
2Ol. each in quantities of ten or more (plus
2Oo/o postage), or 60y' each for orders under
ten cöpies. Minimum order: $2. Order
today!
Send to: WlN Magazine/5O3 Atlantic Ave.
Brook
New York 11217
November 2, 1978 WIN 23

I
'\

'

KARENSILKWOOD
I'MEMORIAL:
Surveillance, Health and Labor
Controversies in the Nuclear Industry
N
i

It,

"WlN's special issue for Silkwood MemQrial Week-November 11 to 19- iscoming!
The major article on the Silkwood case is by Donna Warnock, former Citizens Energy Projgct
staffer and a leading researcher on surveillance by the nuclear and utility industries. Donna talks
about the tatest twists in the law suit against the FBI and Kerr-McCee, and discusses the events that
ledto Karen's death.in a car crash four years ago: her leadèrship in her union and her efforts to expose the seiious health hazards at the plutonium. fuel rod plant where she worked.
An article by KittyTuckerof the Environmental PolicyCenter.covers the latest scientific research
into health effects of exposure to low-level radiation on workers at every phase of the nuclear fuel
cycle,
.The from uranium mining to reprocessing.
issue is specially illustrated by Bonnie Acker, a movement artiSt whose work has promoted
the Native American, women's and anti-nuclear movements.

There's a section on organizing strategies -what you can do as a nuclear opponent to support the
Silkwood case, to raise the issues of safety and waste proliferation, surveillance and civil liberties,
renewable sources and clean.energy. There is a list of regional contacts foÈ Supporters of Silkwood,
too.
WtN offers this issue to the anti-nuclear and safe energy movement to use as an organizing and
educational.tool. lt is also useful for fundraising. Buy the issue from us at half-price-sell them at

rallies, fairs, and speaking tours at the cover price.
WIN is 20y' apiece in bulk (that's 10 or more)'plus 2Ùo/o for shipping. We urge you to order s@n
(preferably by October 30) so we can get the issues to you in time for Silkwood Memorial Week.

Wl N's Silkwood Memorial Week
Special lssue

YES!

Send-(#of

issues) at 2Ol/each

Plu s20Yo for shipping/postage

TOTAL ENCLOSED ü

Name/Organization

Address
City /State

,

,

'

,

,

'zip

wtN MACAZINE/503 ATLANTIC AVENUE/BROOKLYN, NY 112,17

-