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August 19, 1976 /.3W

PEACE & FREEDOIVî THRU NONVIOLENT ACTION

SPECIAL ISSUE: APPALACHIA
The Peopler the Land and the Union

,i'
fear of losing their jobs. The article was
originally written for Envlronment
Actlon Bullotln and, while I could
have easily written several times
asmuch on the topic, I was under
severe soace restrictions and thus tried
to oreseit true information, some of
wh^ich is circumstantial, which raised
doubts in my oìvn mind about the
Drosram. Ifihe reader wishes to
öonõlude from the information given
that the tests are harmless or beneficial,

ïhe Henry

a

Bass article on the SelfManagement Conference [IVIN,
7 /29/761is too pessimistic. How can he
say "the ideal" of having.activists
participate in the associations activities
may soon be abandoned? I was there too
and I found amo¡g the intellectuals,
activists, and stringers-on a general
recognition ofthe infancy ofour
movement and the greatest priority of
all seemed to be recognized as the
paramount necessity that the
self:msnagement concept must be
oncouraged to become part of a viable
future employment world.
Many so-called " counter-culture"
collectives are consumei collectives not
worker collectives, an important
difference to thôse of us in the
cnoperative field and secondly, there
were proposals made at the conference
to include communþ and consumer
representatives on boards with workers
and managers in traditional firms
transforming themselves to the
principles of self-management.
I found the "state of things" discouraging only because it wãs so
apparent that only a minute petcentage
of the American economy is
self-managed. But ihere is room for
optimism. It was also obvious the
movement is growing, and numerous
proposals were made to proimote the

that is her/his prerogative.

,

grbwth.
The Foderrffon for Economlc

Democracy desites to promote selfmanagement and Jeremy Rifkin of the
People's Bicentennial Commission is
proposing state action to create state
banks to finance self-managed firms.
ln short, I saw ptogress, I wish it
were faster, but we have to start somewhere. Most of the examples of selfmanagement in practice came into
existence in the last decade.

_RAI,PEJ.TEHI,E
Mllw¡ukosrWrc.

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Regarding Desmond Lawlers's letter
[WIN, 8/5/76] uiticizing the article I
did on the NAEP citizenship tests, I
would like to point out tlre followirig:
l) The main purpose of the article was
to raise some qûestions concerning the
testing. I worked for NAEPfor several
months in 1974-75 and was concerned at
the secrecy surrounding the citizenship
testing (it is not a classified ptoject) and
alsothat several members of the NAEP
staff, including one of my immediate
supervisors, told me they had
misgivngs about certain aspects of the
tests which they we¡e afraid to t¿ise for

2) I certainly endoise verbal com-munication as a nonviolent means of
achieving social change. As an activist
in the peãce, civil rights and environmental movements of Colorâdo since
1967 I have on a number ofoccasions
attempted to communicate my Views
verbally to people who disagreed with
me, including of the military,
Congresspeople, and corporation
attorneys. I have also made an effort to
understand their views. I do not see the
NAEP citizenship tests, however, as
providing a vehicle for meaninsful
political -lialogue between school
students and various other known and
unknown parties.
3) I did not say that the companies
and government agencies which
comfrise Research Triangle Park to

only tesearch on techniques for
behavior modification and control. That
a significant amount of research in
those areas is going on there I believe to
be beyond dispute.

4) Any further information Mr. Lawler
could provide about Research Triangle
lnstitute or Dr. Tukey's involvement
with NAEP or any other relevant information gould be of great help and
'should be forwarded to Dave Anderson,
C,oloredoDdly, UMC408, U. of Colo.,
Boulder, CO 80302. Mr. Anderson
would like to update the NAEP story

before he reprints it this fall in his
paper. Both Congresswoman Pat
Scñroder and US-senator Gary Hart
have been unable to get certaín kinds of
information which they have sought
about the NAEP tests, e.g. what other
government contracts are held by
Measurement Research Center and
and copies

booklets in
wonder how
can
continue to fund
are consisteRtly rofuccd
they are fundlng. I also would really like
to hnow what connections, ifany, there
¿re between Dr. Tukey's work with
NAEP as part of his Army research (see
below), his position as professor at
Princeton Uiiv., and the storage ofall
NAEP data on a Princeton Univ. computer. Mr. Lawler might write hls Congresspeople to see ifthey are any more
successfirl than mine in getting sone of

this information.
5) For additional published informa-

tion, I suggest Mr. Lawler consult the

following sources: Ilontlgre of Educatlon¡l Measurement ¡nd Infotm¡tlon

Systemc-I93, Houghton Mifflin Co.,

Boston, 1973, on p. 113 ofwhich an
article by John rrY. Tukey entitled "The
Zig-Zagging Climb from Initial Obsewation to Successful Improvement: Comments on the Analysis of National Assessment Data" is footnoted as "*Pré
oared in oart in connection with reiearch at'Pr¡nceton University sponsored by the Army Research Office
(Durham) " ; Nctlon¡l Assesgment
Cldzenehlp ObJectlvee for lyl4-75
Assoecment, available from NAEP,
1860 Lincoln St., Denver, CO 80203; the
Rocþ Mountaln News (Denver),
ll/16/75, p. 10; Ps¡ce ¡nd trleedom,
10/75, o.lii; Another Mothor for Pe¡ce
Newsloiûer, 2/76, pp.6-7. In addition
I would be delishted to send Mr. Lawler
anv or all of the"eieht pounds or so of
information which"I hâve acquired about
NAEP citizenship testing ovèr the past
year and a half, Chould he be willing to
ieimburse me copying costs and
postage.
: 6) Às to the article's "encouraging
paranoia": One of the first peoPle I
lalked with about these tests outside the
NAEP office was Charles Morgan, Jr.,
director of the' Washington, De ACLU
national office. At the end ofoùr discussion I asked him if I were being

paranoid in opposing this kind of
lestins. His replv was. "You are not

paranõid."' - -nmncmnrPrlls
I)enver, CO

In response to Bill Meacham's request
'for some substantive comment on the

"new age" politics of Gov. Jerry Brown
ÍWlN., 7 / 29 /7 6], Jer-ry Brown's positionl
on amnesty is indicative of his imagebased politics. llrhile he poses as a
formef antiwar leader and
representative of the "younger
generation," his amnesty proposal is to
fhe right of Hubert Humphr'ey and

Gerald Ford, the architects and
deJenders of \Mashington's Indochina
War and implacable fbes of univetsal
and unconditional amnesty.
When asked about amnestywhile
campaigning this spring, Brown
respõnded that he favored an amnesty
onlv for draft resisters and conditioned
uoõn the comoletion of a óeriod of
afternative se^rvice in wha:t he called a
"Public Service Commission. " Gerald
Fõrd's punitive Clemency Progtam,
'howevér,
at least did not discriminate
between categorigs ofwat resisters. It
punished everyone, requiring
àlternative service fpr deserters, some
veterans with less-than-honorable
discharses, and some civilians with
antiwar-"ctiminal" records as well as
draft resisters.
The draft resisters Brown's þtoposal
favors for conditional amnesQr are I
from predominantly white, middle class
backsrounds.

_JACKCOI,HOTTN

Totonúo, Ont¡rlot

C¡n¡d¡

What would it be like to open your mailbox and not find
WIN? To be cut off from Mark Morris, Art Waskow, Wendy
Schwartz and all of those other folks who help you keep your
balance? To be left all alone out there in Nebraska surrounded by Ford supporters or in Berketey surrounded by
Trotskyists?
!t could happen, Vou know. WIN currently owes past due
money to thecbmpány that owns the typesetting machine,
the electric company, the telephone company, etc. These are
people who could make it impossible to publish the high
quality magazine that delights you every week.
WIN also owes its staff 10 weeks back salaries. Most of
them have been living on borrowed money. Every week the
staff has to make the decision to print or get paid. They are
now talking of taking part time iobs to support themselves
while working on WlN.
Help keep WIN coming to your mailbox. Help'the WIN
people pay rent. Help end this e¡dless series of fund apþ"uis. Send your che'ck or monefórder today, and keeþ the
"liveliest magazine on the Left" al¡ve.
M chaer wer s'
I

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ïif;i i::lïi.iär;t

*****
With this issue WIN takes its annual four week break from
publishing. While we will try to squeeze in some vacation
time each, mostly we will be catching up on all the things
that have gone uñaitended in the frantic pace of weekly publication. Some of us will atterid the WRL National Conference. The office needs some finishing touches, there are
piles of correspondence waiting to be answered, manuscripts
to read and we face the always difficult process of finding a
new staff member. We also hope we can scratch up the
móney to pay some long overdue bills and back salaries so'
we can start September in good standing.
Our deepest thanks to David Morris for organizing and
preparing the material for ttiis special issue on Appalachia.
We have so fnany good articles and graphics we intend to do
a follow-up issueoñ other aspects of Appalachia later in the
fall. Our thanks also to Michãel Wells, a former staff
member oî the Portland Scribe, who dropped in and helped
out with deadline chores.
The next issue will be dated September 23.'The deadline
for articles, photos, drawings, poems, etc. is September 10.
Have a good rest of the summer.'

August 19,1976

/ Vol. Xlt,

No.3O

4. lntroduction / David Morris
5. Appalachia: the Changing Times
Mike Clark
9. Reflections on Women and
Appalachian Culture
Linda Johnson
11. Ancient Creek / .Curner Norman
17. Trust in the Rank and File
David Creene
19. Portfolio / Douglas O' \arrow
24. Coal Mining is Our WaY of Living

Tæ

/ Deborah Baker

29. Changes

Covers: PhotograPhs bY Douglas O.

Yarrow.
STAFF

Dwight Ernest o Ruthann Evanoff
Mary Mayo o Susan Pines
Murray Rosenblith
UNINDICTED

peace,
The WIN Staff

Dear folks,
After havine worked on the staff of WIN for eight years, l.
have decideã I need a change. Also, it's good for WIN to
have new people helping to produce the magazine. I want to
move on tó other sitúatiõns ánd ways of living and dealing
with this woild. l'll take with me the education WIN has
given me ãnd I hope to continue to put it to good use.
- l'll still be around for a while, helping out. The circulation
work l've bèen doing will be passed on 1o Susan and
Ruthann. Murray wlll take over Susan's bookkeeping., and

we hope to have â new person doing pasteup and design.
WIN is a good place to work. The staff is easygoing. Pay
isn't alwayslegular during periods of hard times but we've
managed to.squeak through year after year. What WIN
achieves is ínost important. I hope the magazine continues to
spread its benevolent influence to increasing numbers of
people.
' I may contribute to WIN from time to timein the years to
come, sothis-is not quite goodbYe!

Tad Richards . lgal Roodenko' ¡ Fred Rosen
Nancv Rosen . Ed Sanders o Wendy Schwartz'
Martha Thomases . Art Waskow ' Beverly Woodward
'Member of WIN Editorial Board

/

503 Atlantic Ave. / sth Fl.
Brooklyn, NY 11217
Telephone: (212) 624-5337, 624-8595
WIN is publ¡shed every Thursday except for the first
week in'January, the last week in March, the second

wæk in Mav, thè last two weeks in AuSust, the first two
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selfladdressed stamped envelope. Printed ¡n USA

Love,
2l,VlN Aus.,

19, 1926

MaiY

Aue., 19, 1976 WIN

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MIKE CLARK

\

Appalachia has been viewed by many Am'ericans
as a place where change comes slowly and where peoþle still live as they did one hundred years ago.
As anyone who has lived here can verify, few
things could be furthèr from the truth. Within the
past certtury major. changes have come to the
region, and today the Appalachian area is a highly
industrialized segment of the larger American

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economy.

However, certain geographical and historical
factors'have combined to mold the rural population in the mountains into a people apart. The life
of most Appalachian people is still heavily influenced by rural patterns of living. Almost 600lo
of the population, or twice as manv as in the rest
of the country, still live outside metropolitan
areas. The ôontrast in Appalachia between rural
life and modern technological society is often vivid
and dramatic: a home garden sometimes surrounds an oil or gás rig; modern highways may
pass by log cabins; electric power lines cut huge
iwaths through valleys long isolated by rugged
terrain. The industrial development of the region
hàs always been uneven, c'oncentrating in the
broad river valleys and bottom lands and leaving,
the more rugged'areas relatively untouched.
Under these conditions it is natural that rural custbms and values continue to. have strong influence
Mike Clark is currently director of Highlander
Center in New Market,Iennessee and has been
i nvolved i n com m u nity or ganizi n g / com m u n ity
based education srnce the early 1960's. This
article is reprinted with permissipn of the author
from Voices from the Mountains, Alfred KnopÍ,

Photo bY Douglas O. Yarrow

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over th.e
Mystery seems to hang-mountains
I ike
roúitr"rn nppalachian
early morn ing fgg for those who have
never traveled through the re.gion '
fn" reality is more complgx than the
proiection'S. ln thís special.issue of
i^ilÑ,we bring you several voices
from the mouñtä¡ns to share the contrast that def ines Iife here today'
;David Morris

a

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1975.

Appalachia:
1

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The
T¡mes

throughout the mountains. But the past few years
have Seen marked by tremendous change, and the
real story of Appalachia today is the attempt by
mountain people to retain the humanistic elements of the old culture and at the samq time
adapt to the pressures and demands of" a tech!
nological society.
Thle

Appalacliian South is a vast area stretching

from the'tableiands of West Virginia and southeast Ohio to the rolling foothills of north Ceorgia.
It contains three distinct sections: the plateau
countrv. the Great Vallev, and the highlands' The
piateaú countr:y includes the centralAppalachian
ðoal fields, takàs in part of the Allegheny Plateau
in West Vírginia and Ohio, and moves south to the
CumberlandPlateau, which sweeps through eastern Kentucky, southeastern Virginia, and
parts of east Tennessee.
The Great Valley splits the plateau country from

the highlands. lt begins with.the level bottom
lands and broad valley of the Shenandoah River in
Virginia and extends down through east Tennessee. This section contains most of the manufacturing and small industrialpladts along with the
bettei farmland. The highland area includes'the
Blue Ridge Mountains and the Unakas, Balsäms,
and Blacks of Tennessee, North Carolina, Vir-.
sinia, and Ceorgia. This is the most rugged sec[¡on cif Appalach-ia, with thirty p'baks rising over
6,000 feet in eleVation. Most of the jobs in this
section come from"textiles, lumber, and tourism.
Within the mountainous Appalachian South
boundary of some 55,000 square miles, over 8.6

million people make their homes. Most have
family ties to the land going back several generations. Almostggo/o were born in this country.
About 60/o ãr@ black and live mostly i.n the industrial centers and towns. Less than 1o/o are
Native Americans.
For 200 years the rugged mouòtain barriers of
Appalachia served as a cultural barrier until the
cdriring of electric power lines, new roads, and
modern mass media opened up the region to more
modern influences. The coming of mills, mines,
and nêw industry after 1900 forced major changes
in the old pioneer way of life. The past 60 years
have seen the passing of most of the old ways.
During the last 20 years the rate of change has accelerated. Consider these factors :
Very few people are alive today who know firsthand the oioneer wavs of our'ancestors. Ihe
leadeis oi most iomínunities in Appalachia today
are people who have been e*posed to the influences of modern industry.
Farming, once the base of the old p,ioneer culture, has declined. Appalachia remains the
stronghold of the small Íamily farm, but rnost
people now earn their income in wages or in payments from the federal government. Less. than one
Íourth of the population earns a living from
farming. Seven'ty-four per cent of all rural reisidents i"n',q,pp,ataéhia reëeived some form of federal
subsidy in- ig7o, compared to 54o/o for the rest of
the nation.,
.

Aue. 19, 1976 WIN
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¿WlN Aug.

19, 1926

5

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Since 1944 over two miltion Ogople.have leftth3
al.,"í¡oÃ-.oit oitt,át from coal rán¡ng ar.eas,
il""'ie)n úmøeiinà and agricultural areas h,ave also
läãl
ãopu t ation . S-ince I loo th ¡ s o u t- m i g r ation has
'
slo, W h i gh school g r ad u ttãl:rir;{ ã"* i, a i { oi
",
expected to leave the area in 'the next ten
âä"t
^r" tiid i"b;.- Ú nem plov ment i n Appal ach ia
country'
-'äiãinae"t 30ó/" higher than the restof.the

;;äã

î i3 éóa ¡ nduitrv
.h; ;;;,n' rãi t

h

as u nder sone.drastic

n-s teçh n iq ues' T od av
tne same
^
^iã
"tL
produce
approximately
1so,õoo miners
ago'
3Oyears
miners
600,000
did
às
a-mountòf coat
changed.
has
pait
tz vears
3läiä'^¡í'¡^ã-;;*lh" prodúction'.ln
1960-strip
in"-"ntirà n"ature of cíat
¡

n

'Åir-¡iä'irL,åu"iãJi- Ëti lhan one tourt\ or the
'iäài'"'ro¿iè"d
in Appatachia; toda.v it.is.the maior
o,ei one hatr or att the
;;;ii;ã:;;;d;ð¡n[i*ù
'¿;;i'.;;ãà t^ eBtírtàriia and emptovins one tenth
'it"m,rniv-m¡neri
ås are needed in,deep nining' *
va lle i Áuihor tv, I I n g r9 pa y d e!
nessee
n
ïn i
Ìeoerat

The Ar mY Cor ps of Eng.i neers.h^.1

contlol
-içi)i""'

?17'!"d ln

the region

of most water{he:ds within

í"iäíii';:;;d ;iih;

The growing pof,ver of the federal gove.rnment
combinäd w¡tñihe ruthless practices of the coal,
textile. and timber industries has, in recent years'
ia¡sedîhe specter of a huge industrial park or
" h i I lbi I lv" ieservation exiendin g throughout Appalachia, peopled only by a few maintenance
workers and ruled by federal or corporate
managers who refuse to let native mountaineers
remáii on the land. Stripped of the coal and ,'
timber, it is dotted with lakes in which only
io,.tr¡itå Can sw¡m. ln the midst of all these trends
iñã ¡ñãiu¡ärål mountaineer has little opportunitv
io .ount"t the pressures of the federal govern."-ñt - iutge éorporations. The pattern of outside
interests controlling the region is a familiar one ' to
änïón" who has stu-died mountain histol'y' Apäähìhì" ftut alwavs been a donrptic battleground
ü,üñ äñr¡¡ãtine forces trving to gäin control of the

'

,,o'q9, in co-operaüon
federal agencies, called.for the con-

iitn ot¡"t
v to p rov d e
iiä årii¡ .i"lõo uü ¿be^mneis þitsr mforar metropol
ibn
;^i;; ;;d ; ãrr "àt¡ o,
Dary.9 are atreadY a
i

it

i

Å

ì

;ä##'ff;tã" e,;r"¡;rn,a'
disrupter of Appalach¡an.l¡te anct nave
maior
'iili"a1¡""ããn¿t
of fàmilies to be uprooted from
iï;. i;] ;^ fi hom es teads - F o rtv -f o u r d a.m s a r e
h
äZ'n Åää'i o', ;;;;i;; r- k ¿' t u ckv a o n e' a th o,u s
",;.:;';ii;d;rat siud¡es have shown thatexisting
dv.ins

ì

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t
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i

t

t

ffi;;;ä;"erï,;;Ée-¿ r

¿ã

Ëáìr"t"";; i ; ci ¿ m n
from striP mining.
¡

at fietds are rapidtv
ge

aina

an

d

se

d im e n t

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-

i

ç

ati o n

i
{
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rich natural resources. Native Americanswere
ã.¡u"n off their ancestral land by waves of white
oioneers who swept across the hills in a never-.
ãnA¡ng flow. Behind the pioneers came land
soecuiators representin g rich eastern i nvestors
nül'rôãés¡reO väst expanses of new land. Later still
.âr"tt railroads ând the corporations that
opened "up the region to industrial exploitation
áiorn¿ the turn oÍ this century. Along with the industr¡al barons were missionaries of the majo¡
Ãmãr¡can churches seeking new converts and new
domains. With the advent of the War on Poverty
ãnO tn" expänsion of federal programs within Appã1"àf,iu, á n"* type of missiónaiy has descended
upon the region.
'
lt is not súrprising, then, that many rural
mountaineers have ãdopted a wait-and-see attitudé toward new developments, looking with
well-warranted suspicion upon anYone who
oromises a new and better waY of life. To moun[á¡l"urs survival has meant acquiring patiencê
;äã;;se of perspective about theþiessures of
modern life. Like most Americans, wq have
ðt ung"A when it seemed in our best interests to do
so. lñth¡s respect, we are n<i different from our

iî

¡

"
respon sive and progressive ol
as the"' rnost
a-ränéi"i, ntas become a coal-consuming monstert
;;:; ; ¿; ;ñ ãip ä t ¡ é p9w 9l : s t i p - m i.n e co a

i7i

"ét,by the TVA a|e destroying
comoanies contracted
mountain lancl-laytng
of
thoúsands of acres

li,!"ttå-åñãtåitíon-ot¡ppalachiatolight.chea-plv
on lv .
;,täh;'êt ;^f i acioi ¡ãs o¡ another section'
produced
now
is
io*"'
îoU' oi
"i"õlrlc
I iti es'
by hy d roe I ectr ic I aci

*"lie't

The development
,r,j lf"iãl,i ;Ï'' bi' i ;

;ää;Jããt

of

second homes and

huge

.

; ;t; p e cu t àtor s h a s se n t I9.n d it
.

-

skv;;ket' ng since 1e60' making
homes' Ihis
harder tor natives to hotd on to their
p
a.r
v,h.a r d s n ce
iÏåiã' n'íi i,'i t; d ; r¡l pá o p e a r t cu
i td r e n
r
ei
th
e
s
n
com
;
i ¡ rã¿
.ch
i: Èåî äî" i ¡ï e'

'

I

¡

t

t

¡

'ÅJ,,i"";i;;;iL¿äüi¿
^'
"^
*o,l.,
';;;;;iíi;;liø^nto
'

Ë",iää îi
;Ët;l;;;'néstegg"
"¡äi^,ii"t
¡ nl lation

'tiíiîi,

i

t

t

and the otd peopte

a tower standard oÍ tivins.

ol t"t t thei r homestead and'

rather than become a.
øT"i"r'ío their children ' while themav
caused bv the energ'v cris.i,s
-lpø¡tat'¡ue
use of t and' th.e de"t]'uel

:ä;ä#; ffi

;'àt.,'.Pe"
,;^';dl;;;;r;áãt¡bn alã

areas from the
increase of ''
continuing
a
ensuié
to
'cities seems

land
''- rates.
tn" US Forest Service hàs continued to acquire
manasement and
;;;ríàä i ü¿'i nãer ¡ts Service
'å*r"rin¡p.
had seven
ln 1930the Forest
""lliiåäi'ioråitiî¡tt ¡Àthe region and atotat of
'ilioZ.Ot
of tand. Bv 1964 ther.e were nme
i

:
f,

,;;;

^cres

?â,ff:::";;;i:,1äif^::'#â'¿iJ{Ïi:!,i3.".,",
ï*^à¿ au tliä us gol"rn^"nt' The Forest service"
oler 14 million acres in
í;'ïsll..ined
'Å;;;Ï;rh;;.'!i".ält c oi"in^"nt.has the risht ot
" r n g 4 d r n at o a t
; ií ; ;;; ä;,iái î In- aèiu
t
d v d
;äi;,' ;h; ;àï l¡ü1" ct o c{Í o r' th e tife
i;'^:;;;íâi;';"1
etse'
i

¡

i

ta

i

ølt io move and begih

where.

Photo by Douglas O. Yarrow

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to

n

i

i

n

ua

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war. But today the region is in the hands of
The recent corn

ng

of

äuiåltãäl*óiát¡onã.
and public
;ñ"öã".ttiã po*er, new roads,government
ict óóls has not meant that local

i

is

the needs of people' lnstead,

"ìä?ãiãioonäuàto
l;;oúe'{.õts have beqn madeonlvwhen thev
*óli¿ be profitable to the industries of-the region'
ädåiÑóálachia has alwavs suffered from a onel"äritrüãõñómv, whethei ¡t be coal, textiles, er

iñË;;ario tr,é óôl¡t¡cal powe.r.has usuallv been
concentrated in the hands ot-old, estabilshecl
fanrilies who form the core ot the local þuslness
iil ãi ôr tr," new manaserial groups that

;;;;;

ñ;'iiì" i;ó"strialpl¿ints. Localwealth is also conäõ'itiåìdäiñihèÏänds of a few-onlv e7o--of the

more than $10,000 in 1.970'
óãóu¡at¡on
--i,vËi-á;"tearned
thè iuture hold for the people of Apoalachia? lt is evident that real progress cannot be
numbers of peôplè þegin to share
ñããä
""iiiiaise
affect all of us. 5o far the
that
lüifrã ãéð¡siãn"s
most effective attempts to build new po-litical
iäiððs-Èauðcõmð iroin the centr:al coal f ields, *ttáié uñiõttmembers have used their years of
eioérience working within their own organizat-¡oãi. ffrãrnountai-neers who migrated north and

then rdturned home brought back with them
in oiganization and leaderüåiuâUlã

"iperiences

ancestors.
The early white settlers of Appalachia came
here from Értope to escape the powers of church
and state. Alonb the eastern seaboard, wJrere
'Íãrge landownefs and the state Church of England

weie already firmly entrenched, they found
s¡milar abus'es; so they moved west where land
was cheao. Móst were Scotch-lrish and English,
with a scättering of Dutch and German.
l'" 1ii411wo y"ears before the Declaration of
lndeoendence)'mountaineers said in the Watauga
óJ.iãiàtioÀ ihãy were free from the Enelish.kine;
thãu iorent aeainst slaverv in the 1800s, believing
ir'ãi nóñãnhäd the rieht io own another; thev
beèame a national symbol of a militant union
.ãìén'"nt during tlie 1930s; and they have alwavs
i"niã aisótoportioryate shar'e of young men off to
.

Photo by
A tipple, the conveyor belt that brings coal out of the mine'
Douglas O. Yarrow

Aue. 19. 1976 WIN 7

6WlN Aug.

19, 1976

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Reflections on Women and Appalachian Culture

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the world. lf these hillbillies could only be inspired
to shape up, to become motivated, to learn to
ããrnoét" ai''ä to achieve, then they too could buy
intoihe American dream and we could do away
*¡th àll this silliness of hillbilly culture and an

LINDA JOHNSON
lntroduction
The Aopalachian Region, which extends from the
iioãf Ñã* York dowñ thr'ough the h.ills of North
õão.g¡a, is a land of many-contrasts and contrad¡;¡ioi;: The region, whiéh includes parts of 13

"

ueeridefíned as suchand is ministered
tr d;; ôot¡t¡cal bodv, the Appalachian Regional
õñrni'it¡on (ARC);which is headquartered in
Wajhington. Some regional residen(s compare ihã-roAit operandi ofthe ARC to the Bureau of
i"ãiu" Affaiis-both agencies "serve" the
natives, who are a captive population living on
what remains of their own land.
I live in centralAppalachia, which includes
cqunties of southern West Virginia, eastern Kentuckv. southwest Virginia, and east Tennessee.
Heró bne may find tremendous wealth amidst
wretched poverty. The heart of the coal mining
i"¿iitrv, ihe romp¡ng grounds for easterners who
come to play in the National Forests and recreation areás, á major producer in the chemical
industrv. ðentrai Appalachia should be one of the
wealth¡äst regions iñ America. But the wealth,.
like the resoulces, flows out of central Appalachia
to exploitative corporate headquarters iri such'
olaces as New Yoik, ph¡ladelphia, Chicago and
þ¡chmond. Central Appalachian residents are left
with inadequate schoois, poor housing, a. roadway
network wh¡ch goes from bad to impassable due to
overweight coaftrucks haulirig tþeir loads to
tiooles. insufficient health care (there is still no
tröipitál in Dickson County, Va., which has a
population of 16,000), low paying jobs, mining
äiiasters which ôccur with regular frequency, and
a host of missionaries who have insisted that they
most definitely have the cure for what ails us.
Two Models of AnalYsis

tiãi.i.Ïus

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shio. For democratic change to come to the
ree'¡on. all of these skills and experiences are
lã?J"ä. Únfoitunatelv most of óur collese-edutãtããó"ople have eitliqr left the region or have
returned to take jobs which perpetuate the
eðônom¡c and poiitical exploitation that an inðiãåt-¡'ig *mËer of mouritaineers oppose' The
small m¡ddle class in the mountains is usually tied
;Ë;ç;¡tÎ local industrv and has given.little
support to recent efforts to bring about change'
Over the past ten years the ri'ìost effective
leaders in Appalachia have emerged trom
üäiÈ¡ìre, ã¡rãLiàd, or unemploved people, and a
ne* coãíit¡on of power is at work among.¡nany ot

ion organ izi n g
i'nìtã ãiátt-roots
in
the more ln'
known
been
long
have
techni-ques
dustriaiized sections of the mountains,
ðäitä¡;il ¡n tttã ioal f ields, but thesebehtechniques
i nd
ã" Jtn" ii"i"ãndous col lective energv
to the
onlv
applied
been
itã"ãtiãditionaltv
tt
though.,
"rn
ln
recent
v.ear.s,
ilü;i;i;a;;Èp¡uc".
.
ir.rãiãi"ðr,niqués have been applied to organiz.ing
ä;;;^-itiös-foi com mon goai d' The f i rst sì g n if i ðániãtt".pts to do this since World War ll came
ttirgâl"s of black people in the South
organ ization s'

Un

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i-¡iitã

;h; ü;;iieñt'íne for equal'rishts' Their leaders
combined uñion-organizing ideas with
iremendous motivition of a peoplewho were
ä"ì"r.¡*a to obtain politicàl freedom and

the

SWlN Aug.

19. 1976

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eoualitv. The struÉgles centered aroundthq conié-ot of ''.otmuniIT' rather than'the centralized
*äiLótu.ç of the míne and mill or the core of a
Dolit¡cal
Þärtv.
- TÈ péoplé
who have seen a prgbleqr in their
or workplace and tried to solve it
.ottunity
o*n
through direct âction are changing th,e.very nature'"
oi Ãóõulacf,ian society. The roving pickets of the
ãar'lí s¡ *t¡es, th"e anti-stri p-m i ne movement that
followed the pickets, the development of grassrãotr.orn.uhity organizations in the War on
pãrã.iu. the risé of úelfare-rights groups, and the
reform'battles of the UMWA have all left their
mark upon the collective face of Appalachia
ln thô past few decades new elements have
b"ônìnitãàuced into the traditional framwork of'
Aooalachian life-elements that must be conriã;"ã;h¿h we talk about what the f uture of the
ieãion m¡eht be. Most writers on the reg-ion have
tf,ãi"n'tãätphasize the hopelessness of the areà
rather than the many examples of people striving
to imorove their lives. For thossof us who are
iiom Âopalachia, who love it, and who want to rernâ¡n, t'n'"s" people offer valuable insights and
feelinss about what it means to be a mountaineer
in ã ,näa"tn technological óociety' For those who
áo not live in Appalachia, there'is m.uch to be
learned from present attempts.within the. mountãins to build ä mor'e democratic society' Welcome
iã irr" ãé"àloping Free State of Appalachia'
Photo by Pouelas O. Yarrow

antiouated
--.'rnããtt'r"l.lifestvle.
modãl is the colonialism model' The
cultural values are not held suspect, but rather
the structure in which these values operate is
viewed as exploitative. What needs explaining is
this structurè and if changes arq to be made, they
should be structural changes, not individual
adaptations of cultural values'

.

Two models have been used in explaining and
defining the Appalachian Region- One m.odel, and
until reõentty th'e most populár, is the culture of

poverty model. Sociologists, anthropologists, .
i'eligioús missionaries, ãnd others have looked at
Aoõalachian culture and viewed it as bankrupt
and d"fic¡ent in relation to middle class America,
which they consider the norm. What is wrohg is
the peoplé, their attitudes and how they look at

Linda tohnson was.born and raised in West Vireinia.Ánd thinks oî herself as a woman, a hillbilly
ánd á fem¡nist. She is co-author with Helen Lewis
and Don'Askins oi a Íorthcoming publication The
Colony of Appalachia: Selected Readings, Aq-. .
palachia Co'n'sorüum Press, North Carolina. This
'article
is an abridged version of an article which
appeared in the UMWA Journal, March, 1976

..

Re-viewing Regional History
ln the late 1BB0's, a well thought out and well
executed program of acquiring mineral rights was
conducted by geologists, surveyors, and entre¡ireneurs who represented business interests in
[he east. Vast exþanses of timber, coal, and gas
were bought up for 3Ol. to a dollar an acre. This
wãs folloñed by the building of railroads and
small towns, where the owner-operator class'
lived. Thus began much of the exploitation which
remains with up today. People lost control over the
decision of what they'would produce and how they
would produce it; mâny lost their land. In a region
where äontrol of resources is synonomous with
wealth, control of the land becomes. synonomous
with,súrvival. ln a verv short period of time (late
1080's to 1915), the region was forced to shift frqm'
an agrarian society to industrial capitalism.'
Accompanying these business people was an
army of m¡ssíonãries, whose role it-w.as to change
the éultural values so that the new hillbilly
workers might adiust more easiiy to the demands
of the new ¡ädusti¡al order. Mission schools wilre
set up and the youngest and brightest children
'
were-schooled and sent off to learn about the new
world which awaited them. Many of these youths
returned; many of those who did come back returned'in the cäpacity of the educated class, which
is always necessaryto keep the "natives" in line,
to enforce the rules and regulations of the

colonizers.
The missionaries also created a dependency
relationship as they more and more assumed the
t,inCtions previousíy fulf¡lied by the exteÀded
family. They distributed clothing sent to the
mountains by rich parishoners in the east,
ministered tó the sick, buried the dead, took in
orphaned children, and generally acted as a yearround Santa Claus

,

Resistance to Domination'

Mountain culture might well be called a resistance
culture; or an adaptive or defiance culture. Many
of the values found in early mountain culture are
present today, despite massive cultural change
programs carried out by schools, missionaries,
Aug. 19, 197ó WIN 9

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Creating a New RealitY

government agencies, and other regulatory
bodies. There is still an emphasis on non-competitiveness, egalitarianism, traditionalism.
Mountain people have a capacity for being
realistic (which outsiders define as having a
fatalistic approach to life), and they are existence
and action'oriented. Much importance is placed
upon the personal, of being aicommodating añd
nãignUoriv. There are still very strong kinship and

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family bonds.
Women in the Mountains
Women are the emotional and religious bulwark in
these families. They also make many economic
ãåäiiont, éspecially in coal mining families' lt has
been *o.en'who háve been the prirne organizers
for welfare rights, black lung compensation,
etc. A few of these women are
health rights.
"tt"toi
nes C ran ny Hager, Florence
r.-ã¡on"i
it"iõ. ã"¡ Mother- Jones,'a naiive of lreland who
orlanízed for the United Mine Workers of
during their big drives in the 1930's'
'Añerica
In central Appalachia there are collective
women (as workers and as
"roËrääi'*rt¡ðiràce
ftuãiòf *orkers), which cut acioss class and race

lines:5"*r, I inequality-worl€rì

,

are obiectified as

a form ãf property; thére is a sexual division of
Íabor where¡n women are relegated to raising the
children, nurturing husbands and other men; remunération for prõductive labors is limited, as are
i¡rã tvpài of jobi open to women; there is underemployment and low wages.
Ceneral lack of child care facilities-especially in
rural areas. The first center of this nature in
rórifr*"tivirginia is about to open in the town of
Appalachia
Littte good p h y s i ca I h e a I th'car e-th i s i,s extrem.elyñ"i¿.tõ.onie by, even if a woman can financially
afford these services.
The abititv to cope with living.in a repressive
soci al, economic, and pol itical env i ronment
l¡.ãririul capitál¡smi-for a woman, especially a
ðooi*ornun,io have a "bad case of the nerves" is
ñõi un.o.rnôn. A doctor will generally prescribe
Vã¡¡um or Librium to alleviate the symptoms of
nãiuãrtn"ts. But little is done to change the wayl
stuck
;l;rã;;;;f women's lives. Somewomennoaremeans
;f ñrnà all day long with children, with
ãi tränsoortati'on, p-reventing even minimal selfsufficiency for doiñg simple things like buying
groceries.
Deslee of educational attainment-there is a high
ãtoi óuitute and low proficiency for those who do
finish.
Wo;men'sself expression-there are a.few conic¡ou*"tt raising groups among middle clas-s -and
. th e mo st alceptabl e s til f
i,.-ii õil
" "iã¿for poor and poor-working women
expression
ðôñi"t through'their pariicipation in a fundamental retigion. Shouting, speaking in tongues
ánd makinf gestures is oÏay for it is really the
Holy Spirit moving through the women.

a

There are women in central Appalachia who are
åäì"ãlu i""oluu¿ in understanciing these problems
ãñäihéir reiationships to class and industrial
caoitafism. Thère are women who continue to orgãn ir" arou nd speci f i c -areas ; healt. care, abor-.
Iion, strip mining, workers' rights. There are
woóen who continue to try to introduce non-sexist
materiats into the schools and who try to raise
their children to be sensitive to sexism, racism
class distinctions
-andÃ;d
ih".e ute good, strong women who
continue to struggle each day just to get by, to
make ends meet-.Îhe reality of their lives is
' putting another meal on the table or filling a '
ñr"ã¡iãl p."scription. And there are women whose
réality ¡s det¡neä in other ways-perhaps as being
the wife of a doctor or strip miner and conseàuãntt, dealine with the expectations and social
pi"ssr."s tevield upon them in fulfilling their
roles.
But there iS a certa¡n reality here, the'struggle
to have some semblance of control oven our lives'
We a." atl engaged in this struggle, be rye a
Wallace suppãrier, a Reganite or a socialis.t
feminist. lt ¡i my b'el¡ef that reality is socially
defined. maintained, and controlled. lt is my
desire tó see us collectively fight to create a new
reality which would be free of capitalistdomina-

tio;,

á non-racist, non-sexist, humanistic reality'

ANCIENT CREEK
t'

GURNEY NORMAN

King Condominium the Third
One time there was a king named King Condominium the Third who sent his army to conquer a
certain mountain district that had never been conquered before. The old king already ruled about
half the world but he wasn't satisfied with iust
half . He wanted it all. He'd heard that this hill
domain had a lot of beautiful rivers and valleys
and meadows and great herds ánd flocks of wild
game. The mountains had a lot of timber too, and
õther natural resources that the king was greedy
for: So he sent his army into the hills to dispossess
the natives and pacify them, then put them to
work as laborers for his empirp.

:f, ë

l0WlN Aug. 19,

197ó

;i'ik; ;iih;e;*ks¡dJv¡nesl umwA lournal
photo by Earl Dotter.

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feel a whole lot better if you do."
King Condominium tiked that advice. Breathing
that pure mountain air and drinking that swqet
mounta¡n spring water would surely be a tonic to
his system.'And no doubt the mountain people,
with îheir quaint customs and odd manner of
soeech and dress would be an entertainment for
him and the members of his court.
"Doc," said the king. "Co pack your bags'
We'ré ãll going to the mountains for a vacation."
He told the Quéen to get her shit together and be
ready to leavè at daybreak. The King ordered his
chief assistants to get to work on preparations to
move the governmónt to Holiday Land, which was
the seat of government in the hills as well as a
famous spal Then he told his secretary to send'
word to the Black Duke, the Royal Administrator
of The Hills, to get ready, because the whole royal
scene was coming his way fast.
The Black Euke

,

"Oh my god:'thê Black Dule shrieked when he
learneci oJ the king's impending arrival. "This is a
disaster. Hugo! Cèt your ass in here, the shit has
hit the fan."
Hugo limped into thè Black Duke's private
chamber ôn thetop floor of the admìnistration
building at Holiday Land.'He was a oñe-eyed al-

;úä

M¡ner's wives in Harlan County.lail, Harlan,
Kentuckv. Thev were iailed for violating a court
oràei acåinst oicketinà during the 1972-73

Domain. ln fact, the king had iust about forgot he
even owned a hill domain, tilTõne spring he got
sick and his doctor said to him, "Nqw King,
you've got to get away and rest up if you intend to
í¡ue muõh longer. You've been working too hard
andworryingãbout things too much. Your blood
pressure's up, your heart's weak, you've lost your
hearing and your eyesight's getting worse every
dav. The thine for you to do is go off in the mountains somewhãre and live quiet for a while. You'll

will be released thisfall by Cnomen Fress,
Lexington, Ky. This article appeared in CoEvolution Quarterly, Winter '1975.

bino hunchback who worked as the Black Duke's
chief assistant in the'Royal Bureaucracy of The

Aug. 19, 1976 WIN 11

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Hills. The Duke treated Hugo like a dog, but he
depended on the hunchbacÈ utterly. For not only
dió Hugo possess the physical strength of ten.
-en, hé was a brilliant intellect as well who gave.
the élack Duke his best ideas and master-minded
his most complex and daring schemes.
"Did you get the news?" the Duke wailed
hysterically
"Yes, Black Duke," said Hugo calmlY.
, "What are we going to do?" cried the Duke.
"There is no cause for alarm,.Black Duke," said
Hugo calmly. "Everything is in order to insure
that the King and his court will enjoy their time
among us, añd'that upon his departure the king
will indeed be wqll pleased.
"How can you sáy that?" the Black Duke shouted.
"This domain is a disaster area. The king wants to
vacation in these crummy hills, he should 'a come
a natural wonder," fifty years ago. The region was
tanâ then. TIre rivers were pure, the virgin
timberlands were untouched, wild creatures great
and small abounded. Now it's an industrial wasteland. lt's the armpit of the empire. The stately
trees have been rirthlessly slashed from the hillsides. The mountains have been gutted of their
coal and stone and mica and iron and oil and
natural gas. The rivers have beqn poisoned.by
acid wastes from open pit mining. The fish are
dèad. The game is'gone. The air's pgllúted and
the once-proud and independent mi¡untaineers
have beeñ reduced to vassalage. The king knows
nothing of this. He's expecting to find the Carden
of Edeñ, not this insane socio-economic nightmare."
t
"Peace, Btack Duke," said Hugo calmly.
;'My own per"Peace?"' the Black Duke shouted.
sonal hedd is about to be severed from my body to
be suspended from a flag pole, to turn slowly,
slowly, in the wind, and lim supposed to listen to a
one-eyed albino hunchback tell me peace? Cood
god, man, don't you know a revolution is brewing
ln these hills? Don't you know that the rebeloutlaw J ack is on the loose again? Haven't yog heard
the reports from Finle! County, where overt acts- ot
defiance against King Condominium's rule have
been occurling with álarming frequency? I'have
been assuring-the king for years that all rebellion
among the móuntain people has been stampgd
out. iihe finds out that l've been lying, falsifying
my reports, he'll hang me. Oh Hugo, what am lto
do?"
'.'Leave everything to me," said Hugo calmly. "l

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Cartoons from CoEvolution Quarterly

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Holiday Land's swimming pool, skating rink,
tennis courts, squash courts, handball courts,
sh uf f leboard courtç, golf cou rse, skeet-shoot i n g
ran'ge, skydiving fiäld, scubadiving lake wheril
they may also sail boats, water-ski and practice
flyrôd f¡sh¡ng, after which they will enjoy the

sauna, steam room, Jacuzzi whirlpool, massage
Þarlor, movie theater, chapel, meditation hall,
photography darkroom, pinochle, canasta, bridge,
boker and other games including the curious one
'olaved by the na[ives called Rook. ln the mornings
if,ev w¡¡l be enticed by the champagne brunch,
and ¡n the evenings made merrÇby the smorgasborg in Appalachian Hall, followed by dancing
andirinks in the famous Cumberland Lounge
where the music of Lance Cloud and his orchestra
and the com¡c routines of Skinny Lewis and Bruno,
the talking dummy, are featureÇ nightly."
The Black Duke pursed his lips and thought for a
moment. Then he said, -"T¡u.e must be

something more."
Something More
"Yes, sirer" said Hugo earnestiy. " lt has already
i

arranged."
"Arranged?" said the Black Duke suspiciously.
'
"Yes sire," said Hugo proudlv. "We have arranged a special theatrical performance for the
king's amusemeht, should he show signs of .rest,lessness and have an uige tó leãve the compound
here at Holiday Land."
"Hmmm," said the Duke as he went to the wall
and pressed a small button. A large portrait of
King Condominium the Third swung out,
revealing a well-stocked liquor cabinet in the wall
been

from which the Duke extracted a bottle of brandy.
Pouring himself a drink, offering Hugo none, he
said, cunningly, "About this plan of yours, Hugo.
This theatrical performançe.. Tell ine more."

Plan

.

asked the Black Duke calmly
"A very simple plan, my lord. As you know, the
King is old and ínf¡rm now. His eyesight is failing"
His-hearing is nearly gone. He will have little
strength foi venturiñãto outlyine places wherele righisee the wretchõd mess îhat has been inade
in ihe Hill Domain. He will want to spend his time

.

"tt's a variety show, Black Duke," said Hugo enthusiastically. "A full evening of comedy and song
performed entirely by native mountaineers. I and
members of my staff are writing it, of course. But
the performers will be hill folk, who are sure to
amuse the king with their quaint customs and odd
manner of speech and dress."
"Hmmm;^' said the Duke, sipping his brandy.
"Do go on."
"l guarantee, sire, that with such entertainment
as f and my staff are preparing, the king will have
little interest in going sight-seeing about the
domain. f can alio assuie you, sire, that when the
king has completed his stay with us here at Holiday Landand has returned to his castle rested and
f it again, he will not forget that you, the Black
Duke, were responsible for his wonderful tirne in
the Hill Domain."
Smiling as he poured a brandy for Hugo, the Black
Duke said. "Hugo, I know that l'm a tough com-

mander and often hard to pease. And I know that
frorñ time tci time I lose my temper and say foolish
things, and occasionally make an ass out of myself . A man in my position, with my responsibilities, working under pressure as I do, wþll,
sometimes. . .,whatl mean, Hugo, even though
you'rè a one-eyed huncliback and all, and you.
walk with a limp, and your skin won't tan, still,
Hugo, I want td iell you that deep down I feel like
youtre really rny"kind of guY."
"The Duke honors me," said Hugo bowing
deeply.
The Black Duke and Hugo clicked their glasses
together in a toast, then quaffed the brandy in a .
siñele gulp. "Long Live The King!" they shouted
as ihey smashed their glasses against thd
fireplace across the room.
')When is the next rehearsal of the natives' stage
show?" the Duke asked as he wiped his lipq with a
silk hanky.
"Why, they're rehearsing this úery hour, sire,"
Hugoieplied eagerly. "Would you like toobserve'

them?"
"lndeed I would," said the Duke as he walked out
of his private chamber into the hall'. "l may be
wrong about this Hugo, but l've got a hunch that
this could be the start of something great."
The Start of Something Great

As Hugo and the Black Duke were crossing the
central courtyard toward the theater where the rehearsal was in progress, a dusty messenger ran
up, and after saluting handed the Duke a seaieci
envelope.

"What's this?" asked the Duke, somewhat ânnoyed by the interruption

"lt's from Captain Heath; sire," said the messenger. "There's trouble in Finley County."
Turning his back to Hugo and the messenger, the
Duke bioke the seal of the envelope and;took out

;

the letter:
Sire: Cuerilla bandits have defied the Kiitg's
edicts in Finley County. Raids have netted seu,.eral
prisoners
but many moie are still at large. Re.
'quest
reinforcements be sent from Holiday Land ,
i'mmediately to'help,my outnumbered iorces guell ì''-.
these unruly heathen and restore order end
respect for the high ideals and valt¡es of His
Maiesty, King Condominium the Third.
(signed) Captai n Heath, Commandi ng.
"The vicious devils," the Black Duke muttered to
himself . Angrily he crumpled the mess4ge into a
balt and thréw it on the astroTúif at his.feet. Then,
in a firm voiçe, he commanded, "Hugo! Sound
assembly! Mobilize the entire army and all support personnel in the courtyard immediately. We
are marching to Finley Couhty to assist Captain

:.'

Heath in his hour of need."
But before Hugo could limp away to his duties, the
Duke caught him by the arm and whispered,
"How did that sound?"
Aug. 19, 1976.WlN 13

I

12
I

be safe from assassins and trouble-make,rs here.
And as the king Vacations, so will the members of
his retinue. They will f ind diversion enough at

plan."

" Aplan?"

I

in his condominium here at.Holiday Lahd. ne wili

WIN Aug. 19, 1976

,|,

recognition of the applauie. Then heshouted
;,Loñs Live King Cóndominium the Third! All
rlorvãnd oraise to his handiwork!" and the
ñ'rrtd¡tr¿"'t"plied, "Long Live The King!"

"Fantastic," said Hugo.
"Cood," said the Duke. Then, snarling aga¡n, he
shouted. "Assemble the entire corps! I want to

address ãl I person nel before we march ! "
The men and women and soldiers of Holiday.Lan{
oôrrãA f.òrn all the buildings and playing fields of
ifrì uâit.ornplex and dashed to the formation in
i'liã õñit"l ¿öurtyard as Hugo blew the bugle
ä"ËiÈåli*liv.ln ã re* mir¡uies five thousand full
(¡nis Men, carrving weapons and
plus five thousand more support
packs,
fiéld
oåridnnel,'ùere standing in perfect ranks in frpnt
ãiihäö;ü", *r'o *ut pelctte4 otth.e top step of
the entrance to the armory. The Duke's. eyes

L

Onward, Condominium Soldiers
Trud ge, trudge, trudge.
Ski, ski, ski.

ln soite of the sleet and snow cascading back from
iüe ñâcn¡ire, the men and wómen of the Holiday'
l"nä .omtand pressed on, on, 9v.er 9Lr a perfect
.o¡urn of fours, winding around the hillsides,
iti¡ne behind the huge machine which lay acarpet
ã1*¡'t'Ít" over the barien strip m¡ne spoilbanks.

;;ü;;ä

i

I

pride as hewatched the'loval
respond with such
cómmand
of his
"äãój"
t'o what ever cause the
ã;;ã;;"t;
";ã-dedicat¡on
o"ï" *ãil¿ annou¡nce was theirs' Aroundupthe
Holibuildings that made
iänd ã smalloutpostoif progress in.the heart
ãiinã áiË" mountaini. The Dukè looked at the
rlää'*ã"iîe ;ñdiy from the topmost s.pire of the
;äñ;;T;iätiãn uuil'¿¡ne. He looked atthe crand
tui"na of-the cpmpound, where the
Li"-åi-¡ñåiËt" Jaiuã o+ K i n s coh dom i n i u m stood'
in the
ih;Bl;tóulã looked at t-he mountains
blueskv
the
Land,.at
Holidav
úy""d
outline 0f
b;;;ã tË mðuntains, ånd at the fa¡nt
sphere
nether
that
in
v¡å¡ble
barely
õããI

"Onwdrd!" the Black Duke calþd
't out. "Onward,

,nitiËJÑ"iiñ

fortheking!"

The marchers broke into song then, a rousing
r"nd¡t¡on of the famous anthem that for generations had inspired a nation on the move:

;;;;;J;"iàtt'"
ã;
Ë;;;itË
å;;i;*

the sky.
beyond"¡t"lã

The,Duke wasn't a religious man exactly, btit he
devoid õf a sense of awe and
*äi ñot
"ti"iÍy
who had.made the
Divin;õiuuio.
thé
.Ltiäðiør
b-",iãot¡"¡rrn Empire what it was, and who con-

rj

\

iì

li
I

ti;;ã ö bl"tsãn<i protect thisit"outpost from the
hostile forces arrayed against

.

For as the King Himself has once written,.there
ròäihe¡its"amonþ imperialists when the
^lè
natives are on a ramqage.
"Men. women, all soldiers and support-personnel
ri iil;'hòl¡¿iv Land command," the Duke began .
i; ;i;d ¿"rninãn¿¡"g voice. ';l have i.ust received
word that the natives are restless ¡n l-inley
Cãuntv. Captain Heath has asked our assistance
i" Jåãí¡"ã,iith some upstart hillbillies who have
be"n so uln*ise as to defy the edicts of King
õóndomin¡um the Third- We'll be march-ing to
Ëi;i;;'öñiv ttt¡t afternoon. so if anv of vou need
ü dJ;q"iéktutn in the Jacuzzior adouble- you,
-uä¡n¡ ón'the rocks in the Cumberland-Room,
üuu" ttt¡itv minutes before we go' We'll be gone
ä" l"löàðlrìãd leneth of time, io be su.re tÔ bring
ãitià sunelasses añd turtle:-neck sweaters' Are
there any questions?'
"Ave. sire:" a social scientist called out from the
reai.iânks. 'lDo you think we will retu-rn to
Holidav Land before the King arrives? I am a conpÏ- io' tt'" Kiág, and
I have much work to do to prepare tor the'performance."
"Cood question," the Duke replied' "Let me see
thã hands of all þeople who are in any way in-

äl'"iffi;ii':ïilil;";

t4WlN Aue.

19, 1976

volved with preparations for the King's visit to

Holiday Land."

We will take their homes

Two thousand.hands went up, most.of them
tñã¿iu¡l¡an professiohal workers in the
novalbèpartment of Tourism and Recreation'
"Excellent," said the Duke. "All you people arè
excused from this expedition ' I also want one
kine's Men to stav behiñd to suard
Häiãã"G"d. A-s vou have no doubt h.earfl, that
.enesade J ack is on the loose again' He may be so
let down
ñiãã;ì;äitã.[ Holidav Land itself if.we
me to
follow
you
will
of
ãur euard..The remainder
questions?"
other
anv
there
Are
riÅlËvõõr;ty.

;t;;

;;;;;t;f

"Ave. sire." said a lady psychiatrist who
táàtiárü"ã ¡n thã provilrð¡ai mind. "could vou tell
u! *hãt t-. of tränsporta(ion we will take to Finley

County?"

ì

"We're going to sk¡," sâ¡d the Black Duke'
A
silence followed the Duke's remark, broken
'hàiääilã
tr,erã by low m utteri n g s.and ru m bli n ç s
lin tñ" ranks. At lâst the Iady psychiatrist callecl

äi;.; ñi';li'å, litJ Âpt¡ I . rhére? s no snow on the
ground."

the ski slope either if we
"There'd be no snowon the Dukereplied' "Use'
diäï;i .ánufacture it,"
vour imagination, my dear. Since there ¡s no snow
ån the grõund, the guerrillas will.not expect us to
;;;i';ã ñ' ri"iãv coùntv on skis.' We will simplv rig
uo

or.

snow mãchine on wheels and have it '
;iöñe tt'ã auundoned strip m i nes' al I

öIöõ;;

iÈã

Onward, Condominium Soldiers
We are marching onwards
Over hill and dale
Wft¡.ft *" have Paved over
And put uP for sale.
Natives will not stop us

*"v from he-re to Finley County'"

' 'Btavol' someone in the middl.e ra1k9 shouted
*n"åi ir,L ouLéãn nounced h i s i dea' Others. took
ihää.-u-*til all ten thousand people ìn the for""
iluiio" *ãre applauding and cheeling the
i"ãä"üiiv óitliä elack DuJce' The Duke bowed in

While King Condominium
Reigns uPon this throne,,
Nature shall not threaten
While we have the Power
' To protect our Privilèges
And make our culture flower.
The Duke halted the column then and led the
marchers in the national cheer: We've put ni,ature
ãn th" r.tn, to make the world safe for tun. Yeah,
rah, fun!
The chóer echoed through the nariow valleys of
tfie nilts ás the long column resumed its trek along
the carpet of purê white artificial snow.
Making the Wortd Safe for Fun
Captain Heath and a platoon of King's Men met
the Ouke and his legiôn at the Finley County.line'
After telting the peõple of his command to fall out
ôñ ir,ã¡'i su'ntans while awaiting further
""J*àit
orders. the Duke and Hugo marched on into the
town oî Blaine with the Cãptain, who gave his report as they walked.
"The culprits struck first on Hick's Branch in the
Trace Foik area, sire," said Captain Heath' "Our
patrot caught a áozeñ of them redhanded. Other
þatrols are-pursuing an unknown number who got
away. With assistance from your troop we are sure
\
to iJtcrr ttrós" *tto remain at'large."

"What, exactly, did you catch these culprits
doing?" the Duke inquired.
"Telline old stories in the forbidden dialect, sire.
They wõre sitting around an outdopr fire on ii h¡l¡side, laughing añd talking, Two mèn were caught

whittling strange i-ages irom blocks of cedar. We
l'rru. nolvet determinéd the exact nature of these
imaees sire. but thev were def initely not the
u¡t"Ëe of Kíne Cond'ominium the Third, or, if they
werð, they we-re highly unflattering to his
Maieitv. Îwo women were caughtwith forbidden'
mãá¡c¡nat herbs dry-ing on racks outside their
t ouiut. Another wåi lieard sineine a forbidden .
Uãlláã. On" old man was making an unauthorized
wooden chair bY hand'"
"What kind of chair?'f inquired the Duke.
"A bis rocker, sire. Made of black walnut, with a
bottori of woven hickorY bark."

"Treasonous.wretch," said the Black Duke '
angrily. 1'l trust you dealt with this chairmaker
appropriately. ' '
"Ave sire. that we did," said Captain Heath with
níin of sât¡sfaction. ';Our tribuna! has fined him
"irientv per cent of his protein for five years and
senteÁced him to lifelong labor in the furniture
facto'rv. The women drying the.herbs have been
dispatbhed to Holiday Land to serve cocktails in
theCumberland Room.'
"And the storytellers?" asked the Duke.
1'We dealt with them most severely, sire. There
has been a rash of ttiis kind of subversion añð we
wanted to set an example. We cut out their
toneues and ordered their protein rations reduced
bv ñalf unt¡l further notice. We sentenced half of
them to life at hard labor as public relations men
for various imperial enterprises, and therernainder as icript writeis for.ar'¡ epic film based
on the life and woik of King Condominium the
Third. Three of the captives have been
temporarily spared, síre, until you have-had a
chance to interrogate them personally.'
"Excellent, Captain Heath," said the-Black Duke
as Hugo noãdeä h¡s agreement with these sentimentsl "Excellent work indeed' I think, however,.
tháisierner measures are called for in the wake of
ihiióutrage by the people of Trace Fork' That
ivhole areã haó becómea hotbed'of dissent and an
must be made. I want alllpeople in that
"iamolã
hollow resettled in the worker's barracks at Holiãáv Lund, to serve as a laborpool for our coming
exoansion program, I want all houses, barns,
schools, churcñes, gardens, wells, cemeteries, '
trees, shrubs, ftowers and meadows in that wþole
u"ll"ú bulldoied awav. Then I want a dam built
the mouth of the creek that will flood the
"àrori
ãntire valtey. When the lake has.formed I want
townhousei and condominiums built on the hills
.around to serve as second, third and fourth homes
iói ã tf,outund King's Men and their families. The
surrounding forest region is to be oJf-limits to all
native mouñta¡neers forever. Cot that?"
"Aye, sire, it shall be done."
"Cood. Now, about these prisoners yot say you're
holding. When can I see them?"
,"Thev are waiting for you now," said the Captain.
"l'm iure you wiil find them rnost ¡nteresting."
Aue. 19. 197ó. WIN

'15

L

i

Trust in
The Rank and F¡le
DAVID GREENE
For most of 1975 I worked in the underground coal
minþs of Bethlehem Steel Corporation at the head
of Cabin Creek in the southern coat fields of West
Virginia. Coing to work in the mines is usually the
choice of last resort. ln the southern coal fields it
is very nearly the only job available and sometimes not êven that. Because of recent spurts in
the opening of mines and the need for coal, many
young men (myself included) have been hired.
After going for'a physical exam (paid for by the
company, and a sure sign of being hired), I
brought myself to the company's office at the
mine site. After a lot of rushing to buy needed
supplies, and hurrying to be signed up, I joined a
bunch of joking miners, sitting in a lamp house
waiting for the time to go into the ground.
I was kidded as new workers are, with some
hard to understand words and good advice on
what to do. Coing underground in a man-trip, a
kind of smafl railroad flat-car, is like nothing else.
I wasn't sure of what would happen and it was
hard to get down low enough not to hit my head on
the top as we went under. lt really is like slowly
moving into the bowels of the earth, and the un-

!t

'!r
L

]L

David Creene IS An ex-coa I miner who has become
increasingly involved in labor education here in
the Southern Appalachians and dreams of a
worker-rooted la,bor school here in the near Íuture
Photo of a young miner by Douglas O. Yarrovi

16WlN Aug.

19, 1976

in any other work. So I learned, slowly, and
respected the miners of coal, beside me and all

over.

My past is one of strong unionism and of the
need for organization and education toward
radical changes. I wanted to be active in the
union, but the union there and in many other
places at the local level seemed to be irresponsibly
absent. Before starting at Bethlehem I had pushed
with the UMWA and other workers for vital selfeducation, and within Bethlehem's local and at
work I continued that. lt was hard and I didn't do
well, as there was a past to contend with, poor
local leadership, and change takes more time than
I have patience for. The agitation, education and
organization essential to the elimination of our
system of wage slavery and oppression need
patience and the vigilance to carry torches everywhere and spread revolutionary brushfire. The il.
lusion of removing the domination by corporate
America and its pervasively oppressive and
exploitative ideology in a one night stand is a
tragic and misleading road.
ln 1971 , when the rniners movement in the form
of Miners for Democracy fought the corrupt
leadership of Tony Boyle and his cronies, many
miners and supporters of a strong workers movement believed that the election of a reform slate,
led by Arnold Miller would straighten everything
out. Miller, a rank and file miner himself and an
active leader and fighter for Black Lung Compensation made efforts to institute reforms, not the
least of which,were District autonomy and rank
and file ratification of the contract. However, the
struggle of coal miners specifically, and other
workers, for justice has always been a lot harder
than winning an election. For 50 years, eifher
:

Aug. 19;1976 WIN

17

7.1

le1g1e-what was said and wlìat was emPhasized
directly or through his flunkies, UMWA.president ,neJ"ntåT."s;J. Mi;"rs in the courses fert that
,ohn L. Lewis oppor"ä,åîäö.;ífil¡t
tiã.iät-J"r i"ere'their own, to helo form andinlead'
miners in the union. Ãttã, aÍr, an
ïrt"¡9.*äïsåme fositive 19w ihvòlvement the
with
bershipwoutd
ÜM\,)'ttúj Éäl¡ð* *ut stirred into action
emphasis
an
been
tense the dominationîiì#;ñã;
has
there
unO
ttt" il"iiãi; ñ"1p,
questi"Ëiihit,
and coal operators. Miners have
wornen in the crasses'
ä"
"nd
but not neãrry u, *rJ"t¡Jåii;*thöär¡:T;h"
worked underground
and
Mv"ä".äü"n'uií*n
Lewis was a strons
more as the
teaching,
u"ti"'
räq" r,iä?""i
red the rabor
certain thev felt better
Cto,.he certa¡nly was opposed to trusting'li'ä't"n"rt
could
and
Mqteii¡"fä'iã i"rou.c"r for the classes
äãrrutption that leaders have greater
connection
the
and
t'"neïáän'uiiteiãrean¡zed
dom and strength

¿àñl¡d;i
"¿r."t"iäär--'
qu"rt¡oïir',;i;a;;rrtúó;"å;üi:
bi-""ró,iäüã"r
'
lñ-.;äË;;;iñ'
;ää¿í,iäüõ'';ã;à-*iiËi''"
movem;i"¡;úhå-åä¿íõ'*iïiñ
iglî*;"*-l'rttl:
: .
'"it file.
wis- "^ffi;;ñäüãiñ""¿ãiìiioïrior

rutn::¡:"rlÍ;l-Ü,'äiË'fål:""å*:rît'r:î.T"i'i4¡iî1;"*;1gi'ì6ä3ffiËfi{¡$:,r,:"å"
son'sdevelopme¡tåì;;ãìÈ;;"ives,toopènlv beadit
;ä ñ;Ëãã;;rirar;5iîl,"Jlfl"'åirili?l':åïlå; î";A.:'1"f,""',*ï,;j-i]î!'""ti"Ti Tn"i,'ä¡..
actions. decisions

sm.

[äaÉ'l¡jï,ïj",:"'1",'n'J".:ïöiåililÏiL,n,
ot aïãr," *o¿d. er¡na obedience
and the buirding

\

to teadership

a¡'rnr*usî;i,

to

*;:tr',¿

d;¿;äi

ärä;;; *üã r.iii, rå,"ilïiiå', åîî"r¡äi"îTJ;:""'

l"g"neri;;ãiitäii"ss"t.scared some miners'off
ñîttlïü"Ë;å^;' irãñãi¡i' ;*ilÉì;ãi iràsuk

,

tð p".ticjoate' The rieid class
"n.ori"äãä-ääi"tt
ãiõll'ã;t räuiremint of 1'5 was almost a serious

else'
"'"Ñt¡n".,

:å"li"i¡:t'ffiÏr;li'Ll.il1:åTfl:,J.jiåi?,"'i"!

with other workers
go or.î-hä
education and organizing needsto
working class consËiåîlñ"tt, spiriiànd.potential
ool¡t¡cat strensth oi'rln"r, ciejerves "d;Ëiü.";
'
but to be effectivery ùsed, must befocurääãnä
úãääïä :
exercised with an J"äü;;äöi.'ãi¡t t"
t"
and how. A major J¡fiiåäiil"îtärrî"ããiÉäi
¡ssues
õiact¡be to educat"
and f¡eht cJrö"t"
"u.nät "îoî-basic
car toors to organizãiogether
domination and strategies for winning *äñ'ü

õ"nt"ràiã äääiã''itrát'i'ill-help to offer needed
and relevant education'
Wesl
VA. in southern West
üãi ttt" UM*A'
. ...".ói;i¡äi
miners
union
acrive
some
v¡rg¡ñiã;s-ðòal fierds,
Ëädil thit;pt¡nÈ to ieact' the contract and

a
Meetir;"i;Tl'iw%ði t'"lls was good' mavbe a
miliwas
campus
dark, but gettine off
iñ; ;;älä.i"iiüiö'rn iittjã-.ói¿ánd
ciâss.eiate sel for the fall ot 1976
;ä;i;ï;:M";õ
t"iiläå
ïËi"äå."i'ñå"ä,-ñà*î;dil;iffiãii"i;ä;';" ;ã{i'1fiåglifr-1lll,:f'nlr'"ffi:iîii},"å''"äruããi on
î;î"iüõ;; bíä ffiïlä
H':,i¡:i'lË,
education
:lålî[ä[:'."i'JH1'îi:UlL'lt
!i[:.,;;î
workers
a
.orr¡üäåiãñãrä"¿"uälop¡no
must be stronger and better

in the UMWA have a hisJory of
tancy, respect to, prcrái
the tabor mou"r"ni. tn recent str¡kes.,

I
l

I

I

þ

;;¡'õ*r'"Fi8rä";r:dl;t*;''.
;'iä
During the sPrir
peoPlg

colmltte!

,

union committee
e.iäuåñäãpioceðure to rocat
soon mav begin classes to
and
o*pËñi;ffìõ;4,
have been
ãää^d i¡rã mãmbers. rhese crasses
añd are a
procedure
gòo¿i'rài^i'ñd ól'ttre er¡euance

Portfolio
by
Douglas O. Yarrow
Coal Ridge, West Virginia

ll",lï;
rüf,}l*l**tÍü*îffilfúipart of
on.the
instinct
--''
;ifåftË;iä;t"kä!,Ihé

#;ã;"
un¿''ãiöäîsìËrã' iócourts'
tÑ;ù;äËä;;i¿
::l*:i$rl:"ii:x"".xT,:"1'¡ü,Ëifäl'+ar'
destructive to strong
public,
is
on compuni"t ând ãié.r*¡óñ
specifically fo|" coa-lîìãäii rrt" èiars"s were
and decisions on all
Iär," ñ."';i#;ääJriírtlo-"ãL*ti
oö;;
Labor History, tn"'úr.,,iw contract "na iJäì
the contract has
on
- ' ¡rsr"i]itä
and Effecrive unioÀ¡sm; which aeveropããl;iü
course on

importaäïi;!Ëï'ä;;;äi#""ä

ilrlkl'"Éi.':ljl:1,î"ttnîLr,"f

[:"å,îåij,lL*

ii1ËTiiåiiiüïi'I-:i::fiå*iiJåiåy;1i""
essential
il:ïä,.îiii:ilå"l'i"Jiiir:iif,"?î'i'.î¡l*',
;Ë;üi;ñ;;Ë;; iäi-eã.uðat¡on and the obvious
about ersewhere gol fur, open ¿åî,ïrïtn""'
tarked

p*p'r'JËiü'
a;;;ñåi:
questioning
process
of
A
in.
brought

with Àecessa.v tactiìñõi"soricd

äit-.iä; ;ii;il¿t
i;;iliñeì'

ciait"s'

Douglas O. Yarrow lives in Cool Ridge, W.Va. and
photographs Ra/eigh County for the Raleigh

which effect them is

t
þ

18WrN Aue. 19'

1976

Register.

Aue. 19. 1976 WIN

19

'i

I

-ì

qq

,l

. :., ! .f.4r*'

20WlN Aue. 19,

1976

Aug. 19, 1976 WIN

21

.ù

t*.

q

22WlN Aue. 19

Aug. 19, 1976 WIN 23
1q76

l'd get the other ladies." They would all go together to wake gp the new widow and spend that
first night with her.
Such incidents left her sleeping fitfully wh.enever her owrr husband was on thðmidnilht shift.
"When John worked nights, every time a car
would come up to the house my heart would race.
hate the midnight shift-it seems like when he's
in the mines working, I hear every crack in the
house.

Coal Mining is

Arthur teaches classes for other women on preparing for childbirth. UMWA ournal
f
by Earl Dotter

rh

ç

coal'

*****
For many women, much of their life's work is
centered around fami lies.
Dealing with children is a huge, energy-conJ
suming part of that work. Some women have
found they get off to a better start if the birth experience'is a good one.
Twenty-five yean old Susan Arthu¡ of Beckley,

W.Va., whose'husband is a UMWA'roof bolter,
spends one night a week helping'other women
learn exercises and breathing that will ease the
tension-and thus the pain-.of childbirth.
Deborah Baker is a reporter for the Raleigh
Register, a daily newspaper in Beckley, W.Va.,
where her beat is coal and politics
24WlN Aug.

19, 1976

i ldbirth class.
"Okay, let's try a 45-second contraction with
level two breathing," she says, and for nearly a
minute the only sound in the still room is the.
short, puffy breaths of half a dozen pregnant
women and thelr husbands, who will be theii, ¡
childbirth coaches.
. "The first time I gave b¡rth, I didn't know anything," Susan says. i'But the second t¡me¡ I took
prepared-ch¡ldb¡rth classes, and I found that if
you know what's goingto happen to you, you're
not as afraid. You can deal with the contrãctions

ã lot of satisfaction out of

classes up for the world.'t

it. I wouldn't give those

pr,epar:ed-ch

and

birth."

Her husband, David, who works at Eastern Associated Coal's Affinity mine near Beckley"was
with her through labor and
' " At first he wanted to godelivery.
to the classes, but he

didnlt wänt to participatein the birth. He'was a
little afraid." But he changed his mind and
coached her all the wavihioueh ";ãlt wãs ràally
nice. The feeling after the birth experience is
something else for a husband. He feels like he's
been partof it, he's involved.
"He thought it was great, lf eyer he got teased
about it at the mine, he jqst told them 'you,re
missing out on something really great!"'
Susan got so excited about their experience that
she volunteered to help with some classes. A year
later-, she has progresied to team-teaching w¡th
anolher mother. She stresses that desþite her
enthusiasm for the subject, "t'm not an expert.
l'm just a normal mother-with a hieh schòol
education-who enjoyed her labor and delivery
and wants to help other women enjoy theirs. I let

Most mothers find that children-especially once
theyrre in school-provide a never-ending source
of possible community involvement.
"Whatever my children's involved in, I work at

it," declares GertrudeVernon. "l've been
throügh it for years- l've always worked footb.all
games, chaperoned dances. I was young with

them."

a

"l don't like any parts of homemaki¡g,"

adds with a twinkle in her eye. "J ust

people's lives.
J ust when,the coal company had told families at
Caretta they must buy their houses or move out,
work was cut back to one or two days a week. With
families unabJe to leave the available work because of house.aod other payments, and unable to
live on the meager salaries, some women in the
camp did what thousands of men;have done in
simiiar circumstances: they headed north to find
work. Recruited by an employment agency
specializing in cheap labor from the South, Certrude Vernon and Mollie Marshall and others left
'their husbands and babies and boarded buses for
New York, where they were hired by rich families
as live-in maids.
"l married out of the twelfth grade- I had no
kind of training," says Mrs. Vernon. "l would
rather have stayed here and worked, but people
here are prejudiced; there were no jobs fór biack
people. I never wanted to leave my family-you
lose so much when you leave your childrén. But I
went to keep the lights on, and shoes on my

-

+

A wintry night finds Susan Sitting on the floor of
a local church's playroom with members of her

"

The hardest time for Mrs, Vernon and some of
her neighbors came in the late 19501s, with the
layoff of thousands of men and resulting suffering
for their families. That period was one of the most
dramaticexamples of the coal industry's effect on

Our Way of L¡v¡ î8, Too

DEBORAH BAKER
Wivës are the silent part of the coal m'ine work'
force: packing dinner buckets, cleâning houses,
cooking me.als, pulling families through strikes,
caring for this generatiqn of miners and raising
the next.
They work at home, in offices, in fac-tories,
school and hospitals. They are the PTA presidenfs', school bus drivers and homeroom mothers.
Théy're the fund-raisers for the community
clinics, the pickets fighting for unions at their own
workplaces, the activists helping some people
prepare for childbirth and others fight for black
lung benefits.
They come froin a variety of backgrounds,
prefer widely differing lifestyles, and have a
thousand different opinions on any given issue.
But one'thing is common to them all-they are
women whose lives are affected in some way by

I

the

she
i

children." She laughs. "That's terrible, isn't it?"
Her children have left the coal camp where they
grew up atCaretta, W.Va., and are scattered now
from the east coast to California. They return once
a year for a Thanksgiving gathering Mrs. Vernon
calls "Family Day." But she and her husband, .
John, a member of L.U. 6D26for the past 31 years,'
are "starting allover again." They have adoþted
their five-year"old granãson Tommy, and once
again Mrs. Vernon finds herself at homeroom
mothers' meetings.

She says her children have been ,,the joy of my
life.' '
. ".F.or any hardships l,ve had in my life, my
children made upfor it. They *ere ál*ays dóing
something that made me feel good inside.,,
ln the,past 30 years, Certruãe úernon has seen
plenty of hardship.
She describes knocks on her door late at nightcoal compa.ny officials coming to telt her which
miner had just been killed on-the iob.
. "They wggJq tell me who got kílled, and I would

have to go tell his wife,,, she-says simþly. ,,First,

'

children't
- ;;Ãt feet./'
iË t-i,"", atl t could think of was employment, and that's where you had to go to get it,"
agreed Mollie Marshall, now head of a consumer
program for the anti-poùeriy agency in Welch, -W.Va. Her husband, Dillard, belongs to L.U. 6O26
in District 29. " Atthe time I went to work my son
was three years old. My mother and my husÉand,s
mother kept him.
The women.were away an average of eight
years, sending paychecks back to their families
and visiting West Virginia twice a year. "Onèe I
was in New York at Christmas, and that was really
rough," remembers Mrs. Vernon. "But I survived. And my family had Christmas here because
I was there.

"

Mrs. Marshall vowed to come back when it became clear that her son "was forgetting all about
who his mother really was. I deciãed l'ã come
home if we had to eai beans for breakfast, dinner
and supper."
_ "lt was an experience," Mrs. Vernon concludes. " Anyway, the lights stayed on, and the
children had decent clothes to wear to school. And
we survived-the Lord war.t:t to us.li
Some UMWA families have opened

the community's chi ldren.

their lives to
Aug..l9, 1926 WtN

I

:J

I

t

Willa and Leo Mayof Shqdy Spring, W.Va., are
,toster parents, following a decision thev and their
four natural children made a few years ãeo.
. . "t guess l've got a loi õienererj,;;ráüw¡l¡"
May, "and I wanted to do somelhíng. lhad read
about being a foster parenr, so wàããð¡¿ãã *",¿
take one child. But then we'went from four kids to
.-eleven kids in ten months, ti-ã;;'-

. The Mays gave a home to a littie gìrl who is
brain-damaged,

a family of six brotñers and sisters, and one other child. Today, the May family
hes three 14-year-olds-two of them named
John-plus nine others ranging from nine to 21.
Plustwo gardens, a.washing mãchine ,,that goes
night and day," and an out-of-sight g,:ocery 6ill.
Even with the oldest grown-and on their own,
the house is still alive with kids, six of them teenagers. Mrs. May fínds it a full=time ¡oU.
She thinks that mothers these days often function as'aamateur psychologists.,,
"l think it's harder for kids nowadavs.,, she
said. "lt doesn't seem to me that I wentîo my

#

Many women suddenly find themselves the only
support of their families when their miner husbands are injured or laid off or fired or killed.
_ "lf I wasn't working, wewouldn,t have anything to live on," noteã Helen phipps of Jewáll
Bj!9", Va. Her husband, Clyde, a'membãr of L.U.
6025 and a truck driver on a strib mine across the
border in West Virginia, had.be'en out of workiwo

months with a knee injury. ',He,s trying to get
compeniation, but it, ó slów.in West Viriiniã,,,
she said.

Mrs. Phipps, who also has two sons in their
mines, has worked for 10 years as an outreach
workèr for the Tazewell Côunty Community
Develo.pment Corp. Of her job, she s4ys simply,
"People call me."
And call they do: at all hours of the dav. and
sometimes in the middle of the night. Shã helps
them'wrestle with the sorts of proÉlãml th"t .an
completely dominate their daiiy lives: finding
heating coal, straightehing out'food stamp oiwelfare or medieal card problems, finding a iide to
the hospital

. " 1,¡F

å
Pam Swallows, of DuQuoin, lll., works in the packing department of a
manufacturing company. She says that with s¡hool aãe children, she
prefers working.to.being at home. "At home ¡t seemõd like every day
the house got a little smaller, and I got a little smaller with it.,,

:¡,

rß.

',r

Willa May and her husband Leo, a UMWA surface miner, care for 12 children
I of th€m adopted. They are also acrive in the county anã îããf*t"ip=äiä"ltî'
organizations.

mother with as many different situations as my
kids come to me with."
One of Mrs. May's main interests has been the
country-wide foster parents organization she
helped fo.gnp, and a state-wide-group which is just
getting. off the ground. She and her husband.Léo,
who drives a truck at Consol's Rowland strip minã
in District 17, are active in both organizations.
She bristles at people who come up to her and
ask, "Now which ones are yours?,,
"All of them," is her prompt response.
Bqt
children grow up. Turn around, and they,re
.
in school. Turn arouncj again,.and they,re gone.
"l think that's one reason women work-they

get lonely," says Mollie Marshall. ,,Áñd after '
getting into the work force, it,s hard to s¡t hoÍìe.
You rais.e your standa.rd of'living up, and then you
qel Ío.whefe you need to work tõ keep it up. I dbn;t
think I could stay at home anv more.i,
But she adds that the singl'e most compelting
reason women go to work is financial need
,

26WlN Aug.

19, 1976

. Many women, especially those in the coaldominated southern Appaiachians, find that even
if they want or.need to work outsiãä tÁJhorn",
there are no jobs available.

"You can see how much coal comoanies
dominate life here," said one m¡neris wife in
McDowell County, W.Va. ,,lt,s partly the reason
why women don't have any jobs, any'alternatives
outside of the home.
problem is compounded by isolated living
. The
situations, the absence of public transportationi
and the lack of day-care faê¡lities.
For some women, one answer has been volunteer work. ln many communities, women from
UMWA families are the cornerstone of volunteer
effons that are building heatth clinics, outf¡tt¡ng
and financing volunteei fire departments, and supporting groups such as senior citizens.
_ Tamsey J enks of Premier, W.Va.. is on the
board of directors of the Tug River Health Association, which hopes to opcn a cgmmunity clinic
soon at Cary.

"We've really gotten excited about it-we,ve
worked hard and come a long way. We,re assured
of doctors and.staff, and we'vegót an old building
we're remodeling. We hope to have a doctor theré
for pregnant women, and a pediatrician, so
parents won't have to take their kids sd iar.,,
Tamsey, who serves on the board along wifh her
miner husband, )erry, and other UMWA miners
and wives, is the board secretary and is on the
personnel committee. She finds the work a good
outlet for her energies. Her two-year-old anã
sìx-year-old boys.are full-time work, she sáys, but
if she had to stay home all the time, ,,1 eueis i '
would go out of my mind."
"l don't like housework, but to me it,s an easy
job. I resent it sometimes- I resent the fact that
being. a housewife is an everyday thing. But it,s
my job, and I have to do it whether I lile it or not.
Ever since I can remember, t've.wanted to be in
the medical profession," she adds. As soon as her
littlest one is in schogl, she hopes to start nurse,s
training at the nearby vocational school,
Carrie Moore is a coalfield woman who does
another kind of volunteer work. ,,1,m good for
running up and down the road,, : that,s her
de-scription of her seemingly tireless volunteer
efforts,in the West Virginia community of Coalrygod, where neighbors find they can depend on
this mother of seven for just about any sbrt of
help.

"l've been involved in communitv work ever
since I got married;', she says. ,,Foi a while I may
slow down because things eát bogged down here'
at home, and I have to si=op-and sääighten them
out for a while-then l,m äut again.,7
Mrs. Moore ,42, is the secrei'ary of the local
sentor ctttzens group. ,,Believe it or not.,, she

laughs. "l don't feelthat old-it,s just t'o be doing
something. I love it. l,ve tearned to ðióif,et, and we made beads.,, She also attendicãunty-wide

senior citizens meetings- "t don't mind dr:opping
wha! l'm doing to go"-and works severaldä'irs i
'
week d.oing housewoik for elderly and handi-

capped neiglibors.
Like countless other women, Carrie Moore fits
her community activities into an already-grueling
schedule-sometimes lasting from 3 am tó mid-'*
night, depending on the schedules of her husband
and
son, both miners
'"Sometimes
around five or six o'clock in the
evening you just want to go somewhere and
sleep," she admits, "bu{if you iust keep mor¡ing. . ." Like many other womén, her survival
instinct lets her know when she needs time to her,self , an afternoon salvaged for her favorite

pastime,reading.

****

*
Women married to miners voíce a range of
feelings about the impâct of their husbands, jobs
on their own lives.
far as being a miner's wife, l've accepted
. ]lnr
it,"
says one young West Virginia woman. ,iAs

to!'Ty personalopinion, I hate it. But I wouldn,t
tell h.im $at. I just try to make everything comfortable for him."
. An lllinois woman whose husband averages 56

hours a week at a surface mine said she waã
"elated" when he finally got the job after years of
trying. But Sherry Stowérõ admits that the
schedule is'tiresome, and that her husband paul,
who works at Consolidatèd Coal's Burning Star ño.
4.mine, doesn't see their seven-year-old Jon,
Skeeter, as often as he used to. ,lWhen paulis not
working, he's sleeping. When he comes home and
gets warm, he goes to sleep.,,
"When he works straight midnights, I hate it,,,
says Brenda Horn. She says she feèls ,,deserted.,,
And keeping her four young children, all under
age six, quiet during the day in their trailer while
her husband, Robert, sleepi is a hard task.
Aus. 19, 1976 WtN

2Z

An even more common denominator aqong
womeh married to miners is the realization oflhe
danger involved.
"When hp goes to work, it tears me up," says
Tarnsey Jenks. "l'd much rather he'd be doing
something else."
1'l still iemember the fears and worries I felt
each day he left for work to go underground," re.

calls Barbara Craham, whose husband J ames,
L.U. 5876, now works on a tipple. "The.first
month is the worst, and the wife or mother feels
the effects of it. After all, coal mining is our way of

living too."

Onè reaction that coalf ield women have had to the
injustices they see in their communities is to go
out and fight back.
Ethel Darnell of Exeter, Va., has spent the past
six years working for benefits for black lung victims, changes in the black lung laws, and justice
for welfare recipients and other poor people.
"A lot of people says, and my husband sometimes says, that l'm a radical. I guess I am, in a
sense. ,l iust feel the world would be better if
everybody lived the same way¡ had the same income and living standards-where everybody was
equal. Everybody would live comfortably and have

the same opportunity to have things they should
have. I don't know if that's radical, or just being

concerned," she said.
Ethel's husband, Billy, a member of L.U.8771
in Kentucky-based District 19 has black lung now
after about 20 years in the mines , "but he's still
working- I can't get him to'stop," she says.
Ethel helped found the Southwest Virginia
Black Lung Association, and before the birth of
her third child six months ago, she worked as outreach director for the Respiratory Disease
Program at the Wise Clinic in Wise, Va. Now, she
is paid as a community worker by the Lutheran
Church ln America to carry on black lung work
and other activities. They include being chairperson of the Concerned Citizens for J ustice,
which offers legal services to low-incbme people
and handles law reform cases-such as taking the¡
food stamp program to court to force it to comply
with the law.
She is also a member of the Wise County
Citizens for Social and Economic J ustice, formerly
the Welfare Rights Organization, which she
helped start. The group tackles problems which
face most poor and working people. Their cu¡'rent
fight is against Virginia's fuel adjustment clause,
which allows the powe.r companies to automatically pass along to consuiners any increase in coal
.

t

q

S

*****

prices.

An important part of Ethel's involvement has
been her support of local strikes. She joined
UMWA pickets at an Eastover Coal Co. mine and
Steelworkers on strike at a nearby hospital.
"l thought a lot of times about quitting work
and staying home, especially when the babywas
born. lt meant a lot to me to have another baby;
we really enjoy him. My family means a lot to me.
But I felt like I should stick with this. I guess.l just
care à lot about people.

Ethel Darnell is an activ¡st trying to change coÁditions in th€ Virg¡n¡a
coalfields. A community worker for the Lutheran Church, she is a
member of the Wise County Citizens for Social and Economic.J ustice
and head of Concerned Citizens for J ust¡ce, which offers legal services
to poor pæple.

NEW HAMPSHIRE
RESIDENTS PROTEST
NUCTEAR POWER PLANT
Eighteen New Hampshire residents were arrested August 1
when they attempted to occupy a
nuclear power plant site at Seabrook, New Hampshire. The action is the first in a series planned
by the Clamshell Alliance of New
England. The Alliance, formed
several weeks ago to take direct,
nonviolent action against nukes,
contains about 30local New

Hampshire organizations as well
other New England groups.
The construction of the Seabrook nuclear power ptânt is seen
as a direct health threat to the
community and the precious clam
industry in the area. Despite the
fact that a majority of the town
plus the Regional Planning Board
voted against the plant thrie
times, the Public Service of New
Hampshire has begun initial land
clearing at tþe site.
The occupiers carried saplings
and corn plants to be planted at
the site in replacement of trees
which have been destroyed. The
corn plants are in memory of the
historical predecessors of the
area, theMohawk nation. One
corn plant Was successfully
planted before police handcuffed
the 1B and dragged them from the
as

site.
The occupation took place
during a laiger four-hour march
and rally. As the occupation team
left the march-followed bv oress
and camera crews-they wãie
cheered until out of sight.
The remai n in g demonstrators
marched on to the Hampton Falls
Depot, an area ¿djoining the

several hundred who had
assembled for the Women's Walk
Against Rape in New York's Central Park the night of August 4. By
the end of the qvening about a
thousand women had participated
in the protest, organized as part of
Rape Prevention Month.
Walkers carried candles and
flashlights "to shed light on
rape," according to one protester.
They sang, chanted "woinen
united will never be defeated,"
and carried banners and signs.
"Women on the walk felt a
bond with the other women," said
a member of the New York
Women Against Rape. "lt made
them stronger to do something
together. "
This August is the fifth annual
Rape Prevention Month, sponsored by a coalition of groups. Reported rapes usually go up in
August, and from three to ten
rapes go unreported for every one
that is reported.
A program before the walk included testimony on rape, a
martial arts demonstration, and
an anti-rape alternative fashion

nuclear site, where they waited
fgr news of the occupiers.
Word finally returned to the
demonstrators that the whole
g'roup had been arrested-along
with the journalists who had accompanied them. About 50
demonstrators then marched to
the Hampton Falls police department to show support for those
arrested.
During the rally, many speakers
expressed the community's opposition to the nuclear power þlant.
show.
One woman, who had been in-LNS
volved in litigation surrounding
the plant for several years, said
GAYACTIVISTS PLAN
that the Nuclear Regulatory Board DEMONSTRATION IN
had virtually disregarded the
KANSAS CITY
testimony she had researched in
Citing the indifference of thb
depth.
Republican Party to gay rights
She found that an active earthand
continued discriminaticin
quake fault runs near the site. Alagainst
lesbians and gay men, gay
though the Nuclear Regulatory
activists are planning major
Comrnission has planned for the
demonstrations on August 15-20
possibi I ity'of one earthquake, she
in Kansas City, the site of the
said, the plant would probably be
1976 Republican National Condestroyed if there were a second
vention.
quake, commonlv called an after"We're not going to allow any
shock.
political
party, government, or
Other groups opposing the
religious institution to contro! our
power plant included Hampton
sexuality or deny us our fundaBeach Chamber of Commerce,
mental civil rights," stated J oyce
New Hampshire Fisherman's AsHunter, an organizer for the
sociation, Wildlife Federations,
National Coalition of Cay Acañd the American Friends Service
Committee. For further actions at tivists.
"We know it isnat always going
the Seabrook nukes site see
to
bê easy, but we're going to
EVENTS.
-LNS keep living our lives as out-of-thecloset gays regardless of what
IMO WOMEN MARCH
politicians or the Supreme Court
AGAINST RAPE tN
say.
NEW YORK CITY
The planned activities include a
"We have the right to use the
candle-light march, picketing, a
world at night,,, yolanda Bako of
gay "love-in ," and varioüs unthe National Organization for
scheduled demonstrations, or
Women told an audience of
"zaps."
Aue. 19, 1926 WIN 29

t

Demonstrations August'15 in
bail out some of the individuals,
both Kansas City and Washington we stuck together in refusing
DC will focus on'the special ab-use bail. The following day,
and discrimination against gays in 'Bernard Lee, the Southern
prison. "Cay prisoners are being Walk's coordinator and a comraped, drugged, placed in solitary mittee of our local supporters,
confinement, forced into therapy,
negotiated our release on
and even killed," explained
recognizance. Afterwards, we
Hunter. "We're saying that until walkers met with liberal Mayor
something is done about it, every
David Vann. He apologized for
homosexual in America is a
the incident, attributed it to a
prisoner."
"lack of communication" and
-LNS agreed
to drop the charges. We
walked out of Birmingham-in
,,HEARTOF D¡XIE"
the streets-starting at the
downtown block whère we had
"Don't you find things have
been busted.
mellowed some down here
since those days?" a.tv reporter
lf the tv reporter had folasked me as the Southern Walk
lowed me to the home of the
took off from Kelly lngram Park
friendly people who lodged
in Birmingham, Alabama. By
walkers in Trussville, a country
"since those days," he was revillage 16 miles out from
ferring to May 14, 1961, when I
Birmingham, he would have
was beaten almost to death by a
witnessed a scene which indiKlan mob in the first Freedom
cated how some things have not
Ride.
mellowed. Cloria Firmin, a
1'They've'mellowed' some,
black woman from New Orbut there's a lot of 'mellowing'
leans, and her 1S-year-old son,
yet to gor" I answered.
Keith were staying there with
Had the reporter simply reme. They departed Saturday
mained with us in Birmingham,
night on their return trip to
he would have understood me. '
New Orleans. But the following
ln fact, he would have only
night, around 11 pm, some '
had to walk seven blocks to seg
Klansmen set fire to our host's
us 19 walkers arrested for
car, parked 40 feet from the
walking in the street.
house.

And had he proceeded to the
courthoude basemênt where we
were booked, he would have
observed the paddywagon containing us nine arrested men
remained in the underground
parking area for over a half
hour with'its doors locked. The
heat inside was so intense it
was difficult to keep from
fainting. We were literally
drowning in sweat.
lf the reporter had gone en to
the city jail, he would have seen
us locked up in a bullpen tor 16
prisoners (it contained 16
bunks) but occupied by 40. The
24 without bunks had to sleep
along the narrow benches,
which surround the bullpen or
oh the filthy concrete floor.
There were no blankets, no
soap, no games, n'o reading
matter. And this was not just
overnight: one prisoner had
been there a week and another,
five days.
Bail was set at $200 apiece.
Though there were offers to
.

,

I was awakened by the sound
of a jammed horn blowing.
When I looked out of my window, I saw the car in flames. I
rushed outside, and found my
host dragging a garden hose
toward the car. I helped him,
but when we got within range,
the hoEe had no more effect

than if somebody pissed on the
fire. The arsonists had doused
the car heavily with fuel.
When.the fire was
finally extinguished (the body
was a total charred wreck), we
went inside the house and the
phone rang. A vÔice on the
other end of the line said: "This
is just a sample of what you're
going to get if you keep on having niggers stay in your home."
Yes, things have mellowed
some. Bull Conner, the notorious police chief is dead. A
liberal mayor is in office. There
is no longer any segregation in
public places. But the ultrabigotry of the old South is not

PEOPIES

dead. tt lives in the Klansmen
guilty of arson-and many
other individuals unable to discard their

bigotry. -Jim

ilx.L"EÏlN

Peck

Ftcc

BOSTON -Women's rights rally,
August 26,12 pm, Bo-ston Common. For ihformation, write the
August 26 Women's Coalition, PO
Box 146, West Somerville, Ma.
02144.

CHICAGOJSing the Songs of
Labor with Roxana Alsberg;
Seþtember 5,11 am, Third Unitarian Church,301 N. Mayfield.
Admission free. For information,
call 626-9385.
NYC-A Reader's Theater
presehtat¡on with poetry qf imj
prisoned writers. Dialog written
by Don Luce; August22,5pm,
Washin gton Square Methodist
Church, 135 West4th St.
PROV¡DENCE, Rl - Continentat
Walk rally as it passes througH
Providence; August 17 , 2 pm,
Westminster Mall in downtown
Providence. For information, call
AFSC; (n1)751-4488.

RALEIGH, NC-March for
Human Rights and Labor Rights,
September 6. 'Sponsored by the
National Alliance Against Racist
and Political Repression. For informatiori, call (212)243-8555.
SEABROOK, NH-SUPPORT
THE CITIZEN'S OCCUPATION
OFTHE SEABROOK NUCLEAR
POWER PLANT SITE RALLY;
August 22,1 pm, off Route 1 in
Seabrook. Sponsored by the
Clamshell Alliance. For
i nformation, cal I (603)47 4-3544,
926-3408.
SYRACUSE - Rally to kick off the
Continental Walk. August 20th,
11:30 am, Columbus Circle.
Sponsored by AFSC, Syracuse
Peace Cóuncil (SPC), Ecumenical
Peace Education Ministry, UFW
Support Committee. For information, contact SPC 472-5478.

tF t{ö

,aJü6TH"!2

adults. Play together not agô¡nst eaçh other. Free
catalog: F¿mily Pastimes, RR 4, Perth; Ontar¡o,

EVERY

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Unemployment Benefils for M¡ssachusetts
Wo*ers: Your Rights and How to C-ollect Benefits.
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a

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interview w¡th a country faggot, the ins & outs of a

rural gay workday-plus letters, poems, photos,
drawings-by and for rural gay men. RFD Summer
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Wolf Creek Rd., Wolf Creek, OR 97492.

FREE FOR ALL, a Journal of Anarchist ideals and
Realit¡es. New, different. Available from Dick
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In

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Trainins Weekend in PERSONAL NONVIOLENCE
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Making love with

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NoNcOMpEilttvE GAMES for children and

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Struggle of Labor in Post-Franco

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EVENTS

Spain with Augustin Souchy,
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