rÌ la December4,1975 I 301 * WITNESSING FOR AID TO VIETNAM MORE ON ALTERNATIVE HEALTI.I CARE Ils-ncE DErARTM ENr sr R I KEi"óùr Âõe I ru FORMULA FOR UNDERDEVELOPMENT i PEACE E - '-r - r' lts_ -, l t ìì * E I .r - -lt -. - .r¡--r T-rf -, rhr --r -- t-t -¡ -r --r qE --l --r I-- - rt - IF rl¡ !I -ì.- ----,--l q --.--=: -'-Ül'.¡i{liÀì!1f, -II 9+T?9 Hi: sJH -r?t-hJfl(lf{Vl:i ¿¿ 7.f Þtl --...\ti]{.ij -l 3 ìj' -I ì I t{iûì-t(1Tfid !j $T-¿J. \ I ¡ ta llSdr) *f-ìi * Íàit$ltl -a {l -I- -a rl --t I E / çü ï 9'1,' :3rlû? d i ¡ I Þc'' - -^ ^ --. -i h -r¡ II \ ! ,., ¡:r :: Fæ?- . t, lovingly try to explain this anger to her and related to it in a selÊcriticat way. -siïw ALBÞ:RT Hurley, NY ! y.q qlad to sèe Leah Fritz's tetter IWIN, 101301751. I\e always felt that WIñ was basioally a male supremist oriented maga- This letter is promptetl by Leah Fritz's editorial and Barbara Deming's a¡ticle in iIVIN's October 30th iss¡e. Feminist thought has been valuable to me especially through it's exposition of social roles; i.e., men can be sensitive, women aren't necessarily passive, etc. Ihroulh an increased understanding of tþese conditionings and dialogue it is my hope that a certain amount ôf crossþolliha tion of the best will happen (is happening) and that through this we will become more whole, loving human beings. I, for one, am not going to sit arôund feeling guilty about being male, white, "middle class," Americar¡ having 2 years of college, or being heterosexual to boot. people want to talk creatively atout irr justices or prejudices I might foster by being any ofthese things then I would like to hea¡ them and to talk. But none of'them are inherently evil in my opinion and it is a waste to attack them. These things can't be eæily changed anyway. I want to leam so I can better live with my life. I don't want to feel bad. Let's fpcus out energy in corr gratitude. Just read Barbara Deming's letter in Norr. 20 WIN and agree with her ccimpletêlythat a commitment to rionviolence requires. If stn¡ctive E Sorry but I don't bêlieve Ms. Alperts friends are really concerned with saving her life First, I don't believe it's in any danger. The. ¡eaction of prisoners to the warning in Mldníght Specíal would be to shun Jane but do -of help. '. In St. Paul there are up to 100 co¡* .ploints a week ßled in thacity attorney's office, and around40 cases a week are treated at the city-county hospital. Yet no her no ha¡m. Sometimes snitches are killed one knows exactly how many women are in prison, but it is because they snitched in being treated because hospitals are not rÈ prison and not because ofwhat they did on quited to record or report suspected cases the streets, prison is filled with too many of batte¡ed women as they are now re small time criminals who made deals for quired to do for cases ofchild abuse. lighter sentenceg so in this way Jane isn't Nu¡ses in pediatric departments have told that unusual. Also, if Janers friends are.really us they have seen \üomen bring in physically worried about her spiritual survival why do abused children, and full ofbnrises and they continue to write inflamatory letters open wgunds themselves but no one pays which can only sewe to intensify the anger attention to them if the women do not ask many ofus feel for Jane, not because she is - for treatment. 'but because a feminist critic of the left, Women's Advocates obtained a house rightly or wrongly we think she has inlast Octobe¡ and from the day it opened it formed on her sisters and brothers. Jane's has been constantly filled to overftowing, friends would serye her better if they women and children arriving in the middle . , iÏÍ'î'f,iiffi; Lexington, Mass. Supporters of Kim Chi Ha (see such.reflections. George Lakey's B'l article and the discussion ofccndemnation of sôme of Jane Alpert's actions were also reflections I found helpful , Fellowshíp h¿s been noting lately that 'US protests ágainst the Vietnam war were not pacifist and I realize I've learned my pacifism on UÞ'W picket lines rather than in the anti-wa¡ movemenf or reading WIN or even giving workshops to teachers about working conditions that are diffrcult to (Unifofm Code of Military Justice) might better be handled proqess under the UCMJ ,a grdøance procedure which has impartial,arbitration as a ûnal step, and which permits the grievant to be repfesented in his complaint by a union or professional organization of his choice. The American Federation of Goverr¡ ment Employees (AFGE) deserves c¡edit for proposing the ûrst step towards giving no*, supewisory active duty enlisted personnel 41 organized voice in negotiating terms and conditions of employmen! and.alsci the chance to resolve grievances through a coÍÞ , plaint procedure. -JOHN L. SCRIPP III through þstice. Seeing the factual account of the UFW made me want mo¡eessays from white and minority radicals on the impact of minority nonviolent movepeace and Norfolþ Va r Korea to send h¡m Christmas Enjoyed WIN this year & passed some of greet¡ngs. They should be addressed to him at Westgaæ women-issues on to friends. -the What is the WIN position on the rap Prison; Seoul, Korea and should be mailed between December 10 and 15. For all your reade¡s who want to know how to use the Wom.en's History Library, we are not dead, and we are appearing in local libraries as fast as you can preszure them to order ou¡ collections on micre film. The microfilms we have published'are: lltomen's Health/Menøt Heàlth (13 reels @ $32lreel), Women & The l-aw (40 reels article IWIN, lll20l15l was timely arid, important. Local ACLU military rights ex- CDR-USN Ret WlN, 10/16/75), have appealed for those concerned by his case and the fate of democracy in just..fell into" the magazines such as /t/ewsw¿e&, and TV stations have been deluging Women's Adve cates with requests for interviews because it is one of the few places in the country where battered women can seek refuge, zuþ port and help.) Women's Advocates -WLLIAM A. FRAENiEÍ ,, from them. Women's Advocates ' I have a it¡ggestion for ¿ new bumpår sticker qhich perhaps somebody could produce, "The B-t is A Bomb,'; If enor.rgh us put it on our cars it might te of so"me problem of battered women through ruÊ ning a telephone information and referral se¡vice for women. lt is something that cannot be "studied"-at least not uþ to nowsince there was no place to gather itatistics Del Martin.is having a book published in December and Betsy Warrior has a pamphlet, ; "Wife Beating," from her larger bookleÇ Hqtseworkers Høndbook (Lately national directions. -MIKE BIRD Minneapolig Minn. ' women. '-BERNiCE SISSON ',. commitment to feminism. From wo¡kirig with.Women's Advocates in St. Paul I have experienced trst hand the deep violence of men against womerL and that violence increases when women find an alternative to the tenible abuses they and their child¡en haVp rçgejV gd perience in helping active duty enlisted with their problems has shown a growing lack of legitimate help by supervisbry and ofEper , personnel for those in trouble. Further, many of lhp petty harassurents and unfair persórinel practices or unusral .NANCY EVECHILD Minneapolis, Minn, t The recent "Uirionization and the in sleeping þSgs . . The big problem now is getting fúnds to_ pay the mortgûgc on the house. Iiis the ûrst place in the country that we know of that has received private funding for rurr ning the house and a grant on the down payment on the moitgage, but,banfts and foundations are not into mortgages for refuges for zine. I'm glad its ûnally out in the open Leah has been a clarifying force moie than once fo¡ this rag-we all owe her a debt of I wish the WIN would engage in more rdection.on curtent non-vioJent action. Some of the letter exöhanges have been Milita¡y" of the night, the floors covered with pcople prochement between the Am. Republic- ' cans & China? Unless you are Leninists & plan to do away with prope¡ty don't you ipsç føcto support the nuclear family? What do you have to say about the needs of children for primal ties in the. age of dissolution of family? Are alimonY & child support 4 .female sexist ripoff? Hope to find the answefs in tuh¡re lVlNi -MICHAEL CORR ' nients on US politics and society; lifestyle reflèctions from Ba¡ba¡a Deming [WIN, 10/30/7sl and Art Waskow ll0l23l 7 5l ; analysis of peace and f¡eedom thru nonviolent action in the context of ideological stn¡ggles; reflection on the long.range irn pact ofcollectives on local neighborhoods. I think my discontent with some of the articles on human sexuality, the account of Kurt Groenwold being tailed in NYC ItÛlt6l75l and Karla Jay's ll0l23l'151 to me unfunny description of herself as avictim with no appafent recourse but to violence-is because all of these could form worlshops in nonviolence ifthe editors pushed the authors and the authors pushed themselves to be reflective of the ideals in WIN's title. Such effo¡ts ón all your parts would help.me grow more in my living out my life nonviolently and,refining my pacifist philosophical underp in nings -MARy ANN' McGIVERN, S.L. St. Louis, Mo. reel), and Herstory-women's. serials from 1956 through June 1974 (90 reels @ @ $321 $28/reel). Please write to us for petitions to take to your libraries to encourage' them to make these microflms available to everyone (enclose a selÊaddressed stamped envelope and a donation). Fïnally, our very latest publication- the International Women's Year 1975 Supple ment to olr Female Artists Past and hesent ('74 ed.)-is now available for $3.00, and the'74 ed. for $6.00.-LAURA X Women's History Research Center, Inc. ' $s $lo,mo $1s,fl)o 4. Witnessing for Aid to Vietnam Jay Scarborough & John McAulitr, 6. Repression ln Britain'/ Joe Gerson : 7. Justice Departrnent Strikes Out in Gainesville (again) | Neìl Fullagor 8. Responses to an Alternative Health Care System. I Jim Scott &.'Claire Douglas 12. A Meeting.in Mexico City / Fred Hircch 14. Formula for Underdevelopment , Deboroh Huntington 1 5. An Open'Letter to American G ls in South Korea and the Philippines Jan Barry 17. Ctianges 19. Reviews Cover: Sun Ship with Otter Markings. Woodcut by Michael Corr. Maris When the campaign to raise $50,000 was launched in April we stated that we needed to raise that amount thisyear so that we could begin 1975 with a clean slate. lf we fail to accomplish that goal we will be carrying this year's fund raising problems over ¡nto next year's problems, a situat¡on that would makelife even harder than it already is. For that reason we urge you, if you have'not already made a donation, to please do lt now! F.or that reason we urge you, if you have already.donated, to please cons¡der rnaking an additional contribution now! Time passes too quickly. The temptât¡on to put something off for just anôther day-with the result that we never get to it-is so greáL But tlie printer and the telephone comÉany will not be put off. And, more importantly, the daily violence of this society will not be put off unless we do what we know that we have to now! Our deepest thanks to the many readers who have already iontributed. W9 realize that in many cases even.the smallest donaticjn represents a real sacrifice. -WlN r",n"í'rlål,ilrIiåi Cakars Susan Cakars Dwight Ernest Mary Mayo Susan,Pinef Fred Rosen Murray Roseñblith UNINDICTED CO-CONSPIRATORS : Jan Barry Lânce Belvllle Tom Brucker .,;j a Jerry Cofñnt Lynnê Shatzkln Coffin* 'i:,,:: Ann Davidon Dlana Dav¡es Ruth Dear : i Ralph D¡Gla* Brian Doherty Wllllàm Douthard* Karen Durþin* Chuck Fager Seth Fotdy J¡m Forest Leah Fritz Larry Garð Joan L¡bby Hawk* Nell Haworth Ed lledemann Grace Hedemann H€ndr¡k Hertzberq* Karla Jay Marty Jezer* Becky Johnson Nancy Johnson Paul Johnson Allson Karpel Craig Karpel ' J.ohn Kyper Etliot Linzer* Jackson Mac t-òlw Davtd McReynotd!* Davld Morris Mark Morris* Jlm Peck ¡1.' Tad Flichards lgal Roodenko* Nancy Rosen Ed Sanders Wendy Schwartz* Martha Thdmases Art Waskow Allen Young Beveity Woodviard * Member of WIN Eclltoriat Board Box 547 / Rifton $36,574.03 0 / Vol. Xl, Ño.'41 STAFF oto, Japan t December 4,1975 Te I eph $40,000 $45,(n0 $so,mo / New York 12471 one: 91 4-339 - 4585 WIN is públlshed weekly exceptr for the first two weeks in January, the last week ¡n March, the first week in June, the last two tùeeks in August, and the ffrst two Weeks in September by W.l.N. Magazlne lnc. with the support of the War Rés¡sters League. Subscrlpt¡ons are $11.O0 per year. Second class postage pa¡d at New York, NY 1OOO1. lndlvidual wrlters are 2 WIN respons¡þle for opinicins expressed and accuracy of facts given. Sorry-manuscrtpts cannot be re trun€d unless accompan¡ed by a self-åddressed stamped envelope. Printed in USA WIN 3 n The following testimony Clergy and Laity Concerned at the House Subcommittee on Commerce on Monday, November F' 17, b¡t tay Scorborough. The hearÌiç that anything has happened in Sduth Vietnam to justify the imposition of the embargoes. To me-and to the Vietnamese-it smells of vindictiveness. Since I don't feel the restrictions should have been imposed in the first place, I naturally favor lifting them. Not only do I feel that these restrictions are wrongper se, they are also, I feel, contrary to the best interests of the United States. Oil exploration and exploitation must cease due to impositions made by our own government, before the oil companies have _. - had a chance to discuss the matter with the South Vietnamese. The restrictions on mailñuü rãnv Americans, as well as tens of thousands of overseas Vietnamese, who would like to contact relatives and friends in that country. The restrictions on travel, be cause they are so easily circumvented, serye no purpose other than to express the official hostility to the new government. Finally, it is obvious that these actions by the US government simply make more difficult the efforts by Congress and private groups to seek information on the Missing in Action. lt is thus in our own interest to normalizè relations with the two Vietnams; such a step will be supported by all uiere held on the Blngham amendment on lifting the trade embargo against Vietnom. Mr. Chairman and members of the committee: My name is Jay Scarborough. t am a student at the law school of Cornell University. I have lived in Vietnam for a total of seven years, frve of them as an 'Englísh teacher and most recently as a prisoner. dlong with 11 other foreígners, including seven Americans, I wæ piøked up in Ban Me Thuot on March 12 this year and detained by the communísts until October 30. For much of this time (five months), we were held together with 700 captured offcers of the South Vietnamese army; for half of these five months we actually lived in a village near Pleiku. lt was thus our lood fortune to obserye the daily life of people, to observe the treatment given to the officers, and to have frequent personal contact with North Vietnamese officers and troops. Through the wives of tlre captured officers, who were allowed to pay private visits to their husbands, we kept abreast of developments elsewhere in South Vietnam. During my five months as a captive in South Vietnam (followed by two and a half'months in North Vietnam) I neither saw nor heard anything that would warrant the hostilit'ir shown by the USA to the new government as expresóed in embãrgoeiãn trade, travel, and rnail. The captured soldiers were treated . humanely; thero was no physical or ment¿l torture, no denial of the essentials\of life-food, clothing, housing and medical care. There has been no "bloodbath"; if there had been, we would not only have seen it but also heard about it. The villagers were free to make a living as before. fhe depopulation of the large citíesa necessity under any regime in South Vietnam-is be ing carried out gradually and, as I understand it, voluntarily. I have not even heard ofthè expropriation of American property-what l¡ttle there was-of any Americans who stayed behind. ln short, I cannot see E VI AID ' was made on behalf of On Monday, November 1Oth, demonstrations were held in 45 cities to protest Ford Administration ' ããniui or'."Þoit iirånretit'rat would'allow the ' American Friends Serviæ Committee to send reconstruction aid to Vietnam. On Friday, November 14,Secy. of State Kissinger AFSC the It ' The Vietnamese communists repeatedly expressed to me their desire for normal relations with the United States; they were willing to let bygones be bygones. I think this is a remarkable attitude on the part of a / v J I i I I tt ^l i' q 4. À I (1 ., .t r'T¡l told a Congressional breakfast group that.the government had reversed the decision and would grant patriotic Americans. people who have suffered as much as the Vietnamese have,.due to our erroneòus policies. Vietnamese of all ranks.spoke to me of their warm feelings of friendship toward the American people. Evidence of this was the good treatment that we foreigners received while under detention. Our release, we now know, was a unilateral act on the part of the Vietnamese, and not part of any quid pro guo. Whether it was a disinterested gesture or not ldo not know, but it would be useful to interpret our good treatment and subse quent release'as a gesture of reconciliation on the part of Vietnam. Such a gesture demands a response, and I can think of no better response than the removal of restrictions on normal intercourse with.the two Vietnams. lt is my fervent hope that this will happen soon., rr licenses. : , appears that the Administration was not only responding to public pressure (including critical editorials and Congressional opposition), by baoking down from an untenable'position, but was also trying to head off the growing sentiment in Cbþgress for legislation which would have taken away administra' tive power to deny such licenses in the future. Beyond their specific effect on the Administration, the demonstrations revealed strong grass roots support for people-to-people aid to Vietnam. The demonstrations were organized by the AFSC as an "Act for Friendship" with Vietnam. They provided an opportun¡ty for Quakers and others to show their solidarity with AFSC's decision: for reasons of conscience. They could ship aid despite the risk of prosecution under the Trad'1ng with the Enemy Act. During the preceding month some 2500 persons donated over $30,000 for non-licensed goods, thereby assuming symbolic complicity (and possible legal responsibility) with AFSC. Xerox copies of their donor's forms and checks were turned overto local US attorneys and presented at the White House. ': i, t ' vigil in front of the Whlte House proteCtiirg'denlal of €xport l¡censes to for materlal.aid to Viotnam. Photo by Terry Koss. P.eoplè Events in Washington included a march to the White House and a vigil there by 250 persons, including 80 high school students from Sandy Springs, Md., Friends School. Participating in Monday's vigil was a delegation representing six religious bodies, who were refused an appointment in the White House. The dele gation consisted of Atlee Beechy, Mennonite Central Committeb; Wdlace Collett, AFSC; James Hamilton, National Council of,Churches; Jeanne Marshall, Counsel on Church and Society, United Presbyterian Church;Pat Patterson, Board of Glôbal Ministriesl United Methodist Church; Louis Schneider, AFSC; and David Taylor, Church World Service. The AFSC was surprised and pleased at the response nafionwide. Participation, contributions, and media coverage all exceeded their expectations. Several cosponsois for the Bingham Amen{ment (to 'end the US embargo of Vietnam) were found during the visits to Congressional offices that followed the White House vigil. The license issue exposed the petty vindictiveness of post-war Administration policies towards lndochina. People were shocked when they heard AFSC had been licensed to ship rototillers anil fishnets during the war, but waô n<ìT licensed to do so during peace. And no one could understand why the AFSC was not permitted to ship yarn for children's sweaters but was licensed to ship $200,000 worth of powdered milk for the Vietnamese to make into condensed canned milk. ' The government's reversal should be seen as a real victory for the goals of the Friendshipment campaign, but that is only the beginning. *John McAuliff I 4 WtN WIN Drawing from LNS. Photo by lrene Johnson/LNs. 5 o Itl lSrifaill THE TRIAL OF THE BWNIC 14 ,oE GERSON The British Withdrawal from Northern lreland l4 (BWNIC 141are 14 pacifisrs and anti.mititarisis charged with conspiring to viofate the lncitement to Disaffection Act of l9j+. pat Arrowsmith, who was jailed last year under the same act, had beón arrested again-this time under the Prevention of Terrorism Act! Six others have been arrested undér the lncite ment to Disaffection Ac! bringing thetotal to24. Repression is in high seaíin ¡oiyäla engiinã, toc{sed upon BWNIC much as it was here against the Chicago 7 in 1969. The British Withdrawl from Northern lreland Campaign was founded in'1973 by peace activists who had concluded there could be no military solu. tion to the civil war in Northern lreland. Many of them had lived in the boroughs of Derry and beifast and had observed the war firit hand. Others had been active in the Campaign'for Nuclear Oisarmament in the early '60's and looked more deeply and skeptically at political and military questioni raised by tiîe war than did their fellow citizens. And some were people who, after watching the situation in Northern lreland deteriorate over the years, had come to the same conclusion themselves. q , Joe Gercon is o formèr stoff member of the Resisterc I n ternational. llar The campaign began in 1973 when more than a hundred people-journalists, welfare workers, peace workers, m i n isters, en tertai ne rs-issued a shfemen t giving theír analysis. They called on the government to set a date to bring the troops homg tó end internment (the imprisoning of people without trial), and to sever the national ties between Britain and ñorthern lreland. ..During the next two years leafletters showed up at military barracks, pardes, and recruiting displays at town markets with news for discontented soldiers. Their leaflet, entitled "Some lnformation for Discontented Soldiers" advised soldiers that there were provisions in the law allowing them to be discharged for being conscientious objectors, that there were provisions for hardship and health discharges, and th¿it i-! was possibl.e t9-Þuy rheir way our of rhe=aimy. (The British army is different from its American descendent in this way, and in the fact that, many of its recruits have signed on-'out of working class ghettos-for 15 yearsl) The leaflet also providòâ infoimation on how one could leave Britain for Sweden, but pointed out the possible penalties for AWOL and desertion. The leaflet concluded with the names and addresses of counseling centers-much the same as American leaflets did during the lndochina war. As 1973 became '1974, every Brjtish sqldier had done a tour of duty in Northern lreland. Some had done two or more, and their morale was low. Unlike 1969, when they first came to protect Catholics from Protestjrnts reactingagainst the Civil Rights Move ment, British tlgopl were no longer popular with any portion of the Northern lrish community. Since in- ', ternment had been initiated, Her Majesty's forces were used primarily against the Catholic population_ not to protect it. Their lack ofenthusiasm reflected in increased AWOL & deseition rates for their ,,work" grew out of their experiences rather than from leaflets_which they may have stumbled upon. Simultaneously in London and other British cit¡es ' public support for the war began to decline. ln addition to the articl9s appearing in peoce News and the work of.BWNlC, a "Troops Out" movement was formed-l argel y un der Trots ky ite I eadersh i p-wh i ch held mæs,rallies and generally atteùpted to chadge and mobilize public oþinion. people tired of the "Troubles" and of bombs placed ín subways, streets and'stores and began to yonder if any setíóment ,Continued on page.16. BWN lC 14 support demonstration in front of the British Consolate ¡n Los Angeles. Photo by Joe Gerson. k DeN- sitnÍkes 'Out rn a hsaÍn) i, 4 Scott'Cami¡ as a çlefenctent{n the 1973 èå¡nesr¡¡t" splracy triat. Photo from vvAvwso/tNs. "or* ñsr rurucnR A federal jury in Gainesville, Florida, has rejected drug and æsault charges against Scott Camii and co defendent Larry Taylor. Camil, former Southeast Regional Coordinator of VVAW and Gainesville Eight conspiracy defendanÇ as charged with two counts of assaulting fe{eral officers, two of possession . of marijuana with intent to disffibute, and two of possession of cocaine with intent to distribute. Taylor was narned in the two cocaine counti. One of the marijuana counts was dismissed before the case went to the jury. ,, ' , The jury deliberated about an hour and a.half be fore acquitting Camil and Taylor on all seven counts, following almost two weeks of testimony before Judge William Sessions. Sessions was brought in from Texas to hear the case because one of the two local judges was a member of the prosecution team during the Gainesville Eight trial and the orher was'the presiding judge. Camil was arrested March 31 by federal Drug Enforcement Agency (OeR) omcérs William Porter and Dennis Fiagerald. He suffered a gunshot.wound in the back duríng the arrest while allegedly assaulting the two agents. liugerald and Porter testified that Camil had ¡ust delivered $2300 worth of cocaine, was shown a badge and infor:med that he was under arrest, aftgr which Camil attempted to take a gun away from Fitzgerald and was "accidentally" shot in the struggle. Camil said that the agents had produced the cocaine and wanted to sell him some, then suddenly put agyl at his head. He tried to escape from the car in which the three were riding but was shot by fiÎøgerald who was behind him in the rear seat. Camil.says that he struggled only to get away from the agents who threatened him with the gun and never identifi ed themselves. Neil Fullogar lìved in Gqinesville and wøs prosecuted by Jock Carrouth for draft resistance. He is now studying political psychology in Berkeley. When Gainesville police arrived, the DEA agents were none too pleæed to have an outside investigation. When the local officers asked for witnesses out of the crowd; the DEAagenús remarked "we don't need witnesses." Their attitude is understandable, since the testimony of the three w¡tnesses to the shooting while differing in various details, generally discredited the story given by Porter and Fitzgerald. Confronted.by the press with the existence of wit- . to contradict the story told by the agents, DEA Orlando office chief John LePore said a few days after the shooting "l don't care how many horseshit witnesses you comerp with." As Camil's attorney LarryrTurner pointed out to the jury, the case depended "pretty much on who you believe." Apparently, the iury found it diffcult to believe thç version offered by Fitzgerald, Porter, Barbara lves Davis (another DEA operator) and US Attorney Jack Carrouth, who also headed the Gainesville Eight prosecution. Several days after thd verdicq the foreman of the jury told the local paper that it was the jury's opinion that the shooting was deliberate and unjustified. The local State {ttorney, who has put off presenting the case to the grand jury, fgr possible criminal charges, for six months may nowbeimoved by the federal jury's opinion. "My days in court aren't over," Camil said, "but my days as a defendant are. From now on I'm the nesses plaintiff!" ln additíon to the grand jury oroceediñgs, Camil plans civil action against the DEA and its agents. Alsq he and the other seven defendents from the Gainesville Eight trial, along with two "unindicted coconspirators," have a suit pending against John Mitchell, Jack Carrouth, Guy Goodwin (the Justice Department's con sp i racy special i st), Wi ll iam Stafford (former US Attorney and now federal judge) and the government itself. They charge that the prosecution and the grand iury subpoenas which preceded it were part of a conspiracy. to deprive them oftheir civil rights. The ten ask compensatory damages of $10000 Coriflnued on page 16. 6 WtN wlN.7 t a friends rebuild an old house on a farm. Got a part time job in the town pharmacy, realizedvery shortly how important the field of pharmacy is and how much I could improve the health of local folk. !n the past, community phdrmacy = Rip Off. Started my head going with some insight from a macroanalysis seminar, decided I'd like to become inV'olved in or start some kind of alternative pharmacy. The. emphasis: com mun ication, education, qual i ty, honesty. The idea of anextended health care collec. tive is beautiful. -Alan Miller , Durango, Cotorado RESPONSES TO AN As for falling into restrictive roles, an educational and training program within a clinic would make for job rotation. Anyone is welcomátó work in any position as long as there is need for it and the þerson is trained. We could teach each other. By offering a limited but excellent program, the community'wìll be able to look at the coop clinic (?)e¡d tell just what it is. A problem of many alternative syTtems ás I see them is that they try to offer too much just to attract all sorts of people and end up being super nebu'lous instead of realistic. l'm particularly strong on thìs point right now having just experienced tñe downfall of a community restaurant that had no one to manage it, but had a million trips going at the same time. ALTERNATIVE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM , ü '4 Paint¡n9 by Rembrandt van R¡jn. want to shore with readers selecüpns from some of the responses io our piece "Toward on Alternative Health Care System" issue of lltN. 14)e were surprised by the large reactìon: for.stotistics freoks, there have been 67 letters, most from heaith workers. Around hatf of thesè are in iraditìonal health roles (doctor, nurse, pharmacist, etc.) qnd half in alternative roles (acupuncture, herbs, community organ¡zing, etc.). Almostall ore positive and enthusiostic. lle've metwith several of them, ond o reol neiwork seems to be growing, including o newsletter. lile've exerpted o few of the letters below to gìve o somple of the kind of input we've been getting-we find it excìting-and hope you yvill t9o.,lrylfurther comments or criticisms , ore'most welcome. -f irnscott & Clâire Douglas (RFD 2, Box 65, Windsor, Vt. 05089) l4)e in the August 7 I wrN When I finish nursingschool I plan to practiceoutside of our present health care sy5tem. Because the nursing profession has beèn molded and manipulated by the AMÀ hospital administrators, and passivity on the part of nurses themselves, I see a need to create my own role, define my own practice, and choose the setting where I will work. ln doing so I hope to work with others to challenge the present health care system (which is closed, hierarchical, and unresponsive to consumers' needs) by creating alternative means of delivering health care (which are patient centered, serviced by a.team of practitioners, responsible and accountable to the communitY). The work involved in bringing about these changes is tremendous but so very vital. I know that I cannot work as a nurse in our present system so I am prepar' ing now to work to change it. Working as a nursè's aide for two years, I have learned a lot about how to reform health care services in the hospital but not much about how to institute preventive services with a focus on wellness. -Mauieen FTnnegan Boston, Mass. I am engaged in the preliminaries of that "expensive nologically oriented " miseducation responsibl e tech for the training of medical workers. I think that the best way (for me) to make these changes is to obtain the education whiÖh is offered in these institutions, thus enabling me to lawfully "practice medicine." . With thiò legal permission one is free to forge a new place for the doctor as healer and educator. My vision of the healer is one involving orthodox and unorthe dox (i.e. acupuncture, osteopathy, etc.) healingarts in a cooperative situation. -Glenn Dubler Medford, Mass. , . . .a brief history of my last few years, iust in time and space, may give you an idea of where l'm coming from. lt goes like this-'72 graduated from school of pharmacy, interestêd in clinical pharmacy, research, molecu lar ph armacol ogy-fac il i tator of d ru g i nfo center-'73 work in radiation health, environmental radiation. '74left esoteric pharmacy field and moved near the town of Delaware Gap, Pa. to help somé ' :Jean Hooker Athens, Ofrio I work at the Beach Area Community Clinic, a formgr "y,outh oriented free clinic" which is trying to grow. We have a women's clinic, a general medicine clinic, a counseling center, and a prevèntive medicine outreach, health screening program. We have been around four years now and see about 20,000 patient visits a year for medical reasons alone. We have grown from an all volunteer staff, to a paid staff of 30 (all earning $700 per month for full time work, though 'many work only part time) and än annual budget of $200,000. We have a small clinical lab, a large pharmacy, and'good hospital backup. We still depend on and atiractalarge number of volunteers (of whom only a small number are from our patient population) without whom we could never see as many patients. Our patients a.re at least 50%lrom our local area (there are 16 other community clinics in San Diego) and are still about 7 5% between 1 5 and 30 years old, though we do have a pediatric clinic and our outreach program is expanding seryices to many older patients in the area. About3/+ of our money comes from government contracts, but we have enough other income to be relatively independent; Even with all the resources we have and the services we render, it is hard to call ourselves a primary care center. The vast amount of illness that we see is acLite care, one shot medicine, though we do prevention, education and ongoing care through the birth control clinic and the outreach screening pro gram, and each of our components has a good follow up system for important patients with serious prob lems. Nevertheless, we are only open three or four hours a day for MD type care, we have no extended hours, nor are we on call for our patients except in pre-arranged cases. Few of our patients are in family groups, so that kind of care is not emphasized. The point here is that we do what we can, providing a huge amount of needed service, and yet do not even approach the standards of a full time, full resource health facility. We have a lot of medical tasks dele gated to our own trained paramedics, but it still takes ¿ lot of MD supervision and time to be able to expand our services. lt is relatively easy to treat URls Iupper respiratory-infections] and birth control questions by protocol Ia formal set of rules.that governs the way something is treatedl , but relatively more diffcult to train paramedics to deal with the chronically ill adult. lt takes more than we presently have. Secondly, there is the process of our institution. For at least a year now, we have been struggling not only with our personalities and egos (l'm sure you know what kind of individual strength it takes to join an effort like this) but also with a way to get this large group of people to work well togethet We have both management and commuhications problems. We are in fact worker (and not really b¡ard or community) controlldd and we have standing finance and steering, .' committees; there is no boss and no one who does nÇt work with patients; we are decentralized i¡ì work col: lectives in each component-and sometimes that works and sometimes it doesn't. Remarkably, there is agrezt deal of what I would call political awareness and realization that we are trying soinething both different and iconoclastic among us, but of course, that doesn't minimize the fact that we all have different ways to approach the problems. Recently-we have proved to ourselves that we can manage this many patients and this large a budget, but unanswered as yeJ ¡s whether this large a group can develop corn munications mechanisms and build trust'sò that we can work well together. We tend to enioy patient care more than meetings and have yet to develop painless ways of sharing and building beyond casual social ¡ntentction and occasional contemplation of our problems. The point here is that it is diffcult to build a collective large enougþ to provide a lot of patient care and difficult to discern the balance between service and sel f-mai ntenance., Thirdly, there is the financial thing. I have a lot of familiarity with hospitals, insurance, and federal grants, and I certainly feel that paying attention to that arena for support is not only draining personally, but likely to so compromise your ideals as to destroy them. Health financing is so fucked up that you can't get into it without selling your soul-income determinations, paper work, bureaucratic oppression. Besides, there is little payment for the health maintenance that you really are best at. We have been lucky so far to get county money (Revenùe Sharing) with minimal hassle and little cooptation (though there is some as we like to keep our tail clean whenever we advocate for change out there in the system). On the other hand, even in our definitely wealthy part of the country, it is difficult to see how our community and patients can support us, for even though they give us some $25,000 a year in donations, they are really fairly poor and oppressed too. I can get into the idea of righteously having a staff of two people for each job, but even with our relatively low pay scale, it is will come diffcult to imagine where.the from. " resources ç Finally, I want to talk about the people ciut there, the patients, their values and their att¡tudes. I don't mean to pass the buck, but therein lies a real problem. Our clinic is luckier than most-our patients are more physical and health oriented than the general population, they are also less sick; there is a lot of transiency here, but we are more of a community than many other neighborhoods in this city. Nonetheless, on the whole I think our patients prefer convenience to selfconcern, prefer acute care when they need it to preventive concern, prefer to use us like a gas station than to pay attent¡on to why we are there and tryto help us grow, prefer to spend money on "real doctors" and run to us when it gets too expensive, or run to them when they have a serious problem, Of course we are able to convey our att¡tudes and values to a few, but the rest not only drain us, they contribute little to the clinic. I think this is,the way it is generally the US and though there are small groups here and there who see through the crack to differenl more in , wtN 9 human values and habits, they are rare and rarely sufficient to get a place like ours into the self-sufficiency stage. Sometimes I wish we were a church so we would have a more understandable legitimacy to try to get this important message ãcross. eoff Gordon San Diego, California -f I think free clinics and women's health centers arq very important and can be very useful and viable alternatives in big city areas where there's room for a wide range of health care set-ups, although they do, as you say, seem to be "threatening to the organized health empire." They give people söme kind of choíce and the latter provide a large step for liberating women by helping them gain, some control over their own bodies. The thing I so li[e about your article is that you r vision is wider than these. You wánt to provide an alternative system for the care of the whole person f or all the people of a whole community. To me, this humang cooperative method of delivering health care can eventually spread to hospitals and the rest of the "empire," brlt must begin in a small community, one ¡n need of medical workers, where (hopefully) comprehensive, preventive careican be offered to, accepted by,,and supported by the whole community. I agree that one should try to avoid volu¡teerism and/or government or foundation (with a few exceptions) grants. The former is apt to result in too chaotic an organization often weighted down by too much superstructure. And the latter keeps one willy-nilly within the system. But then, of course, comes the huge question of whether one can.get enough community support to carry the efforf financially. Perhaps, this could be accomplished if one could initially get together enough resources to start on a large enough and competent enough scale that the con¡. munity would immediately appreciate it and respond {à to it. I would like to see such a system concentrate on health care as opposed to diseose careito keep people healthy with their active participation in the process. However, this doesn't obviate disease and emergency care and one would hopefully have,some linkup with facilities that provide these. And along these lines, I would like to see this effort located in a'state that doesn't prohibit either home deliveries or midwives. -Jean Williams Putney, Vermont It is my belief that you will achieve the greatest suc- by going off in a dlfferent directiop from that supported by traditional medical and dental practices in this country. I think doctors are useless for illnesses; only for treating people who have been injured in accidents they may have som,e value. I think, even though there is still so little known about preventive medicine via food, you could have great value if you spread the word about the dangers of commonplace "foods" sold in stores throughout the country. Also, people need to be taught simple methods of testing their own bodies so that they can detect incipient problems. lt would be great if all people would some day know how to recognize when their bodies are not cesses 10 WIN ' quite healthy, how to determi ne what the problem is, and what foods, or food suppl ements, to take to correct the problem. -Sam Goldwasser Sah Jose, California it to the many who felt "left out" by not häving sooner. With what I work as an.orderly in a nursing home where physical and emotional neglect of the patient is accepted practice for the sake of profit. I am young (19) and have idealistic. -lil ixi:,Il,",iffi,: l've been involved w¡th health through some research I did on the variety of health helpers for children (from grandma to pediatríc specialties of various kinds). I have also worked with several community groups who took on "health" as an issue, and in general, wanted to deal with it non-medically. Thus, for example, they looked at and monkeyed around with traffic in order to deal with child-health, or they worked on solarheated greenhouses in order to deal with nutrition, etc. These kinds of responses are both more direct in ' terms of the determinants of "ill health," and also empowering for the people involved. ln a sense, my .. primary concern as I read through your article was along these lines. The imagery (and possibly structure) that is implied by "consumer," "producer," etc. tends to worry me. lt woriies me in that it tends to imply "healthl' is a commdoity, rather than a proèess; that'it can be "produced" in a market or industrial sense; and so on. ' lt is important to note that learning how to consume modern medicine, becoming a professionalized clien! may not improve one's health. lt may indeed work against it, especially to the extent that acceptance of modern medicine's theories of causation mystifies and distorts. The most importznt sources of one's heolth ore peripheral (and becorning more so\ to the operqnt tkeories. Thus, being treated for a condition but not being told how it really develops or could be fought is producing false consciousness. Professionalized clients, who come to believe in.their "seryices" rather than their own resources, are both unable to defend their health in the'future and unable to go anywhere but back to their servicer if they have trouble. Medical professionás complain a loi among theniselves about how they really have no control over the processes producing "sickness" and deäth, but they do not pass this on to their clients. lndeed they rarely examine the negative side effecûs of much of what they do. Pre fessionalized clients are easier for the system to ttmanagett and ttserve.tt Just as the "ideology of service" suggested above can be used strategically to manage and control clients by doing things "in their own ihterest," so too can the alleged benefits of the para-professional movement and efforts at community còntrol be deceptive. Paraprofessionals, for instance, become the feeders or the front line of the professional system, offering the same theories and expectations. The idea of justifying programs by means of lay participation, when "lay" result? it :T9In Dewar Minneapol is, MÌnnesota I heartily agree with you that our.heal'th care situation is a perfect microcoqm of the repressive social relationships that charac.terize our society as a Whole. I also agree with your contention. . .that our remarkably been told by people (mostly older) that my desire to type of health care that emphasizes the / dignity of the patient is naive and see a humane ;, means clients who've been professionalized, will enhance the growth of professional service and provide . I ' effective medical techñology is the primary legitimating source of the exploitation that now occurs in medical practice. lndeed, modern science ànd technique in general command respect for a'uthority much better than any trad¡tional ideólogy ever has. The,undemocratic effects of purely teChriical solutions to practical problems can be seen on several leveis in the health care field, from personnel management to the actual "delivery" of health care to the þatíenî . .We can pluck medical technique out of it¡ present practical context of authoritarian social relätions ánii situate ¡t in a new practical abode of democratic social relations. Medical technique can thus retain its effective ness without being exploited. This possibility of preserving genuine medical technique in a new, democratic social situation raises another reservation I have about your plans. Your creation ex nihÍlo of a democratic health care com. munity in the idyllic countryside leaves many skilled urban health care workers, not to ment¡on their urban pat¡ents, in the lurch: "Living the revolution now'r for most of us can only mean,living it right where we arc, not in a romance or a pastoral myth. I work in a small community hospital, but we experience many of the problems you tâlk abouL I find most hospital workers to be honest, sincere persons who don't need to be enlightened about exploitation, and who could utilize a vast technical potential to satisfy human needs by democratizing the institutions in which they now work. . . !.Ve need to start reaching a wider audience with our ideals. There is much potential to work with, right where we are. Hospitals, for example, claim to be "nonprofit" organizatíons: yet each year they contribute millions of dollars in profits to the monopolistic food, petroleum, and pharmaceutical industries. Last summer, hospital administrators across the country urged workers to use political yower to remove price controls on hospital care, so that hospitals could peacefully coexist wiúr the other, decontrolled sectors of the economy. Higher wages were offered the hosp¡tal worker as a "reward" for his Isic] vote, and many hospitals were saved from union organizing in the process. What if hospital workers had instead used their political powêr to control prices in the rest of the economy, converting its profits into better wages for themselves and lower costs for their patients? :-li9n Lambert Lewisburg, Penn. When somebody requires eniergêncy care in this area it takes (at minimum) 45 minutes for an ambulance to arrive and about the same amount of time for it to reach the hospital: Adults and children die before they reach the hospital. The nutritional requirements and awáreness in this area is often meager (one of my students had raw, thawed frozen pizzaâs a holiday meal since she has no stove at home). Like most other rural areas we need accessible health care facilities. Many of the physicians who serve this area are dying or moving awaY. -Mary Lou independent food basg b) the importance ofgood food for health, including the whole process of growing and the greater values of doing health education w¡th food rather than literature about food. The task of showing the radical importance of health action is a large one; easier at the level of challenging multinæ tional pharmaceuticals and the "medical" establishment than at the grassroot home level of"healing in the sense of wholeness, love ånd community, . -. , . -BillCurry Dale,Detyar Saskatoon, Såsk. I want to write to tell you about the Green Mountain Health Center, 36 High St., Brattleboro,.Vt, This is a community héd th .center serving Bratdóborq Ér tney and surrounding towns. The area has a very large youth culture which, along wíth a number of older members of the population, forms a broad base of supporL Essentially we are a struggling collective with pr,irnary e¡nphasis on patient education, preventive medicine ahd self-health. Various sub.groups are into non-western alternatives, women's health problems, etc. Main actìvities include 1) Trvice weekly clinics (using our own trained paramedics, standard treatments for common ailments and volunteer doctors); 2) Screrening clinics (aimed mainly at the older population)forbreast cancer, breast self-exam teaching free PAP smears, hypertension screening and referral etc.; and 3) Special Education Programi: a community college course, self examination workshops at the women's weekend, and whatever elsp pops up. We startéd as d "free clinicr" now far past that. No longer free: we support th.e operation by pat¡ent pay- ments ($ or services), contributions, gifts from church groups, a slice of the town budget (our gdtting the selectmen's support wæ a big victory), various public and private grants. Lest this all sounds too pat, let me emphasize how fluid the operatiôn is, we ¡ie whatever the community of workers is and that seems to be changing from the above to a more, dare I say-"radical" consensus.' (Some things are fixed: our interest in helping people to learn about tieir bodies and the commitmðnt to low cost high quality care.) lt.seems like we are about 9O% of the theoretical model you described and some folk¡ around are probably interested in becoming the .rest. :-,,Dr. Ben Caseyf' - : Brattleboro, Vt. Kearns Middlefield, Mass. ln your listing of reasons for being rural, I missed any reference to a) the political-economic reasons for an 'Poster by Li beratlon Un¡on. raph¡cs Collectlve/Chicago Womens wlN tl .- refuæd to allow delegates to hear a letter ¡rom WFtU calling for efforts "to come to an understanding on a 4 common minimum Programme." The German DGB always pressures for the re-af' filiation of the AFL-CIO. Kersten says ICFTU,needs AFL-CIO help'because 70% of the multinational cor' porations are between Boston and Chibago." There are signs that Georgo Meany toq is looking fpr a better international linkup. Many ICFTU delegates were æked to come to Wæhington "as long as they were in the Western Hem isphere neigh borh ood. ' Su rprisingl y, quite.a few groups, notably the British TUÇ turned the ¡ni¡tat¡on. down and thé increasing neod of ¡CFTU tq-meet real world prciblems makes it ali the more difficúlt for' the AFL-CIO to enter the world league without embarrassmenl This was the first ICFTU C-ongress to hear an open attack on George Meany. Br!1iS dele sate. C.T.H. Plant railed against Meany's "isolationlst. . .stop the world, I want to get dq' policy. He linkdd M-eany's poliiy with that of Gerald Ford and said: 'tThe angry men of the AFL'CIO who lryIt with resentment about the fact that the world is ;i;;il¡"-iñã thev can't stop it, should reconsider their-attÏulde befbre it is too late." juii Iror late it has gotten for the AFL-Çlo may. be fudged by comparinã what TUC Secretary Len Murray'caÌís "M'èany'i poliðy of disaster. . .creating conditións that can léad io wár;'l w¡th the resolves voted by. lCFTU. attack¡ns "escalaiion of military expenditurq" and a score of unanimous, bored votes of conformity. The managers of the Congress, mainly Otto Ker- A . 'sten, General Secretary, guided the members smoothly over a variety of important issues. They approved lengthy charters of generalized goals toward Legisla- tive Control of Multinational Corporations, Economic Security and Social Justice, Human and Trade Union o IN Rights, the Rights of Women Workers, Rights of Young Workers, and on Industrial Democracy. The deep contradictions among the delegates remained below the surface even as they dealt with such charged issues as Chile, Spain, Portugal and the M¡d- ît. Formed in 1949, the ICFTU was a splinter group that broke away from the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU), then a four year old organization of unions from east to west, reflecting the anti.fascist unity of Wbrld War ll. ïhe breakaway wæ led by US unions not long after the terrn 'liron curtain" had bê come popular and the Cold War shivers had frozen re- bt,hed hinsch ä I Cartoon from TCB/CpF The lnternational Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) came through its Eleventh Trienniel Congress without an open fracture, but w¡th a series of lightly patched cracks. The meeting drew to a close after eight days, a minimum of 20 pounds of paper per delegate, a virtual absence of open disagreement re uillv Fred Hlrsch is living ln Mexìco doing reseorch on the lnfluence ond penetmtion of the AFL-Aþ ìn the Iabor movements of Lotin America. to Washington financed programs and pcilicies. Also, for the first time in its 26 years, ICFTU invited observers from the WFTU to its Congress. Still, Kersten Chile, during the Congress. They demanded the rs lease of poliiical prisoîers andtried to make arrêngÊ menß tó ænd a food ship to feed'Îhe familie"s 9f . ," f East. lations with the Soviets. Many changes have taken place since that time, but the ICFTU, with 52,000,000 members in 119 organizations in 88 countries, now led by West Europe ans, is still second in size to the WFTU. Finding increased problems that cross national and ideological frontiers, the European unions have'largely veered away from Cold War concepts. Their experience in WWll has made them partisans of detente, to the point that they have even broken ICFTU guidelines, building contacts w¡th left unions. This has resulted in a pullout from.the ICFTU by an angry George Meany and the AFL-C¡O, and led to the formation of the European Trade Union Congress (ETUC), open to both "free" and leftist unions. These developments make the British TUÇ with 10 million members, the most powerful single group in the ICFTU. With a power:fu1 rank and file tradition and an effective shop steward system, the British union leadership holds very ôlose to the expressed needs ofthe members at the point of production. British lêaders În the Mexico Congress ioked bitterly about the "in.sanity" of the AFL-ClO in "stoking up the Cold War." They sent a fraternal delegate to Meany's rec_ent convention in San Francisco to give a strong pitch for peace as a reverse taste of AFL-ClO medicine. Rather than celebiate Solzhenitzin, the British have received union delegations from the USSR and have signed agreements for more exchanges,and cooperation They have also spearheaded worldwide labor solidarity in the face of fascism in Chile, Spain and Sôuth Africa. Offsetting the leftward thrust of the TUC in the ICFTU, we find the German DGB and som'e of the lnternational Trade Secretariats (lTS). Many ITS operations rel,y heavily on US State Department funds channelled through AFL-CIO unions. The lTSs, like a good number of Third World union leaders, who are trained and sustained by a combination of AFL-ClO/ State Departmen t/mu ti nati onal corporate p rograms, tend to stay conseryatively close to the paymasters' politics. Despite such influences, the ICFTU has raised a"radiçal" banner occasionally in its Congress. Facing mæsive unemployment figures and the chal' lenge of multinational corporate power to already deteriorated wages, working conditions and living standards, ICFTU repeatedly q4lls foi worldwide labor unity. lndeed, Ottg Kérsten hal talks going with the Christ¡an oriented World Confederation of Labor (WCL) which inay unite the two groups. WCL and ICFTU have had sharp conflicts in such places as Latin America over the latter's regional subservience I to the ICFTU. Meany put through a resolution which, although it opposes the excesses of the Pinochet government, cômplains that "free trade unionists did ñot mourn ihe deþarture of the Marxist regime in Chile." He also greeted two well known trade union spokesmen for the Junta as obseryers to the conven' tioi, ginesto Vog"íana Eduardo Rios. Striking out quite differently;-ICFTU sent a ligþtning delegation to as a "threat to wódd peacer" and demanding "work ' . ".Wh ile Meanv cäls for increased levels of arms spending and is a vanzuard defender of capitalism, ICFTU takes anoth"er approach. They cite the fa¡lure of "the capitaliitrc an¿ läissez-faire náture of the.system" which has "favored the stroàg over the weak," incieased the in. come gap and "cre-ated condilloris in which.the multi: nationãl'companies co:ld expand uncontrolably. . . The present pystem no longer adequately protects or oromotes thä-inærest of workpeople in any state, be iowards general and contpl àte disrymamen L ot poor." ICFTU says the'¡basic-interest of trade unión is to secure a more iust sÓriety' ' 'not just to make an existing economic system work a little more smoothly." J.H. Pollydore, of Guyan4 was unusually clear. ít i.ft Evén more únusually, his remai'|.