sw artbm o re 14 m ' COLLEGE LIBRARY SWARTHMORE COLLEGE BULLETIN CATALOGUE ISSUE 1954-1955 SWARTHMORE - PENNSYLVANIA The Bulletin, of which this publication is Volume LII, No. 1, is published monthly, except July and August, by Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pa. Entered at the post office at Swarthmore, Pa., as second-class matter, in accordance with provision of the Act of Congress of August 24, 1912. (Printed in U. S. A.) Clothier M emorial Parrish H all SWARTHMORE COLLEGE BULLETIN CATALOGUE ISSUE 1954-1955 SWARTHMORE, PENNSYLVANIA Volume L II Number 1 September, 1954 Directions for Correspondence For information about: GENERAL COLLEGE POLICY Courtney Smith, President ADMISSIONS AND SCHOLARSHIPS For men: Dean Everett L. Hunt For women: Dean Susan P. Cobbs RECORDS, TRANSCRIPTS AND CATALOGUES John M. Moore, Registrar FINANCIAL INFORMATION Edward K. Cratsley, Vice-President Charles G. Thatcher, Business Manager VOCATIONAL PLACEMENT AND GUIDANCE Deborah Wing, Assistant Dean ( for Women) W. Park Woodrow, Vocational Adviser ( for Men) ALUMNI AFFAIRS AND PUBLIC RELATIONS Joseph B. Shane, Vice-President GENERAL INFORMATION W. Park Woodrow, Director of Publicity DIRECTORY OF STUDENTS Obtainable upon request to the Registrar SWARTHMORE COLLEGE • SWARTHMORE, PENNSYLVANIA 2 Table of Contents Calendar ........................................................................................................................... P ersonnel ........................................................................................................................ The Corporation and The Board of M an ag ers.......................................... Alumni Association Officers and Alumni C o u n c il............................................. The F a c u lty ......................................................... Divisions and Departments ....................................................... Standing Committees .................................................................. Administrative Officers and Assistants .................................................................. I ntroduction to Swarthmore College ......................... Admission .................................................................................................................. Expenses ............................................................................................ Student Aid and Scholarships ............................................................................... Educational Resources ................................................. College L i f e ................................................................................................................ Student Community ................................................................................................. T he Educational Program ................................................... Program for Freshmen and Sophom ores.............................................................. Program for Juniors and S e n io rs........................................................................... Honors W ork ........................................................................................................... Pre-Medical Program .............................................................................................. Faculty Regulations . ..................... . .............................. j ................ ....................... Requirements for Graduation ............................................................................... Advanced D e g re e s..................................................................................................... Awards and Prizes ................................................................................................... Fellowships ................................................................................................................ Courses o f I nstruction .............................................................................................. Astronomy .................................................................................................................. B io lo g y .......................................... Chemistry .................................................................................................................... Classics ........................................................................................................................ Economics ............... ......................... -.........................; .......................................... Engineering ............................................................. English L ite ra tu re ..................................................... Fine Arts .................................................................................................................... History ........................................................................................................................ International Relations ............................................................................................ Mathematics ............... Modem Languages and Literatures ....................................................................... Music ............................................................ Philosophy and Religion ........................................................................................ Physical Education for M e n .......................................... Physical Education for W omen ............................................................................. Physics .............................. .J. .............. ...................................................................... Political Science ....................................................................................................... Psychology and Education .................................................................................... Russian Studies ......................................................................................................... Reference Section ........................................ Visiting Examiners ................................................................................................... Degrees Conferred ................................................................................................... Enrollment Statistics ............................................................................................... Selected Publications About Swarthmore C o lle g e ............................................. Index ........................................................................................................................... P lan of College G rounds ........................................................................................ 3 PAGE 4 7 8 10 11 17 18 19 . 23 28 31 33 41 45 48 51 53 55 56 58 59 62 62 64 65 67 68 70 76 80 84 87 99 104 107 Ill 112 115 123 125 129 130 132 134 139 144 145 146 147 151 152 153 158 1954 8 M O CTO BER T W T 3 4 5 6 7 10 11 12 13 14 17 18 19 20 21 2 4 2 5 26 2 7 28 F 8 1 2 8 9 15 16 2 2 23 29 3 0 S 7 14 21 28 NOVEM BER M T W T F 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 16 17 18 19 2 0 22 23 24 25 26 27 2 9 30 8 5 12 19 26 Sf DECEMBER T W T F 8 1 2 3 4 6 9 10 11 7 8 13 14 15 16 17 18 20 21 2 2 23 2 4 25 27 28 29 3 0 31. M 1955 8 2 9 16 23 30 8 M JANU ARY T W T 3 4 5 6 7 10 11 12 13 14 17 18 19 20 21 2 4 2 5 26 2 7 2 8 31 M A P R IL T W T 3 4 5 6 7 10 11 12 13 14 17 18 19 20 21 2 4 2 5 26 27 2 8 8 M T JU LY W T 3 4 5 6 7 IO 11 12 13 14 17 18 19 2 0 21 2 4 2 5 26 2 7 28 31 8 2 9 16 23 SO F M O C TO BER T W T S 1 8 15 22 29 F 8 1 2 8 9 15 16 22 23 29 3 0 F S 1 2 8 9 15 16 2 2 23 29 3 0 8 6 13 20 27 FEBRUARY T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 2 2 23 2 4 2 5 26 28 M M AY S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IO 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2 0 21 22 23 2 4 2 5 26 2 7 28 29 3 0 31 S 7 14 21 28 AUGUST M T W T F 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 IO 11 12 13 15 16 17 18 19 2 0 2 2 23 2 4 25 26 2 7 2 9 30 31 8 M 6 7 13 14 20 21 2 7 28 S M 5 6 12 13 19 2 0 26 27 S 4 11 18 25 3 4 5 6 7 IO 11 12 13 14 17 18 19 20 21 2 4 2 5 26 2 7 2 8 31 8 1 8 15 22 29 8 M 6 7 13 14 20 21 27 28 T W T F S 4 1 2 3 5 8 9 10 11 12 15 16 17 18 19 22 23 2 4 2 5 26 29 30 JU NE W T F S 3 4 1 2 7 8 9 IO 11 14 15 16 17 18 21 22 23 2 4 25 28 29 3 0 T SE PTE M BER T W T 8 F 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 19 20 21 2 2 23 2 4 26 2 7 28 29 3 0 M NOVEM BER F MARCH T W T F S 4 5 1 2 3 8 9 10 11 12 15 16 17 18 19 22 23 2 4 25 2 6 29 30 31 DECEMBER 8 M T W 4 5 6 7 11 12 13 14 18 19 20 21 25 26 27 2 8 T F S 3 1 2 8 9 10 15 16 17 22 23 2 4 29 3 0 31 1956 JANU ARY 8 M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IO 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2 0 21 2 2 23 2 4 25 2 6 2 7 28 2 9 3 0 31 A P R IL 8 M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2 0 21 22 23 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 28 29 30 S M 5 6 12 13 19 2 0 26 2 7 8 M 6 7 13 14 2 0 21 27 2 8 FEBRUARY T W T F 8 3 4 1 2 9 10 11 7 8 14 15 16 17 18 21 22 23 2 4 2 5 28 29 MAY T W T F 8 1 2 3 4 5 8 9 10 11 12 15 16 17 18 19 22 23 2 4 2 5 26 29 3 0 31 4 8 M 4 5 11 12 18 19 25 26 8 M MARCH T W T F 8 1 2 3 6 8 7 9 10 13 14 15 16 17 20 21 2 2 23 2 4 2 7 28 29 30 31 T JUNE W T 3 4 5 7 6 10 11 12 13 14 17 18 19 20 21 24 2 5 26 2 7 2 8 F 8 1 2 9 8 15 16 22 23 29 30 College Calendar 1954 Fall Semester September 16 -1 8 .......................Freshman placement days September 20 . ......................... Registration, 1: 30 p. m. September 21 ...........................Classes and honors seminars begin October 5 ................................. Meeting of the Board of Managers November 2 .......... .................. Executive Committee of the Board of Managers November 13 ...........................Mid-semester reports November 25-27 ................ Thanksgiving recess Annual Meeting of the Board of Managers December 7 ......................... December 18 ..........................Christmas recess begins, 12:00 noon 1955 January January January January January January January January 3 ................................. Christmas recess ends, 8: 00 a. m. 4 .................................Executive Committee of the Board of Managers 14 ...............................Registration for spring semester, 1: 30 p. m. 15 ...............................Classes and seminars end 17 ............................... Honors seminars begin for spring semester 17-18...........................Review period for course students 19 ............................... Mid-year examinations begin 29 ............................... Mid-year examinations end Spring Semester February 1 ...............................Executive Committee of the Board of Managers February 2 ...... ................. Classes begin March 1 ..................................... Meeting of the Board of Managers March 19 .................................Mid-semester reports March 2 6 ................................... Spring recess begins, 12: 00 noon April 4 ..................................... Spring recess ends, 8: 00 a. m. April 5 ..................................... Executive Committee of the Board of Managers April 30 ................................... Honors seminars end May 3 ....................................... Executive Committee of the Board of Managers May 12 .............................. Written honors examinations begin May 14 ..................................... Classes end for seniors May 19 .....................................Classes end May 20 ..................................... Enrollment in classes for fall semester, 1: 30 p. m. May 20-21 ...............................Review period for course students Senior comprehensive examinations May 21 ..................................... Written honors examinations end May 23 ..................................... Final examinations begin May 26-28 .................................Oral honors examinations June 1 ....................................... Final examinations end June 3 ................... ................... Meeting of the Board of Managers June 4 .......................................Alumni Day June 5 .......................................Baccalaureate Day June 6 .......................................Commencement Day 5 College Calendar (Tentative) 1955 Fall Semester September 15-17 ....................... Freshman placement days September 19 ...........................Registration, i t 30 p.m. September 20 ...........................Classes and honors seminars begin October 4 .................................Meeting of the Board of Managers November 1 .............................Executive Committee of the Board of Managers November 12 ...........................Mid-semester reports November 24-26 .....................Thanksgiving recess December 6 .............................Annual Meeting of the Board of Managers December 17 ...........................Christmas recess begins, 12: 00 noon 1956 .January January January January January January January January 3 .................................Christmas recess ends, 8: 00 a.m. 3 .................................Executive Committee of the Board of Managers 13 ............................... Registration for spring semester, 1: 30 p. m. 14 ...............................Classes and seminars end 16 ...............................Honors seminars begin for spring semester 16, 17 .............. . Review period for course students 18 ...............................Mid-year examinations begin 28 ...............................Mid-year examinations end Spring Semester February 1 ...............................Classes begin February 7 ...............................Executive Committee of the Board of Managers March 6 ...................................Meeting of the Board of Managers March 17 .................................Mid-semester reports March 24 .................................Spring recess begins, 12: 00 noon. •April 2 .....................................Spring recess, ends, 8: 00 a. m. April 3 .................................... Executive Committee of the Board of Managers April 28 ................................... Honors seminars end May 1 ....................................... Executive Committee of the Board of Managers May 10 .....................................Written honors examinations begin May 12 ..................................... Classes end for seniors May 17 .....................................Classes end May 18 .....................................Enrollment in classes for fall semester, 1: 30 p.m. May 18, 19 .............................Review period for course students Senior comprehensive examinations May 19 .....................................Written honors examinations end May 21 .....................................Final examinations begin May 24-26 ...............................Oral honors examinations May 30 ..................................... Final examinations end June 1 ....................................... Meeting of the Board of Managers June 2 .......................................Alumni Day June 3 .......................................Baccalaureate Day June 4 ....................................... Commencement Day 6 The Corporation Claude C. Sm ith , President 1617 Land Title Building, Philadelphia 10, Pa. P h ilip T. Sharples , Vice-President Twenty-Third and Westmoreland Sts.. Philadelphia 40, Pa. E leanor Stabler Clarke, Secretary Crumwald Farm, Wallingford, Pa. H elen G awthrop W orth , Assistant Secretary 1115 Brandon Lane, Westover Hills, Wilmington, Del. E. Lawrence W orstall, Treasurer 421 Chestnut St., Philadelphia 1, Pa. Board of Managers Emeriti H etty Lippinco tt M iller , Riverton, N. J. E lsie Palmer Brow n , 1622 Twenty-ninth Street, N. W., Washington 7 D C C lem ent M. Biddle, P. O. B ox 743, Church St. Sta., New York 8, N. Y. ’ Edith W ilson J ackson, 317 North Chester Road, Swarthmore, Pa. Lydia Foulke T aylor, 23 Summit Avenue, Larchmont, N. Y. Barclay W hite , 22 North Thirty-sixth Street, Philadelphia 4, Pa. Life Hiembers Frank A ydelotte, 88 Battle Road, Princeton, N. J. E leanor Stabler C larke, Crumwald Farm, Wallingford, Pa. Isaac H. C lothier , J r ., 801 Market Street, Philadelphia 5, Pa. M ary Lippinco tt G riscom , 314 East Central Avenue, Moorestown, N. T. R obert E. Lamb, 3429 West Indiana Avenue, Philadelphia 32, Pa. H adassah M. L. Parrot, 1025 Westview Street, Philadelphia 19, Pa. C laude C. Sm ith , 1617 Land Title Building, Philadelphia 10, Pa H elen G awthrop W orth , 1115 Brandon Lane, ^estover Hills, Wilmington, Del. Term Expires December, 1954 Ru t h P otter Ash ton , 409 Elm Avenue, Swarthmore, Pa. Isabel J enkins Booth , 54 The Strand, New Castle, Del. Richard C. B ond, 1300 Market St., Philadelphia, Pa. T heodore W iding , 800 Lincoln-Liberty Building, Philadelphia 7, Pa. ♦A mos J. P easlee, Clarksboro, N . J. ♦E llen F ernon Reisner , 43 Wooddale Road, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia 18, Pa. Term Expires December, 1955 H ilda Lang D enw orth , 301 Elm Ave., Swarthmore, Pa. T homas B. M c Cabe, Front and Market Streets, Chester, Pa. A n n a Engle T aylor, 8240 Fairview Road, Philadelphia 17, Pa. Boyd T. Barnard, 914 Lincoln-Liberty Building, Philadelphia 7, Pa. ♦C aroline Biddle M alin , 305 West 18th St., New York 11, N. Y. ♦J ack B. T hom pson , Clifton Forge, Va. Term Expires December, 1956 T. Stockton M atthews , Garrett Building, Baltimore, Md. C. N orman Stabler, 230 West Forty-first St., New York, N. Y. H oward S. T urner , 103 Lebanon Hills Drive, Pittsburgh 28, Pa. P h il ip T. Sharples , Twenty-third and Westmoreland Streets, Philadelphia 40, Pa. ♦N orman H. W inde , Ridley Creek Road, R. D. 2, Media, Pa. ♦V irginia Brow n G reer, Farnum Road, Media, Pa. * Nominated by the Alumni Association. 8 Term Expires December, 1957 P hebe U nderhill Seaman , Jericho, N. Y. E lisabeth H allowell Bartlett , 1922 Mount Royal Terrace, Baltimore 17, Md. N icholas K elley , 70 Broadway, New York 4, N. Y. E. Lawrence W orstall, 33 Dudley Avenue, Lansdowne, Pa. ♦A nn e P hilips B lake , 215 North Rd., Lindamere, Wilmington 3, Del. ♦C harles P. Larkin , J r ., Crozer Building, Chester, Pa. C o m m it t e e s o f the Board The President is ex-Officio a member of Every Committee Executive Boyd T. Barnard R u t h P otter Ashton Frank A ydelotte I sabel J enkins Booth E leanor Stabler Clarke Isaac H . C lothier , J r . H ilda Lang D enworth M ary Lippinco tt G riscom Robert E. Lamb H adassah M. L. P arrot T homas B. M c Cabe A mos J. P easlee P h ilip T. Sharples T heodore W iding E. Lawrence W orstall H elen G awthrop W orth Finance T homas B. M cC abe P h ilip T. Sharples C laude C. Sm ith E. Lawrence W orstall T heodore W iding N icholas K elley C harles P. Larkin , J r . Instruction and Libraries Caroline Biddle M alin P hebe U nderhill Seaman H oward T urner T heodore W iding N orman H . W inds H elen G awthrop W orth C laude C. Sm ith R uth P otter Ashton Frank Aydelotte A n n e P hilips B lake H ilda Lang D enworth H adassah M. L. P arrot Property A mos J. P easlee E llen Fernon R eisner J ack B. T hompson N orman H. W inde Robert E. Lamb Boyd T. Barnard I sabel J enkins Booth M ary Lippinco tt G riscom Trusts T homas B. M c Cabe Boyd T. Barnard Richard C. Bond I saac H. C lothier , J r . T. Stockton M atthews C. N orman Stabler E. Lawrence W orstall Household and Student Affairs M ary Lippinco tt G riscom E lisabeth H allowell Bartlett E leanor Stabler Clarke T heodore H ilda Lang D enworth V irginia Brow n G reer A n n a Engle T aylor W iding Nominating Robert E. Lamb Caroline Biddle M alin R ut h P otter A shton P h ilip T. Sharples Frank A ydelotte E leanor Stabler C larke * Nominated by the Alumni Association. 9 Alumni Association Officers 1953-1955 President, M orris L. H icks ’32, Suburban Station Bldg., Philadelphia 3, Pa. Vice-President for Men, T homas S. N icely ’30, 271 Forest Drive, Short Hills, N . J. Vice-President for Women, N ancy D eane P assmore '30, Box 209, Rutledge, Pa. Secretary, F lorence Lyons G owing ’36, 635 Parrish Road, Swarthmore, Pa. Alumni Council Zone I T erm Expires J une J. Stokes Clem ent , J r . ’34, 1363 Old Ford Rd., Huntingdon Valley, Pa. Charles E. Rickards ’27, 555 Hansell Road, Wynnewood, Pa. 1956 J o h n W. D utton ’28, c/o J. M. Fronefield, Wayne, Pa. W m . A. Limberger, M.D., ’23, Green Ledge Farm, R.D. 4, West Chester, Pa. 1957 Robert G. H ayden ’47, Baltimore Pike, Swarthmore, Pa. A lbert W . P reston , J r . ’23, 56 Park Ave., Crafton, Pittsburgh 5, Pa. W illiam D. T aylor '36, "Mytholme,” Box 542, Coatesville, Pa. 1955 J ean W eltmer Stetson ’38, 144 N. Highland Rd., Springfield, Pa. Barbara Briggs W inde ’31, 805 Princeton Rd., Wilmington, Del. 1956 An n Lapham Frazer ’38, 146 Scenic Road, Springfield, Pa. Louise D avis M ulloy '24, Winding Lane, R. D. 3, Media, Pa. 1957 An n a Bancroft Coles ’23, 125 E. Oak Ave., Moorestown, N. J. E lizabeth Seaman D awes '34, 20 Benjamin West Ave., Swarthmore, Pa. M ary W ilson Ridpath T9, Presidential Apts., City Line, Philadelphia 31, Pa. 1955 Zone II 1955 N orris C. Barnard T9, 410 Topping Hill Rd., Westfield, N. J. 1956 W illiam B. P late ’26, 7 Crest Acre Court, Summit, New Jersey 1957 J o h n L. D ugan , J r . ’43, 58 Whitney Road, Short Hills, N. J. 1955 A ldyth Longshore C laiborn ’33, 64 Blake Road, Hamden 14, Conn. 1956 Lucinda W hite Lohr ’43, 42 St. Johns Ave., Mt. Tabor, N . J. 1957 E lizabeth Bartleson Booth ’26, 38 Canterbury Lane, Westfield, N. J. Zone III 1955 P h ilip A. Crowl '36, Dept, of the Army, Historical Division, Room 1E565 Pentagon, Washington 25, D. C. 1956 O rrick M etcalfe ’26, 305 S. Broadway Street, Natchez, Miss. 1955 R ut h J ackson Boone ’30, 7420 Wyndale Lane, Chevy Chase 15, Md. 1956 Caroline Lippincott F orman ’28, Easton, Maryland. Zone IV 1955 1956 1955 1956 Charles C. P rice , III, ’34, 201 W . North Shore Drive, South Bend, Ind. V ictor R. J ose, ’43, 215 N. W. Tenth Street, Richmond, Ind. E lizabeth P ollard F etter ’25, 580 Orchard Lane, Winnetka, 111. Laurama Page P ixton ’43, 1207 Elmwood, Evanston, 111. 1957 1957 Edward A. J akle ’40, 11634 Winding Way, Los Altos, Calif. W inifred Cammack B ond ’43, 1230 Wabash St., Pasadena 3, Calif. Zone V 10 The Faculty Courtney Sm ith , President..................................... .............................. 324 Cedar Lane B.A., M.A., Ph.D., Harvard University. Edward K. Cratsley, Vice-President— Financial Operation and Control, and Professor of Economics.......... .'.................................... 925 Strath Haven Avenue B.A., College of Wooster; M.B.A. and D.C.S., Harvard University. J oseph B. Sha ne , Vice-President— Public Relations and Alumni Affairs, and Pro­ fessor of Education ....................................................................Cunningham House B.A., Swarthmore College; M.A., University of Pennsylvania. * Susan P. Cobbs, Dean and Professor of Classics.......................................West House B.A., Randolph-Macon Woman’s College; M.A., New York University; Ph.D., University of Chicago. Everett L. H u n t , Dean and Professor of E nglish ........................... 604 Elm Avenue B.A., Huron College; M.A., University of Chicago; D.Litt., Huron College. J o h n M. M oore , Associate Dean, Registrar and Professor of Philosophy, 2 Whittier Place B.A., Park College; B.D., Union Theological Seminary; M.A., Harvard Uni­ versity; Ph.D., Columbia University. G ilmore Stott , Associate Dean and Assistant Professor of Philosophy, 318 Dartmouth Avenue B.A. and M.A., University of Cincinnati; B.A. and M.A., Oxford University; M.A. and Ph.D., Princeton University. C harlotte A. T inker , Assistant D e a n ......................................... Swarthmore College B.A., Wellesley College. D eborah W ing , Assistant D e a n ..................................................... Swarthmore College B.A., Swarthmore College; M.A., RadclifFe College. Charles G. T hatcher , Business M anager.....................................613 Ogden Avenue B.A., Swarthmore College; M.E., Cornell University; M.M.E., Johns Hopkins University. E m er iti A lfred M ansfield Brooks, Professor Emeritus of Fine Arts . . . . Gloucester, Mass. B.A., and M.A., Harvard University; M.A., Indiana University. H enry J ermain M aude Creighton , Professor Emeritus of Chemistry, High-Solas, Glen Margaret, Nova Scotia, Canada B.A., M.A. and LL.D., Dalhousie University; M.Sc., University of Birmingham; D.Sc., Das eidgenössische Polytechnikum, Zürich. P h ilip M arshall H icks, Professor Emeritus of English literature .. Avondale, Pa. B.A. and M.A., Swarthmore College; Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania. Ross W. M arriott, Professor Emeritus of M athematics.......... 213 Lafayette Avenue B.A., Indiana University; M.A., Swarthmore College; Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania. H enrietta J osephine M eeteer , Professor Emeritus of Greek and Latin, 309 Warwick Road, Haddonfield, N. J. B.A., Indiana University; Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania. Samuel Copeland P almer , Professor Emeritus of Botany, 26th and Chestnut Streets, Chester, Pa. B.A. and M.A., Swarthmore College; M.A. and Ph.D., Harvard University. P rofessors M ary A lbertson , Professor of H isto ry ........................................... 405 Walnut Lane B.A., M.A., and Ph.D., Bryn Mawr College. Solomon E. Asch , Professor of Psychology.....................................513 Elm Avenue B.S., College of the City of New York; M.A. and Ph.D., Columbia University. G eorge J. Becker, Professor of E nglish .......... ._.............................. 401 Walnut Lane B.A., M.A., and Ph.D., University of Washington. Richard B. Brandt, Professor of Philosophy.....................• ............ 521 Elm Avenue B.A., Denison University; B.A., University of Cambridge; Ph.D., Yale Uni­ versity. * Absent on leave, fall semester, 1954-55. 11 H einrich Brinkmann , Professor of M athematics...........................403 Walnut Lane B.A., Stanford University; M.A. and Ph.D., Harvard University. Samuel T. Carpenter, Isaiah V. Williamson Professor of Civil and Mechanical Engineering................................................... .............................. 612 Ogden Avenue B.C.E., C.E. and M.S., Ohio State University. W illiam J. Cope, Professor of Mechanical Engineering.........................6 Crum Ledge B.S. in M.E., University of Utah; M.E., Stanford University; Sc.D., in M.E., Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Edward H. Cox, Edmund Allen Professor of Chemistry...................8 Whittier Place B.S., Earlham College; M.A., Harvard University; Sc.D., University of Geneva. W . C. Elmore, Professor of P hysics.........................Baltimore Pike, R. D. 3, Media B.S., Lehigh University; Ph.D., Yale University. Robert K. Enders, Isaac H. Clothier, Jr., Professor of Biology . . . .311 Elm Avenue B.A. and Ph.D., University of Michigan. M ason H aire, Visiting Professor of Psychology...................................4 Crum Ledge B.A., Swarthmore College; Ph.D., Harvard University. H oward M alcolm J enkins, Henry C. and J. Archer Turner Professor of Engineer­ ing ........................................................................................ 506 North Chester Road B.A. and E.E., Swarthmore College. W alter B. Keighton, J r ., Professor of Chem istry...........................311 Cedar Lane B.A., Swarthmore College; Ph.D., Princeton University. W olfgang K ohler, Research Professor of Philosophy and Psychology, 603 Elm Avenue Dr. Phil., University of Berlin; D.Sc., University of Pennsylvania, University of Chicago, Kenyon College. H arold M. M arch, Professor of F rench............................... 317 North Chester Road B.A., Princeton University; Ph.D., Yale University. J ohn D. M cCrumm , Professor of Electrical Engineering, Palmer Mill Road, R. D. 1, Media B.S. and M.S., University of Colorado. *J. Roland Pennock , Professor of Political Science.........................3 Whittier Place B.A., Swarthmore College; M.A. and Ph.D., Harvard University. Edith Philips, Susan W . Lippincott Professor of French ..................517 Elm Avenue B.A., Goucher College; Docteur de l’Université de Paris. Frank C. Pierson, Professor of Economies................................... 740 Ogden Avenue B.A., Swarthmore College; Ph.D., Columbia University. W illiam C. H. Prentice, Professor of Psychology.................. 1 Whittier Place B.A., Swarthmore College; M.A. and Ph.D., Harvard University. Charles B. Shaw , lib ra ria n ............................................................606 Ogden Avenue B.A., M.A. and L.H.D., Clark University. L. R. Shero, Professor of G ree k............................................. 651 North Chester Road B.A., Haverford College; B.A., University of Oxford; M.A. and Ph.D., Uni­ versity of Wisconsin. A lfred J. Swan , Professor of Music (on joint appointment with Haverford College) 519 Walnut Lane B.A. and M.A., University of Oxford. Frederick B. T ollés, Howard M. Jenkins Professor of Quaker History and Research, and Director of the Friends Historical Library...........................606 Elm Avenue B.A., M.A., Ph.D., Harvard University. JP eter van DE K amp , Professor of Astronomy and Director of Sproul Observatory, 602 Elm Avenue Cand. and Docts., University of Utrecht; Ph.D., University of California; D. Phil., University of Groningen. Robert M. W alker, Professor of Fine A r t s ..................................... . 6 Whittier Place B.A. and M.F.A., Princeton University; Ph.D., Harvard University. JH ans W allach, Professor of Psychology...................................805 Harvard Avenue Dr. Phil., University of Berlin. * Absent on leave, fall semester, 1954-55. t Absent on leave, 1954-55. 12 C lair W ilcox , Joseph Wharton Professor of Political Economy, 510 Ogden Avenue B.S., University of Pennsylvania; M.A., Ohio State University; Ph.D., Uni­ versity of Pennsylvania. E lizabeth Cox W right , Professor of E n g lish ...........................Rose Valley, Moylan B.A., Wellesley College; M.A. and Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania. A s s o c ia t e P r o f e s s o r s Lydia Baer, Associate Profesor of G erm an.................Brookside Road, Wallingford B.A., Oberlin College; M.A. and Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania. D ennison Bancroft , Associate Professor of P hysics.............. 733 Harvard Avenue B.A., Amherst College; Ph.D., Harvard University. ♦M onroe C. Beardsley, Associate Professor of Philosophy........ 133 Rutgers Avenue B.A. and Ph.D., Yale University. . . P aul H. Beik , Associate Professor of H isto ry ...................................4 Whittier Place B.A., Union College; M.A. and Ph.D., Columbia University. P h ilip W. Carruth , Associate Professor of Mathematics.................515 Ejm Avenue B.A., Hamilton College; M.A., Syracuse University; Ph.D., University of tJoSEPH D. Conard, Associate Professor of Economics ..................... 132 Park Avenue B.A. Grinnell College; M.A., University of California. R obert H. D u n n , Associate Professor of Physical Education for Men, 811 Westdale Avenue B.S., Temple University. Lewis H. E lverson, Associate Professor of Physical Education for Men, 519 Walnut Lane B.S., University of Pennsylvania. E. J. Faulkner , Associate Professor of Physical Education for Men, 235 Dickinson Avenue tjAMES A. Field , J r ., Associate Professor of H isto ry.................. 612 Hillborn Avenue B.S., M.A., and Ph.D., Harvard University. Launce J. F lemister , J r ., Associate Professor of Zoology, - , ■ Rogers Lane and Plush Mill Road, Wallingford B.A., M.A. and Ph.D., Duke University. D uncan G raham Foster, Associate Professor of Chem istry.............. 15 Crest Lane B.A. and M.A., Harvard University; Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University. M ilan W . G arrett, Associate Professor of Physics . . . 336 North Princeton Avenue B.A. and M.A., Stanford University; B.A. and D. Phil., University of Oxford. G ilbert P. H aight , J r ., Associate Professor of Chemistry.......... 409 College Avenue B.A., Stanford University; Ph.D., Princeton University. F redric S. K lees , Associate Professor of E nglish ...............................525 Elm Avenue B.A., Bowdoin College. ♦Laurence D. Lafore, Associate Professor of H isto ry.................. 506 Ogden Avenue B.A., Swarthmore College; M.A., Ph.D., Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. Luzern G. Livingston , Associate Professor of Botany, 422 Highland Avenue, Morton B.S., Lawrence College; Ph.D., University of Wisconsin. IG erard J. M angonb , Associate Professor of Political Science........ 512 Elm Avenue B.A., College of the City of New York; M.A. and Ph.D., Harvard University. N orman A. M einkoth , Associate Professor of Zoology, ■ 431 West Woodland Avenue, Springfield B. of Ed., Southern Illinois Teachers College; M.S. and Ph.D., University of Illinois. I , _ B ernard M orrill , Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering . . . .The Damsite B.S. in M.E., Massachusetts Institute of Technology; M.M.E., University of Delaware. * Absent on leave, spring semester, 1954-55. f Absent on leave, 1954-55. 13 I H elen F. N orth , Associate Professor of Classics 120 South Chester Road B.A., M.A., Ph.D., Cornell University. Virginia Rath, Associate Professor of Physical Education for Women, B.A., Hollins College; M.A., Columbia University. 735 Yale Avenue K arl Reuning , Associate Professor of G erm an...........211 South Swarthmore Avenue Dr. Phil., University of Giessen. +Hedley Rhys, Associate Professor of Pine Arts . . 146 South Rolling Road, Springfield B.A., West Virginia University; M.A., Ph.D., Harvard University. J ames D. Sorber, Associate Professor of Spanish and Director of Musical Activities, 404 Walnut Lane B.A., Lehigh University; M.A., University of Nebraska. M urray S. Stedman, J r., Associate Professor of Political Science . . . 1 Crum Ledge B.A., Williams College; M.A. and Ph.D., Columbia University. W illis J. Stetson, Associate Professor of Physical Education for Men and Director of A th letics................................................. 144 North Highland Road, Springfield B.A., Swarthmore College; M.A., University of Pennsylvania. N eal A. W eber, Associate Professor of Z o o lo g y..................................... West House B.A. and M.S., University of North Dakota; M.A. and Ph.D., Harvard Uni­ versity. Stephen E. W hicher , Associate Professor of E n g lish ...................5 Whittier Place B.A. Amherst College; M.A., Columbia University; Ph.D., Harvard University. tPAUL Y lvisaker, Associate Professor of Political Scien ce.......... 8B Whittier Place B.S., Mankato State Teachers College; M.P.A. and Ph.D., Harvard University. A s s is t a n t P r o f e s s o r s E lisa Asensio , Assistant Professor of Spanish, Oakley Road and Railroad Avenue, Haverford M.A., Middlebury College. Carl Barus, Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering...................2 Crum Ledge B.A., Brown University; M.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology. W illiam H. Brown, J r., Assistant Professor of Economics, Crum Creek Road, Media B.A. and Ph.D., Yale University. Frederick S. Burrell, Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Rose Valley Road, R. D. 3, Media B.S. in E.E. and M.S., Kansas State College; M.E., Massachusetts Institute of Technology. O tto Butz, Assistant Professor of Political Science...................Swarthmore College B.A., University of Toronto; Ph.D., Princeton University. H ilde D. Cohn , Assistant Professor of G erm an.................................515 Elm Avenue Dr. Phil., University of Heidelberg. D avid Cowden, Assistant Professor of E nglish.....................302 North Chester Road B.A., Swarthmore College; M.A. and Ph.D., Harvard University. Bruce D earing, Assistant Professor of E n g lish ...............................614 Yale Avenue B.A,, Allegheny College; M.A. and Ph.D., University of Iowa. Edward A. Fehnel , Assistant Professor of Chem istry.......................600 Elm Avenue B.S., M.A. and Ph.D., Lehigh University. Arthur G ladstone, Assistant Professor of Psychology.......... 915 Harvard Avenue B.S., Queens College; M.S. and Ph.D., Yale University. H enry G leitman, Assistant Professor of Psychology........ 302 North Chester Road B.S., College of the City of New York; Ph.D., University of California. Frédéric J. G rover, Assistant Professor of F rench...............................8 Crum Ledge L. és L., University of Paris; Ph.D., University of California. W illiam H ordern, Assistant Professor of R eligion............ 317 North Chester Road B.A., University of Saskatchewan; B.D., St. Andrew’s; S.T.M. and Th.D., Union Theological Seminary. Samuel L. H ynes, Assistant Professor of E nglish ........ .......................3 Crum Ledge B.A., University of Minnesota; M.A., Columbia University. t Absent on leave, 1954-55. 14 Roy F. Linsenmeyer , Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, 99 Dartmouth Avenue B.S., in C.E., University of Pittsburgh; M.S.E., University of Michigan. f Peter M adison, Assistant Professor of Psychology............ . . . . ..........^ Crum Ledge B.S., University of Oregon; M.A., Ph.D., Harvard University. Charles B. M cLane , Assistant Professor of Political Science .. 223 Kenyon Avenue B.A., Dartmouth College; Certificate of the Russian Institute, Columbia Univer­ sity. Irene M oll , Assistant Professor of Physical Education for Women, 805 Harvard Avenue B.S. in Ed., University of Kansas; M.A., Texas State College for Women. Edgar R. M ullins , J r ., Assistant Professor of Mathematics, 317 North Chester Road B.A., Grinnell College; M.A., Ph.D., University of Illinois. Charles W. N ew lin , Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, 204 Sunnybrook Road, Springfield B.C.E., Rose Polytechnic Institute; M.S., Harvard University. M ay E. P arry, Assistant Professor of Physical Education for Women, 317 North Chester Road B.A., Swarthmore College; B.S., Temple University. P h ilip C. P rager, Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering, 132 North Highland Road, Springfield B.S. in M.E., University of Pittsburgh; M.M.E., University of Delaware. A lbert Sutherland R oe , Visiting Assistant Professor of Fine Arts, 146 South Rolling Road, Springfield B.A., M.F.A., Princeton University; Ph.D., Harvard University. D avid Rosen , Assistant Professor of M athematics.............. 317 North Chester Road B.A., New York University; M.A. and Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania. Richard S. Rudner , Assistant Professor of Philosophy.................. .. 5 Crum Ledge B.A., Queens College; M.A., Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania. *W illis D. W eatherford , Assistant Professor of Economics .. .915 Harvard Avenue B.A., Vanderbilt University; B. D., Yale University; M.A. and Ph.D., Harvard University. JM erton J. W illis , Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering .. .915 Harvard Avenue B.C.E., University of Washington; M.S., Cornell University. In stru cto rs K urt K. Bohnsack , Instructor in B iology...................... ... . 302 N orth Chester Road B.S., Ohio University; M.S., Ph.D., University of Michigan. R obert D. Cross, Instructor in H isto ry......................................915 Harvard Avenue B.A. and M.A., Harvard University. P h ilip D. Curtin , Instructor in H isto ry................................................. 7 Crum Ledge B.A., Swarthmore College; M.A., Ph.D., Harvard University. G race Freed, Instructor in Classics...........................7024 Chew Street, Philadelphia B.A., M.A., University of. Pennsylvania. P hyllis G reifinger , Instructor in Physics ...................................Swarthmore College B.A., M.S., Ph.D., Cornell University. Richard H enson , Instructor in Philosophy.....................................519 Walnut Lane B.A., Colorado College; B.S., Villanova College; M.A., Swarthmore College. O lga Lamkert , Instructor in Russian : ...............................................510 Elm Avenue Diploma, Demidoff Teachers Training College, Russia. C lark P. M angelsdorf, Instructor in Civil Engineering.......... 607 Hillborn Avenue B.S., Swarthmore College; M.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology. P eter Riesenberg, Instructor in H isto ry.....................................805 Harvard Avenue B.A., Rutgers University, M.A., University of Wisconsin, Ph.D., Columbia Uni­ versity. G arwood R odgers, Instructor in Electrical Engineering.............. Swarthmore College B.S., Texas Technological College; M.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology. D avid G. Sm ith , Instructor in Political Science...........................Swarthmore College B.A., M.A., University of Oklahoma; Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University. t Absent on leave, 1954-55. ♦ Absent on leave, spring semester, 1954-55. 15 J eanne T heis , Instructor in F rench.......................................120 South Chester Road B.A., Swarthmore College. J o h n W erntz , Instructor in Psychology.....................................835 Harvard Avenue B.A., Fordham University; Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania. Arne A. W yller, Instructor and Research Associate in Astronomy, 805 Harvard Avenue Cand. Mag., Oslo University. L ecturers and A s s is t a n t s Leendert Bi NNen d ijk , Lecturer in Astronomy, 276 West Park Lane, Clifton Heights Ph.D., University of Leiden. A lice Brodhead, Lecturer in Psychology and Education, | _ 227 N. Swarthmore Avenue B.S. and M.A., University of Pennsylvania. F. H ilary Conroy , Lecturer in H isto ry................Rose Tree Road, Route 2, Media B.S., Northwestern University; M.A., Ph.D., University of California. Barbara Elmore , Director of Arts and C ra fts.......... Baltimore Pike, R. D. 3, Media Sarah F lemister , Lecturer in Biology, Rogers Lane and Plush Mill Road, Wallingford B.A., M.A., and Ph.D., Duke University. H elen M anning H unter , Lecturer in Economics . . . . 5 College Circle, Haverford Ph.D., Radcliffe College. P h ilip E. J acob, Lecturer in Political Science............ 14 South Swarthmore Avenue B.A., Yale University; M.A., University of Pennsylvania; Ph.D., Princeton Uni­ versity. Barbara P earson Lange, Director of Dramatics and Lecturer in English, 319 Cedar Lane J. Earl N ess, J r ., College Organist...............................2034 Pine Street, Philadelphia Mus.B., Curtis Institute of Music; A.A.G.O. W illiam Reese , Lecturer in Music .............................Haverford College, Haverford B.A., Amherst College; M.A., Columbia University; Ph.D., University of Berlin. A very B lake, Assistant in Physical Education for M e n .............. 49 Amherst Avenue A. W ayne Conger, Observer (part-time) in Astronomy, Brooke Hall, Baltimore Pike and Lemon Street, Media G omer H. D avies, Assistant in Physical Education for Men .. .Swarthmore College B.S., East Stroudsburg State Teachers College; Ed.M., Temple University. Laurence W. Fredrick, Assistant in A stronom y.......................Swarthmore College B.A., M.A., Swarthmore College. E dith F lather , Assistant in A stronom y.................................... .Swarthmore College B.A., Mt. Holyoke College. Sarah Lee Lippincott , Research Associate in Astronomy .. .120 South Chester Road B.A., University of Pennsylvania; M.A., Swarthmore College. Rebekah M c Cahan , Special Adviser to Foreign Students . .607 Strath Haven Avenue B.A., Wilson College; M.A., Columbia University. J ames J. M cAdoo, Assistant in Physical Education for Men, 513 East Bringhurst Street, Germantown J ames H . M iller , Assistant in Physical Education for Men, 834 Seventh Avenue, Prospect Park M.S., University of Pennsylvania. H oward D. Sipler , Assistant in Physical Education for Men . . 120 Harvard Avenue B.A., Swarthmore College. Susan Stern , Assistant in Physical Education for Women, 542 Shoemaker Road, Elkins Park B.A., Sarah Lawrence College. P aul Stofko , Assistant in Physical Education for Men, 1008 Hempstead Road, Pennfield Downs, Havertown B.S., University of Pennsylvania. A lice P utnam W illetts , Assistant in Physical Education for Women, 124 Guernsey Road B.S., Temple University. 16 D I. iv is io n s a n d D epartm ents Division of the Humanities— G eorge J. Becker , Chairman. Classics, L. R. Shero , Chairman. English Literature, G eorge J. Becker, Chairman. Fine Arts, R obert M. W alker, Chairman. History, M ary A lbertson , Chairman. Modern Languages, Edith P hilips , Chairman. Music, A lfred J. Sw an , Chairman. Philosophy and Religion, Richard B. Brandt, Chairman. Psychology and Education, W illiam C. H. P rentice , Chairman. II. Division of the Social Sciences—M ary A lbertson , Chairman. Economics, C lair W ilcox , Chairman. History, M ary A lbertson , Chairman. Philosophy and Religion, Richard B. Brandt, Chairman. Political Science, J. Roland P ennock , Chairman. (Murray Stedman, Acting Chairman, first semester.) Psychology and Education, W illiam C. H. Prentice , Chairman. III. Division of Mathematics and the Natural Sciences— H einrich Brinkm ann , Chairman. Astronomy, P eter van de K amp , Chairman. Biology, Robert K. Enders, Chairman. Chemistry, Edward H. Cox , Chairman. Electrical Engineering, H oward M. J enkins , Chairman. Mathematics, H einrich Brinkm ann , Chairman. Physics, W illiam C. E lmore , Chairman. Psychology and Education, W illiam C. H. P rentice , Chairman. IV. Division of Engineering—J o h n D. M cCrumm , Chairman Civil Engineering, Samuel T. Carpenter , Chairman. Electrical Engineering, H oward M. J enkins , Chairman. Mechanical Engineering, W illiam J. Cope , Chairman. Chemistry, Edward H. Cox , Chairman. Mathematics, H einrich Brinkm ann , Chairman. Physics, W illiam C. E lmore, Chairman. 17 St a n d i n g C o m m i t t e e s of the Faculty 1954-55 Moore, Chairman. Beik, Brinkmann, Cobbs, Hunt, McCrumm, Philips. academic requirements : ( m e n ) : Hunt, Chairman. Bohnsack, Cobbs, McLane, Moore, Prager, Shane, Stetson, Stott. admissions ( w o m en ) : Cobbs, Chairman. Curtin, Elmore, Hunt, Whicher, Wing. admissions Stetson, Chairman. Carpenter, Cox, Faulkner, Mullins, Rath, Shane, Thatcher, Weber. athletics : P rizes : Walker, Chairman. Brown, Bohnsack, Curtin, Jenkins, Keighton, Stott, Wing. awards and Shane, Chairman. Bancroft, Cross, Dearing, Enders, Lange, Sorber. collection : Klees, Chairman. McCrumm, Pierson, Prentice, Rosen, Shane, Sorber, Swan, Walker, Whicher. cooper foundation : Becker, Chairman. Brinkmann, Hordern, Meinkoth, Moore, Morrill, Pierson, Prentice. curriculum : f e l l o w sh ip s : Beik, Chairman. Cohn, Enders, Fehnel, March, Newlin, Weber, Whicher. SWARTHMORE Jenkins, Chairman. Albertson, Cobbs, McLane, Meinkoth, Stott, Woodrow. fellowships from other institutions : Smith, Chairman. Albertson, Becker, Brinkmann, Cobbs, Cox, Hunt, Jenkins, McCrumm, Moore, Philips, Wilcox. instruction : Cowden, Chairman. Baer, Beik, Cope, Fehnel, Hordern, Shaw, Wright. library : Asch, Chairman. Elmore, Jenkins, Tolies, Wright. master of arts : Meinkoth, Chairman. Bowie, Cross, Gladstone, Keighton, Stott. pre -medical program : Classes: Moore, Chairman. Bancroft, Barus, Carruth, Cowden, .Shero, D. Smith. schedule of Hunt, Chairman. Beik, Cobbs, Hordern, Lange, Prentice, Shane, Stott, Wing. student affairs : Livingston, Chairman. Garrett, Linsenmeyer, Reuning, Shero, Tolies. travel allowance : secretary to th e faculty : Jenkins. 18 Administrative Officers and Assistants P r e sid e n t ’s O f fic e President, Courtney Sm ith , B.A., M.A., and Ph.D., Harvard University. Secretary, J anet G. B ourne . V ic e -P r esid en ts ’ O f fic e Vice-President— Financial Operation and Control, Edward K. Cratsley. B.A., College of Wooster; M.B.A. and D.C.S., Harvard University. Vice-President—Public Relations and Alumni Affairs, J oseph B. Sha ne . B.A., Swarthmore College; M.A., University of Pennsylvania. Secretaries, D oris M usgrave, M ildred A. Scott . D ea n s ’ O ffic es Deans: P. Cobbs, B.A., Randolph-Macon Woman’s College; M.A., New York University; Ph.D., University of Chicago. Everett L. H u n t , B.A., Huron College; M.A., University of Chicago; D.Litt;, Huron College. * Susan Associate Deans: J o h n M. M oore , B.A., Park College; B.D., Union Theological Seminary; M.A., Harvard University; Ph.D., Columbia University. G ilmore Stott , B.A. and M.A., University of Cincinnati; B.A. and M.A., Oxford University; M.A. and Ph.D., Princeton University. Assistant Deans: Charlotte A. T inker , B.A., Wellesley College. D eborah W ing , B.A., Swarthmore College; M.A., Radcliffe College. Head Residents in Dormitories: V irginia von Frankenberg , Parrish Hall; B.A., University of Nebraska. Sara M. Little , Worth Dormitory; B.A., Smith College. J eanne T heis , Palmer Hall; B.A., Swarthmore College. H elen C. Bowie , Pittenger Hall; B.A., University of Colorado. Sarah Lee Lippincott , Roberts Hall; B.A., University of Pennsylvania; M.A., Swarthmore College. Secretaries to the Deans: M yrtle R. K eeny , B.A., Dickinson College. A lma Lingham . Frances W ills Slaugh , B.A., Swarthmore College. R egistrar ’s O f fic e Registrar, J o h n M. M oore, B.A., Park College; B.D., Union Theological Seminary; M.A., Harvard University; Ph.D., Columbia University. Secretaries, D orothy C. A llen . R osamond W. G arrett, B.A., Wilson College. * Absent on leave, fall semester, 1954-55. 19 Lib r a r y S t a f f College Library Librarian: Charles B. Shaw , B.A., M.A., and L.H.D., Clark University. Technical Services Librarian: M artha A. Connor , B.S., M.A., University of Pennsylvania; B.S. in L.S., Drexel Institute. Assistant Librarians: Cataloging: E lizabeth L. H arrar, B.A., University of Delaware; M.A., University of Pennsylvania; B.S. in L.S., Drexel Institute. E lizabeth S. Sharpless , B.A., Swarthmore College; B.S., in L.S., Drexel Institute. Order: C atherine J. Sm ith , B.A., Swarthmore College; B.S. in L.S., Drexel Institute. Assistants: M ary C. K erbaugh, B.A., University of Pennsylvania; G ail C. T icknor , B.M us., Boston Conservatory of Music. 1 Readers Services Librarian: H oward H . W illiams, B.A., Lake Forest College; M.A., and B.S. in L.S., Columbia University. Assistant Librarians: Circulation: D oris Beik , B.A., and B.S. in L.S., New York State College for Teachers. D avid P eele , B.A., M.A., Swarthmore College; M.S. in L.S., Western Reserve University. Periodicals: M ary G. T ait , B.A., Wells College; B.S. in L.S., Drexel In­ stitute. Assistants: J osephine Sm ith , B.A., Swarthmore College; A n n e P erkins , B.A., University of Delaware. Friends Historical Library Librarian: Frederick B. T olles, B.A., M.A., and Ph.D., Harvard University. Assistant Librarian: fDoROTHY G. H arris, B.A., Wellesley College; B.S. in L.S., Drexel Institute. Assistant: M ary G. O gilvie, Monmouth College, Columbia University. Secretarial Assistant: J anet P hilips , B.A., University of Rochester. Cataloger: M ildred H irsch , B.S. in L.S., Columbia University. Swarthmore College Peace Collection: Curator: M ary G. Cary, B.A., Bryn Mawr College; M.A., University of Pennsylvania; B.S. in L.S., Drexel Institute. Honorary Curators of the Friends Historical Library F rank A y d e l o t t e ......................................................... 88 Battle Road, Princeton, N. J. C lem ent M. Biddle . . . .P. O. B ox 743, Church Street Station, New York 8, N. Y. A n n a P ettit Broomell .........................429 West Stafford Street, Philadelphia, Pa. A n n a G riscom E l k in t o n ................................. 741 Harvard Avenue, Swarthmore, Pa. LaV erne Fo r b u s h ........................................... 5014 Embla Avenue, Baltimore 10, Md. J ames R. F r o r e r ...............................................................2 Talley Road, Wilmington, Del. W illiam H u b b e n ..................................................1515 Cherry Street, Philadelphia 2, Pa. H annah Clothier H u l l .............................Swarthmore Apartments, Swarthmore, Pa. H adassah M. L. P a r r o t .................................1025 Westview Street, Philadelphia, Pa. J esse M e r r it t ................................................... Box 2, Farmingdale, Long Island, N. Y. Richm ond P. M i l l e r ...........................6356 Woodbine Avenue, Philadelphia 39, Pa. Edith V erlenden Pa s c h a l l ............... 86 South Lansdowne Avenue, Lansdowne, Pa. J ane P. R ushmore .................................................................................... Riverton, N. J. C. M arshall T a y l o r ......................................... 140 Cedar Street, New York 6, N. Y. Advisory Council of the Swarthmore College Peace Collection Courtney Smith, Chairman; Devere Allen, Frank Aydelotte, Clement M. Biddle, Anna Cox Brinton, Merle Curti, Emily Cooper Johnson, Ray Newton, Ernst Posner, Joseph B. Shane, Charles B. Shaw, Frederick B. Tolies, E. Raymond Wilson. t Absent on leave, 1954-55. 20 B u s in e s s M a n a g e r ’s O f f ic e Business Manager, C harles G. T hatcher , B.A., Swarthmore College, M.E., Cornell University; M.M.E., Johns Hopkins University. Accountant, G. Caroline Shero , B.A., Swarthmore College; M.B.A., University of Pennsylvania. Assistants, G race R. Babbitt, G ertrude G erould, Lois Riggs. Purchasing Agent, Lewis T. Cook , J r ., B.A., St. Lawrence University; M.S., Penn­ sylvania State College. Secretary, E lizabeth H. P hillips , B.A., Swarthmore College. Manager of Bookstore, J ean M. Sorber. Stenographic Staff, M arian Ransburg, E mily Bonsall . Switchboard Operators, Ayme G osman , E dna Corson , J ean W oodward. H o use D ir e c t o r ’s O f f ic e House Director, Sara M. Little , B.A., Smith College. Assistant to the House Director, K athryn A. D avisson, J an et D. V eeder. S u p e r i n t e n d e n t ’s O f f ic e Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds, H arry W ood. Director of Arthur Hoyt Scott Horticultural Foundation, J o h n C. W ister, B.A., Harvard University, D.Sc., Swarthmore College. Consulting Engineer, A ndrew Sim pson , B.A., Swarthmore College; M.S., Cornell University. Assistants to the Superintendent, Clifford R enshaw , Sr ., A rlington A ckerman . Secretaries, V eronica Sullivan , F rancis K avanagh. D i e t i t i a n ’s O f f ic e Dietitian, R ut h E. Carr, B.S., Simmons College. Assistant Dietitian, H ilda H opkins Sm ith , B.S., Simmons College. A lum ni Fund O and f f ic e s Director, K athryn Bassett. Alumni Recorder, E lnora Cox Swartz . Secretaries, Sara Shields Sha ne , B.A., Swarthmore College; E leanor B. J arratt, B.A., Vassar College. P u b l ic it y O f f i c e Director, W . P ark W oodrow , B.A., Swarthmore College. H ealth S e r v ic e Physician, M orris A. Bowie , B.A., University of Colorado; M.D., Harvard Uni­ versity. Diplomate, American Board of Internal Medicine. Consulting Psychiatrists: Leon J. Saul , B.A. and M.A., Columbia University; M.D., Harvard University. J. W . Lyons, B.A., University of Scranton; M.D., University of Pennsylvania. Diplomates, American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology (P ). Nurses: An n e A ustin , R.N., Regina L. H oltzman , R.N., M ary M cCullough , R.N., E. E lizabeth M cG eary, R.N. 21 ítwy * - Introduction To SWARTHMORE COLLEGE Introduction to Swarthmore College Swarthmore College, founded in 1864 by members of the Religious Society of Friends, is a small co-educational college situated eleven miles southwest of Philadelphia. In accordance with the traditions of its Quaker background, Swarthmore students are expected to prepare themselves for full, wellrounded lives as individuals and as responsible citizens through exacting in­ tellectual study supplemented by a varied program of sports and extra­ curricular activities. The college campus contains about 300 acres of rolling wooded land in the borough of Swarthmore in Delaware County, Pennsylvania. The borough of Swarthmore is a small residential suburb within half an hour’s commuting distance of Philadelphia on the West Chester branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Situated near the intersection of U. S. Route 1 (Baltimore Pike) and Pennsylvania State Highway 320, Swarthmore is easily accessible by car.* Because of its location, Swarthmore College students are able to combine the advantages of a semi-rural setting with the opportunities offered by Philadelphia. Especially valuable is the cooperation made possible with three other nearby institutions, Bryn Mawr and Haverford Colleges and the Uni­ versity of Pennsylvania. O b je c t iv e s and P u rpo ses The purpose of Swarthmore College is to make its students more valu­ able human beings and more useful members of society. It shares this purpose with other educational institutions, for American education is a direct outgrowth of our democratic principles. Democracy is based on the infinite worth of each individual. It can operate successfully only when men are willing to seek together a common good. It depends upon knowl­ edge and understanding of the complex problems of modern society. The debt of our educational system to democracy is equalled only by the debt of democracy to education. While a common purpose underlies all American education, each school and college and university seeks to realize that purpose in its own way. Each must select those tasks it can do best. Only in this way can it be most effective. Only by such selection can it contribute to the diversity and richness of educational opportunity which is a part of the American heritage and the American strength. T h e R e l ig io u s T r a d i t i o n Swarthmore College was founded by the Religious Society of Friends and it seeks to illuminate the life of its students with the spiritual principles of • To reach the college, motorists should turn off U. S. Route 1 to State Highway 320 in the direc­ tion of Chester and continue south along Chester Road in the borough of Swarthmore about half a mile until reaching College Avenue. There a right turn is made to the college campus. 24 that Society. Although it has been non-sectarian in control since the begin­ ning of the present century and although the children of Friends are in a minority, the college seeks to preserve the religious tradition out of which it sprang. The essence of Quakerism is the individual’s responsibility for seeking truth and for applying whatever truth he believes he has found. As a way of life, it emphasizes hard work, simple living, and generous giving; personal integrity, social justice, and the peaceful settlement of disputes. The college does not seek to impose on its students this Quaker view of life, or any other specific set of convictions about the nature of things and the duty of man. It does, however, have the two-fold aim of encouraging conscious concern about such questions and unceasing re-examination of any view which may be held regarding them. That is the kind of ethical and religious character which Swarthmore seeks to develop. T h e C o m m u n it y L if e Swarthmore is a small college by deliberate policy. Its enrollment in normal years is about 850 students, of whom 400 are women and 450 are men. It is semi-rural in location, residential and co-educational in character. These features create an ideal environment for personal growth. Co-education provides the most natural environment for both men and women, who in their common work and play come to value each other for their true worth. Almost all of the students live in the college dormitories and eat together in the dining room. A large number of faculty houses are within campus boundaries, making it possible for students to have valu­ able social contacts with their professors outside the classroom. The resi­ dential character is the basis for a community life in which the ideals of the college influence every member. Growth in emotional maturity, necessary both for personal satisfaction and for effective action, is an integral part of the total educational program. For this reason the college encourages a wide variety of extra-curricular activities. Participation in sports has many values, social as well as indi­ vidual. Membership in student organizations is important. In practising parliamentary procedure and in facing the victories and defeats of elective office, students learn to live together, ironing out the clash of personalities and the friction of different views. They learn the effectiveness of enthus­ iasm and the frustration of indifference. They learn to soften their un­ critical intolerance as they struggle to live successfully together. They learn the meaning of responsibility as they become responsible for their activities. T h e E d u c a t io n a l P r o g r a m Swarthmore’s educational program is based on the philosophy that selfdiscovery and self-development are more valuable than the simple demon­ 25 strative method of teaching. Therefore, whenever it is possible, students are encouraged to make their own analyses, based on original source material or on laboratory experiments. Believing also that a liberal education is based on knowledge of many areas of human experience, the college requires that freshmen and sopho­ mores take a wide variety of courses. This plan allows them to test their ability in subjects they have already studied and to explore new fields. By the end of their sophomore year, students are expected to make two de­ cisions: first, what their field of concentration will be for the last two years; and second, whether they prefer to take "honors work” or to continue their study in regular courses. Honors work, more fully described on pages 56 to 58, is a method of study open to juniors and seniors who have shown independence and re­ sponsibility in their academic work. They are freed from classroom routine and meet with their instructors in small weekly seminar groups for dis­ cussion and evaluation of their work. Since an honors student pursues only one major and one related minor subject during a semester, this system facilitates greater concentration and greater independence than is possible under the usual academic routine. The development of the "honors” or seminar method was begun under President Aydelotte in 1922, and because of its success, it has been widely imitated in other institutions. A c a d e m ic C o m p e t e n c e Democracy demands a broad base of intelligent understanding of issues. It also necessitates a high order of excellence in those who are destined to become its leaders. Swarthmore can best serve society by the maintenance of high standards. It is peculiarly fitted by tradition and performance for this essential role, and it is precisely this readiness to do a particular job well that gives the College its value in the educational mosaic of American democracy. Education is largely an individual matter, for no two students are exactly alike. Some need detailed help, while others profit from considerable freedom. The program of honors study, in which Swarthmore pioneered, is designed to give recognition to this fact. It is the most distinctive feature of our educational program. For many students it provides an enriching and exciting intellectual experience. It has as its main ingredients freedom from class work, maximum latitude for the development of individual responsibility, concentrated work in broad fields of study, and close associa­ tion with faculty members in small seminars. The honors program and the course program are parallel systems of instruction for students during their last two years. Both are designed to evoke the maximum effort- and develop­ ment from each student, the choice of method being determined by individ­ ual need and capacity. 26 A college is never static. Its purposes and policies are always changing to meet new demands and new conditions. The founders of Swarthmore would find in it today many features they neyer contemplated when they shaped the College in the middle of the nineteenth century. Swarthmore, if it is to remain alive, must be forever changing. And many people are continually engaged in shaping its destiny—the Board of Managers, ad­ ministration, faculty, students, alumni, parents, and the community as a whole. The goal is to achieve for each generation, by means appropriate to the times, that unique contribution and that standard of excellence which have been the guiding ideals of Swarthmore from its founding. 27 Admission Inquiries concerning admission and applications should be addressed to the Deans of the College: from men, to Dean Everett L. H unt; from women, to Dean Susan P. Cobbs. G eneral St a t e m e n t In the selection of students the college seeks those qualities of character, social responsibility, and intellectual capacity which it is primarily concerned to develop. It seeks them, not in isolation, but as essential elements in the whole personality of candidates for admission. In the competition for admission preference is given to the children of Friends and alumni who can meet the requirements. It is also the policy of the college to have the student body represent not only different parts of the United States but many foreign countries, both public and private secondary schools, and various economic, social, religious, and racial groups. Selection is important and difficult. No simple formula will be effective. The task is to select those who give real promise of distinction in the quality of their personal lives, in service to the community, or in leadership in their chosen fields. Swarthmore College must choose its students on the basis of their individual future worth to society and of their collective realization of the purpose of the college. Admission to the freshman class is normally based upon the satisfactory completion of a four-year program preparatory to advanced liberal study. Applicants are selected on the following evidence: 1. Record in secondary school; 2. Recommendation of the school principal or headmaster and of others who know the applicant; 3. Ratings in the Scholastic Aptitude Test and in three Achievement Tests of the College Entrance Examination Board. In some cases, special tests may be given by the college. 4. Personal interview with one of the Deans or an appointed representa­ tive. 5. Reading and experience, both in school and out. Applicants must have satisfactory standing in school, and in aptitude and achievement tests, and should show strong intellectual interests. They should also give evidence of sturdiness of character, promise of growth, initiative, seriousness of purpose, and a sense of social responsibility. As future mem­ bers of the college community, they should represent varied interests, types, and backgrounds. 28 P r epa ra tio n Applicants are urged to make their choice of college as early as possible in order to plan the work of their school years with the assistance of the Committees on Admission. In general, preparation should include: 1. Skills: The following skills are essential to success in college work and should be brought to a high level by study and practice through­ out the preparatory period: a. The use of the English language with accuracy and effectiveness in reading, writing, and speaking. b. The use of the principles of arithmetic, algebra, and plane geometry. c. The use of one, or preferably of two, foreign languages to the point of reading prose of average difficulty at sight, and of writing and speaking with some ease and proficiency. 2. Subjects: All, or almost all, of the preparatory course should be com­ posed of the subjects listed in the following four groups. Variations of choice and emphasis are acceptable although some work should be taken in each group. History and Social Studies: American, English, European, and ancient history; political, social, and economic problems of modern society. Literature and A rt: American, English, and foreign literature, ancient and modern; music, art, architecture. Natural Science and Mathematics: chemistry, physics, biology, astron­ omy; algebra, geometry, trigonometry. A college major in science or engineering presupposes substantial work in algebra, in plane and, if possible, solid geometry, and in trigonometry. Languages: English, Latin, Greek, German, French, Spanish, other European or Oriental languages. Applicants who expect to major in science are strongly advised to include German and, if possible, French in their school programs. A p pl ic a t io n s and E x a m in a t io n s Applications must be filed in the office of the Deans by February 15 of the year in which the candidate wishes to be admitted. An application fee of $5.00, which is not refundable, is required of all candidates. All applicants for admission are required to take the Scholastic Aptitude Test and three Achievement Tests given by the College Entrance Examina­ tion Board. The Achievement Test in English Composition is required of all candi­ dates; the other two Achievement Tests are chosen by the candidate from 29 two different fields. Candidates for engineering must take the test in Ad­ vanced Mathematics. In 1954-55 these tests will be given in various centers throughout this country and abroad on December 4, January 8, March 12, May 21 and August 10. Applicants are normally expected to take the required tests in March of their Senior year. Scholarship candidates are urged to t-akp the Scholastic Aptitude Test in December or January, and other applicants may do so if they wish. Those who wish to take die tests for practice at the end of the Junior year are encouraged to do so. All such applicants must repeat the tests in their Senior year, however, in order to give themselves the advantage of maximum preparation. Application to take the tests should be made directly to the College Entrance Examination Board, Box 592, Princeton, New Jersey. A bulletin of information may be obtained without charge from the Board. Students who wish to take the tests in any of the, following western states, territories, and Pacific areas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming, Alaska, Hawaii, Al­ berta, British Columbia, Mexico, Australia, and all Pacific Islands including Formosa and Japan, should address their inquiries and send their applica­ tions to the College Entrance Examination Board, Box 9896, Los Feliz Station, Los Angeles 27, California. Application should be made to the Board at least a month before the date on which the test will be taken. No additional tests are required of candidates for scholarships. They must, however, write for a special application blank at least two weeks in advance of the date on which applications for admission are due. Informa­ tion concerning scholarships will be found on pages 33 to 40. Notices of the action of the Admissions Committee will be mailed about May 1. A dvanced Sta n d in g For favorable consideration, applicants for advanced standing must have had a good scholastic record in the institution from which they wish to transfer, and must present full credentials for both college and preparatory work and a letter of honorable dismissal. They must take the Scholastic Aptitude Test and three achievement tests given by the College Entrance Examination Board if these tests have not been taken previously. As a general rule, students are not admitted to advanced standing later than the beginning of the sophomore year. Four terms of study at Swarthmore College constitute the minimum requirement for a degree, two of which must be those of the senior year. 30 Expenses Charges per academic year of two semesters: Board, room, and tu itio n ......................................................... $1,450* General fee . . ; ........................................................................ 100 Total ch arg es.................................................................................$1,550 While a general charge for board, room and tuition is made, this may be divided into $750 for tuition and $700 for board and room. The general fee of $100 per year covers the costs of student health, library and laboratory fees, athletic fees, arts and crafts, and the support of several other extra curricular activities. An additional deposit of $25 per semester is required of each student, payable in advance, to cover incidental bills. Students may charge purchases at the college bookstore, and certain other charges agreed to by the Business Office. When this deposit has been exhausted a new one will be required immediately. Any unused balance is returned at the time of graduating or leaving college. One half of the total sum is due not later than Registration Day at the beginning of the fall semester. Bills are mailed before the opening of the current term. Payments should be made by check or draft to the order of S w a r t h m o r e C o l l e g e . A student is not a registered student at Swarthmore College, nor on any class roll, until his bill is paid. Correspondence about financial matters should be addressed to the Accountant, Miss G. Caro­ line Shero. No reduction or refunding of tuition can be made on account of absence, illness, voluntary withdrawal, or dismissal from college. No reduction or refund will be made for failure to occupy the room assigned for a given term, nor is the general fee refundable. In case of absence or withdrawal from the college and provided due notice has been given in advance to the Business Manager, there will be a refund for board for any time in excess of six weeks. Exceptions will be made for students who are required by the draft to leave during the course of the academic year. In these cases tuition, general fee, board and room charges will be refunded on a pro rata basis. T h e T u it io n P l a n Many of the parents of students may wish to pay all tuition, fees, and residence charges on a monthly basis. It is now possible to arrange this » An advance deposit of *25 is requited of all new students in order to reserve a place in college for the coming year. A similar depcisit of *15 is required of returning students. These deposits are credited against the bill for tuition, board, and room. 31 under The Tuition Plan. The cost is four percent greater than when pay­ ments are made in cash in advance. Details of its operation will be furnished by the College with the first semester’s bill in September. A c c id e n t and Si c k n e s s I n s u r a n c e The college makes available both accident and accident and sickness in­ surance to students through John C. Paige & Company of Boston, Massa­ chusetts. The accident coverage alone, which is strongly recommended for all students, is required of all students who participate in intercollegiate athletic activities. This coverage costs $5.00 per year (12 months) for women and $10.00 for men. A combined accident and sickness policy is also available at an annual cost of $18.00 for women and $22.00 for men. Application forms are mailed to each student during the summer. 32 T he College Library Sprout Observatory Student Aid and Scholarships The college furnishes scholarships and financial assistance to a Substafl* tial number of students from its general funds and from special endow­ ments. About fifty scholarships are awarded to freshmen each year. During the current academic year the college has granted about $125,000 for scholarships. About one-quarter of that sum is provided by the endowed scholarship listed below. The income from many of these endowments is assigned each year to entering freshmen in accordance with the will of the donor and in his name. Where satisfactory records have been maintained these awards are normally renewed annually from the general funds of the College. Seniors who have had substantial aid may in some cases be asked to finance themselves in part from a College loan fund. All awards are based upon the college record, the financial need of the family as revealed in confidential statements to the Scholarship Committee, and the efforts of the student in earning his own expenses. All applica­ tions for scholarships are handled by the Committee on Admissions and Scholarships and should be addressed to the Deans. G r a n t s -i n -a id , to a lim ite d n u m b e r , m a y b e a w a r d e d t o s tu d e n ts of a v e ra g e s c h o la s tic s ta n d in g a n d fin a n c ia l n e e d w h o c o u ld n o t e a r n a ll th e y n e e d w i t h o u t s e rio u s d e tr im e n t t o t h e i r a c a d e m ic w o rk . C o l l e g e E m p l o y m e n t affords opportunity to earn money by regular work at current wage rates in one of the college offices, shops, laboratories or libraries. A student may hold a college job in addition to a scholarship or a grant-in-aid. The distribution of jobs among those authorized to hold them is made by the Student Employment office. Residents of the borough of Swarthmore often send requests for services to the college, which co­ operates in making these opportunities known to students. Last year over four hundred students secured work through this office. Many students earn from eight to ten dollars a week and still maintain an excellent scholastic standing. S c h o l a r s h ip s for M en The G e o r g e F. B a k e r S c h o l a r s h ip s . The George F. Baker Scholar­ ships, awarded for the first time in 1950, have been given to the college as part of a national scholarship program. They are the gift of the George F. Baker Foundation and will be awarded to four freshmen men each year. The actual amount of the scholarships, in part determined by financial need, will be a maximum of $1,200 for each year of the student’s college career. 33 Students will be chosen for these awards primarily on the basis of achieve­ ment and promise of leadership in business, government and the professions. O p e n S c h o l a r s h ip s f o r M e n . Swarthmore College awards annually five four-year scholarships to men entering the freshman class. These scholarships, based on the general plan of the Rhodes Scholarships, are given to candidates who, in the opinion of the Committee of Award, rank highest in scholarship, character and personality. The amount of the annual award varies from $100 to $1,000 according to the financial need of the winner. The T h o m a s B. M c C a b e A c h i e v e m e n t A w a r d , established by Thomas B. McCabe ’15, provides an annual scholarship of $1,000 open to entering freshmen men. Applicants must be residents of Delaware or the Eastern Shore counties of Maryland or Virginia. Selection will be based on achieve­ ments which give promise of leadership, and emphasis will be placed on ability, character, personality, and service to school and community. T h e S c o t t A w a r d a t Sw a r t h m o r e . A scholarship established by the Scott Paper Co. of Chester, Pa., in honor of its former president, Arthur Hoyt Scott of the Class of 1894. Given for the first time in 1953, it will be awarded annually for the next five years to an outstanding sophomore who plans to enter business after graduation and who demonstrates the qualities of scholarship, character, personality, leadership, and physical vigor. The award provides the recipient with $1,000 for each of his last two years in college. The S c o t t B . L il l y S c h o l a r s h i p , endowed by Jacob T. Schless of the Class of i9 l4 at Swarthmore College, was offered for the first time in 1950. This scholarship is in honor of a former distinguished Professor of En­ gineering and, therefore, students who plan to major in engineering will be given preference. The stipend will be a maximum of $900 a year for four years; the exact amount of the award will be determined by the financial needs of the winning applicant. The A a r o n B. I v in s Sc h o l a r s h i p is awarded annually to a young man of the graduating class of Friends Central School, Overbrook, Philadelphia. It is awarded under the following conditions. The recipient must have been a student at Friends Central for at least two years, he must have good health, high grades, and must be the best all-around student in his class de­ sirous of entering Swarthmore College. This scholarship, awarded by the faculty of Friends Central School, and subject to the approval of Swarth­ more College, has a maximum value of $650. The H o w a r d C o o p e r J o h n s o n S c h o l a r s h i p , established by Howard Cooper Johnson ’96, provides approximately $500 a year. It is awarded on the basis of all-around achievement to a male undergraduate who is a mem­ ber of the Society of Friends. 34 The T. H. D u d l e y P e r k i n s M e m o r ia l S c h o l a r s h i p is awarded annually to a young man selected by a committee of the faculty appointed by the President of the college for the purpose. The award having a maximum value of $500 will be made on the basis of qualities of manhood, force of character and leadership; literary and scholastic ability; physical vigor as shown by participation in out-of-doors sports or in other ways. The M i l l e r -F l o u n d e r s S c h o l a r s h ip of $500 per year is awarded to a freshman man who resides in and has attended school in Delaware County, Pennsylvania. To be eligible for the award the student must have clearly demonstrated leadership in scholastic achievement and in extra-curricular activities during his high school program. The scholarship is usually awarded in alternate years and is renewable provided a satisfactory record is maintained. The W il l i a m G. a n d M a r y N. S e r r il l H o n o r s S c h o l a r s h i p is a competitive Scholarship for Men, awarded to a candidate for admission to the college, based upon the general plan of the Rhodes Scholarships. The annual stipend is $375. Preference will be given to men who are residents of Abington Township, including Jenkintown and Glenside, Montgomery County, Pa., but if there is no outstanding candidate from this locality, the scholarship will be open to competition generally. The Sa r a h K a i g h n C o o p e r S c h o l a r s h i p , founded by Sallie K . Johnson in memory of her grandparents, Sarah Kaighn and Sarah Cooper, is awarded to a man in the Junior Class who is judged by the faculty to have had, since entering College, the best record for scholarship, character, and influence. The value of this scholarship is approximately $225 annually. S c h o l a r s h ip s for W om en O p e n S c h o l a r s h ip s f o r W o m e n . Mr. and Mrs. Daniel S. White, of the Class of 1875, on the occasion of the Fiftieth Reunion of that class, established three open competitive scholarships for women, in the names of Howard White, Jr., Serena B. White, and Walter W . Green. These scholarships are given to candidates who, in the opinion of the Committee of Award, rank highest in scholarship, character and personality. The amount of the award varying from $100 to $1,000 is determined in the same way as the scholarships for men. The A l u m n a e S c h o l a r s h i p , established by the Philadelphia and New York Alumnae Clubs, is awarded on the same basis as the Open Scholarships. It is awarded for one year and has a maximum value of $500. The A n n i e S h o e m a k e r S c h o l a r s h ip is granted annually to a young woman of the graduating class of Friends Central School, Overbrook, Phila­ delphia. The recipient must have been a student at Friends Central for at least two years, she must have good health, high grades, and must be the 35 best all-around student in her class desirous of entering Swarthmore College. This scholarship, awarded by the faculty of Friends Central School, and subject to the approval of Swarthmore College, has a maximum value of $500. The G e o r g e K. and S a l l ie K. J o h n s o n F u n d provides $450 a year, to be used, at the discretion of the President of the College, in granting financial aid to young women during their senior year, it being the donor’s desire that the President must be satisfied that the applicant is fitted to become a desirable teacher. T h e M a r y C o a t e s P r e s t o n S c h o l a r s h i p F u n d . A sum of money has been left by will of Elizabeth Coates, the annual interest of which will be about $450. This amount is given as a scholarship to a young woman student in Swarthmore College, preferably to a relative of the donor. The H a r r ie t W . P a is t e F u n d is limited by the following words from the donor’s will: "the interests to be applied annually to the education of female members of our Society of Friends (holding their Yearly Meeting at Fifteenth and Race Streets, Philadelphia) whose limited means would ex­ clude them from enjoying the advantages of an education at the college.” The value of this scholarship is approximately $350 annually. T h e M a r y T. L o n g s t r e t h S c h o l a r s h i p was founded by Rebecca C. Longstreth in memory of her mother and is to be awarded annually "at the discretion of the President of the College to assist a young woman student to pursue her studies in the College.” The value of this scholarship is approximately $225 annually. The J e s s ie S t e v e n s o n K o v a l e n k o S c h o l a r s h i p F u n d , the gift of Michel Kovalenko in memory of his wife, provides an annual income of $225. This sum is to be awarded to a student, preferably a woman, who is in her junior or senior year and who is a major in astronomy, or to a graduate of the college, preferably a woman, for graduate work in astronomy at Swarthmore or elsewhere. The income of the K a p p a A l p h a T h e t a S c h o l a r s h i p F u n d , given by members and friends of the Kappa Alpha Theta Fraternity at Swarthmore, is awarded annually to a woman student. The award amounts to approx­ imately $125 annually. One or more members of the fraternity who are on the Board of Managers serve on the Committee of Award. The M a r y W o o d F u n d provides approximately $65 a year and may be awarded to a young woman who is preparing to become a teacher. S c h o l a r s h ip s O p e n to M en and W om en The M a r s h a l l P. S u l l i v a n S c h o l a r s h i p F u n d , established by Creth and Sullivan, Inc. in memory of Marshall P. Sullivan of the Class of 1897, provides $1,000 anually for one or more scholarships. Preference will be 36 given to graduates of George School, but if no suitable candidate applies from this school, graduates of other Friends schools or other persons will be eligible. The RCA S c h o l a r s h i p , provided by the Radio Corporation of America is awarded to a young man or woman who is making a creditable academic record in the field of science or engineering at the under-graduate level. This scholarship provides $800 a year and the appointment is usually made for the junior or senior year. The E d w a r d C l a r k s o n W i l s o n S c h o l a r s h i p . A scholarship with an annual value of $625 has been established at Swarthmore by friends of Edward Clarkson Wilson, ’91, formerly Principal of the Baltimore Friends School. It will be awarded each year to a former student of the Baltimore Friends School, who has been approved by the faculty of the school, on the basis of high character and high standing in scholarship. In any year when there is no outstanding candidate from the students of the Baltimore Friends School, the scholarship may be awarded to another young man or woman who shall meet the required standards and who is approved by the school faculty and the college. The D o n a l d R e n w i c k F e r g u s o n S c h o l a r s h i p , established by Mrs. Amy Baker Ferguson, in memory of her husband, Donald Renwick Ferguson, M.D., of the Class of 1912, who died during the Second W orld War, is awarded to a young man or woman who is looking forward to the study of medicine. The scholarship will pay a maximum of $600. The A m e r ic a n C y a n a m id C o m p a n y S c h o l a r s h i p of $600 per year is awarded to an outstanding junior or senior who is majoring in chemistry. The C l a s s o f 1915 S c h o l a r s h ip F u n d was established on the occasion of the Twenty-fifth Reunion of the Class and provides an income of ap­ proximately $550. This sum is to be awarded either to freshmen or other students, with preference given to descendants of the members of the Class of 1915. The Business Manager, the Deans, and members of the Class of 1915 designated by Thomas B. McCabe shall constitute the Committee of Award. This Fund will become a part of the General Endowment of the College on Alumni Day, 1970. The D a n i e l U n d e r h i l l S c h o l a r s h i p , given by Daniel Underhill ’9 4 , in memory of his grandfather, Daniel Underhill, member of the first Board of Managers, provides $500 annually for a deserving student in need of financial aid. The A m e r i c a n V is c o s e C o r p o r a t i o n S c h o l a r s h i p of $500 per year is awarded to an outstanding sophomore or junior who is majoring in engineer­ ing, chemistry, or physics. 37 The W e s t i n g h o u s e A c h i e v e m e n t S c h o l a r s h i p of $500 per year is awarded to a high ranking major in electrical or mechanical engineering for the senior year. The R a c h e l W . H i l l b o r n S c h o l a r s h i p was founded by Anne Hillborn Philips of the Class of 1892 in memory of her mother, with the stipulation that the income shall go to a student in the junior or senior class who is studying for service in the international field. Preference will be given to a Friend or to one who intends to contribute to world under­ standing through diplomatic service, participation in some international government agency, the American Friends Service Committee, or similar activities. The annual income amounts to approximately $450. The J o n a t h a n K. T a y l o r S c h o l a r s h i p , in accordance with the donor’s will, is awarded by the Board of Trustees of the Baltimore Monthly Meet­ ing of Friends. This scholarship is first open to descendants of the late Jonathan K. Taylor. Then, while preference is to be given to members of the Baltimore Yearly Meeting of Friends, it is not to be confined to them when suitable persons in membership cannot be found. The value of this scholarship is approximately $450 annually. The P h e b e A n n a T h o r n e F u n d provides an income of approximately $2,250 for scholarships for students needing pecuniary assistance whose previous work has demonstrated their earnestness and their ability. This gift includes a clause of preference to those students who are members of the New York Monthly Meeting of Friends. These scholarships are awarded by the college under the regulations fixed by the board. The W e s t b u r y Q u a r t e r l y M e e t i n g , N . Y., S c h o l a r s h i p , amounting to $250, is awarded annually by a committee of that Quarterly Meeting. The S a r a h A n t r i m C o l e S c h o l a r s h ip was founded by her parents in memory of Sarah Antrim Cole of the Class of 1934. Preference in awarding the scholarship is given to applicants residing in Franklin County, Ohio, but if no suitable candidate applies from this county, other persons will be eligible. The value of the scholarship is approximately $250 a year. The J a m e s E. M i l l e r S c h o l a r s h i p . Under the will of Arabella M. Miller, who died Sixth Month 24th, 1922, the sum of $5,986 was awarded to the Cambridge Trust Company, Trustee under the will of James E. Miller, to be applied to scholarships in Swarthmore College. An annual income of approximately $200 is available and may be applied toward the payment of board and tuition of students of Delaware County (preference to be given to residents of Nether Providence Township) to be selected by Swarthmore College and approved by the Trustee. The Cm O m e g a S c h o l a r s h ip was established by members and friends of the Chi Omega Fraternity. The income provides an award of approx­ imately $225 annually to a member of the freshman class who is in definite 38 need of financial aid. Preference is given to daughters or sons of members of the fraternity, but if in any year such a candidate does not apply, the committee will select a freshman woman to receive the award. Applications should be sent to the Office of the Deans before January 1st of the year in which the award is to be made. A member designated by the Fraternity serves on the Committee of Award. T h e D e lta G a m m a Sc h o l a r sh ip . The Delta Gamma Fraternity pro­ vides a fund of which the annual income is approximately $135.00. This sum is to be awarded to a blind student at Swarthmore College in need of financial assistance. In any year in which there is no such candidate the fund may be awarded to a freshman woman. The income from each of the following funds is awarded at the discretion of the college to students needing pecuniary aid: The B arclay G. A t k in s o n Sch o la r sh ip F u n d . The R ebecca M. A t k in s o n Sc h o la r sh ip F u n d . The W il l ia m D orsey Sc h o la r sh ip F u n d . T h e G eorge E llsler Sc h o la r sh ip F u n d . The J o s e p h E. G il l in g h a m F u n d . T h e T h o m a s L. L eed o m Sc h o la r sh ip F u n d . The Sarah E. L ip p in c o t t Sc h o la r sh ip F u n d . T h e M ark E. R eeves Sc h o la r sh ip F u n d . The M ary Sp r o u l Sc h o l a r sh ip F u n d . T h e H e l e n Sq u ie r Sc h o l a r sh ip F u n d . The J o s e p h T. S u lliv a n Sch o la r sh ip F u n d . T h e D ebo ra h F. W h a r t o n Sc h o la r sh ip F u n d . T h e T h o m a s W o o d n u t t Sc h o la r sh ip F u n d . The Sa m u e l W il l e t s F u n d yields an income of approximately $4,300 annually, "to be applied to educate in part or in whole such poor and deserv­ ing children as the Committee on Trusts, Endowments and Scholarships of said college may from time to time judge and determine to be entitled thereto.” In addition to the above fund, Samuel Willets gave scholarships in the name of his children, F red erick W il l e t s , E dward W il l e t s , W a lter W il l e t s , and C a r o l in e W . F r a m e . These scholarships have the value of $225 each. They are awarded by the respective parties, their heirs or as­ signs, or in the event that the heirs do not exercise their right, by the col­ lege authorities The % V. W il l ia m so n Sc h o la r sh ips . Ten scholarships of the value of $150 each are offered to graduates of designated Friends schools: two each to graduates of Friends Central and George School, one in the boys’ and one in the girls’ department: and one each to New York Friends Seminary, Baltimore Friends School, Wilmington Friends School, Moorestown Friends School, Friends Academy at Locust Valley, Sidwell Friends 39 School and Brooklyn Friends School. Any income not utilized in accord­ ance with these conditions is used for free scholarships in accordance with the will of the donor. F r ie n d s C o l l e g e S c h o l a r s h ip s . Swarthmore College, with a group of other Friends Colleges, has established scholarships to enable students from the smaller Friends Colleges to spend a year at one of the three cooperating colleges in the Philadelphia area: Bryn Mawr, Haverford and Swarthmore. These scholarships will be granted in varying amounts according to need and ability. Sp e c ia l L o a n F u n d s Several loan funds are administered by a committee to which application should be made through the Business Manager of the college. T h e C l a s s o f 1913 L o a n F u n d was established by the Class of 1913 at their twenty-fifth reunion. Both principal and income are to be used to provide a loan fund for students in the three upper classes. Individual students may borrow up to $200 in any one year, the loans to be repayable within five years with interest at four percent. T h e C l a s s o f 1916 L o a n F u n d was established by the Class o f 1916 at their twenty-fifth reunion. The fund is designed to provide loans to senior students, preferably descendants of members of the Class of 1916, or to other students at the discretion of the administering committee. The loans are repayable not later than five years after graduation, with interest at the rate of four percent. The J o h n A. M il l e r L o a n F u n d was established by the Class of 1912 at their twenty-fifth reunion. Both principal and income are to be used to provide a loan fund for students in the three upper classes. Individual students may borrow up to $200 in any one year, such loans to be repay­ able within five years with interest at four percent. The P a u l M. P e a r s o n L o a n F u n d was established by a number of Dr. Pearson’s friends as a memorial for perpetuating his life and spirit. Both principal and income may be used for loans to students, repayable not later than five years after graduation, with interest at the rate of four percent. The S w a r t h m o r e C o l l e g e S t u d e n t L o a n F u n d was established by Mr. Clarence J. Gamble, who, feeling such a fund to be of unusual benefit to worthy students, gave a sum to the college on condition that the Board should set aside an equal amount to be added to the fund. Both principal and income may be used for loans to students, repayable not later than five years after graduation with interest at the rate of four percent. The E l l is D. W il l ia m s F u n d . By the will of Ellis D. Williams, a legacy of $25,000 was left to the college, the income from which is to be used for loans to students, repayable not later than five years after gradua­ tion, with interest at the rate of four percent. 40 Educational Resources The primary educational resources of any college are the quality of its faculty and the spirit of the institution. Second to these are the physical facilities, in particular the libraries, laboratories and equipment. Laboratories, well equipped for undergraduate instruction and in some cases for research, exist in physics, chemistry, zoology, botany, psychology, astronomy, and in civil, mechanical and electrical engineering. The Sproul Observatory, with its 24-inch visual refracting telescope, is the center of much fundamental research in multiple star systems. The Edward Martin Biological Laboratory provides exceptional facilities for work in psychology, zoology, botany, and pre-medical studies. Recent additions to Beardsley Hall increase the facilities for laboratory instruction and research in engineering. The S w a r t h m o r e C o l l e g e L ib r a r y , in part the gift of Andrew Car­ negie, contains reading rooms, offices and a collection of 173,000 volumes. Some 5500 volumes are added annually. About 750 periodicals are re­ ceived regularly. The general collection, including all but the scientific and technical books and journals, is housed in the library building, situated on the front campus. An addition providing storeroom for 150,000 volumes was erected in 1935. The library is definitely a collection of books and journals for undergraduate use. The demands of honors work, however, make necessary the provision of large quantities of source material not usually found in collections maintained for undergraduates. It is a point of library policy to try to supply, either by purchase or through inter-library loan, the books needed by students or members of the faculty for their individual research. In addition, the library contains certain special collections—the British Americana collection, the Wells’ Wordsworth and Thompson collections, and a collection of the issuances of 413 private presses. A number of special features enrich the academic background of the col­ lege. Among these are the following: The B id d l e M e m o r ia l L ib r a r y is an attractive fire-proof structure of stone and steel given by Clement M. Biddle, ’96, in memory of his father, Clement M. Biddle, who served for over twenty years as a member of the Board of Managers or as an officer of the Corporation of the College. This Library contains two important Collections: the Friends Historical Library and the Swarthmore College Peace Collection. 41 The F r ie n d s H is t o r ic a l L ib r a r y , founded in 1870 by Anson Lapham, is one of the outstanding collections in the United States of manuscripts, books, pamphlets, and pictures relating to the history of the Society of Friends. The library is the central depository for the records of Friends meetings belonging to Philadelphia Yearly Meeting (Race Street). More than 1,000 record books have been deposited; many of them have been reproduced on microfilm, for which a reading machine is available. The William Wade Hinshaw Index to Quaker Meeting Records indexes the material of genealogical interest in the records of 307 meetings in various parts of the United States. Notable among the other holdings are the Charles F. Jenkins Whittier Collection (first editions and manuscripts of John Greenleaf W hittier), the Mott Manuscripts (over 400 autograph letters of Lucretia Mott, antislavery and women’s rights leader), and the Hicks Manuscripts (more than 300 letters of Elias Hicks, a famous Quaker minister). The Library’s collection of books and pamphlets by and about Friends numbers approximately 20,000 volumes. Ninety Quaker periodicals are currently received. There is also an extensive collection of photographs of meeting houses and pictures of representative Friends. It is hoped that Friends and others will consider the advantages of giving to this Library any books and family papers which may throw light on the history of the Society of Friends. The Sw a r t h m o r e C o l l e g e P e a c e C o l l e c t i o n , a section of the Friends Historical Library, is of special interest to research students and others seeking the records of the Peace Movement. Beginning with Jane Addams’ personal papers and books relating to peace, the collection contains a rich variety of the documents of early peace groups as far back as the first peace committees in England and the United States about 1815, as well as rare peace posters from many lands, and correspondence and writings of peace and arbitration leaders. Individual writings on peace date back to about 1642. The collection includes some 750 titles of magazines and bulletins devoted to peace, published in the United States and abroad during the past 120 years. There are about 160 titles of bulletins and magazines cur­ rently received in eleven languages from 25 countries. This collection is the official depository for the leading peace organizations in the United States. A more complete description of the collection will be found in the Guide to the Swarthmore College Peace Collection, A Memorial to Jane Addams, published by the College and available for loan on request. The W il l i a m J. C o o p e r F o u n d a t i o n provides a varied program of lectures and concerts which enriches the academic work of the college. The Foundation was established by William J. Cooper, a devoted friend of the college, whose wife, Emma Mcllvain Cooper, served as a member of the Board of Managers from 1882 to 1923. Mr. Cooper bequeathed to the college the sum of $100,000 and provided that the income should be used 42 "in bringing to the college from time to time eminent citizens of this and other countries who are leaders in statesmanship, education, the arts, sciences, learned professions and business, in order that the faculty, students and the college community may be broadened by a closer acquaintance with matters of world interest.” Admission to all programs is without charge. The Cooper Foundation Committee works with the departments and with student organizations in arranging single lectures and concerts, and also in bringing to the college speakers of note who remain in residence for a long enough period to enter into the life of the community. Some of these speakers have been invited with the understanding that their lectures should be published under the auspices of the Foundation. This arrangement has so far produced eight volumes: Lindsay, Alexander Dunlop. ' The Essentials of Democracy. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1929. Lowes, John Livingston. Geoffrey Chaucer and the Development of His Genius. New York, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1934. Weyl, Hermann. Mind and Nature. sylvania Press, 1934. Philadelphia, University of Penn­ Americans. Recovery Program, by A. A. Berle, Jr., John Dickinson, A. Heath Onthank . . . and others . . . London, New York, etc., Oxford Uni­ versity Press, 1934. Madariaga, Salvador de. Theory and Practice in International Relations. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1937. Streit, Clarence Kirshman. Union Notv; a Proposal for a Federal Union of the Democracies of the North Atlantic. New York, Harper, 1939. Krogh, August. The Comparative Physiology of Respiratory Mechanisms. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1941. Wilcox, Clair, Editor. Civil Liberties under Attack. A series of lectures given in 1950-51. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1951. The A r t h u r H o y t S c o t t H o r t i c u l t u r a l F o u n d a t i o n . About three hundred acres are contained in the College property, including a large tract of woodland and the valley of Crum Creek. Much of this tract has been developed as an horticultural and botanical collection of trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants through the provisions of the Arthur Hoyt Scott Horticultural Foundation, established in 1929 by Mrs. Arthur Hoyt Scott and Owen and Margaret Moon as a memorial to Arthur Heyt Scott of the Class of 1895. The plant collections are designed both to afford examples of the better kinds of trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants1which are hardy in the climate of Eastern Pennsylvania and suitable for planting by the average gardener, and to beautify the campus. There are exceptionally fine 43 displays of Japanese cherries, flowering crab apples and tree peonies, and a great variety of lilacs, rhododendrons, azaleas, daffodils, iris, herbaceous peonies, hemerocallis and chrysanthemums. Many donors have contributed generously to the collections. (For full information see Bulletin of Swarth­ more College, Vol. xxxvii, No. 5.) The B r o n s o n M. C u t t i n g M e m o r ia l C o l l e c t i o n o f R e c o r d e d was established at Swarthmore College in 1 9 3 6 by a gift of approx­ imately four thousand phonograph records, a radio-phonograph, books and musical scores, from the family of Bronson Murray Cutting, late Senator from New Mexico. Its object is to make the best recorded music available to the undergraduates, faculty, and friends of Swarthmore College, in co­ operation with the work of the college Department of Music. The collec­ tion is kept up to date with current additions. M u s ic The B e n j a m i n W e s t S o c ie t y , an organization of alumni, members of the faculty and friends of the college, is building up a collection of paint­ ings, drawings, and etchings, which are exhibited as space permits in vari­ ous college buildings. The Society owes its name to the American artist of the eighteenth century who was born in a house which still stands on the Swarthmore campus, and who became President of the Royal Academy. T h e P o t t e r S p e e c h C o l l e c t i o n , established in 1950 with accumulated income of the William Potter Public Speaking Fund, includes a wide variety of recorded poetry, oratory, and drama. It is designed to make available to the Swarthmore College community and friends the best examples obtain­ able in recordings of literature intended for the ear as well as the eye. Among the three hundred items are included full-length versions of Shakes­ pearean plays, contemporary poets reading their own work, and traditional poetry read by professional speakers. The Department of English Literature administers the collection and selects current additions. 44 College Life H o u s in g Swarthmore is primarily a residential college, conducted on the assumption that an important element in education comes from close association of students and instructors. Most students live in dormitories. Many mem­ bers of the faculty live on or near the campus. Residence Halls There are four dormitories for men: Wharton Hall, named in honor of its donor, Joseph Wharton, at one time President of the Board of Man­ agers, and three buildings on the former Mary Lyon School property. The women’s dormitories include the upper floors in the wings of Parrish H all; W orth Hall, the gift of William P. Worth, 1876, and J. Sharpless Worth, ex-1873, as a memorial to their parents; Woolman House; Palmer, Pittenger and Roberts Halls on South Chester Road. All freshmen are assigned to rooms by the Deans. Other students choose their rooms in an order determined by lot. Special permission must be ob­ tained to room outside die dormitories. Students may occupy college rooms during vacations only by special ar­ rangements with the Deans and payment of the required fee. Freshmen are asked to leave college immediately after their last examinations in the spring so that their rooms may be used by Commencement visitors. Dining Rooms All students, both men and women, have their meals in two adjoining College Dining Rooms in Parrish Hall. The dining rooms are closed during all vacations. R e l ig io u s L i f e The religious life of the college is founded on the Quaker principle that the seat of spiritual authority lies in the Inner Light of each individual. The Society of Friends is committed to the belief that religion is best ex­ pressed in the quality of everyday living. There are accordingly no com­ pulsory religious exercises, save in so far as the brief devotional element in Collection may be so considered. Students are encouraged to attend the churches of their choice. Episcopal, Presbyterian, Methodist, and Christian Science churches are located in the borough of Swarthmore; Catholic and other churches in the nearby towns of Morton, Media, and Chester. The Swarthmore Meeting House is located on the campus. Students are cordi­ ally invited to attend its meeting for worship on Sunday. Extra-curricular 45 groups with faculty cooperation exist for the study of the Bible and the exploration of common concerns in religion. An assembly of the college, called Collection, is held at 10: 00 a. m. every Thursday in Clothier Memorial; attendance of students is required. There is regularly a period of silence according to the Friendly tradition and, when these are in keeping with the remainder of the program, the singing of hymns and a reading from the Bible. Lasting from one-half to threequarters of an hour, Collection normally includes an address; but this is varied by die occasional introduction of musical, dramatic, and other pro­ grams. St u d e n t W elfa re Health The college physician holds daily office hours at the college, where stu­ dents may consult him without charge. A student must report any illness to the college physician, but is free to go for treatment to another doctor if he prefers to do so. At the time of admission each student must present a brief medical his­ tory and health certificate, prepared by the family physician on a form supplied by the college. Pertinent information about such matters as physical reserve, unusual medical episodes, severe allergies, or psychiatric disturbances will be especially valuable to the college Health Service. All new students must have been successfully vaccinated against smallpox within five years, in accordance with Pennsylvania State law. The college physician gives physical examinations to all students at the beginning of each year. There is close cooperation with the Departments of Physical Education. Recommendations for limited activity are made for those students with physical handicaps. In some cases a student may be excused entirely from the requirements of the Physical Education Depart­ ments. The college health program includes an annual chest x-ray which is com­ pulsory for all students. Should the student fail to meet his x-ray appoint­ ment, he is required to have one taken at his own expense. There are two infirmaries, one for men and one for women. The in­ firmary for men is in Section F of Wharton H all; the women’s infirmary is at die east end of Parrish Hall. A registered nurse is in charge of each, under the direction of the college physician. Each student is allowed ten days care in the infirmaries per term without charge unless the services of a special nurse are required. After ten days, a charge of $2.00 per day is made. Students suffering from a communicable disease or from illness which makes it necessary for them to remain in bed, 46 must stay in the infirmary for the period of their illness. A charge is made for special or expensive medicines and certain immunization procedures, but ordinary medicines are furnished without cost. The medical and infirmary facilities of the college are available to students injured in athletic activities or otherwise, but the college cannot assume ad­ ditional financial responsibility for medical and surgical expenses arising from accidents. Accident insurance coverage is, therefore, required for all students participating in athletics and is recommended for all others. (For details see p. 32.) The college psychiatric consultants hold office hours by appointment each week. A student may have from one to three interviews, for which a fee of five dollars is charged by the college. The purpose of this service is to be of help to all types of emotional problems. Vocational Advising The college provides vocational information and advice to assist students in their choice of a career. Conferences and field trips are planned periodi­ cally and interviews are arranged with prospective employers. Help is offered to students in finding employment. In addition, summer work is planned to give students job experience in various fields. Alumni Office The Alumni Office keeps records of the addresses of all living graduates and alumni of the college. It helps edit the Swarthmore alumni magazine, and acts as liaison for the college with all alumni and alumni groups, inter­ preting to them the present plans and policies of the college. Publicity Office The Publicity Office does a two-fold job. It helps prepare the several pub­ lications put out by the college known as Swarthmore College Bulletins. These include the alumni magazine, the President’s Report, the Catalogue, the Student Handbook, the Viewbook, and other miscellaneous issues. In addition to this, the Publicity Office, through the largely student operated News Bureau, works with the press and other communications media in pub­ licizing news that is of interest to the general public. Student Advising The Deans and their assistants hold the primary responsibility for advising all students. However, there are many other advisers available to each student. Each freshman is assigned to a faculty member who acts as his course adviser until this responsibility falls to the chairman of the student s major department at the end of his sophomore year. Faculty members have also 47 been appointed as advisers for each of the men’s varsity athletic teams. They work closely with the team, attending practice as well as all home and away games. A number of junior and senior students, selected with the approval of the faculty, serve as assistants to the faculty course advisers in helping freshmen with their adjustment to the academic program. Members of the senior honorary societies, Book and Key and Mortar Board, cooperate with proctors, student advisers, and representatives of other student organizations in helping the Deans with the placement program conducted during freshman week. A group of upperclass women, under the direction of the Women’s Student Government Association, serve as coun­ selors for all freshman women, several counselors being assigned to each freshman hall. There are also student proctors in each of the men’s dorm­ itory sections. Special problems may be referred by the Deans to the college physician or to the consulting psychiatrists. T h e St u d e n t C o m m u n i t y Student Conduct In general the association of men and women in academic work and social life is to be governed by good taste and accepted practice rather than by elaborate rules. The Society of Friends has historically been conservative in social matters, and its influence within the college community is one of the important factors in making Swarthmore what it is. Certain rules, however, are of sufficient importance to deserve attention here: 1. The possession and use of liquor on the campus is forbidden, as is drunken conduct. 2. No undergraduate may maintain an automobile while enrolled at the college without the permission of the Deans. This rule prohibits equally the maintenance of an automobile owned by students and those owned by other persons but placed in the custody or control of students. Day students may, with the permission of the Deans, use cars in commuting to college. 3. It is college policy to discourage premature marriages by ruling that if two undergraduates marry, only one may remain in college. Some exceptions have been provided in the case of veterans and upperclass students and information about them may be obtained from the Office of the Deans. College rules which affect the entire college community are discussed and formulated by the Student Affairs Committee, which is composed of mem­ bers of the college administration, faculty, and student body. This com­ mittee delegates to student government agencies as much authority in the administration of rules as they responsibly accept, 48 Student Council The semi-annually elected Student Council represents the entire under­ graduate community and is the chief body of student government. Its efforts are directed toward the coordination of student activities and the expression of student opinion in matters of college policy. Committees of the Council include the Budget Committee, which regulates distribution of funds to student groups; the Community Service Committee, which administers welfare projects; the Elections Committee, which super­ vises procedure in campus elections; and the Social Committee, see below. The Curriculum Committee cooperates with a similar committee of the faculty in the discussion of matters relating to the academic program of the college. In addition to these, there are several joint Faculty-Student Com­ mittees, whose student membership is appointed by the Council: Collection, Cooper Foundation, Motion Pictures, Men’s Athletics and Student Affairs. Men’s Student Government The men students of the college are represented by the Men’s Executive Committee, a group elected to take responsibility for specified problems which have to do primarily with dormitory life. The Men’s Judiciary Committee, selected by the Men’s Executive Committee, has jurisdiction over cases where male undergraduates have violated college rules in the dormi­ tories or on the campus, with the exception of the fraternity lodges. The fraternities have established a Fraternity Judiciary Committee to enforce col­ lege rules as they pertain to fraternities and fraternity lodges. Women’s Student Government All women students are members of the Women’s Student Government Association, headed by an Executive Board elected to promote a great variety of women’s interests. This board includes the hall presidents and the chair­ men of certain important committees: Conduct, which maintains social regulations; Personnel, which has a special concern for helping freshmen; Vocational, which assists the women’s Vocational Director; Somerville, which arranges the program for Somerville Day, on which alumnae are invited to return to the College, and fosters student-alumnae relationships. Social Committee An extensive program of social activities is managed by the Social Com­ mittee appointed by the Student Council. The program is designed to appeal to a wide variety of interests, and is open to all students, At no time is there any charge for college social functions, 49 Extra-Curricular Activities In addition to the foregoing organizations, Swarthmore students have an opportunity to participate in a program of extra-curricular activities wide enough to meet every kind of interest. No credit is given for work in such varied fields as sculpture, play-writing, publishing the college newspaper or playing the cello in the orchestra. However, the college encourages a stu­ dent to participate in whatever activity best fits his personal talents and inclinations, believing that satisfactory avocations are a necessary part of life for the well-rounded individual. In music, Professor Sorber of the Department of Modern Languages, is director of the extra-curricular musical activities. He leads the college chorus and will also direct the college orchestra in 1954-55 in the absence of Pro­ fessor van de Kamp of the Astronomy Department. There are chamber music groups, madrigal groups, and public performances of the musical works of students in composition. There is an excellent college record collection, there are facilities for private practice, and there are student tickets for the Philadelphia Orchestra. The Cooper Foundation presents a distinguished group of concerts each year. There are faculty advisers or special instructors for the Little Theatre Club, Print Club, the Camera Club, the Sculpture Group, the drawing and painting groups, the creative writers, and the modern dancers. Many other student groups for the discussion of public affairs, the integration of the sciences, the presentation of student radio programs, and the editing of col­ lege publications, conduct their own affairs with occasional advice from the faculty. A handbook describing more fully all these activities and many others, written by the students themselves, can be had upon request from the Office of the Deans. 50 T he E ducational P rogram of SWARTHMORE COLLEGE General Statement Swarthmore College offers the degree of Bachelor of Arts and the degree of Bachelor of Science. The latter is given only in the Division of Engineer­ ing; the former, in the Divisions of the Humanities, the Social Sciences, and Mathematics and the Natural Sciences.* Eight semesters of resident study, which are normally completed in four years, lead to a Bachelor’s degree. The selection of a program will depend upon the student’s interests and vocational plans. Programs in engineering, pre-medical courses, and chemistry, for example, are the usual preparation for professional work in these fields. Students planning a career in law, business, or government serv­ ice find majors in the humanities or social sciences of great value. The purpose of a liberal education, however, is not primarily to provide vocational instruction, even though it provides the best foundation for one’s future vocation. Its purpose is to help students fulfill their responsibilities as citizens and grow into cultivated and well rounded individuals. A liberal education is concerned with our cultural inheritance, the world of thought, and the development of aesthetic, moral, and spiritual values. It is necessary for most students to concern themselves with the problem of making a living. But this concern should not lead them to a specializa­ tion that is too early and too narrow. They still have need of broadening the scope of their experience. Particular skills may afford readier access to routine employment, but positions of greater responsibility will be occupied by those who are equipped to think their way through new problems and to conceive of their functions in a larger context of time and place. Liberal education and vocational training may be the joint products of a common process, and the courses here offered should be selected with this large purpose. For this reason, all students, during die first half of their college program, are expected to complete the general college requirements, to choose their major and minor subjects, and to prepare for advanced work in these sub­ jects by taking certain prerequisites. Five full courses or their equivalent in half courses constitute the normal program for each of the first two years. Each course represents from eight to twelve hours of work a week including class meetings, laboratory periods and individual preparation. The program for upper class students affords a choice between two meth­ ods of study: Honors Work, leading to a degree with Honors, and General Courses. An honors student concentrates on three related subjects which he studies by the seminar method. At the end of his senior year he must take a * For groupings of departments, see page 17. 52 battery of eight examinations on the work of his seminars, set by outside examiners. (The system will be explained more fully below.) A student in general courses has a somewhat wider freedom of election and takes four full courses or their equivalent in each of the last two years. At the end of his senior year he is required to pass a comprehensive examina­ tion given by his major department. The program for engineering students follows a similar basic plan, with certain variations which are explained on page 87. Courses outside the technical fields are spread over all four years. In addition to scholastic requirements for graduation, all students must meet certain standards of participation in Physical Education as set forth in the statement of those departments (see pp. 129-131) and must attend the Collection exercises of the college (see p. 46). ■The course advisers of freshmen and sophomores are members of the faculty appointed by the Deans. They are assisted by a number of student advisers. For juniors and seniors the advisers are the chairmen of their major departments or their representatives. Program for Freshmen and Sophomores The curriculum for the first two years is designed primarily to contribute to a student’s general education by giving him an introduction to the methods of thinking and the content of knowledge in a variety of fields important to a liberal education. 1. The traditional humanistic, studies—those studies through which man learns to understand himself and his relationship to his fellows as indi­ viduals, and the enduring values in human experience. 2. The social sciences—those studies through which man learns to under­ stand the nature of organized society, past and present, and his relationship to it. 3. The natural sciences—those studies through which man learns to understand his physical environment, both organic and inorganic, outside of his own individual and social being. All students must include in their program: 1. One year course in the natural sciences to be selected from Physics 1-2, Chemistry 1-2 or 3-4, Astronomy 1-2, Biology 1-2. By special provisions, students may meet this requirement in 1954-55 by a course consisting of one semester of mathematics (Mathematics 7) and one semester of astronomy (Astronomy 8 ). 2. One year course in the social sciences, either Economics 1-2 or Political Science 1-2. 53 3. Two semester courses in the humanities. Students majoring in the Di­ visions of Engineering and of Mathematics and the Natural Sciences shall select these courses from among philosophy, history, literature (English or foreign), fine arts, music and religion. Students majoring in the Divisions of the Humanities and the Social Sciences shall select from the same subjects, but must include a semester course in literature (English or foreign) and may include any course in philosophy except Philosophy 1, which partially meets the requirement described below. 4. In addition, one year or two semester courses in departments outside the division in which the major work is to be done. Students majoring in the Humanities or the Social Sciences shall fulfill this requirement by Philosophy 1 and Psychology 1. Students majoring in the Division of Mathematics and the Natural Sciences may offer psychology in partial or complete fulfillment of this requirement, as well as any introductory course listed in the catalogue in the Divisions of the Humanities and the Social Sciences. In addition to these general requirements, there are the following special requirements: 5. All students majoring in the Humanities and the Social Sciences shall take History 1-2. 6. All students except those majoring in engineering must include in their program sufficient work in a modern or classical language to complete course 4 or its equivalent. This may be met in whole or in part by secondary school preparation as measured by the appropriate achievement test of the College Entrance Examination Board. Not more than one year in any one department will be counted toward the fulfillment of requirements 1-5. Students entering college with special preparation in any one of these subjects may apply for exemption. In addition to the requirements listed above, prerequisites must be com­ pleted for the work of the last two years in major and minor subjects, and sufficient additional electives must be taken to make up ten full courses. In the Divisions of the Humanities and the Social Sciences it is strongly recom­ mended that these electives shall include: H alf courses (preferably in the first semester of an academic year) in at least two of the following: Foreign Literature (classical or mod­ ern, either in the original or in translation), Fine Arts, Music. A full course in whichever social science (Economics or Political Sci­ ence) is not taken in fulfillment of the general requirements. A third half course in a natural science or a half course in Mathematics or courses in each of these. 54 It is expected that, after completion of the minimum courses in the gen­ eral program of the first two years, the student will devote the remainder of his sophomore year to preparing himself for more advanced study of those subjects which have most interested him and to other courses which will increase the range of his knowledge. He should decide, as early in his sophomore year as possible, upon two or three subjects in which he might like to major and should consult the statements of the departments concerned as to required and recommended courses and supporting subjects. In most cases he is advised to take not more than one semester of work in any sub­ ject beyond the first course. The requirement in foreign language (either classical or modern) is such that an exceptionally well prepared freshman may demonstrate his completion of it before entering college by his rating in an Achievement Test given by the College Entrance Examination Board. The results of the tests indicate, however, that most students need to devote from one to four terms to further language study. The desired standard is normally met on the basis of four years’ work in high school, or of three or two years’ work in high school followed by one or two' terms in college. If a student fulfills the requirement with a language which he begins in college, he will need to study it for four terms. If he fulfills it with a language begun elsewhere, his progress toward the degree of competence demanded is measured by a placement test. This may be one of the achievement tests of the College Entrance Examination Board which he has taken as a re­ quirement for admission. Additional placement tests are given when neces­ sary by the Swarthmore departments of language. Physical education is required of all students (except veterans) in the first two years. The requirements are stated in full on p. 61 and in the state­ ments of the departments of Physical Education. Program for Juniors and Seniors W o r k in Course The work of juniors and seniors in course includes some intensive, specialized study within a general area of interest. This comprises enough work in a single department (designated as a "major” ) to make an equiva­ lent of four full courses. Work taken during the first two years may be counted toward fulfillment of the major requirements but not more than six full courses or twelve half courses may be taken in the major field. Before graduation the student must pass a comprehensive examination in his major subject. A student must choose his major subject at the end of the sophomore year, and apply formally through the Registrar to be accepted by the division concerned. The decision will be based on an estimate of his ability in his 55 major subject as well as on his record. If a student does not secure di­ visional approval, he cannot be admitted to the junior class. A student’s course adviser during his junior and senior years is the chairman of his major department (or a member of the department desig­ nated by the chairman) whose approval he must secure for his choice of courses each semester. In addition to major and recommended supporting subjects, juniors and seniors usually have room for at least one elective a year. The completion of eighteen full courses, with a minimum average of C, normally constitutes the course requirement for a degree. A student may carry extra work after the freshman year with the approval of his course adviser and of the Committee on Academic Requirements, provided that his record in the previous year has been satisfactory. H onors W ork Honors work is a system of instruction designed to free from the limita­ tions of class-room routine those students whose maturity and capacity enable them to do independent work. Students who are chosen toward the end of their sophomore year to read for honors are exempt from further course requirements. Instead, during their junior and senior years they study a few subjects intensively and independently. They meet their instructors weekly in small seminars lasting from three to four hours. In these meetings it is customary for students to present frequent papers, although the methods of stimulating discussion vary greatly. In scientific subjects additional time is spent in the laboratory. A student in the honors program ordinarily takes two seminars each semester, making a total of eight seminars during his last two years. Departments sometimes permit their major students to substitute for one seminar the preparation of a thesis. If a department, supported by the division concerned, is of the opinion that seven seminars instead of eight, plus one full course or two half courses, form a better educational program than the usual eight seminars, such a program will be allowed, and will be completed by seven examinations instead of eight. A student whose work shows unusual distinction but who has not elected to read for honors at the end of his sophomore year may be permitted to take the regular honors examination and receive the degree of honors recom­ mended by the visiting examiners. H e must petition the division concerned for this permission before the end of his seventh semester and must submit a list of eight examinations which he feels prepared to take. Honors work involves a concentration of the student’s efforts upon a limited and integrated field of studies. He chooses seminars in three (or 56 sometimes four) allied subjects, and customarily devotes at least one-half of his time to a single department in the line of his major interest, in which he is expected to demonstrate real achievement. Combinations of seminars are not governed by rigid rules but must be approved by the departments and divisions in which work is taken. Combinations involving seminars from two divisions must be approved by the divisions involved. No examinations or grades are given from semester to semester, although it is customary for honors students to take practice examinations at the end of the junior year over the work covered thus far. These papers are read by the instructors concerned and are used as a basis for advice and guidance for the work of the senior year. At the end of the senior year honors students take written and oral examinations given by examiners from other institutions.* The student should attain a degree of proficiency which will enable him to meet a rigorous and searching examination. This examination is designed to test his competence in a field of knowledge rather than his mastery of those facts which an instructor has seen fit to present in seminar. This is one of the chief ends for which the system of visiting examiners has been instituted. The examiners first set a three-hour written examination on the subject of each seminar, and after reading the written examination have an opportunity to question each student orally, in order to clarify and enlarge the basis of their judgment of the student’s command of his rhaterial. Upon recommendation of the examiners, successful candidates are awarded the bachelor’s degree with honors, with high honors, or with highest honors. Highest honors are awarded only to those who show unusual distinction. When the work of a candidate does not, in the opinion of the examiners, merit honors of any grade, his papers are returned to his instructors, who decide, under rules of the faculty, whether he shall be given a degree in course. Students admitted to honors work who prove unable to meet the require­ ments or who for other reasons return to regular classes may receive pro­ portional course credit for the work they have done while reading for honors. Regulations governing possible combinations of major and minor sub­ jects in the four divisions appear below. Lists of seminars offered in prep­ aration for examinations follow departmental statements. C o m b in a t io n s of M a jo r s and M in o r s for H onors W ork Division of the Humanities Major and minor subjects include English Literature, Fine Arts, French, German, Greek, History, Latin, Music, Philosophy, Psychology, and Span­ ish. At least half of the student’s time will probably be devoted to his major subjects, the remainder being divided between two related subjects. * For list of examiners in June 1954, see page 146. 57 Division of the Social Sciences Major and minor subjects include Economics, History, Philosophy, Psy­ chology, and Political Science. Students in this division normally devote half their time to their major subject, dividing the remainder among related minor subjects according to plans approved by the division. Division of Mathematics and the Natural Sciences Major subjects include Botany, Chemistry, Electrical Engineering, Mathe­ matics, Physics, Psychology, Zoology; related minor subjects include the subjects listed, and Astronomy and Philosophy. At least half of the student's time will probably be devoted to his major subject, with the remainder divided between two other related subjects within the division. Division of Engineering Major subjects for honors work in this division include Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Mechanical Enginering; a minor may be taken in either or both of the engineering departments in which the student does not have his major, or in Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics or Economics. At least one-half of the student’s time will be devoted to his major in en­ gineering. The degree granted is the B.S. in Engineering. P rocedure for A d m is s io n to H onors W ork A candidate for admission to honors should consult the chairmen of his prospective major and minor departments during the second semester of his sophomore year and work out a program for his junior and senior years. This proposed program must be filed in the office of the Registrar who will forward it to the division or divisions concerned. The acceptance of the candidate by the division depends in part upon the quality of his previous work as indicated by the grades he has received but mainly upon his apparent capacity for assuming the responsibility of honors work. The names of accepted candidates are announced later in the spring. The major department is responsible for drawing up the original plan of work, for supervising the candidate’s choice of seminars in all departments and for keeping in touch with his progress from semester to semeter. The division is responsible for approval of the student’s original program and any subsequent changes in that program. Proposals for combinations of subjects or departments not provided for in the divisional arrangements must be approved by the divisions involved. P r e - M e d ic a l P r o g r a m The pre-medical student’s program is planned and his work supervised by the Pre-medical Advisory Committee. There is more than one program of courses by which a student may prepare himself for admission to medical 58 school. In mapping out a program for each student the Committee keeps in mind (a) the particular interests of the student, (b) the entrance re­ quirements of the medical schools of the student’s choice, (c) the need for an understanding of basic social problems and the cultivation of a sensitive­ ness for the enduring values in the arts and literature, and (d) the value of intensive work in at least one field. Students who plan to meet medical school requirements will ordinarily take Biology 1-2; Chemistry 1-2, either 25 or 28-29 (some medical schools require a full course in organic chemistry) and 26; English Composition; Mathematics 1-2; Physics 1-2; Zoology 11 and at least one other half course; a modern foreign language, preferably German, to a point equivalent to the completion of course 4. The work of the junior and senior years may be taken in the honors program or in course. Intensive work may be carried out in a single field or in closely related departments. Pre-medical students may fulfill the major requirements in any department of their own choice, or they may fulfill the requirements by completing three full courses in each of two related departments in the devision of mathematics and the natural sciences. In the latter case the comprehensive examinations will be arranged jointly by the departments concerned. Although some students have been admitted to medical schools upon the completion of three years of college work, most medical schools strongly advise completion of four years of college. Faculty Regulations A ttendance at Classes and Collection Members of the faculty will hold students responsible for regular at­ tendance at classes and will report to the Deans the name of any student whose repeated absence is in their opinion impairing the student’s work. The number of cuts allowed in a given course is not specified, a fact which places a heavy responsibility on all students to make sure that their work is not suffering as a result of absences. Since freshmen must exercise par­ ticular care in this respect and since the faculty recognizes its greater re­ sponsibility toward freshmen in the matter of class attendance, it is expected that freshmen, especially, will attend all their classes. W hen illness necessitates absence from classes the student should report at once to the nurses or to the college physician. The last meeting before vacation and the first meeting after vacation in each course must be attended. The minimum penalty for violation of this rule is probation. 59 Absences from Collection are acted upon by the Deans as instructed by the faculty. All students are allowed two absences from Collection each term. G rades Instructors report to the Deans’ office at intervals during the year upon the work of students in courses. Informal reports during the semester take the form of comments on unsatisfactory work. At the end of each semester formal grades are given in each course under the letter system, by which A means excellent work, B good work, C fair work, D poor work, and E failure. W signifies that the student has been permitted to withdraw from the course by the Committee on Academic Requirements. X desig­ nates a condition; this means that a student has done unsatisfactory work in the first half o f a year course, but by creditable work during the second half may earn a passing grade for the full course and thereby remove his con­ dition. Inc. means that a student’s work is incomplete in respect to specific assign­ ments or examinations. All work for a course must be completed before the scheduled date of the final examination unless an excuse has been granted by the Committee on Academic Requirements. In the absence of such an excuse, the student.who fails to complete his work will receive a failing grade for that portion of the work which is incomplete. If an Inc. is received, it must normally be made up in the term immediately following that in which it was incurred. A date is set at the end of the first six weeks of each term when make-up examinations must be taken and late papers submitted. Under special circumstances involving the use of laboratories or attendance at courses not immediately available, a student must secure permission to extend the time for making up an incomplete until the second term following. This permission must be given in writing and filed in the Office of the Registrar. Any not made up within a year from the time it was imposed shall be re­ corded as E, a failure which cannot be made up. Reports are sent to parents and to students at the end of each semester. For graduation in general courses, a C average is required; for graduation in honors work, the recommendation of the visiting examiners. Extra or F ewer Courses A regular student is expected to take the prescribed number of courses in each semester. If more or fewer courses seem desirable, he should con­ sult his course adviser and file a petition with the Committee on Academic Requirements. A student who wishes to take fewer than the normal number of courses should register for the regular program and file a petition to drop one or more courses. . Applications involving late entrance into a course must be received within the first two weeks of the semester. Applications involving withdrawal from a course must be received not later than the middle of the semester. 6Q Examinations Any student who is absent from an examination, announcement of which was made in advance, shall be given an examination at another hour only by special arrangement with the instructor in charge of the course. No examination in absentia shall be permitted. This rule shall be in­ terpreted to mean that instructors shall give examinations only at the college and under direct departmental supervision. Summer School W ork Students desiring to transfer credit from a summer school are required to obtain the endorsement of the chairman of the department concerned before entering upon the work, and after completing the work are required to pass an examination set by the Swarthmore department. P hysical Education Physical education is required of all women and non-veteran men in the freshman and sophomore years, unless an excuse is granted by the college physician. A minimum of three periods per week shall be required. If any semester’s work of the first two years is failed, it shall be repeated in the junior year. No student shall be permitted to enter his senior year with a deficiency in physical education. Exclusion from College The college reserves the right to exclude at any time students whose con­ duct or academic standing it regards as undesirable, and without assigning any further reason therefor; in such cases fees will not be refunded or remitted, in whole or in part, and neither the college nor any of its officers shall be under any liability whatsoever for such exclusion. 61 Requirements for Graduation Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science The degree of Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science are conferred upon students who have met the following requirements for graduation: 1. The candidate must have completed eighteen full courses or ten courses and eight seminars with an average grade of C. 2. He must have complied with the course requirements for the first two years. 3. He must have met the requirements in the major and supporting fields during the last two years. 4. He must have passed satisfactorily the comprehensive examinations in his major field or met the standards set by visiting examiners for a degree with honors. 5. H e must have completed four terms of study at Swarthmore College, two of which have been those of the senior year. 6. He must have completed the physical education requirements set forth on page 61 and in the statements of the Physical Education Departments. 7. H e must have attended the Collection exercises of the College in accord­ ance with the regulations (see page 46). 8. He must have paid all outstanding bills and returned all equipment and library books. Advanced Degrees M aster of A rts and M aster of Science The degree of Master of Arts or Master of Science may be conferred subject to the following requirements: Only students who have completed the work for the Bachelor’s degree with some distinction; either at Swarthmore or at another institution of satisfactory standing, shall be admitted as candidates for the Master’s degree at Swarthmore. The candidate’s record and a detailed program setting forth the aim of the work to be pursued shall be submitted, with a recommendation from the department or departments concerned, to the Committee on the Master’s Degree. If accepted by the Committee, the candidate’s name shall be re­ ported to the faculty at or before the first faculty meeting of the year in which the candidate is to begin his work. 62 The requirements for the Master’s degree shall indude the equivalent of a full year’s work of graduate character. This work may be done in courses, seminars, reading courses, regular conferences with members of the faculty, or research. The work may be done in one department or in two related departments. The catalogue statements of departments which offer graduate work indicate the courses or seminars which may be taken for this purpose. A candidate for the Master’s degree shall be required to pass an examina­ tion conducted by the department or departments in which his work was done. He shall be examined by outside examiners, provided that, where this procedure is not practicable, exceptions may be made by the Committee on the Master’s Degree. The department or departments concerned, on the basis of the reports of the outside examiners, together with the reports of the student’s resident instructors, shall make recommendations to the faculty for the award of the degree. At the option of the department or departments concerned, a thesis may be required as part of the work for the degree. A candidate for the Master’s degree will be expected to show before ad­ mission to candidacy a competence in those languages deemed by his depart­ ment or departments most essential for his field of research. Detailed language requirements will be indicated in the announcements of departments which admit candidates for the degree. The tuition fee for graduate students who are candidates for the Master’s degree is $600 per year, and the general fee for these students is $25 per semester. A dvanced Engineering D egrees The advanced degrees of Mechanical Engineer (M.E.), Electrical Engineer (E.E.), and Civil Engineer (C.E.), may be obtained by graduates who have received their Bachelor’s degree in Engineering upon fulfilling the requirements given below: 1. The candidate must have been engaged in engineering work for five years since receiving his first degree. 2. He must have had charge of engineering work and must be in a position of responsibility and trust at the time of application. 3. He must make application and submit an outline of the thesis he ex­ pects to present, one full year before the advanced degree is to be conferred. 4. The thesis must be submitted for approval one calendar month before the time of granting the degree. 5. Every candidate shall pay a registration fee of $5 and an additional fee of $20 when the degree is conferred. 63 Awards and Frizes The J o h n W. N ason Award, a gift of a friend of the College in honor of the Eighth President, is presented, normally at Commencement, to one or more members of the total staff of the College, or to members of their fam­ ilies, who have made a distinctive contribution, beyond the scope of their normal duties, to the life of the College community. The Award is made by the Instruction and Libraries Committee of the Board of Managers upon the advice of the President of the College and consists of a formal citation and a monetary award of $1,000. The Ivy Award F und was created by a gift from Owen Moon, ’94. The income of the fund is placed in the hands of the faculty for award on Com­ mencement Day to a male member of the graduating class. The qualifica­ tions for the Ivy Award are similar to those for the Rhodes Scholarships and include (a) qualities of manhood, force of character, and leadership; (b ) literary and scholastic ability and attainments. These have been phrased by the donor in the words "leadership based upon character and scholarship.” The O ak Leaf A ward was established by David Dwight Rowlands of the Class of 1909. It was later permanently endowed in memory of him by Hazel C. Rowlands, ’07, and Caroline A. Lukens, ’98. The award is made by the faculty each year to the woman member of the Senior Class who is outstanding for loyalty, scholarship and service. The M cCabe Engineering A ward, founded by Thomas B. McCabe, 1915, is to be presented each year to the outstanding engineering student in the Senior Class. The recipient is chosen by a committee of the faculty of the division of Engineering. The Crane Prize, a memorial to Charles E. Crane, Jr., of the Class of 1936, is an award of about $20, given for the purchase of philosophical books, and presented annually to the junior who, in the opinion of the department, has done the best work in Philosophy and Psychology. The A. Edward N ewton Library Prize of $50, endowed by A. Edward Newton, to make permanent the Library Prize first established by W . W. Thayer, is awarded annually to that undergraduate who, in the opinion of the Committee of Award, shows the best and most intelligently chosen col­ lection of books upon any subject. Particular emphasis is laid in the award, not merely upon the size of the collection but also upon the skill with which the books are selected and upon the owner’s knowledge of their subjectmatter. The K atherine B. Sicard Prize of $5, endowed by the Delta Gamma Fraternity in memory of Katherine B. Sicard, ex ’34, is awarded annually to the freshman woman who, in the opinion of the department, shows great­ est proficiency in English. 64 W harton Hall, a Dorm itory for M en W orth D orm itory for W om en P ublic ¿ peaking Contests. Prizes /or annual contests in public speak­ ing are provided as follows: The Ella Frances B unting Extemporary Speaking F und awards prizes totaling $45 for the best extemporaneous short speeches. The O w en M oon F und provides the Delta Upsilon Speaking Contest prizes totalling $25 for the best prepared speeches on topics of current interest. The W illiam P lummer Potter P ublic Speaking F und was estab­ lished in 1907. The income of the fund is used to sponsor three different annual contests: (1) the Potter Public Speaking Contest prizes totalling $100.00, (2) the Potter Poetry Contest, $50.00, (3) the One-Act Play Contest, $50.00. The Potter Fund has also been used to establish a collection of dramatic and poetic records. The Lois-M orrell P oetry A ward, given by her parents in memory of Lois Morrell of the Class of 1946, goes to that student who, in the opinion of the faculty, submits the best original poem in the annual competition for the award. The award, consisting of $100, is made in the spring of the year. All entries should be submitted by April 1. The J ohn R ussell H ayes Poetry Prizes, of approximately $25 for a first prize and $15 for a second prize, are offered for the best original poem or for a translation from any language. Manuscripts should be ready by April 1 of each year. Fellowships Three fellowships are awarded annually by the faculty, on recommendation of the Committee on Fellowships, to graduates of the college for the pursuit of advanced work under the direction of the faculty or with their approval. Applications for fellowships must be in the hands of the committee by April 15. Applicants for any one of these fellowships will be considered for the others as well. These three fellowships are: The H a n n a h A. L eed o m F e l l o w sh ip of $500, founded by the bequest of Hannah A. Leedom. The J oshua Lippincott F ellowship of $600, founded by Howard W. Lippincott, of the Class of 1875, in memory of his father. The J o h n Lockwood M emorial Fellowship of $600, founded by the bequest of Lydia A. Lockwood, New York, in memory of her brother, John Lockwood. It was the wish of the donor that the fellowship be awarded to a member of the Society of Friends. 65 Four other fellowships are open to graduates of Swarthmore College under the conditions described below: The Lucretia M ott Fellowship, founded by the Somerville Literary Society and sustained by the contribution of its life members, has yielded an annual income since its foundation of $525. It is awarded each year by a committee of the faculty (selected by the society), with the concur­ rence of the life members of the society, to a young woman graduate of that year who is to pursue advanced study at some other institution approved by this committee. The M artha E. T yson F ellowship, founded by the Somerville Literary Society in 1913, is sustained by the contributions of life members of the society and yields an income of $500 or more. It is awarded biennially by a joint committee of the faculty and the society (elected by the society) with the concurrence of the life members of the society to a woman graduate of Swarthmore College, who has entered or plans to enter elementary or secondary school work. The recipient of the award is to pursue a course of study fitting her for more efficient work in an institution approved by the Committee of Award. Sigma X i R esearch F ellowship. The Swarthmore Chapter of Sigma Xi appoints, from time to time, as funds are available, Fellows with re­ search grants with a maximum value of $1,000. The holders of this fellow­ ship are usually associates of the chapter who have shown conspicuous ability in graduate studies. The purpose of the chapter in awarding these fellow­ ships is to relieve worthy students from teaching and other distracting duties so that they may concentrate as much as possible upon their research. Applications for these fellowships should be made to the secretary of the chapter not later than the middle of March. Appointments will be an­ nounced about the middle of April. The P hi Beta K appa F ellowship of $150, founded by the Swarthmore Chapter of the national honor fraternity, is awarded each year at the dis­ cretion of the Committee on Fellowships on the basis of intellectual distinc­ tion to a member of the senior class who proposes to pursue graduate study and scholarly work. 66 Co u r s e s N umbering of of Instruction Courses and Seminars A system of uniform numbering is used in all departments. numbered as follows: 1 to Courses are 9—introductory courses 11 to 49— other courses open to students of all classes 51 to 69— advanced courses limited to juniors and seniors 101 to 199—seminars for honors students and graduate students. Full courses the numbers of which are joined by a hyphen (e. g., 1-2) must be continued for the entire year; credit is not given for the first semester’s work only. Astronomy P rofessor: P eter I nstructor and K amp , Chairman and Director of Sprout Observatory f van de R esearch A ssociate: A rne A. W yller L ecturer : L. Bin n en d ijk R esearch A ssociate: Sarah L. Lippincott R esearch A ssistants: Edith Flather Laurence W . Fredrick O bserver: A. W ayne Conger (part-time) Astronomy deals with the nature of the universe about us and the methods employed to discover the laws underlying the observed phenomena. The elementary courses present the problems in broad outlines and trace the growth of our knowledge of the facts and the development of more comprehensive theories. The advanced courses con­ sider some of these problems in detail; the order in which they may be taken depends upon the extent of the student's mastery of mathematics and physics. The principal instrument of the Sproul Observatory is the twenty-four-inch visual refractor of thirty-six-foot focal length, used almost exclusively for photography. The instrument has been in continuous operation since 1912 and provides a valuable and steadily expanding collection of photographs. A number of measuring and calculating machines are available for the measurement and reduction of the photographs. The principal program of the Observatory is an accurate study of the distances, motions and masses of the nearer stellar systems. Advanced study in conjunction with the research program of the Observatory may be arranged in consultation with the Director of the Sproul Observatory. The Students’ Observatory contains a six-inch visual refractor, a nine-inch photographic telescope, and a transit instrument. The Sproul Observatory is open to visitors on the second and fourth Tuesday nights of each month, except those Tuesday nights that fall in a vaca­ tion period. Visitors thus have an opportunity of seeing, in the course of a year, many celestial objects of various types. 1-2. D escriptive A stronomy . Mr. Wyller. Full Course These courses provide an introduction to the methods and results of astronomy. Fundamental notions of physics are studied as they are needed to provide an scientific basis for the course. These courses are prerequisite for all further work in astronomy. Three class periods each week, practical work to be arranged. 8. I ntroduction to A stronomy . Staff. Spring Semester This course is designed to give the student an acquaintance with some of the problems in astronomy, the methods of investigation, and results obtained. Emphasis is placed on the overlapping of astronomy and the other sciences. Those planning to take additional work in astronomy should enroll in Astronomy 1-2. Three class periods each week. t Part-time leave, 1954-55. 68 11. D ouble Stars. Mr. van de Kamp. The two body problem. Theory and observational technique of visual, spec­ troscopic and eclipsing binaries. Special attention is given to the photographic study of both resolved and unresolved astrometric binaries. The masses of binary components and of unseen companions. Prerequisite: Mathematics 11-12. 12. P hotographic Astrometry. Mr. van de Kamp. Fall Semester The long-focus refractor. Photographic technique, measurement and reduction of photographic plates. Choice of reference stars. Attainable accuracy. Appli­ cation to the problems of parallax, proper motion, mass-ratio, and perturbations. Resolved and unresolved astrometric binaries; orbital analyses. Prerequisites: Mathematics 1-2, and Astronomy 1-2. 13. I ntroductory A strophysics. Mr. Wyller. Spring Semester Selected topics in atomic physics and theory of radiation with subsequent appli­ cations to the problems of absorption lines and radiative transfer in stellar atmospheres. Prerequisites: Mathematics 11-12. 14. G alactic and Extragalactic Structure . Fundamental data. Interstellar matter, nebulae, stars. Variable stars. Structure and rotation of the galactic system. Extragalactic objects. The concept of popu­ lations. Age, origin and evolution of the universe. Prerequisites: Mathematics 1-2 and Astronomy 1-2. Students who intend to pursue astronomy as a major subject in course should have Astronomy 1-2 during the freshman or sophomore year; advanced courses in Astronomy selected from the list given above, combined with work in mathematics, constitute the further requirement. H o n o r s S em in a rs in A stro n o m y Prerequisites for admission to honors seminars in Astronomy, either as a major or as a minor, are the completion of the following courses: Mathematics 11-12, Astronomy 1-2, a course in general Physics, reading knowledge of French or German. 101. D ouble Stars. 102. P hotographic Astrometry. 103. Astrophysics. 104. G alactic and Extragalactic Structure . 105. Eclipsing Binaries . G ra dua te W o r k In conformity with the general regulations for work leading to the Master’s degree (see page 62), this department offers the possibility for graduate work. Candidates for the Master’s degree will normally take four honors seminars, selected from those listed in astronomy, mathematics or physics, in consultation with the faculty member under whose direction the work is to be done. A thesis may be substituted for one of the seminars. Candidates for the Master’s degree must have a good reading knowledge of two modern languages. 69 Biology Professor: Robert K. Enders, Chairman A ssociate P rofessors: Launce J. Flemister L uzerne G. Livingston N orman A. M einkoth N eal A. W eber I nstructor : K urt K. Bohnsack Lecturer : Sarah C Flemister Through its elementary course, the Department of Biology introduces the student to a comprehensive view of those principles, problems and phenomena common to all organisms, with animals and plants interpreted on a comparative basis. The advanced courses in the Biological Sciences (except Genetics) deal specifically with plant biology (botany), or animal biology (zoology) and are listed under these respective headings. Following the broad review of the plant and animal kingdoms as given in the course in general biology, advanced work is taken up in two different ways: first, specific aspects of the broad subjects are treated in a comparative manner as in anatomy and physiology; second, broader aspects of a specific subject are treated as in entomology, parasitology, embryology, genetics and developmental plant anatomy. The structural and functional consideration is extended to include problems of interdependence of organisms in the structure and function of plant and animal societies and the influence of physical, chemical and biological factors in the survival of those societies. R equirements for M ajors in Course A student may major in biology, botany, or zoology. Students in course should include the following supporting subjects in their programs, in addition to the four full courses in their major subject: chemistry, including one semester in organic chemistry, one course in physics, one course in mathematics and a modern language (German preferred) through course 4. These courses are required for majors in botany or zoology. The program for biology majors may be modified, but any program must be approved in advance by the department. Biology 1-2. G eneral Biology. Staff. Full Course An introduction to the study of living things. A consideration of the properties of protoplasm and the structure of the cell; a brief survey of living forms, both plant and animal. The methods by which animals and plants maintain themselves, grow and reproduce, and a discussion of the mechanism of heredity. Some time will be devoted to the interrelationships of plants and animals in communities, and the place of man in the whole structure. Evidence for and against theories of evolution will be discussed. Two lectures and one discussion period, one three-hour laboratory per week. Credit is not given for a single semester of this course. 70 20. G enetics . Mr. Bohnsack. . Spring Semester A study of the fundamental principles of inheritance _as they apply to living organisms generally. The course includes a detailed consideration of the principles of Mendelian inheritance, an analysis of the underlying chromosomal mechanisms, the gene theory, and the relationship of the principles of genetics to evolution, to plant and animal improvement, and to man. Three lectures per week, with assigned problems and laboratory and/or library projects in lieu of formally organized laboratory work. Prerequisite: Biology 1-2. Botany 16. D evelopmental P lant A natomy . Mr. Livingston. Alternate Years, Spring Semester The fundamentals of anatomy of seed plants approached from a developmental standpoint. The structure and behavior of meristems, problems and processes of differentiation, and a detailed analysis of cellular, tissue and organ structure in higher plants. Two lectures and two three-hour laboratory periods per week. Prerequisite: Biology 1-2. 18. Survey of th e P lant K ingdom . Mr. Livingston. (Offered in 1953-54) Alternate Years, Pall Semester A comparative study of the structure, reproduction, and life habits of the algae, fungi, mosses, and lower vascular plants from a phylogenetic viewpoint. Partic­ ular attention is given to current concepts of evolutionary relationship from the standpoints of both comparative morphology and paleobotanical evidence. Two lectures and two laboratories or field trips per week. Prerequisite: Biology 1-2. 67. P lant P hysiology. Mr. Livingston. Alternate Years, Spring Semester An integrated study of the physiological processes of higher plants, including general cellular physiology, water relations, mineral nutrition, enzyme action, photosynthesis, metabolic processes, translocation, the physiology of growth and development, and related topics. Two lectures, one discussion period, and one laboratory period per week. Prerequisites: Biology 1-2, Chemistry 1-2, Organic Chemistry desirable. 68. Biology of Bacteria . Mr. Livingston. Alternate Years, Pall Semester An approach to the study of bacteriology with principal emphasis on the con­ sideration of bacteria as organisms, rather than as causative agents of disease, etc. The morphology, physiology and biochemistry, and classification of bacteria. Two lectures and two laboratory periods per week. Prerequisites: Biology 1-2, Chemistry 1-2, Organic Chemistry desirable. 71 69. T axonomy of Seed P lants . Mr. Livingston. (Offered in 1953-54) Alternate Years, Spring Semester A study of the classification and evolutionary relationships of seed plants, includ­ ing a detailed consideration of the characteristics of the more important families of flowering plants. A study of the methods of identification and recognition of the local flora, both native and horticultural. Two lectures and two laboratories or field trips per week. Prerequisite: Biology 1-2. H onors W ork The seminars given each year vary according to the choices of the students and the convenience of the department. 111. P lant P hysiology. An extension of the area covered in course 67, with particular emphasis on a critical study of original sources, both classical and current. The seminar discus­ sion is accompanied by a full day of laboratory work each week. 112. P roblems of G row th and D evelopment . A correlated anatomical and physiological approach to developmental plant an­ atomy and morphogenesis. The seminar discussion is accompanied by a full day of laboratory work each week. 113. G enetics . An extension of the area covered in course 20, with particular emphasis on cur­ rent research in the field of inheritance in all its aspects. The seminar discussion is accompanied by a full day of laboratory work each week. 114. T axonomy and D istribution o f F lowering P lants . An extension of the area covered in course 69, integrated with a study of plant geography and distribution. Seminar discussions and field work, supplemented by laboratory work. Zoology 11. Comparative V ertebrate A natomy . Mr. Weber, Mr. Meinkoth. Fall Semester This course normally follows General Biology. It deals with the comparative and unique aspects of the anatomy of the integument, skeleton, muscular, digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory and nervous systems of the various vertebrate types. Classification, phylogeny and adaptive radiation are considered with stress placed on anatomical adaptations to the various habitats. The protochordates, lamprey, dogfish, necturus and cat are studied as representative forms in the laboratory. The course has three lecture and two laboratory meetings per week. This course is among those required by medical schools. Mr. Flemister. Spring Semester A general consideration of the functional processes in animals with emphasis placed on mammals and other vertebrates. The aspects of adaptation of the animal to environmental stress are treated in such a way as to serve the individual student’s area of concentration. In preparation the introductory course in Biology is desirable. Two lectures, one conference and one laboratory period per week. 12. E lementary P hysiology. 72 51. H istology. Mrs. Flemister. Pall Semester This course consists of a detailed study of the microscopic structure of vertebrate tissues, together with the functions of such tissues. In the laboratory the student examines both prepared and living material, and becomes familiar with the prin­ ciples of microtechniques. Three lectures and two laboratory periods per week. Prerequisites: 1-2, 11. 52. Embryology. Mrs. Flemister. Spring Semester A study of development of vertebrate anatomy. The lectures are concerned with an investigation of the events which precede development, an analysis of the development processes, and a brief survey of the contributions of the field of ex­ perimental embryology. Laboratory periods are devoted to the embryology of the frog, chick and pig. Three lectures and two laboratory periods per week. 53. Entomology . Mr. Weber. Spring Semeter The study of insects and their relatives, their morphological and physiological adaptations and their effect on man. Each student will prepare a study collection from field trips. 54. Biology o f P arasitism . Mr. Meinkoth. Alternate Years, Spring Semester A consideration of parasitology with reference to evolution and adaptation to the parasitic habit. Surveys are made of parasites in native animals. Classification, life cycles and epidemiology are reviewed. Prerequisite: 11 Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy. 55. Field Z oology. Mr. Weber. Pall Semester Emphasis is on the living animals as they occur in nature, their systematics, relationships to the environment, habits and distribution. Most of the work will be done on field trips. 56. I nvertebrate Z oology. Mr. Meinkoth. Alternate Years, Fall Semester A course designed to acquaint the student with the fundamental morphology, classification, phylogeny and special problems of the invertebrate phyla. Three lectures and two laboratories per week. Occasional field trips. Prerequisite: 11 Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy. 57. Comparative P hysiology.' Mr. Flemister. Fall Semester A course of lectures and laboratory experiments treating functional processes from the standpoint of adaptation of the animal to its environment. These processes in representative animals are compared in order to follow their elabora­ tion from the more general to the more specialized. ' Two lectures, one conference and two laboratory periods per week. Prerequisites: Comparative Anatomy and Organic Chemistry. 58. P hysiological Ecology. Mr. Flemister. Spring Semester A course of lectures, discussions and experiments concerning the physiological adaptations of representative animals to environmental stress. Requirements and availability of optimum conditions of temperature, oxygen, food-stuffs and the maintenance of ionic independence are critically appraised. Two lectures, one conference and two laboratory periods per week. Prerequisite: 57 Comparative Physiology. Offered Spring term of even years. 73 61. Biology for Seniors . Mr. Enders. Spring Semester A course designed to integrate the student’s knowledge in abstract sciences with living animals, both captive and wild, and to give an opportunity to work on some phase of Biology of interest to him. 63, 64. Special T opics. Staff. Full or Half Course For advanced students. Open to those who, on account of fitness, have arranged a program of special work in the department. 70-71. F undamentals of Systematics. Academy of Natural Sciences. This course presents the study of variation, speciation, and the evolution of tax­ onomic categories. It acquaints the student with the use of the methods and tech­ niques of cytology, genetics, statistics, and plant and animal distribution in solving taxonomic problems. Each student will attack an individual problem in the taxonomy of some group of plants or animals. One hour lecture, 4 hours laboratory. Saturdays 8-1. H ono rs W ork Honors students majoring in Zoology must take four seminars in the department and a minor of two seminars in another department within the division. Some freedom is offered in the selection of the two seminars, or four half courses, which normally would fulfill a second minor. The selection should support the area of the major and must be approved by the division. Students anticipating an honors program in Zoology must complete in the first two and a half years the following: Biology 1-2 and Zoology 11, Chemistry 1-2 and Chemistry 25, Mathematics 1-2, and Physics 1-2. In addition, the following must be completed before admission to Honors to qualify for a minor in the departments indicated: Mathematics: Mathematics 11-12; Physics: Mathematics 11-12 and Physics 11-12; Psychology: Psychology 1, 2, and 3; Chemistry: Mathematics 11-12. A minor in Chemistry is fulfilled by the completion of Chemistry 55-56 and Chem­ istry 61-62 during the junior year and the submission of these two as papers for external examination. Prerequisites for students in the Honors Program with a minor in Zoology consist of three half courses in Biology and Zoology (including 1-2). In addition, 104 requires a full course in Physics and a half course in Organic Chemistry. Seminars: The following seminars prepare students for examinations for a degree with Honors. 101. Biology of P arasitism . Mr. Meinkoth. An intensified version of course 54 with emphasis on individual student projects, and an acquaintance with both the classic problems and the current literature deal­ ing with the phenomenon of parasitism. Mrs. Flemister. A study of the structure and function of the cell. Living material will be ex­ amined and the modern microscopical techniques employed in the laboratory. 102. Cytology. Mr. Enders, Mr. Weber. An analysis of reproduction and development. The laboratory work includes individual projects by the students, a study of developmental anatomy of the chick and pig and frog, and the observation of living material under normal and experimental conditions. 103. Embryology. 74 104. Comparative P hysiology. Mr. Flemister. An intensive consideration of the physical and chemical phenomena underlying the function of animals. A comparative approach is maintained in order to consider the progression from more general to the more specialized adjustments, acclimatizations and adaptations of animals to physical, chemical and biological stresses in the environment. The terminal portion of the laboratory program is devoted to the pursuit of original, independent work by the student. Prerequisites for this seminar are courses in Comparative Anatomy and Organic Chemistry. Offered in the Fall term. 106. Entomology . Mr. Weber, Mr. Bohnsack. Following a survey of insects in general a detailed study of one aspect of the field will be undertaken. This will involve use of a scientific library and inde­ pendent work on one topic. 110. Special T opics. The Staff. Open to students who, having satisfied all requirements, desire further work in the department. Frequently this will include acting as junior assistants in the research of staff members. 75 Chemistry P r o fesso r s : E dw ard H . C o x , Chairman W a lter B. K e ig h t o n , J r . A ssociate P ro fesso rs : D u n c a n G . F oster G il b e r t P. H a ig h t , J r . A ssistant P r o fe sso r : E dward A. F e h n e l The aim of the Department of Chemistry is to provide a sound training in the fundamental theories and basic techniques of the science rather than to deal with specialized branches of the subject. The courses offered are designed to meet the needs of three classes of students: 1. Students with a primary interest in the humanities or social sciences, who turn to chemistry as a scientific study of general educational value. Chemistry 1, 2 offers training in the scientific approach to problems, experience with the lab­ oratory method of investigation, and a presentation of some of the major intellec­ tual achievements of chemistry. 2. Students who seek training in chemistry as a supplement to their study of astron­ omy, botany, engineering, mathematics, medicine, physics, or zoology. These students should consult with their major department and with the chemistry department concerning the chemistry courses most suitable to their needs. 3. Students who consider chemistry their major interest. These students will take Chemistry 1, 2 and Mathematics 1, 2 in their freshman year; Chemistry 28 and 29, Mathematics 11, 12 and Physics 1, 2 in their sophomore year; Chemistry 26, 27 in their junior year, and Chemistry 61, 62 in their senior year. Some students interested in chemistry as a scientific study of general educational value, but with no intention of pursuing chemistry as a profession, will find these basic courses sufficient for their needs. Others, including those who expect to practice chem­ istry as a profession, will take, in addition to the above courses, Mathematics 51, 52 and Physics 11, 12 in their junior year, and in the senior year, Chemistry 56 and 65. This latter curriculum—together with the general college requirements outlined on pages 52 to 56—satisfy the minimum requirements of the American Chemical Society for professional training in chemistry. Major students are ex­ pected to have a reading knowledge of German before graduation.* * Students who have completed the foreign language requirement in another language may satisfy this requirement by taking German 7-8. 76 1. I ntroductory Chemistry . Mr. Haight and Staff. F all S em ester A study of some of the central concepts and fundamental principles of chemistry, showing how the basic facts of the science are collected and interpreted, how the theories or fundamental laws are arrived at, and how they are used in explaining or predicting the behavior of matter. No previous training in chemistry is required. Students who enter college with exceptional training in chemistry are encouraged to take a placement examination during freshman orientation week. If found to be sufficiently well prepared they may omit Chemistry 1 and start with Chemistry 2 in the spring term. One semester. Prerequisite for all other courses in Chemistry. Three lectures and recitation periods and one four hour laboratory period weekly. 2. I ntroductory Chemistry . Mr. Haight and Staff. Spring Semester This course is a continuation of Chemistry 1, with particular attention to the development and application of the principles studied In Chemistry 1. In the laboratory some of the principles are illustrated and applied through qualitative analysis. One semester. Prerequisite: Chemistry 1. Three lectures and recitation periods and one four hour laboratory period weekly. 25. O rganic Chemistry Survey. Mr. Cox. Spring Semester A one-semester survey of the field of organic chemistry with special emphasis on nomenclature, structural relationships and general relations of the more important classes of aliphatic and aromatic compounds. No attempt is made to solve in­ tricate problems in syntheses. This course is terminal, designed for students who are not majoring in chemistry or for students who do not require the niore in­ tensive study of organic chemistry provided by Chemistry 28-29. One semester. Prerequisite: Chemistry 2. Two lectures, one conference and one four hour laboratory period weekly. 26. I ntroductory Q uantitative A nalysis. Mr. Foster. Fall Semester The theory and practice of inorganic quantitative analysis. Acid-base, oxidationreduction and precipitation titration methods are studied, and the application of the laws of chemical equilibrium to analytical methods. Laboratory exercises consist of the analysis of unknowns illustrating these principles, chosen with a view to simplicity and without involving separations. The course is designed to fulfill the needs of certain students who will have no more opportunity to study analytical chemistry (e. g. pre-medical students) and as a prerequisite for Course 27. One semester. Prerequisite: Chemistry 1-2. One lecture, or conference and eight hours of laboratory per week with a second conference within the laboratory time if needed. 27. Advanced Q uantitative A nalysis. Mr. Foster. Spring Semester More advanced gravimetric and volumetric analyses are performed than those undertaken in Chemistry 26. Separation procedures, instrumental analyses, and an introduction to gas analysis are included. One semester. Prerequisite: Chemistry 26 with a minimum grade of C. Eight hours of laboratory work per week, with conferences as needed. 77 28-29. O rganic Chemistry . Mr. Cox and Mr. Fehnel. F u ll Course This course is designed for chemistry majors and others who require more thor­ ough training in the principles and practice of organic chemistry than is given by Chemistry 25. It is a prerequisite for admission to the Honors Seminar in Organic Chemistry. The first semester is devoted largely to a consideration of aliphatic compounds and the second to aromatic compounds. In addition, some elementary aspects of the chemistry of alicyclic and heterocyclic compounds, biologically in­ teresting materials, dyes and plastics are included. Synthetic methods in organic chemistry are emphasized. Two semesters. Prerequisite: Chemistry 2. Three lectures and one laboratory period per week. 55. I ntermediate O rganic Chemistry . Mr. Fehnel. Fall Semester A continuation of Chemistry 25, with emphasis on more advanced reactions, methods of synthesis, mechanisms, and structural theory. Laboratory experi­ ments are selected to illustrate the more important synthetic methods and to develop skill in the use of fundamental organic laboratory techniques. One semester. Prerequisite: Chemistry 25 with a minimum grade of C. Three lectures and two laboratory periods per week. To be discontinued after 1954-55. 56. Advanced O rganic C hemistry . Mr. Fehnel. Fall Semester Selected topics in organic chemistry, including resonance theory, reaction mechan­ isms, molecular rearrangements, free radicals and other topics of current inter­ est. The laboratory periods are devoted to qualitative organic analysis and to library and problem work in connection with the identification and characterization of organic compounds. One semester. Prerequisite: Chemistry 29 with a minimum grade of C. Three hours of conference and six hours of laboratory work per week. Not offered 1954-55. 61-62. P hysical Chemistry . Mr. Keighton. Full Course The principles of theoretical chemistry are studied and a number of numerical exercises are worked; the gaseous, liquid and solid states, solutions, colloids, elementary thermodynamics, chemical equilibria, electrochemistry, the kinetics of chemical reactions. In the laboratory the student uses a variety of physicalchemistry apparatus. Two semesters, credit given only for the completion of both semesters. Prerequisites: Quantitative analysis, calculus, and general physics. Three lectures and one laboratory period weekly. 65. Advanced I norganic Chemistry . Mr. Haight. Spring Semester The periodic classification of elements is studied from the point of view of correlation of structure and properties. Consideration is given to such topics as atomic and molecular structure, coordination complexes, metal carbonyls, intermetallic and interstitial compounds, modern concepts of acids and bases, chemistry of the transition metals and rare earths and other phases of inorganic chemistry. One semester. Prerequisite: Chemistry 61 either previously or concurrently. Three hours of conference and lectures per week. 78 69. Special T opics. Staff. Fall and Spring Semesters An elective half-course which provides an opportunity for qualified advanced students to undertake original investigations in the field of chemistry. The course is designed to give the student practical experience in the application of the scientific method to the solution of a research problem, to develop facility in the use of advanced laboratory techniques, and to stimulate interest in current devel­ opments in chemical research. A thesis is required in lieu of a final examination. Students who propose to take this course should consult the appropriate instructor. One semester. Approximately ten hours of laboratory work and conferences per week. H onors W ork Before admission to honors work the chemistry major will have completed Chem­ istry 1, 2, 28, 29, Mathematics 1, 2, 11, 12, and Physics 1, 2. The honors program includes Chemistry 105, 101 in the junior year and Chemistry 106, 102 in the senior year, with four other seminars usually in biology, mathematics, or physics. 101. E lementary P hysical Chemistry . Mr. Keighton. Spring Semester The gaseous, liquid, and solid states, solutions, colloids, elementary thermo­ dynamics, chemical equilibria, electrochemistry, the kinetics of chemical reactions. Prerequisites: Quantitative analysis, calculus, and general physics. One four-hour seminar and one eight-hour laboratory period weekly for one semester. Course 61-62 gives parallel preparation for the honors examinations. 102. A dvanced P hysical Chemistry . Mr. Keighton. Spring Semester Topics such as the following: thermodynamics, the Debye-Hiickel theory of strong electrolytes, the structure of matter, chemical kinetics including photo­ chemistry and acid-base catalysis. Prerequisite: Physical Chemistry 61-62, or 101. One four-hour seminar and one eight-hour laboratory period weekly. 105. Q uantitative Analysis. Mr. Foster. Fall Semester A combination of the content of courses 26 and 27 designed to prepare honors candidates for an honors examination. Prerequisite: Chemistry 1, 2. A three-hour seminar and twelve hours of laboratory work per week. 106. Advanced O rganic Chemistry . Mr. Fehnel. Fall Semester A more intensive study of the same general area covered in Chemistry 56, in­ cluding laboratory work in qualitative organic analysis. Prerequisite: Chemistry 29. One four-hour seminar and six hours of laboratory work per week. 79 Classics Professors: Susan P. C obbs * L. R. Shero , Chairman A ssociate Professor: H elen F. N orth f I nstructor : G race E. Freed The Department of Classics offers courses in Greek and Latin that are designed to develop a capacity for the fruitful study of works written in those languages. A knowledge of Greek is particularly valuable for students of modern literature, phi­ losophy, or the Christian religion; a knowledge of Latin, for students of the romance languages, mediaeval history, or law. Study in either field is helpful for the broad­ ening and deepening of a student’s educational experience. Another group of courses (numbered from 31 on) deals with the history of the Greeks and Romans and with various aspects of their culture that have been of special significance for the modern world. These courses presuppose no knowledge of the Greek or Latin languages and are open without prerequisites to all students. R equirements and R ecommendations for M ajors Greek or Latin may be offered as the major subject either in course or in honors work. Major students in course are normally required to complete during the first two years either Intermediate Greek (course 11-12) or Introduction to Latin Literature (course 11-12). Both of these courses are prerequisite for honors seminars for a major student and one of them for honors seminars for a minor student. The course in Ethics (Philosophy 11) and a course in the history of either Greece or Rome are also recommended for major students either in course or in honors work. Major students in honors work may substitute for one of the four seminars normally required in this department either the seminar in Plato given -by the Department of Philosophy or a thesis. Students of Latin may substitute a seminar in Greek for one of their seminars in Latin (or vice versa). Greek 1-2. E lementary G reek . Mr. Shero. Full Course The essentials of Greek grammar are covered and easy selections from Greek literature are read. 11,12. I ntermediate G reek . Mr. Shero. Pull Course Selections from Homer, a play of Euripides, and Plato’s Apology are read. 13, 14. G reek R eading. Miss North. Full Course The reading of some of the masterpieces of poetry and of prose, including selec­ tions from lyric poetry and from Herodotus and a play of Aeschylus or Sophocles, is supplemented by a survey of the history of Greek literature. Credit is given for each semester. The course will be offered only when required. 15,16. Advanced G reek R eading. Mr. Shero. Full Course The works read are determined by the interests and needs of the members of the class but will usually include portions of Thucydides, some speeches of the Attic orators, and a comedy of Aristophanes. Credit is given for each semester. The course will be offered only when required. * Absent on leave, first semester, 1954-55. t Absent on leave, 1954-55, 80 Latín 1-2. E lementary Latin . Mr. Shero. Full Course The course is designed for students who begin Latin in college or who are not prepared to enter Intermediate Latin, and it normally covers the equivalent of two years’ work in secondary school. The course will be offered only when required. 3 ,4 . I ntermediate Latin . Miss Freed. Full Course The course is primarily concerned with the reading of Virgil’s Aeneid. For the benefit of students who have had only two years of preparatory Latin, a brief introductory period is devoted to a review of the fundamentals of Latin grammar. Credit is given for each semester. 11,12. I ntroduction to Latin Literature . Miss Freed. Full Course The course aims to give some conception of the scope and characteristic qualities of Latin literature. The reading includes selections from comedy and from Cicero’s essays in the first semester and the Odes of Horace in the second. Credit is given for each semester. It is open to students who have had four years of preparatory Latin or who have completed Intermediate Latin. 13. Catullus and E legy. Miss Freed. Fall Semester A study of the poems of Catullus and the elegiac poets. 14. M ediaeval Latin . Miss North. Spring Semester The reading done in this course consists of prose and verse selected chiefly from the writings of mediaeval Latin authors, with particular emphasis on history, philosophy, satire, and poetry. Some attention is given, early in the course, to Christian authors, such as Minucius Felix, St. Jerome, and St. Augustine, in order to clarify the transition from ancient to mediaeval modes of thought and expression. Ancient History and Civilization 31. H istory of G reece . Mr. Shero. Fall Semester The course is devoted to the study of the political and social history of the Greek states to the time of the Hellenistic kingdoms. This is preceded by a brief survey of the Oriental civilizations by which the Greeks were influenced. Special attention is given to the 6th and 5th centuries B. C. Considerable reading is done in the primary sources in translation. The course is normally given in alternate years and will be offered in 1954-55. 33. G reek Civilization . Mr. Shero. Fall Semester Special stress is laid on those aspects o f Greek culture which have had most significance for the modern world, and a detailed study is made of some of the masterpieces of Greek art and of Greek literature (in translation). The course is given when there is sufficient demand. 34. H istory o f Rom e . Mr. Shero. Spring Semester The course is devoted to the study of the political and social history of Rome to the time of Constantine. Special attention is given to the last century of the Republic and the first century of the Empire. Considerable reading is done in the primary sources in translation. 81 35. C lassical Archaeology . Mr. Shero. The methods of archaeological investigation in general and the contributions of archaeology to our knowledge of Greek and Roman life and art are studied. A visit is paid to the University of Pennsylvania Museum. The course is given when there is sufficient demand. 36. G reek Literature in T ranslation . Miss Freed. Spring Semester The works read in this course include the Iliad and the Odyssey, much of Greek tragedy and comedy, selections from the historians, the lyric and elegiac poets, and the Ionian physicists, and, in its entirety, the Republic of Plato. These works are considered both from the point of view of literary criticism and in relation to their influence on the development of western thought. 37. Latin Literature in T ranslation — Classical and M ediaeval. Miss North. Pall Semester The works studied in this course range in time from the age of the Roman Re­ public to the twelfth century after Christ and are selected from those masterpieces written in the Latin language which possess significance for the history and literature of Western Europe, and which retain their value when read in trans­ lation. They include, from the classical period, such major authors as Cicero, Lucretius, Virgil, Livy, and Seneca; from the Latin Fathers, St. Jerome and St. Augustine; and from the Middle Ages, Boethius, Prudentius, Bede, the chief figures of the Carolingian Renaissance, and the writers of Mediaeval Latin hymns and secular poetry. The course is given when there is sufficient demand. 39. C lassical M ythology in Literature and Art . Mr. Shero. Pall Semester The course is designed to give familiarity with those myths and legends that have served as material for writers and artists from ancient times to the present. Plays, both ancient and modern, based on the more influential myths are read, and a study is made of the manner in which the themes have been handled in painting and sculpture of various periods. Special attention is given to the use made of stories from mythology by recent writers. The course is given in alternate years and will be offered in 1955-56. X. G reek and Latin N omenclature . Miss North. Pall Semester This course is designed to assist students of the biological sciences in understand­ ing terminology derived from Greek and Latin. Principles of word formation, the meaning of common roots, the nature of combining forms, and rules for English pronunciation are stressed. The class meets one hour a week and is not counted towards a degree. H o n o r s Sem in a rs 101. Latin Language. Miss Freed. This seminar serves as an introduction to classical philology, stressing the study of the Latin language in its development from Indo-European to the Vulgar Latin period. It also includes practice in reading and writing Latin, and an introduction to epigraphy and palaeography. The seminar is given in the fall semester and will be offered in 1954-1955. 102. Latin H istorians. Mr. Shero. This seminar combines a survey of Latin historical writing to the end of the Silver Age with intensive study of selected books of Livy and Tacitus. The seminar is given in the spring semester and will be offered in 1954-55. 82 103. Latin Epic . Miss North. This seminar traces the development of Roman epic poetry, with particular emphasis on the De Rerum Natura of Lucretius and the Aeneid of Virgil. Some attention is also given to early Roman epic, as represented by the Annales of Ennius, and to the period of its decline, typified by Lucan’s Pharsdia. The seminar is given in the fall semester and will be offered in 1955-56. 104. Latin Comedy and Satire. Mr. Shero. Representative comedies of Plautus and Terence are read, and a study of the Satires and Epistles of Horace and the Satires of Juvenal is supplemented by a general survey of the development of Roman satire. The seminar is given in the spring semester and will be offered in 1955-56. In addition, seminars in Greek literature and in particular periods of ancient history will be offered when required. 83 Economics P r o f e s s o r s : C l a ir W il c o x , Chairman E dw ard K . C ratsley F r a n k C . P ie r s o n A s s o c ia t e P r o f e s s o r : A s s is t a n t J o s e p h D . C oN A R D f P ro fesso rs: W W Lecturer: H elen M. H il l i s D. W il l i a m eatherford * H . Br o w n , Jr. unter The courses in economics are designed: first, to acquaint the student with the insti­ tutions and the processes through which the business of producing, exchanging, and distributing goods and services is organized and carried on; second, to train him in the methods by which the operation of these institutions and processes may be analyzed; and third, to enable him to arrive at informed judgments concerning relevant issues of public policy. Course 1-2 is prerequisite to all other work in the department except courses 3 and 4. Students intending to major in economics are also advised to take courses 3 and 4 and Political Science 1-2. Sophomores are not permitted to take courses 50 to 60, inclusive, unless they will be unable to fit them into their programs during the last two years. Majors in course are required to take courses 50 and 51 in the junior year. Majors in honors are advised to take seminar 103 and either 101 or 102. 1-2. I ntroduction to Economics . Messrs. Brown, Conard, Pierson, Weatherford, Wilcox and Mrs. Hunter. Full Course This course is designed both to afford the general student a comprehensive survey of the field and to provide students doing further work in the department with a foundation upon which to build. It explains the organization and operation of free, planned, and mixed economies and analyzes the major problems involved in the allocation of resources, the distribution of income, the maintenance of in­ dustrial stability, and the provision of social security, and in international economic relationships. 3. A ccounting . Mr. Cratsley. Fall Semester Analysis of the problems of business organization and finance, banking, taxation and public regulation requires familiarity with the methods of corporate account­ ancy. It is the purpose of this course to equip the student with the rudiments of accounting that he will need to employ in his advanced courses and' seminars in economics. 4. Statistics. Mrs. Hunter. Spring Semester A large part of the literature of the social sciences presents generalizations based upon the results of statistical investigations. The validity of such generalizations is often dubious. It is the purpose of this course, by providing the student with an elementary knowledge of statistical methods, to enable him to appraise the studies that he will encounter in his later work. * Absent on leave, second semester, 1954-55. t Absent on leave, 1954-55. 84 Spring Semester The determination of prices in economic theory and in business practice. The distribution of income. Deterininants of the level of income and employment. 50. Economic 'Theory . Kir. Brown. 51. M oney and Banking . Mr. Weatherford. Vail Semester The organization and operation of the commercial banking system in the United States. Central banking and the Federal Reserve system. Monetary policy and economic stability. 52. P ublic F inance . Mr. Brown. Vail Semester The revenues and expenditures of Federal, state, and local governments. The principles of taxation and borrowing. Budgetary control and debt management. Fiscal policy and economic stability. 53. Business Administration . Mr. Cratsley. Spring Semester The problems which confront the business executive. Internal organization and management. Marketing and merchandising. Risk, speculation, and insurance. Case studies of business policy. 54. Business Finance . Mr. Brown. Spring Semester Corporate organization and finance. Investment banking and the securities markets. Financial policy and economic stability. 55. Labor P roblems. Mr. Pierson. Vail Semester The structure and functions of labor unions. Employer approaches to labor relations. Analysis of wage policies. Government control of labor relations. 56. Social Economics . Mr. Weatherford. Spring Semester An examination of the extent, consequences, and causes of poverty, insecurity, and inequality. An appraisal of economic reforms; social insurance, medical care, housing, the social use of the taxing power, the "welfare state." 57, 58. P ublic Control of Business. Mr. Wilcox. Vail semester: competition and monopoly in American industry, enforcement and interpretation of the anti-trust laws, delivered pricing, the patent system, regula­ tion of extractive industries and distributive trades. Spring semester: regulation of municipal utilities, transportation, communications; American agricultural policy; control of prices in war-time; public ownership and operation of industry. 59. Business Cycles. Mr. Pierson. Spring Semester Theories of business fluctuations. Applications of modern income theory to business cycles. Patterns of cyclical behavior and of long-term economic change. Implications for public policy. Prerequisite: Economics 51. 60. I nternational Economics . Messrs. Conard and Wilcox. Spring Semester The theory and practice of international trade, the balance of payments, foreign exchange, national commercial policies, international investment; world economic development; relations between free and controlled economies. 85 H onors W ork 101. F inance and Fiscal P olicy . Mr. Brown. Spring Semester Corporation finance, investment banking, insurance, the securities and com­ modities exchanges, public regulation of financial practices. The expenditures and revenues of federal, state, and local governments, the principles of taxation and borrowing. Fiscal policy and economic stability. 102. M onetary Economics and B usiness F luctuations . M r. Pierson. Fall Semester The monetary framework of capitalism. Theories of commercial and central banking. Income and employment in the Keynesian system. Causes of cyclical instability and long-term change. 103. Economic T heory . Messrs. Conard and Brown. Each Semester Contemporary economic theory: price determination, the functional distribution of income, the level of employment. The function served by economic theory for Smith, Marx, and contemporary students. Criticism of theory in the light of empirical studies and simplifying assumptions. 104. P ublic Control o f B usiness. Mr. Wilcox. Fall Semester The anti-trust laws, the patent system, price discrimination, delivered price sys­ tems, resale price maintenance. The control of prices and production in agri­ culture, bituminous coal, petroleum and urban markets for fluid milk. Public regulation of municipal utilities, transportation and communications. Price con­ trol in war-time. The public ownership and operation of industry. 105. I nternational Economics . Messrs. Conard and Wilcox. Spring Semester The theory of international trade. Monetary problems, cyclical fluctuations, and international monetary cooperation. Restrictionism and discrimination, cartels, commodity problems, shipping, aviation and telecommunications. Relations be­ tween free and controlled economies. Post-war reconstruction, economic develop­ ment and international investment. International economic organization. 106. Labor and Social Economics . Mr. Weatherford. Each Semester Poverty, inequality, mid insecurity. Labor legislation, organization, collective bargaining, wage-policy and the public control of labor relations. Public as­ sistance, social insurance, medical care, housing, free income and the social use of the taxing power. Regional planning. The "welfare state.” T hesis A thesis may be substituted for a course or a seminar under exceptional circum­ stances and by special arrangement. 86 Division of Engineering J o h n D . M c C r u m m , Chairman (The staff members of the Division of Engineering are listed under their respective departments) The engineering profession of today requires of its followers skill and resourceful­ ness as well as an integrated and thorough education in the natural and social sciences. The educational plan of the Division has been prepared with these requirements in mind. The objective of our program is to train the student professionally while providing the foundation of a liberal education. This is accomplished by educating the student in the professional disciplines of the engineer, such as critical analysis, humanistic studies, and the communication of ideas, as well as training in the tech­ niques of the engineering sciences. Specifically, the three Engineering Departments intend that each student shall (1) master the fundamental concepts of Engineering; (2) extend this mastery in the field of Civil, Electrical or Mechanical Engineering with a view to later professional practice; (3) obtain a sufficient amount of general education to enable him to understand how his engineering activities fit into the great purposes of society. A student who intends to major in Engineering * follows a common course of study for the first two years. This course adheres as far as possible to the general college program for freshmen and sophomores (see page 53), and prepares the student for his professional work of the junior and senior years. At the end of the sophomore year, the student may enter his major field of Civil, Electrical, or Mechanical Engineer­ ing. The last two years are largely spent in his major field. The three curricula of the Engineering Departments lead to the degree of Bachelor of Science; these auricula are accredited by the Engineers’ Council for Professional Development. Each curriculum provides that the student of Engineering will take about one-fifth of his work in the Divisions of the Humanities and Social Sciences, one-fourth of his work in the Departments of Chemistry, Mathematics, and Physics, and the re­ mainder of his work in the three Departments of Engineering. All students devote their last two years: (1) to certain basic courses required of all engineers; (2) to fulfilling the major requirements of one of the departments of Engineering; (3) to developing their special interests. It is possible for students in any of the three departments whose interests lie in the field of administration, physics, mathematics, or chemistry, to elect courses having a more direct bearing on these subjects. The entire engineering program is outlined on the pages following. First is given the detail of the curriculum for the freshman and sophomore years. Modifications in this program may be made in individual cases, but it is essential that this body of work be completed before the junior year. Next follows a description of certain general courses in engineering open to all students. This is followed by an outline of the curriculum and a description of the courses offered by each major department. * High school students intending to enter Engineering should take algebra, advanced algebra, plane and solid geometry, and trigonometry in secondary school. 87 O u t l in e English Literature Chemistry Algebra and Trigonometry Engineering Drawing Surveying I Social Science Elective B asic E n g in e e r in g C u r r ic u l u m F irst T w o Y ears Second Semester Freshman Year English Composition Chemistry Analytic Geometry Descriptive Geometry Surveying II Social Science Elective Physics Differential Calculus Statics Materials & Shop Processes Non-technical Elective Sophomore Year Physics Integral Calculus Dynamics * Electric & Magnetic Circuits Non-technical Elective o f the for th e First Semester G e n e r a l C ourses G El. E ngineering D rawing . Mr. Morrill and Mr. Prager. Fall Semester Instruction in the use of drafting equipment; study of fundamental principles of engineering drawing; practice through rendering of detailed elements and machine assemblies; lettering and sketching. Required for freshman engineers. Open to all students. Two three-hour periods per week. GE2. D escriptive G eometry . Mr. Morrill and Mr. Prager. Spring Semester An extension of the basic conception of orthographic projection as applied to the location and definition in space of three-dimensional structures; analysis of the geometric relation of distances, angles, intersections of lines and planes; development of surfaces; emphasis upon practical applications of descriptive geometry in the various fields of engineering. Required for freshman engineers. Open to all students who have had GEl or equivalent. Two three-hour periods per week. GE11. M aterials and Sh o p Processes. Staff. Each Semester Study of elementary metallurgy of ferrous and non-ferrous materials; investigation in the laboratory of various engineering materials as they are affected by stress, temperature, and heat treatment; analysis of purposes and practice in use of machine tools with emphasis on their performance with the variety of materials used in manufacturing processes. Three class periods per week; two three-hour laboratories each week. GE51. I ndustrial M anagement . Mr. Cope. Spring Semester Study of organization and management of industrial enterprises; historical back­ ground and evolution of present-day scientific practices; significance of arrange­ ment of physical plant, production control, financial policies, wage payment, and personnel relations. Open to all students. Three class periods per week; one three-hour laboratory each week. GE57. Engineering Economy . Mr. Carpenter. Spring Semester A study of the methods of determining the relative economy of engineering alter­ natives; compound interest and the calculation of annual cost, present worth and prospective rates of return. A method of analysis which the engineer uses when he investigates a proposed course of action to decide whether it will prove to be economical. Open to all students. Three class periods per week; one three-hour laboratory each week. 88 Civil Engineering P rofessor: Samuel T. Carpenter , Chairman A ssistant Professors: Roy F. Linsenmeyer Charles W. N ewlin M erton J. W illis f I nstructor : Clark P. M angelsdorf The work of the Civil Engineer involves design, research, administration, and construction, in the following fields: buildings, bridges, aircraft, soils and founda­ tions, hydraulics and hydroelectric power, city and regional planning, sanitation and public health, highways, airports, railways, and other projects of a public or private nature, with their economic justification. Emphasis is placed on the broad scientific and humanistic education required for an understanding of fundamental principles, based on the conviction that those possessing such a background will contribute most to the future progress of the profession. The basic sciences treated in Civil Engineering concern structures, foundations, ma­ terials and their properties, and hydraulics. Students may elect to enter the Civil Engineering honors program at the beginning of the junior year, although the establishment of an honors seminar depends upon the number of students who wish to enroll. Excellent facilities and opportunities are available to students who may wish to do research as part of their educational program. Standard P rogram Fall Semester CE51 Mechanics of Materials EE51 Electrical Apparatus I ME51 Thermodynamics I Elective for Course Students Spring Semester Junior Year CE52 Structural Theory EE52 Electrical Apparatus II ME54 Fluid Mechanics Elective Senior CE53 Civil Engineering Design I CE55 Soil Mechanics and Foundations CE56 Sanitary Engineering Elective or Thesis Year CE54 Adv. Structural Theory CE57 Civil Engineering Design II GE57 Engineering Economy Elective or Thesis C El Surveying, I. Mr. Newlin, Mr. Mangelsdorf. Fall Semester A study of the basic procedures used in making surveys for engineering work, including the use, care, and adjustment of instruments, note keeping, linear and angular measurements, leveling, traversing, stadia surveys, topographic mapping, calculation of areas, and drafting room methods. Open to all students who have had trigonometry in high school or college. (1 recitation and 1 3-hour laboratory per week.) CE2 Surveying, II. Mr. Newlin, Mr. Mangelsdorf. Spring Semester A continuation of CE 1, covering celestial observations, preparation of profiles and maps from field notes, elements of photogrammetry, highway curves and earthwork, plane table surveys, and land surveying. Prerequisite: CE 1. (1 recitation and 1 3-hour laboratory per week.) t Absent on leave, 1954-55, 89 C E ll Statics. Mr. Carpenter, Mr. Linsenmeyer, Mr. Newlin. Fall Semester Concept and definition of force, scalar, and vector quantities; combination and resolution of forces; principle of moment and couples; graphical and analytical conditions for equilibrium; stress diagrams, cables; centroids of areas, volumes, and masses; area and volume theorems. Open to students who have taken Mathematics 1 and 2. (3 recitations and 1 3-hour laboratory per week.) CE12 D ynamics. Mr. Linsenmeyer. Spring Semester Principles of dynamics, motion of a particle, Newton’s laws, general equation of motion, rectilinear motion, displacement, velocity, speed, and acceleration; simple harmonic motion, free and forced vibration; inertia forces, work and energy, momentum and impulse; curvilinear motion; kinetic energy of rotation; balancing of rotating bodies; relative motion, angular momentum; combined translation and rotation. Prerequisite: C E ll and Mathematics 11. (3 recitations and 1 3-hour laboratory per week.) CE51 M echanics of M aterials. Mr. Carpenter, Mr. Linsenmeyer, Mr. Newlin. Fall Semester This course deals with the internal stresses and changes of form which always occur when forces act upon solid bodies. The mechanics involved in the design of simple engineering structures is presented so that the student may realize the problems which must be solved in order to secure the required strength and stiffness in such structures. The laboratory work of this course is planned to clarify the theoretical considerations of beams, columns, combined stress, torsion and methods of strain measurement. Prerequisite: C E ll, Statics, and Mathematics 12. (3 recitations and 1 3-hour laboratory per week.) CE52 Structural T heory . Mr. Linsenmeyer, Mr. Newlin. Spring Semester Analysis of determinate and indeterminate structures. A study of stresses in truss and rigid frame systems, influence lines. Prerequisite: CE51 Mechanics of Materials. (3 recitations and 1 3-hour labora­ tory per week.) CE53 Civil E ngineering D esign— I. Mr. Carpenter, Mr. Linsenmeyer. Fall Semester An introduction to the design of structures. Fundamental considerations of struc­ tural members and connections for metallic, concrete, and timber structures, in­ cluding buildings, bridges, and aircraft. Prerequisite: CE52 Structural Theory. (3 recitations and 1 3-hour laboratory per week.) CE54 Advanced Structural T heory . Mr. Carpenter. Spring Semester A study of complex indeterminate structural systems and advanced mechanics of materials. Photoelasticity and the study of structural models. Prerequisite: CE52 Structural Theory. (3 recitations and 1 3-hour laboratory per week.) CE55 Soil M echanics and F oundations . Mr. Linsenmeyer, Mr. Newlin. Fall Semester The principles of soil mechanics as related to the structural stability of soils under internal and external force systems. Foundations for buildings, bridges, highways, and airports are extensively treated. Research in soil mechanics. (3 recitations and 1 3-hour laboratory per week.) S>0 CE56 Sanitary Engineering . Mr. Linsenmeyer. Fall Semester The activities of the sanitary engineer, including the development and purification of water supplies; sewerage and sewage disposal. Also relates sanitary engineer­ ing to the broad field of public health, and includes subjects dealing with hydrol­ ogy and advanced hydraulics. Prerequisite: ME54 Fluid Mechanics. (3 recitations and 1 3-hour laboratory per week.) CE57 Civil Engineering D esign—II. Mr. Carpenter, Mr. Linsenmeyer, Mr. Newlin. Spring Semester A continuation of Civil Engineering Design I. Planning, analysis, and design of engineering structures and foundations. Additional topics in concrete with ordinary and pre-stressed reinforcement. Prerequisite: CE53 Civil Engineering Design—I. (3 recitations and 1 3-hour laboratory each week.) CE58 Civil Engineering E lective . Staff. Spring Semester Elective course with subject dependent on a group need or interest. Past groups have studied advanced soil mechanics, theory of elasticity, transportation, or ad­ vanced hydraulics. Available only on request, and as deemed practicable, to sec­ ond semester senior students. CE69 Civil E ngineering T hesis . Staff. The time allotted to a civil engineering thesis is generally one semester. The subject matter of the thesis must be approved by the department chairman six weeks before the beginning of the semester. Excellent facilities exist for inde­ pendent investigations in structures, soils, and materials. 91 Electrical Engineering Professors: H oward M. J enkins , Chairman J ohn D. M cCrumm A ssistant P rofessor: Carl Barus I nstructor : G arwood M. Rodgers Electrical Engineering deals largely with the development and application of precise notions of electricity and its allied physical sciences in the broad field of the conversion, transmission, control, and utilization of electrical energy for the purposes of trans­ mitting power and communicating intelligence. The program in Electrical Engineering gives full recognition to the natural sciences basic to the profession, and includes considerable work in the Humanities and Social Sciences, since the needs of the profession are best served by engineers who are vitally aware of the society in which they work. The educational objectives of the Department are to provide the student with a thorough understanding of the fundamental principles of the natural sciences related to Electrical Engineering, and to inculcate in the student the confidence to apply these principles to new situations. Considerable emphasis is placed on the experimental evidence underlying these fundamentals, and mathematical methods are used to facili­ tate the application of these principles. Since most engineering problems can be solved only by making certain simplifications, the student is encouraged to examine problems critically and to make such simplifying assumptions as are possible without destroying the significance of the results. The importance of the presentation of work is also stressed, the student being required to gain some proficiency in com­ municating the results of his work clearly, completely, and in a well organized form. The courses in Electrical Engineering are each a series of inquiries dealing with fundamental concepts of electrical phenomena. The common aim is to carry the student to such a point that he will understand the basic sciences involved and can apply this knowledge to the problems of his later professional practice. Unless specifically modified, the requirements for course students are listed below; it is expected that majors will maintain a "C” average or better in the required electrical courses. Standard Program for Course Students First Semester Second Semester Junior Year EE54 Electronics EE 56 Engineering Analysis II ME54 Fluid Mechanics Elective EE53 A. C. Circuit Theoty EE55 Engineering Analysis I CE51 Mechanics of Materials ME 51 Thermodynamics I Senior Year EE58 Electrical Machinery II EE62 Networks and Fields II Technical Elective Elective EE57 Electrical Machinery I EE59 Vacuum Tube Circuits EE61 Networks and Fields I Elective 92 EE12 Electric and M agnetic Circuits. Spring Semester The experimental basis of electricity and magnetism; elementary electrostatics and magnetostatics; voltage, current power, energy. Bilateral and linear networks with constant driving voltages. Induced electromotive forces; capacitance and inductance; elementary problems in ferro-magnetism. Three class periods per week; one laboratory each week. Prerequisites: Physics 1 and to be preceded or accompanied by Integral Calculus. EE51-52 E lectrical A pparatus I and II. Full Course Theory of direct-current generators and motors; fundamentals of control for direct current machines. Topics include flux, generated voltage, armature reaction, com­ mutation, torque, speed, voltage and speed regulation, losses, efficiency, and effects of control on motor characteristics. Relations of simple harmonic electromotive forces and currents, power, power factor; single phase circuits; polyphase cir­ cuits, balanced and unbalanced. The construction, characteristics, and operation of alternators, induction motors, transformers, synchronous motors, mercury arc rectifiers and their regulating and control devices. Three class periods per week; one laboratory each week. Prerequisite: EE12 Electric and Magnetic Grcuits. EE53 A lternating Current Circuit T heory . Fall Semester A systematic study of single and polyphase electric circuits under steady state conditions. Three class periods per week; one laboratory each week. Prerequisite: EE 12 Electric and Magnetic Circuits. EE54 E lectronics. Spring Semester Motion of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields; thermionic emission; the high vacuum diode; electrical discharges in gases; rectifiers and thyratrons; power supplies and filters; the triode; multi-electrode tubes; voltage amplifiers. Three class periods per week; one laboratory each week. Prerequisite: EE53 A. C. Grcuit Theory. EE55 Engineering A nalysis I. FallSemester Formulation and application of the method of engineering analysis based upon fundamental physical laws, mathematics, and practical engineering considerations. Emphasis is placed on the professional approach to the analysis of new, bona fide engineering problems. A study is made of the common physical and mathe­ matical aspects shared by different systems such as mechanical, thermal, electrical and acoustical. The theory and application of ordinary differential equations is systematically covered. Three class periods per week; one laboratory each week. Prerequisites: EE12 Electric and Magnetic Circuits, and Integral Calculus. EE56 Engineering Analysis II. SpringSemester Further analysis of physical systems, employing the following branches of mathe­ matics: Gamma and Bessell functions, Fourier series and other infinite series, partial differential equations, and boundary value problems, conformal mapping, dimensional analysis, the Laplace transform. Three class periods per week. Prerequisite: EE55 Engineering Analysis I. 93 EE57 E lectrical M achinery I. Fall Semester Physical aspects of electromechanical energy conversions; conversions and princ­ iples of such conversions; basic concepts of machine performance and the analysis of rotating electrical machinery and transformers; D-C machines, analysis of performance and applications. Three class periods per week; one laboratory each week. Prerequisite: EE53 A.C. Circuit Theory. EE58 E lectrical M achinery II. Spring Semester Synchronous machines, performance, effects of saturation and saliency; polyphase induction machines; fractional horsepower motors; rotating control devices; self-synchronous machines; electrical transients and the dynamics of coupled systems. Three class periods per week; one laboratory each week. Prerequisite: EE57 Electrical Machinery I. EE59 V acuum T ube Circuits. Fall Semester An introduction to the analysis and design of circuits containing vacuum tubes. The circuits studied include: voltage and power amplifiers; modulators and detectors; oscillators and pulse generators. Three class periods per week; one laboratory each week. Prerequisites: EE53 A.C. Circuit Theory; EE54 Electronics, and EE56 Engineer­ ing Analysis II, or equivalent. EE61 N etworks and Fields I. Fall Semester A study of electrical networks, such as artificial lines, transmission lines with distributed parameters, and electric wave filters. Three class periods per week; one laboratory each week. Prerequisites: EE53 A.C. Circuit Theory, and EE56 Engineering Analysis II. EE62 N etworks and Fields II. Spring Semester An introduction to electromagnetic field theory. The topics discussed are: Maxwell’s hypothesis; propagation and reflection of electromagnetic waves; antennas; wave guides and resonant cavities. Three class periods per week; one laboratory each week. Prerequisite: EE61 Networks and Fields I. EE63 E lectrical I nstrumentation . Fall Semester A study of the fundamentals of electronics and electronic circuits, particularly those involved in measuring systems and control, designed primarily for chemists, biologists, mathematicians and psychologists. Three class periods per week; one laboratory each week. Prerequisite: Physics 1-2. EE71 E lectrical E ngineering T hesis . Staff. An engineering thesis may be substituted for a course or for the examination on the subject matter covered in a seminar, by special arrangement with the staff. H onors The four following seminars are offered by the Department to prepare in part for examinations for a degree with Honors. Students who plan to take honors seminars in Electrical Engineering should note that Circuit Theory is a desirable preparation for Electronics (although not a prerequisite if a seminar in Electricity and Magnetism has been taken). Adequate training in electrical machinery, and the Circuit Theory seminar or its equivalent, are prerequisites for the seminar in Servomechanisms. Some knowledge of A.C. Circuit Theory is a prerequisite for the Machinery Seminar. 94 101. Circuit T heory . A systematic treatment of the transient and steady-state analysis of electrical net­ works. The operational methods of analysis based on complex algebra and the Laplace transform are studied. These methods are then used to investigate the performance of single and polyphase systems, the general two-terminal pair, long transmission lines, and electric wave filters. The seminar is accompanied by a full-day laboratory. Not offered 1954-55. 102. E lectronics . A study of electron ballistics and the characteristics of electron tubes and their application in amplifiers, modulators, detectors, oscillators, pulse generators, etc. Some elementary aspects of radiation and ultra-high frequency techniques may be included. The seminar is accompanied by a full-day laboratory. 103. Servomechanisms . A systematic investigation of the characteristics of closed cycle control systems and their components. The mechanisms may be any combination of electrical, thermal, mechanical or hydraulic systems. Synthesis rather than analysis is stressed thus requiring use of the more powerful methods of the Laplace trans­ form, and a study of transfer function loci and equations in the complex domain. Modern techniques are employed; extensive reading in the literature is expected of each student. There is one full-day laboratory per week, in addition to the seminar. 104. M achinery . An intensive study of the basic aspects shared in common by transformers and rotating electrical machinery. A further study of the operating characteristics and the engineering application of electrical machines as specific direct current and alternating current devices. There is one full-day laboratory per week, in addi­ tion to the seminar. Not offered 1954-55. 95 Mechanical Engineering P rofessor: W illiam J. Cope , Chairman A ssociate Professor: Bernard M orrill A ssistant Professors: Frederick S. B urrell P hilip C. P rager The curriculum in Mechanical Enginereing is planned to develop the student through scientific training for positions in manufacturing industries, with organizations engaged in power production, and in the field of transportation. Based upon the fundamental sciences of physics, chemistry, and mathematics, the program aims to provide a background for the solution of the variety of problems related to the design, con­ struction and operation of engineering equipment used in industrial establishments. The arrangement of courses is intended also to prepare mechanical engineers for such activities as those which deal with fabrication of products and the eventual assump­ tion of managerial responsibilities, as well as research and development work leading to new products. Coincident with the need for a broad and fundamental technical training, all of the engineering profession should be conscious of the impact upon society resulting from their efforts. To stimulate this awareness, students are encouraged to choose electives in the Humanities and Social Sciences throughout their undergraduate careers. Standard P rogram for Course Students Junior Year CE51 EE51 ME 51 EE55 Spring Semester EE 52 Electrical Apparatus II ME52 Thermodynamics II ME54 Fluid Mechanics Elective Fall Semester Mechanics of Materials Electrical Apparatus I Thermodynamics I Engineering Analysis Senior ME53 Thermodynamics III ME55 Adv. Fluids and Heat Transfer ME63 Kinematics and Design Elective Year ME62 Adv. Strength of Materials ME64 Engineering Design GE51 Industrial Management Elective ME51 T hermodynamics I. Mr. Morrill, Mr. Burrell. Energy and first law of thermodynamics; application of general energy equation to steady-flow and non-flow processes; properties of liquids; vapors, gases, mix­ tures; reversible cycles; second law of thermodynamics; entropy. Three class periods per week; one three-hour laboratory each week. Prerequisite: Integral Calculus. ME52 T hermodynamics II. Mr. Cope. Extension of ME51; analysis of steam cycles basic to modern power plant prac­ tice; heat balance calculations; flow of elastic fluids through nozzles and orifices; combustion; air-conditioning; refrigeration. Study of application of fundamental principles as exemplified in steam power stations with emphasis upon design and test of fuel firing equipment, furnaces, boilers, air preheaters, economizers; aux­ iliary equipment such as pumps, condensers, fans. Class and laboratory investi­ gations supplemented by field trips. Prerequisite: ME51. 96 Friends Meeting House Lamb-M iller Field House ME53 T hermodynamics III. Mr. Morrill. Extension of ME51 and ME52; analysis of gas cycles basic to internal combustion engine practice; behavior of real gases and mixtures; general thermodynamic equations; combustion of liquid and gaseous fuels; gas compression. Study of application of fundamental principles as demonstrated in design, test and opera­ tion of spark-ignition and compression-ignition engines, gas turbines and com­ pressors. Class and laboratory investigations supplemented by field trips. Prerequisites: ME51 and ME52. ME54 F luid M echanics . Mr. Prager, Mr. Burrell. An introductory course in fluid statics; kinematics; equation of continuity; steady flow energy and momentum; dynamics of an ideal fluid; dimensional analysis and similitude; incompressible flow in closed conduits and compressibility phenomena. Three class periods per week; one three-hour laboratory each week. Prerequisites: Integral Calculus, ME51 Thermodynamics. ME55 Advanced F luid M echanics and H eat T ransfer . Mr. Burrell. Theory of fluid mechanics in turbines, pumps, fans, jets, fluid couplings, funda­ mental principles of heat transfer by conduction, free and forced convection, radiation; parallel and counterflow heat exchangers; insulated pipes and related equipment; relation to practical engineering problems. Three class periods per week; one three-hour laboratory each week. Prerequisite: ME54 Fluid Mechanics. ME62 Advanced Strength o f M aterials. Mr. Burrell. Review of stress and strain; torsion; bending; beams on elastic foundations; thick cylinders; failure of metals under stress; plastic flow; influence of stress concentration and working stresses. Three class periods per week; one three-hour laboratory each week. Prerequisite: ME61 Applied Mechanics. ME63 K inematics and D esign . Mr. Prager. A study of the complex motions and velocities of machine linkwork and gearing; design of cams, screws, fastenings, belts, straight and curved frames, gears and shafting. Three class periods per week; one three-hour laboratory each week. Prerequisite: EE55 Engineering Analysis. ME64 Engineering D esign . Mr. Morrill. Design of elements under rotational stress; various classifications of fits; vibra­ tion analysis leading to isolation and engine balancing; lubrication and bearing design; design of machine assemblies. Three class periods per week; one three-hour laboratory each week. Prerequisite; ME63 Kinematics and Design. ME71 M echanical Engineering T hesis. Staff. With departmental approval, an undergraduate may undertake a thesis project as a portion of the program in the senior year. H onors The following five seminars are offered by the Department of Mechanical Engineer­ ing as part of the students’ preparation for examinations for a degree with Honors. Students who plan to take Honors seminars should note that Engineering Analysis is a desirable preparation for the seminars in Strength of Materials, Design, and Fluid Mechanics, and that the seminar in Thermodynamics is also a prerequisite for that in Fluid Mechanics. 97 ME 101 T hermodynamics. A study of energy and the laws of thermodynamics with emphasis on the broader aspects of the subject and with applications to a wide variety of systems. The properties of liquids, vapors, gases and mixtures. Reversible cycles. Analysis of actual cycles and engineering machines. The seminar is accompanied by a full day laboratory each week. ME102 Strength of M aterials. A comprehensive study at both elementary and advanced levels of stress and strain in bending, shear and torsion. Elastic deformation; failure under stress, stress concentration, working stress and limit design. The seminar is accom­ panied by a full day laboratory each week. ME 103 M echanical Engineering D esign . Motion, velocity and acceleration in linkwork and gearing. Design of cams, fastenings, gears, shafting and frames. Design of elements under rotational stress. Vibration analysis. Fundamentals of lubrication. Design of machine as­ semblies. The seminar is accompanied by a full day laboratory each week. ME104 F luid M echanics . Compressible and incompressible subsonic and supersonic fluid flow. Energy and momentum. Dimensional analysis and similitude. Dynamics of an ideal fluid. Shock phenomena. Theory of fluid flow in turbines, pumps, fans, and jets. Free and forced convection in heat exchangers. The seminar is accompanied by a full day laboratory each week. ME 106 T hesis . An individual thesis project involving some original investigation, analysis, or experimentation and a report. The exact program to be adjusted to individual needs. 98 English Literature Professors: G eorge J. Becker, Chairman Everett L. H unt Elizabeth Cox W right A ssociate Professors: Fredric S. K lees Stephen E. W hicher Assistant P rofessors: D avid Cowden Bruce D earing Samuel L. H ynes L ecturer : Barbara P earson Lange This department might more properly be called the Department of Literature in English, since it offers a study both of literature originally written in the English language and of works translated from other tongues. Literature is considered as a fine art, as a cultural record, and as a guide to the student’s interpretation of his own experience in life. The program of courses and seminars comprises four approaches to the subject: the intensive study of the work of major writers, examina­ tion of the literature produced in certain limited periods, the historical development of the major literary types, and the grouping of various types or forms on the basis of their subject matter or point of view. The general purposes of this study are the broadening of the student’s understanding and enjoyment of literature, the de­ velopment of a basis for intelligent criticism, and the provision of a foundation for further study in the field. Stress is also laid upon accurate reading and writing through critical explication of texts and criticism of student papers. R equirements for M ajors in Course The work of the major in this department in course normally consists of at least four full courses in the department, including Modern Literature in the first year, either Chaucer or Milton in the second year, a full course or two half courses in one of the types (numbers 21-26 below) in the third year, and Shakespeare and the Senior Conference in the final year. The comprehensive examination at the close of the senior year is based on this work, but also includes questions on other courses offered by the department for those prepared in these fields. A reading list in English and American literature is given to all majors to act as a guide in the selection of courses and to independent reading in preparation for the Senior Confer­ ence. Majors are expected to take a semester’s work in either Fine Arts or Music and are advised to take a semester’s work in some foreign literature. Students ex­ pecting to do graduate work shall acquire a reading knowledge in the languages required by the schools they propose to attend. 99 C ourses 1. M odern Literature : Introduction to Literary Study. Staff. Each Semester An introduction to the critical study of the four principal types of literature: poetry, drama, novel, and non-fictional prose. The materials are drawn chiefly from modern American literature for the purpose of emphasizing the relationship of literature to life through the study of works produced from backgrounds fam iliar to the student in terms of his own experience. Prerequisite to all other literature courses offered by the department. 5. Composition . Staff. Each Semester Training in the writing of non-fictional prose. Designed to meet the require­ ments of Engineering and Pre-Medical students. Other students admitted on the basis of need for this work. 6. Argument . Mr. Becker and Mr. Hunt. The analysis and orderly presentation of large bodies of material in speech and writing. The work comprises a series of short analytical papers, a research paper of some magnitude, and a series of argumentative speeches. Admission only with consent of the instructor. 11. M ilton and th e 17th Century . Mr. Hunt and Mrs. Wright. Each Semester Paradise Lost, selections from Milton's shorter poems, The Old Testament, Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, and the lyrics of John Donne are read. Study is made of narrative, epic, and lyric writing, and the relationship of the literature to the thought of the period. 12. Chaucer . Mr. Klees. Tall Semester R ifling of Troilus and Criseyde, The Canterbury Tales and some of the minor poems in the original Middle English, with greater attention to the literary than to the linguistic aspects. 16. Satire . Mr. Dearing. Spring Semester An historically oriented consideration of some of the principal satires in world literature, with emphasis upon interpretation and evaluation as literature. 17 Social Criticism . Mr. Becker. P