Layers SPthe Activation of olfactory ee Protein Kinases b lb aes u y To lateral olfactory Granule tract cell layer Granule Tee Odorant binds to Receptor no longer itral/ binds odorants \ ed cell Mitral f cell layer! the receptor External Blexifaxm Pen ayer glomerular Gl tul Proten Kinases Le slaver 4 are no longer Olfactory +. active nerve layer | Cribrifprm ee plate; Olfactory ann epithelium! { f sensory neuron FIGURE 3 The negative feedback loop involving receptors and pro- tein kinases. Note that phospahtases are not included in FIGURE 4 theis loop, but are probably part of the process in a way that An outline of the basic anatomy of the olfac- "has not yet been elucidated. (Based on Boekhoff & Breer, tory system showing the major cess types. 91992). (Efstratiadis, 1995) Senses. In Principles of Neural Science. Kandel, Eric R., Schwartz, James H. and Thomas M. Jessell eds. Appleton GLange. Norwalk, Connecticut. Efstratiadis, Argivis. 1995. A new whiff of monoallelic expression. Current Biology. 5: 21—24. Jones, David T. and Randall R. Reed. 1989. Golt: An olfactory Neuron Specific G Protein Involved in odorant Signal Transduction. Science. 244: 790—795. Lancet, Doron. 1994. Exclusive Receptors. Nature. 372: 321—322. Laurent, Gilles and Hananel Davidowitz. 1994. Encoding of olfactory Information with oscillating Neural Assemblies. Science. 265: 1872—1875. Liu, Mingyao, Chen, Tsung—Yu, Ahamed, Basheer, Li, Jess and King—Wai Yau. 1994. Calcium—Calmodulin Modulation of the olfactory Cyclic Nucleotide—Gated Cation Channel. Science. 266: 1348—1354. Meisami, Esnail. Chemorepection. 1991. In Neural and Integrative Animal Phvsiologv. C. Ladd Prosser Ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York. Petty, Howard R. 1993. Molecular Biology of Membranes. Plenum Press. New York. Raming, K., Krieger, J., Strotmann J., Boekhoff, I., Kubick, S., Baumstark, C. and H. Breer. 1993. Cloning and Expression of odorant Receptors. Nature. 361: 353—356. Ressler, Kerry J., Sullivan Susan L. and Linda Buck. 1994. Information Coding in the olfactory System: Evidence for a Stereotyped and Highly organized Epitope Map in the olfactory Bulb. Cell. 79: 1245— 1255. Schleicher, Sabine, Boehoff, Ingrid, Arriza, Jeffrey, Lefkowitz, Robert J. and Heinz Breer. 1993. A Fadrenergic recep- tor kinase—like enzyme is involved in olfactory signal termination. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. 90: 1420—1424. Vincent, Steven R. and Bruce T. Hope. 1992. Neurons that Say NO. Trends in Neuroscience. 15: 1O8—113. Zufall, Frank and Stuart Firestein. 1993. Divalent Cations Block the Cyclic Nucleotide—Gated Channel of olfactory Receptor Neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology.69: 1758—1767.