HISTOBY A 07 SWARTHMOHE COLLEGE By WILLIAM I, Voliame r WJUijQt- I T Origin—iy "" 'e t / 1 & - J * ' * 1.ff » n rf 1ft ? HISTORY A OF SWARTHMORE WiLUAlt COLLEGE 11 liT.TTnTi Volume I i O r i g i n and. F o u n d i n g , 1 8 5 0 - 1869 Volume II j T h e First G e n e r a t i o n , 1 8 6 9 - 1 9 0 2 DEDICATED TO MARTHA THE- ELLICOTT MEMORY OP TYSOU AHD BENJAMIN FIRST OF THE HALLOWELL FOUNDERS SWARTHMORE i j ^ f ^ j x j i , OF COLLEGE QsOJXTi^jQst C O N ® E N D S % Sources of Information List of Illustrations (fru^c^ - Chapter I . T h e O r i g i n of Swarthmore C o l l e g e , 1850-59 —• — — ~ — - ~~ - — - - /~ - The Baltimore P l a n M a r t h a E . T y s o n a n d Benjamin H a l l o w e l l T h e A p p e a l to P h i l a d e l p h i a L u c r e t i a Mott and. D e b o r a h F . W h a r t o n Chapter I I . The F o u n d i n g of Swarthmore C o l l e g e , 1 8 6 0 - 6 4 ^ , i> - - / ' ' Baltimore's Initiative Philadelphia a n d N e w Y o r k C o o p e r a t e . Edward P a r r i s h The C i v i l W a x Intervenes Other Obstacles A r i s e The P r o j e c t R e v i v e d by P h i l a d e l p h i a , 1862 The Conference M e t h o d Friends' Educational Association The First B o a r d of M a n a g e r s , 1862 The Financial P r o b l e m . A Local H a b i t a t i o n a n d a N a m e , 1863 C o n s t i t u t i o n s ^ 1863 a n d 1865^ a n d C h a r t e r ^ l 8 6 4 a n d 1 8 7 0 ) . . Chapter III.The B u i l d i n g of Swarthmore C o l l e g e , 1864-69 B u i l d i n g P l a n s a n d Curriculum . The First P r e s i d e n t , 1865 ,C ./ ? The Financial Struggle A d v e r t i s i n g the Campus The Farm a n d Building P l a n s Selecting the First F a c u l t y T h e F i r s t B u i l d i n g B e g i n s , 1866 V l^ufWi -if>.|l ^II .iT~f, f mn rtj, "735—- II 1 ~ «/ The Corner-Stone L a i d , M a y 1 0 , 1866 Difficult P r o g r e s s , 1866 S a m e l W i l l e t s a n d J o s e p h Wharton Edward H . M a g i l l a n d H e l e n G . L o n g s t r e t h Increasing D i f f i c u l t i e s , 1867-68 The Crisis Safely P a s s e d , 1869 Chapter I V . The O p e n i n g of Swarthmore C o l l e g e , N o v e m b e r 10,1869 . . . . The Faculty a n d P r o f e s s o r Magill*s E d u c a t i o n a l Ideals . . . The First P r o s p e c t u s R e c e p t i o n of the F i r s t Students "The Inauguration" a n d P r e s i d e n t P a r r i s h ' s E d u c a t i o n a l Ideals Chapter V. The B e q u e s t to P o s t e r i t y "The P r i n c i p l e s of the Pounders" a n d their A p p l i c a t i o n Appendices 1. P h i l a d e l p h i a ' s J o i n t Committee on E d u c a t i o n , 1 8 5 0 . . . . 2. Signers of the "Joint A d d r e s s " , 1 8 6 0 3. P h i l a d e l p h i a ' s Subscription C o m m i t t e e , 1 8 6 1 . 4. P h i l a d e l p h i a ' s "Committee on the Concern for the Establishment of a F r i e n d s ' Boarding S c h o o l " , 1 8 6 2 . . . . 5 . Subscription a n d Conference C o m m i t t e e s , 1865-69 . . . . SOURCES OF I INFORMATION B a l t i m o r e M o n t h l y , Q u a r t e r l y a n d Y e a r l y M e e t i n g M i n u t e s , 1 3 5 0 - 62 ( M a n u s c r i p t , a n d in t h e p r i n t e d ^ E x t r a c t g * ) . B a l t i m o r e Joint C o m m i t t e e ' s 1854 (Friends' Intelligencer, XI,457,473). P h i l a d e l p h i a Y e a r l y M e e t i n g M i n u t e s , 1838 - 62 ( M a n u s c r i p t , a n d in the p r i n t e d 1 "Extracts *-). Cain (Pa.) Q u a r t e r l y M e e t i n g M i n u t e s , 1 8 5 0 (Manuscript). N e w Y o r k Y e a r l y M e e t i n g M i n u t e s ( M a n u s c r i p t , and. in the p r i n t e d ^ E x t r a c t ^ 1 8 5 1 - 6 2 ) . The Friends' Intelligencer, Vols.^pt (1854) (1869), •passim. L e t t e r s ( M a n u s c r i p t ) from: I s a b e l l a T y s o n , L u c y T y s o n F i t z h u g h , B e n j a m i n H a l l o w e l l , M a r g a r e t E . H a l l o w e l l , B e n j a m i n Hallovrell, J r . , S a m u e l M . J a n n e y , C o r n e l i a Janney, Edward Parrish, Edward H . Magill, John G . Haviland. Benjamin Hallowell's "Address", 1860 (Manuscript). " P r o c e e d i n g s in B a l t i m o r e , Philadelphia, a n d N e w Y o r k " , 1 8 6 0 - 62 ( M a n u s c r i p t , 38 pages). J o i n t ^ A d d r e s s f , 1 8 6 0 - 61 ( P a m p h l e t , 1 8 6 1 ) . T h e gQonstitutioift-, 1 8 6 2 ( 2 ) , 1 3 6 5 . (Printed l e a f l e t a n d p a m p h l e t s ) . B o a r d of M a n a g e r s ' " M i n u t e - B o o k , " 1 8 6 2 - 6 9 , ( M a n u s c r i p t , 87 p a g e s ) . " M i n u t e s of the C o r p o r a t i o n of S w a r t h m o r e C o l l e g e " , 1864- - 69 ( M a n u s c r i p t , 3 2 p a g e s , a n d p r i n t e d Proceedings'*"). T h e B o a r d ' s ^Address**, 1863 8 The Board's ^ i r c u l a T ^ (Pamphlet). 1863 (Leaflet). ^Charter of S w a r t h m o r e C o l l e g i a ^ • S p e c i f i c a t i o n s ^ for M •, , 1 3 6 4 (Leaflet a n d P a m p h l e t ) . J S w a r t h m o r e C o l l e g e B u i l d i n g . 1866 ( P a m p h l e t ) ( h f a * : s f - 7 S ^ v w v C ^ f e c " , //fiL 1)fU Lombard Street Meeting-House, Baltimore (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) Baltimore Quarterly Meeting (From a p h o t o g r a p h o f C h a r l e s Y a r d l e y T u r n e r ' s p a i n t i n g in p o s s e s s i o n of P a r k A v e n u e M e e t i n g , B a l t i m o r e ) -Bai1;±inore- Y e a r i y M e e t i n g * 8 u 1 2 6 A d d r e s s " , 1853 12 Baltimore Yearly Meeting's "Report", 1854 16 Benjamin H a l l o w e l l , at the a g e of thirty-eight 26 (From a n oil portrait b y James E a c h u s , A l e x a n d r i a , 7 a . ; in possession of his granddaughter, Eliza Hallowell Chichester, 01ney,Md.) Samuel M . Janney (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) . 28 John G . Whittier (From a n oil p o r t r a i t b y C a r o l i n e v a n H e l d e n ; in W h i t t i e r H o u s e , Swarthmore College) 30 R a c e Street Meeting-House, P h i l a d e l p h i a , 1856 (From a n e n g r a v i n g , the F r o n t i s p i e c e in E z r a M i c h e n e r ' s s p e c t of E a r l y Q u a k e r i s m " , P h i l a d e l p h i a , 1 8 6 0 ) 32 "Retro- L u c r e t i a M o t t , a t t h e a g e of a b o u t f i f t y (From a p o r t r a i t in p a s t e l in p o s s e s s i o n of H a n n a h C l o t h i e r H u l l , Swarthmore, Pa.) 33 Deborah F . Wharton (From 33 Cain Quarterly Meeting's "Appeal", 1850 (From t h e m a n u s c r i p t m i n u t e s of the m e e t i n g ) 35 Cain Meeting-House I (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) 36 -John- ^ | 37 W h e n not o t h e r w i s e stated,tihe p h o t o g r a p h s , e t c . , f r o m w h i c h t h e s e i l l u s t r a t i o n s a r e t a k e n , a.re i n t h e p o s s e s s i o n o f t h e F r i e n d s ' H i s t o r i c a l L i b r a r y , S w a r t h m o r e C o l l e g e * ihustmtiohs P,age Swarthmore College Cairqpus, 1932 (February) (From a n aerial p h o t o g r a p h ) Frontispiece ( ! M a r t h a E l l i c o t t 'Tyson, about IS50 1 (From a n oil p o r t r a i t in p o s s e s s i o n of h e r gradnd.augh.ter, A l i c e T y s o n , Sandy S p r i n g , M d . ) J I M i n u t e of the Warden's Y e a r l y M e e t i n g of B a l t i m o r e , O c t o b e r 3 0 , I 8 5 O . . . . (From the original M i n u t e - b o o k , p r e s e r v e d in the P a r k A v e n u e M e e t i n g - H o u s e , B a l t i m o r e , Md.) 3 J I L o m b a r d Street M e e t i n g - H o u s e , B a l t i m o r e (Froia a photograph) 5 1 B a l t i m o r e Quarterly M e e t i n g (From a p h o t o g r a p h o f Charles Y a r d l e y T u r n e r ' s p a i n t i n g i n p o s s e s s i o n of P a r k Avenue Meeting, Baltimore) t ^ f j Baltimore Yearly Meeting's ^ e p o r t ^ J S f ^ k 13 f T h o t-itlowpage of a pi'infceCL 'Lh D a l t l w u i e StiiAicfr jQ/jb-JjiMX^ 26 . John a . Whittier (From a n oil p o r t r a i t b y C a r o l i n e v a n Helden; i n W h i t t i e r H o u s e , Swarthmore College; copied f r o m a p h o t o g r a p h in the P r e s i d e n t ' s O f f i c e , Swarthmore College: this p h o t o g r a p h is a c o p y b y P h i l l i p s ^ ' | B e n j a m i n H a l l o w e l l , at the a g e o f thirty-eight (From a n oil p o r t r a i t b y J a m e s E a c h u s , A l e x a n d r i a , V a . ; in p o s s e s s i o n of his g r a n d d a u g h t e r , E l i z a H a l l o w e l l C h i c h e s t e r , Q l n e y , M d . ) Samuel M . J a n n e y (From a photograph) | 28 JO > • B a c e Street M e e t i n g - H o u s e , P h i l a d e l p h i a , I S 5 S • • . . • • • • • • • « • • (From a n e n g r a v i n g , t h e f r o n t i s p i e c e i n E z r a M i c h e n e r ' s * B e t r o ~ spect of E a r l y Q u a k e r ! sni*, P h i l a d e l p h i a , IS60) | | L u c r e t i a M o t t , at the a g e of about f i f t y (From a portrait in p a s t e l i n p o s s e s s i o n of H a n n a h C l d t M e r H u l l , Swarthmore, Pa.) $3 j | Deborah Fisher Wharton (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) ^3 u. Cain Quarterly Meeting's A p p e a l * , " IS50 (From the m a n u s c r i p t m i n u t e s o f the m e e t i n g , p r e s e r v e d i n Friends* Historical L i b r a r y , S w a r t h m o r e C o l l e g e ) "jfl 35 W h e n n o t otherwise s t a t e d , the p h o t o g r a p h s , e t c . , f r o m w h i c h these illustrations are t a k e n , are in the p o s s e s s i o n of the F r i e n d s ' H i s t o r i c a l L i b r a r y , S w a r t h m o r e College. Page 44 Philadelphia Yearly Meeting, 1865 (Prom a p h o t o g r a p h ) Martha Ellicott Tyson, about 1860 . . . . . 50 (Prom a p h o t o g r a p h ) i t t m o r e , I n "1865 56 N o . 1 2 0 8 M a d i s o n A v e n u e B a l t i m o r e , in 1 9 3 1 (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) 57 N o . 1208 M a d i s o n A v e n u e , T h e P a r l o r s , 1 8 6 0 (From a p h o t o g r a p h i n p o s s e s s i o n o f 58 N o . 1208 Madison A v e n u e , The P a r l o r s , 1931 (From a photograph) 59 Margaret Elgar Hallowell (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) 62 Swarthmore Hall, England (From a n oil p a i n t i n g b y Swarthmore College) 62 T r o t t e r , ih possession of Rebecca Sinclair Turner ( F r o m a n o i l p o r t r a i t in p o s s e s s i o n of h e r g r a n d d a u g h t e r , Rebecca Webb H o l m e s ^ •) } 6 7 Benjamin Hallowell*s "Address", 1860 • _ 64 (From the o r i g i n a l m a n u s c r i p t ) , - v r^r.. 0 u t.iJL- (C-»• ; ^ 1 / V ^ * ^ , r- E d w a r d P a r r i s h ' s " E d u c a t i o n in the S o c i e t y o f F r i e n d s " , 1 8 6 8 (The t i t l e - p a g e o f t h e f i r s t e d i t i o n ) i i W f c - . / . V s n r v a X ^vfsri,, ^re^>"«eettngsgqtt8e (^ronL-A-photogrsrph) • 76 U^.- /V^;, *} ^ v 78 \, ... Jonathan Thorne (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) 79 Samuel Willets (From a n engraved p o r t r a i t ) 80 T h e "Joint A d d r e s s " , 1 8 6 0 (The T i t l e » p a g e o f t h e f i r s t e d i t i o n ) 82 William Dorsey (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) 84 Dillwyn Parrish (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) 86 Isaac H . Clothier, 1861 (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) 90 jfcClement M . B i d d l e , 1 8 6 1 H i (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) 93 W ^ 1 - 2 - Cain Meeting-House (From a photograph) 3 Philadelphia Yearly Meeting, IS65 (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) W I M a r t h a E l l i c o t t T y s o n , about I860 (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) 50 \ N o . 120S M a d i s o m A v e n u e , B a l t i m o r e ^ E x t e r i o r 4 1 3 3 3 ) £6 (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) N o . 120S Madison Avenue(jPhe Parlors, IS60) (From a photograph) \J6U \ A ' 5 N o . 120S Madison A v e n u e / T h e Parlors Xl^-pJ (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) Margaret Elgar Hallowell . . . . . (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) s ^ . . . 62 < Swarthmore Hall, England 62 (From a w a t e r c o l o r b y A l f r e d E a w l i n g s ) ' R e b e c c a Sinclair T u r n e r & (From a n oil portraits b y J o h n T u r n e r , (brother of C . Y . T u r n e r ) , ® 12811 fin p o s s e s s i o n of h e r g r a n d d a u g h t e r , R e b e c c a W e b b H o l m e s ^ , j B e n j a m i n Hallowell*s " A d d r e s s " , I S 6 0 (From the original m a n u s c r i p t ) Benjamin Hallowell (From a n e n g r a v i n g b y Tlx* W e l c h , f r o m a d a g u e r r e o t y p e F . B . Bailey) . . . . . 67 [ 71 "by E d w a r d P a r r i s h * s E d u c a t i o n in the S o c i e t y of Friends**; I 8 6 5 . . . (The title-page of the f i r s t e d i t i o n ) 76 Edward Parrish (From a crayon b y A l i c e L . D a r l i n g t o n , 1S77> c o p i e d f r o m a photograph) ~f6 Jonathan T h o m e (From a photograph) 79 I Samuel Willets (From a n engraved p o r t r a i t ) 00 The *froint Address?*, I S 6 0 (The Title-page of the first e d i t i o n ) 32 William Dorsey (From a photograph) Dillwyn Parrish. . (From a photograph) — f j ^ ^ J i 2;6 1 3 Page Philadelphia. Y e a r l y M e e t i n g ' s Q u a r t e r l y M e e t i n g s , 1 8 6 0 (Prom a m a p i n E z r a M i c h e n e r ' s " R e t r o s p e c t of E a r l y Q u a k e r i s m " , 1860, P . 21) 98 Pilesgrove Meeting-House (Prom a p h o t o g r a p h ) 99 Isaac T . Hopper . . . . . (Prom a n o i l p o r t r a i t by Swarthmore College) 116 Furnas, in Parrish H a l l , Thomas Ridgway (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) 127 London Grove, Meeting-House (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) 134 Friends' Union Boarding-School (Friends' Educational) Association* Constitution, 1862 (The p r i n t e d l e a f l e t ) B o a r d of M a n a g e r s ' f i r s t M i n u t e s , 1 8 6 2 (From t h e m a n u s c r i p t b o o k of m i n u t e s ) . . . . . . . . 141 156 Harriet E . Stockly (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) 156 The Board's " A d d r e s s e e s (The f i r s t p a g e of t h e p a m p h l e t ) 157 Fallowfield Meeting-House (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) 168 Mew York (Rutherford Square) Meeting-House Little Creek (Delaware) Meeting-House (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) &oshen Meeting-House - 170 171 5 g 171 (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) Matthew Vassar 174 T h r e e E l i g i b l e S i t e s , 1863 (From the p r i n t e d " C i r c u l a r to the S t o c k h o l d e r s " ) T h e " W e s t Dale" P r o p e r t y ( S w a r t h m o r e ' s C a m p u s ) , 1 8 6 3 (From t h e " S u p p l e m e n t " to the p r i n t e d R e p o r t ) 182 Edward Hoopes (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) 191 Isaac Stephens (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) 197 187 1 3 - Isaac H.Clothier,IS SO (Prom a p h o t o g r a p h ) Clement M . B i d d l e , 1 S 5 9 (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) $3 Philadelphia Yearly Meeting's Quarterly Meetings, I860 (From a m a p i n E z r a M i c h e n e r ' s ^ R e t r o s p e c t o f E a r l y Qoalcerismt, 1 2 6 0 , ^ . 21) 4S 1 | Pilesgrove Meeting-House (Fran a p h o t o g r a p h ) 9fJ j | I « a . . . . . . . . . . . . II H o p p e r W ^ t - ^ ^ r r ^ ! ^ i ' (From a n oil p o r t r a i t b y \ in Parrish Hall, Swarthmore College) ' Thomas R i d g w a y . . . . . . 4 j 1^7 (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) f London Grove, Meeting-House (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) lPjH I F r i e n d s ' U n i o n B o a r d i n g - S c h o o l (Friends' Educational) A s s o c i a t i o n : Constitution, 1S62 (The p r i n t e d leaflet) j lUl 1 Board of M a n a g e r s ' F i r s t M i n u t e s , 1 S 6 2 . . . . . (From the m a n u s c r i p t h o o k o f m i n u t e s ) I5S ) Harriet E . StocKLy (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) 1J56 The Board's A d d r e s s * , IS63 (The first p a g e of the p a m p h l e t ) 157 Fallowfield Meeting-House 16S (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) N e w Y o r k (Rutherford S q u a r e ) M e e t i n g - H o u s e . I70 L i t t l e C r e e k (Delaware) M e e t i n g - H o u s e 171 (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) I Goshen Meeting-House Three Eligible S i t e s , IS63 1 (From the p r i n t e d ^ C i r c u l a r to the Stockholders *) T h e "West Dale" P r o p e r t y (Swarthmore's future Campve ) , I S \ ' \ I S ^ j ^V-- (From the ^ S u p p l spent*" to t h e p r i n t e d R e p o r t to the C o r p o r a t i o n , 12th. M o . £ 7 1S6U.) E d w a r d Hoopes (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) ! 4 Page g Susan M . P a r r i s h (Prom a p h o t o g r a p h ) . 197 The C h a r t e r , 1864 (fhe leaflet printed, in 1 8 6 5 ) 198 The First S e a l , 1864 199 ( Gerard H . R e e s e (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) . . . . . . . . 202 itee-Bai M i n g - P l a n s , 1864 ("jPjpear- the-4-page- leaf le t ) 206 T h e Election of the first P r e s i d e n t , 1 8 6 5 (Board of M a n a g e r s ' M i n a t e s , 5 t h . M o n t h 1 2 , 1 8 6 5 ) 207 D r . E d w a r d P a r r i s h , the first P r e s i d e n t , 1865-71 208 Margaret S . P a r r i s h , the first P r e s i d e n t ' s W i f e (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) . 209 P a r r i s h H a l l , a s p l a n n e d in 1865 (Frontispiece of E d w a r d P a r r i s h ' s "Education in the Society 210 Hugh M b Ilvain (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) 228 . . Professor Joseph Thomas, 1865 (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) 237 P a r r i s h Hall Interior as p l a n n e d i n 1866 (From the "Proceedings o n the O c c a s i o n of L a y i n g the C o r n e r Stone of Swarthmore C o l l e g e " ) 247-8(2 p i c t u r e s ) Certificates of Stock: the first a n d the last (From the Stocky Certificate S t u b - B o o k s ) 257 C-tt-^-f: /it • ili 1") > Samuel fillets . . . > (A p h o t o g r a p h of a statue in the B o a r d R o o m ) J o s e p h Wharton (Frontispiece in h i s "Life" b y h i s d a u g h t e r , Jfoanna W h a r t o n Lippincott) 263 . 266 Swarthmore's first p h o t o g r a p h , 6 t h . M o n t h 1 6 , 1866 (Taken at the third a n n u a l R e u n i o n of the F r i e n d s ' Social L y c e u m of Philadelphia]) 273 W i l l i a m Canby B i d d l e , the first T r e a s u r e r , 1 8 6 2 - 6 6 , 1 8 7 0 - 7 3 (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) 275 n Isaac S t e p h e n s (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) Susan M . Parrish u 1 - nrv»f ? I ^ . . . . . . . . i (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) ^ ^ ^ o t ^ j i T h e C h a r t e r , ISSk (From the o r i g i n a l , p r e s e r v e d i n t h e O f f i c e of the S e c r e t a r y of j the C o m m o n w e a l t h , H a r r i s b u r g , P a . ) ^ T h e F i r s t S e a l , 1S6H 19$ (Still in u s e b y Swarthmore College) \ - t ^ " . ,.^ • " T -. ' Gerard H . Reese . . . 202 . (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) j T h e E l e c t i o n of the first P r e s i d e n t , I S 6 5 . . . 1 (Board of M a n a g e r s M i n u t e s , 5 t h . M o n t h 1 2 , IS65) 20"f j D r . Edward P a r r i s h , the first P r e s i d e n t , I S 6 5 - 7 I (From a n oil p a i n t i n g b y A n n e P a r r i s h , 190*0 20g \ M a r g a r e t S . P a r r i s h , the f i r s t P r e s i d e n t ' s l i f e (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) 20$ j P a r r i s h H a l l , as p l a n n e d i n I S 6 5 (Frontispiece of Edward P a r r i s h ' s ^ E d u c a t i o n i n the_ Society o f F r i e n d s " , 2 n d . e d i t i o n , 1S66) 210 H u g h M c IIvain (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) 22S ; f ( T h e Supplement to the C h a r t e r , I S 7 0 (From the o r i g i n a l , i n the o f f i c e of the S e c r e t a r y o f the Commonwealth) Professor Joseph Thomas, IS65, . . . . . . . ^37 (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) P a r r i s h Hall I n t e r i o r as p l a n n e d in 1 8 6 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2^7 - (2 p i c t u r e s ) (From the P r o c e e d i n g s jjn t h e O c c a s i o n of L a y i n g the C o r n e r Stone of S w a r t h m o r e College**-) ~~ ' Certificates of Stock: the first (issued S e p t e m b e r 2 5 , 1 8 6 5 f t U TT«1 • 11. \ - 7 TiiLii.W) and the l a s t ( » o . 2 5 7 S , issued F e b r u a r y 1 0 , l S 7 0 ) ^ c B i t * - • ~ ' TTi ftrv n a n . . t - ~—» • . . » » » • > » » » » « — S ^ j b (From the S t o c k C e r t i f i c a t e Stub-Books) } R e c e i p t for Shares of S t o c k •^WlMyiAA \ J Clement M.^Biddlfe, l S b S . . , v ( S a m u e l W i l l e t s . . . . .j. (A p h o t o g r a p h of a statue i n the B o a r d R o o m ) / J o s e p h W h a r t o n ? * X < r j $ J f {fiV V ( - y r o n M a p i e c e i n iais "Life" b y h i s dmu^lxtor; J o a n n a W h a r t o a Sfe & & > ^ i ^ Page H e n r y M . L a i n g , the s e c o n d T r e a s u r e r , 1 8 6 6 - 7 0 (Prom a p h o t o g r a p h ) 276 H e l e n G . L o n g s t r e t h , the f i r s t M a t r o n , 1 8 6 7 - 7 0 (Prom a photograph) 290 E d w a r d H i c k s M a g i l l , t h e f i r s t P r i n c i p a l , 1 8 6 7 - 7 1 , a n d the s e c o n d President, 1871-89 (Prom a n o i l p o r t r a i t b y , in P a r r i s h Hall) Ann Preston, M.D (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) ( P c k ^ ^ J W yc+xx ?| T h e C a m p u s r-1-870-^0 . . 292 296 . „ 314 ( F r o m - a - m C p d r a W n b y M"; F t s h e r -loisgstrethv'if . 1 . ) George Truman, M.D (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) 331 B . Hush Roberts (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) 341 Samuel J . Underhill (From a photograph) 343 William H. Macy (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) 343 Ellwood Burdsall (From 347 •Aaaft-Tv- Hal-lewell (Frofli a p h o t o g r a p h ) 376 Brail-y" H a l l o w e l 1 (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) 377 Susan J . Cunningham (From a n o i l p o r t r a i t b y in P a r r i s h Hall) 397 Parrish Hall, 1869 (From a p h o t o g r a p h f o r m i n g t h e f r o n t i s p i e c e of the f i r s t " P r o s p e c t u s of S w a r t h m o r e C o l l e g e , 1 8 6 9 - 7 0 " ) 399 ? I n a u g u r a t i o n of the C o l l e g e , 1 1 t h . M o n t h 1 0 , 1 8 6 9 : P l a n t i n g the Mott Oak Trees &18 (From a photograph) James Mott (Fro# a p h o t o g r a p h ) 419 Benjamin Hallowell, about 1869 (-Fx-om a n e n g r a v i n g b y T h . W e l c h , ,from a d a g u e r r e o t y p e b y F . B . 420 Bailey)- f j ^ . , ^ . ) j g ;) /Z 1 - 5 - Swarthmore's #irst "photograph, 6th, Month 16, 1266 (Taken at the third annual Reunion of the Friends' Social Lyceum of Philadelphia) 273 William Canby Biddle, the first treasurer, 1862-66, 1870-73 (Prom a photograph) 275 Henry M . Laing, the second treasurer, 1266-70 (Prom a photograph) it /1-+z J L ^ o ^ ^ t - -flelen G . Longstreth, the first Hatron, IS67-70 (Prom a photograph) 2$Q f Sdward Kicks Magill, the first principal, 1867-71* and the second "president, ' >1271-29 . „(From a photographl^y* •>> L ^ ' f c f ^ Ann i * 3 t e s x o n , — x — • • » • • • » 292 _ __ f3 i s Z / t L f ) . .• . , . . *"••< -(Prom-a-photograph) George Truman, M.D. (Prom a photograph) ^^ B . Hush Roberts (Progt a photograph) 3*41 Samuel J . Underhill (Prom a photograph) 3H3 William H. Macy (Prom a photograph) 3U3 Ell wood Burdsall . (Prom a photograph) 3^7 ? Susan J . Cunningham (Prom a photograph) 397 Parrish Hall, IS69 (Prom a photograph forming the frontispiece of the first ^Prospectus of Swarthmore College, 1869-7gf^) 399 $3/ Inauguration of the College, 11th. Month 10, IS69I Planting the Mott Oak Trees (Proa a photograph) UlS James Mott U19 (Prom a p h o t o g r a p h ) Benjamin Hallowell, about I869 (Prom a crayon portrait by Alice L . Darlington, 1891> made from a photograph) U20 Lucretia Mott, about IS69 (Prom an engraving) U32 6 Page L u c r e t i a M o t t , a b o u t 1869 (From a n e n g r a v i n g ^ 432 John D . Hicks (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) 432 Martha Ellicott Tyson, about 1869 (From 441 )3. - J o h n D . Hicks (From a p h o t o g r a p h ) i Martha Ellicott Tyson lfrl (From a c r a y o n portrait "by A l i c e L . D a r l i n g t o n , 1 3 3 1 , a f t e r aty ooii»lior p h o t o g r a p h ) 1 (In rai'i'i-tih H a l l >-"beiAl'ile Uho Pragjflgnt s Officej Swnrthraore Collogo) 6 3 P R E F A C E The m a t e r i a l s on which this H i s t o r y Swarthmore College is b a s e d were scattered in fragmentary a n a p e r i s h a b l e form in B a l t i m o r e , P h i l a d e l p h i a , N e w Y o r k a n d Swarthmore. They have never b e f o r e b e e n g a t h e r e d t o g e t h e r , n o r h a s a detailed a n d com- prehensive history of the college b e e n w r i t t e n . These are the reasons w h y three v o l u m e s a r e devoted to the story of a small college, less than three-quarters of a century o l d . Whether or not the significance and value of the college justify so extensive a h i s t o r y m u s t now be left to the judgment of the discriminating r e a d e r . T h e r e are those who love it; a n d w i t h them, a f f e c t i o n , for Alma Mnter m a y be counted u p o n to s u p p l e m e n t , p e r h a p s to c o r r e c t , a p u r e l y critical estimate. This first v o l u m e covers only the first nineteen y e a r s of the story - the years of the origin, f o u n d i n g , b u i l d i n g and o p e n i n g . But since these were the y e a r s in which "the principles of the Founders" were formulated a n d the first strenuous efforts to apply them were m a d e , the actors in the scene have b e e n g i v e n every opportunity to j r j L r & ^ Q + s d Z . state their ideals and m e t h o d s in their own w o r d s . •Affront donlfof their m a n u s c r i p t MB and p r i n t e d records haj^ n e c e s s a r i l y b e e n omitted from this v o l u m e ; but it is b e l i e v e d that the heart of their m e s s a g e and b e q u e s t to p o s t e r i t y has b e e n a d e q u a t e l y g i v e n . A s a Q u a k e r , coeducational institution of the higher l e a r n i n g , Swarthmore College m a y h a v e its own interest for the reader; a n d its story m a y b e u s e f u l in reflecting the trend of college education in A m e r i c a during the p a s t seventy years of changing ideals and revolutionary experiments. T h e illustrations in this v o l u m e a r e p r e s e r v e d chiefly in the F r i e n d s ' Historical Library of Swarthmore College; others w h i c h , like its m a n u s c r i p t a n d p r i n t e d sources, are scattered far a n d w i d e h a v e b e e n r e f e r r e d to their r e s p e c t i v e o r i g i n s . It is due to the skill a n d p a t i e n c e of a g i f t e d P h i l a d e l p h i a p h o t o g r a p h e r , M r . Philip B . W a l l a c e , that they have been reproduced w i t h a l l the clarity p e r m i t t e d by the circum- 'V fl _ 2 - stances under w h i c h they w e r e first p r o d u c e d . W I L L I A M I . HULL Swarthmore C o l l e g e , May 1 8 , 1 9 3 5 . g ^ M ^ X - THE ORIGIN OF i SWARTHMORE COLLEGE ' 1850 - 185(| FRIENDS^ JSCHOOLS George F o x and the founders of the S o c i e t y of F r i e n d s keenlyrealized the necessity of educating their c h i l d r e n . Not only had the Protestant R e v o l u t i o n demanded an a b i l i t y to read the B i b l e , w h i c h took the place of the Church and the Pope as the standard of faith and conduct; but the Quaker insistence u p o n the L i g h t Within as the ultimate authority for individual guidance required the u t m o s t possible development of the individual's capabilities as the best way of reflecting this light in its purity and of enabling it to guide a r i g h t . The Quaker i n s i s t e n c e , too, u p o n putting faith into practice and applying it to the remedying of social evils and the a d v a n c e m e n t of God's kingdom upon e a r t h , demanded an e d u c a t i o n which would inform the pupils of the f a c t s of l i f e , as well as inspire them to c a r r y out their Quaker "testimonies". F o x , a c c o r d i n g l y , a s e a r l y as 1668 urged F r i e n d s in E n g l a n d to set up schools for the t e a c h i n g , not only of b o y s , but also of "younge lassesj[«c«^ maydens in whatsever thinges was civill and u s e f u l l in yjf creatioxk''.. Near the end of his l i f e , a l s o , he wrote to the "dear friends and brethren that have gone into America and the islands thereaway: Stir u p the gift of God in you and improve your talents." Friends on both s i d e s of the sea responded gladly and generously to this a p p e a l and b e c a m e the pioneers of u n i v e r s a l e d u c a t i o n by establishing elementary and secondary schools for their own children and for all others w h o desired to attend t h e m . Oxford and Cambridge U n i v e r s i t i e s and Harvard C o l l e g e , which m o n o p o l i z e d higher education, were devoted at that time p r i m a r i l y to the t r a i n i n g of c l e r g y m e n p h e n c e , •j \y the Friends were opposed to such e d u c a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s . And it was not until colleges broadened their courses and p u r p o s e s ^ in the /Nineteenth C e n t u r y ^ to lay equal or even greater emphasis on "secular" higher education,that Quaker colleges a r o s e . '.vhen the "Separation" in the Society of F r i e n d s in A m e r i c a occurred, in 1 8 2 7 - 2 8 , the P e n n Charter School of Philadelphia (founded in 1 6 9 7 ) , the B o a r d i n g School at .Yesttown, Pennsylvania (founded in 1 7 9 9 ) , and the H a v e r f o r d S c h o o l (opened in N o v e m b e r , 1 8 3 3 ) , fell to the "Orthodox" F r i e n d s . These schools were the best and a l m o s t the only schools which fostered the b e g i n n i n g s of a liberal e d u c a t i o n within the r e a c h of the F r i e n d s of the Middle S t a t e s . There w e r e , of c o u r s e , some private boarding-schools k e p t by F r i e n d s , and m a n y dayschools u n d e r the care of M o n t h l y M e e t i n g s ; but these were devoted for the m o s t part to elementary e d u c a t i o n , and did not lead on t o , or head up i n , a central school of higher learning. The three Orthodox schools m e n t i o n e d above contented themselves with a n e x c e l l e n t f o r m of secondary e d u c a t i o n , to w h i c h t ^ f of them are still steadfastly devoted; b u t , in 1 8 5 6 , H a v e r f o r d S c h o o l received f r o m the Pennsylvania Legislature a college charter and b e g a n to g r a n t college d e g r e e s , and in 1861 its p r e p a r a t o r y d e p a r t m e n t was en-tirely.-. abolished. During the first generation f o l l o w i n g the S e p a r a t i o n , the Friends of the "Liberal B r a n c h " , a l t h o u g h they were m u c h more n u m e r o u s , possessed neither a first-rate b o a r d i n g - s c h o o l for secondary e d u c a t i o n , nor a college for the higher l e a r n i n g . This u n f o r t u n a t e state of affairs weighed heavily upon the m i n d s of a few of their l e a d e r s , who began to advocate an a d v a n c e . A m o n g t h e s e , M a r t h a E l l i c o t t Tyson a n d Benjamin H a l l o w e l l were f o r e m o s t . MARTHA. E L L I C O T T TYSON Martha E . Tyson w a s b o r n ^ t E l l i c o t t C i t y , near B a l t i m o r e , M a r y l a n d , September 1 3 , 1 7 9 5 . She was the d a u g h t e r of Quaker p a r e n t s , George and E l i z a b e t h Brooks E l l i c o t t . only school was taught by Joel Her f i r s t and a p p a r e n t l y her /right a t E l l i c o t t City in the stone school-house built by the E l l i c o t t s on a high h i l l on the Howard M . County side of^Patapsco R i v e r as a nlace where their children could be educated,together with the children of the overseers and superintendents of the various m i l l s owned by t h e m , the children being seated to rank." "according Joel ./right was selected as its teacher because of his fine reputation as a s c h o l a r , and as a m e m b e r of a P h i l a d e l p h i a Quaker f a m i l y . It is not known that Martha E l l i c o t t attended other schools; b u t she probably had good private tutors; for she w a s w e l l e d u c a t e d , read French f l u e n t l y , and in later life numbered a m o n g her friends Schliemann the archaeologist and other scientists and scholars. At the age of twenty (September 2 7 , 1 8 1 5 ) , she was married to N a t h a n , son Tyooiw eminent Q , u a k e ^ p h i l a n t h r o p i s t of Baltimore^. Eliaha The young couple "passed m e e t i n g " at Lombard Street, B a l t i m o r e , and were m a r r i e d by F r i e n d s ' ceremony in Elk Ridge M e e t i n g - h o u s e , near Ellicott C i t y , M a r y l a n d ^ Of*^ i .^fThe b r i d e w o r e , when she "passed mee tingt/,, a y e l l o w silk d r e s s , v u 1 Empire s t y l e , very narrow^ its b o d i c e y bp.inp still preserved b y a great grand-daughter. H e r w e d d i n g - g o w n was made of fine white m u l l with a very narrow skirt to the a n k l e s , low n e c k and puffed short s l e e v e s , with white satin s h o e s , w h i t e kid g l o v e s , and a white satin cape crossed in front and tied in b a c k . It had a pleated f r i l l . satin b o n n e t , such as young girls wore in 1 8 1 5 . She also wore a white The c o s t u m e , except the b o n n e t , is still intact and owned by a g r a n d s o n , N a t h a n T y s o n . The groom wore black s h o e s , white satin b r e e c h e s , long white silk stockings tied at the k n e e s with white satin b o w s , a dark claret-colored and a white silk v e s t . AU**^-*'*' M ^ ^ J J ^ y j r X J ^ j L 1 QJU- ^t**) • coat, ^ n ^ sj^rbJsLj ^ r w u ^ A ^ A T i £ They made their home in B a l t i m o r e , and became active and u s e f u l m e m b e r s of/'_^ Lombard Street M e e t i n g . Twelve children were born to t h e m , eight of whom lived until past middle life. T1?; (2) wa-9 aarriod. to ITath&n, oon of that ominont ifomltor p h i l a n t h r o p i c t -»f B a l l l m o i e , Elioha"^In spite of the c a r e s ofva» l a r g e f a m i l y , worked' diligently throughout h e r l i f e , a s m i n i s t e r , elder^ a n d in v a r i e d o t h e r c a p a c i t i e s in t h e s e r v i c e of B a l t i m o r e M o n t h l y , Quarterly^ a n d Y e a r l y M e e t i n g s . Although her own educational training lacked the a d v a n t a g e s of h i g h e r i n s t i t u t i o n s of l e a r n i n g , s h e h a d a f r u i t f u l a p p r e c i a t i o n of the c u l t u r e of B a r c l a y , P e n n a n d o t h e r early F r i e n d s , a n d c r a v e d f o r t h e c h i l d r e n of h e r S o c i e t y the b e s t p o s s i b l e m e a n s of d e v e l o p i n g t h e i r i n t e l l e c t a n d c h a r a c t e r . She w a s a n a c t i v e m e m b e r of the c o m m i t t e e of w o m e n F r i e n d s of B a l t i m o r e Y e a r l y M e e t i n g w h i c h s u p e r v i s e d the p r o m o t i o n of e d u c a t i o n a n d the d i s t r i b u t i o n of b o o k s , f r o m 1 3 4 7 to 1 8 5 3 . In the summer, of 1 3 5 0 , she r e t u r n e d to B a l t i m o r e w i t h h e r f a m i l y , f r o m H a r f o r d C o u n t y , M a r y l a n d , w h e r e they h a d m a d e t h e i r h o m e s i n c e 1 8 3 8 . lyt^sjL MXJLXL*. jL- &/t unrtiW^/ $ M a r t h a T y s o n ' s a p p e a l s in b e h a l f tot e d u c a t i o n Tvere r e f l e c t e d in the E p i s t l e of 1 8 4 9 , a d d r e s s e d b y the B a l t i m o r e Y e a r l y M e e t i n g of W o m e n F r i e n d s to t h e i r s i s t e r yearly meetings, which included the following paragraph: '*] ^ T h e s u b j e c t of a p r o p e r e d u c a t i o n f o r y o u t h also c l a i m e d a s t r o n g a n d a b i d I | ing i n t e r e s t , a n d its importance w a s f e e l i n g l y i m p r e s s e d u p o n F r i e n d s a s o n e of the | - - I s t r o n g e s t b u l w a r k s to p r e s e r v e t h e S o c i e t y f r o m i n n o v a t i o n s w h i c h a r e b e i n g m a d e u p o n i i the b e a u t y a n d s i m p l i c i t y , w i t h w h i c h (by t h e d e d i c a t i o n of o u r f o r e - f a t h e r s u n d e r the v i v i f y i n g i n f l u e n c e of the s p i r i t of T r u t h ) , it w a s o n c e o v e r s p r e a d . * • , ^ -ffccfe^ «'.L X.M.U*LU. MMJT'ML /I(i<'I. - Q > / o r n L . j ^ v j c L 8 / W A * . /-ye^-dhe w a s p r o b a b l y r e s p o n s i v e a l s o f o r A t h e p r o p o s a l in the W o m e n ' s Y e a r l y M e e t i n g , i n 1 8 5 0 , that the m e n ' s m e e t i n g s h o u l d c o o p e r a t e i n the a p p o i n t m e n t of a joint c o m m i t t e e o n the w h o l e s u b j e c t of .9. T h e B a l t i m o r e Efistlex-was s i g n e d b y M a r g a r e t E . Hallowell, Clerk. * f f o r n t h e M j n u t e s of the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g of W o m e n F r i e n d s .held at L o m b a r d S t r e e t , i n tne C i t y of B a l t i m o r e , 1 8 5 0 % 4 K19 - 1 0 . M a n u s c r i p t V o l . 19 (88) u n d e r d a t e c i t e d : M a r g a r e t E . H a l l o w e l l , C l e r k . If ' i^rrtS the different month.lv m e e t i n g s , w e find there are twelve schools taught by F r i e n d s , three of them u n d e r the care of M o n t h l y M e e t i n g s , a n d a p r o s p e c t of two others b e i n g soon e s t a b l i s h e d . T h e Committee b e l i e v e from the evidence a f f o r d e d t h e m , that through- out the several m o n t h l y m e e t i n g s , there a r e those who feel a concern for the p r o m o t i o n of the deeply important subject of the g u a r d e d education of F r i e n d s ' c h i l d r e n . And they a r e encouraged in believing that a n increasing interest is felt in the s u b j e c t . Some of the reports m e n t i o n difficulties in the w a y of the establishment of F r i e n d s ' ** schools, p a r t i c u l a r l y in n e i g h b o r h o o d s w h e r e p u b l i c schools e x i s t . 4: B u t w h i l e we see the difficulties are g r e a t , w e trust they m a y b e in time s u r m o u n t e d . •"•/The subject is one of such deep i n t e r e s t , that w e would encourage a l l to renewed e x e r t i o n . We would p r e s s u p o n the c o n s i d e r a t i o n of Friends the important re- sults that w o u l d flow from the establishment of schools throughout our b o d i e s , in w h i c h the y o u t h of our society might b e educated in accordance w i t h the principles w e p r o f e s s , instead of being dependent upon those w h e r e our p r e c i o u s testimonies a r e too often trampled -under f o o t . ^ ^ */Th§_ Committee a r e u n i t e d in p r o p o s i n g to the Yea.rly M e e t i n g that a request ' „ ' ' be m a d e for the cooperation of our brethren to aid u s in this important w o r k . tf/rh e libraries which have b e e n established in the several n e i g h b o u r h o o d s , a r e mostly s m a l l , but they are i n c r e a s i n g , a n d a desire is m a n i f e s t e d to obtain the journals a n d w r i t i n g s of F r i e n d s , a n d other u s e f u l b o o k s , gned on b e h a l f of the C o m m i t t e e , : — j 'V .. 1 jyr Y Martha E . Tyson, Ann P . M e r r i t t . A ^ A ^ ceu. j - r x u v ^ ^ : j T h e report from the Committee on -Education w a s referred to the M e n Friends for their consideration, a n d they informed u s that they o r d e r e d it to b e p l a c e d o n their minutes for consideration next y e a r , a n d directed that their T r e a s u r e r p a y $50.00 to w o m e n friends to a i d them in the p u r c h a s e of b o o k s . * ^ l J l j ^ r fay c ^ z ^ r ^ u L . r •\-jch. MTtw^Zi. WherK d / ( Xrsju^ufCuL m i n u t e w a s sent in to the m e n ' s m e e t i n g , it ww.bym-iniit.nii on the 5 A 31st of O c t o b e r , 1 8 5 0 , as follows: ^ ^ A n interesting report w a s p r e s e n t e d to u s b y our W o m e n f r i e n d s , w h i c h w a s read a n d r e f e r r e d , for further c o n s i d e r a t i o n , to our n e x t Yearly M e e t i n g , a n d the T r e a s u r e r of this m e e t i n g w a s requested to place in the h a n d s of W o m e n ' s Y e a r l y M e e t i n g , the sum of fifty dollars^to a i d them in their b o o k f u n d , a n d Quarterly M e e t i n g s were r e q u e s t e d to raise the stun of $150.*/ instead of $100.'*'* In accordance w i t h this a c t i o n , / t h e n e x t Y e a r l y M e e t i n g of the m e n F r i e n d s , on the O c t o b e r , 1 8 5 1 , a d o p t e d the following m i n u t e : / ^ T h e Committee appointed to co-operate w i t h w o m e n F r i e n d s on the subject of ed- u c a t i o n reported as f o l l o w s , viz: " T o the Yearly M e e t i n g , now s i t t i n g . " T h e Committee a p p o i n t e d to co-operate w i t h a Committee of w o m e n Friends on the subject of education: R e p o r t , that we h a v e h a d a conference in w h i c h the subject was •••eightily c o n s i d e r e d , a n d w e u n i t e d in judgment that it w i l l b e right for the Y e a r l y Meeting to r e c o m m e n d , that a l l the M o n t h l y Meetings w i t h i n our l i m i t s , take the subject of education into c o n s i d e r a t i o n , a n d , if w a y should o p e n , appoint Committees to cooperate w i t h w o m e n Friends in this interesting concern. f'We further recommend that the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g should a p p r o p r i a t e one h u n d r e d dollars to a i d w o m e n Friends in the p u r c h a s e of b o o k s . " S i g n e d on b e h a l f of the C o m m i t t e e , ^ John Jewett, 10th m o . 28th, 1851. Sam'l M . Janney •jrffaaich, being read, w a s a p p r o v e d , a n d r e c o m m e n d e d to the care of the Quarterly M e e t i n g s , a n d the Treasurer w a s d i r e c t e d to p a y one h u n d r e d dollars to the T r e a s u r e r 1 _.of W o m e n s Yearly M e e t i n g for the p u r p o s e indicated in the Report.*' "Minutes" "(Men's M e e t i n g ; , "Minutes" (Men's M e e t i n g ) , 1 8 5 1 , 0 . ..V ,y „ > • T h e w o m e n ' s m e e t i n g a c k n o w l e d g e d the a c t i o n of the m e n in the following minute: "Men Friends informed u s they h a d t a k e n u p the subject of e d u c a t i o n , w h i c h w e referred to them last y e a r , a n d h a d a p p o i n t e d a committee to a i d u s in the accomplishment of that concern." „ ,. • . M e a n w h i l e , the women h a d not waitedfffor phe m e n to a c t , since their own commit— t e e , a p p o i n t e d in 1 8 5 0 , is r e f e r r e d to in the f o l l o w i n g m i n u t e of 1 8 5 1 : <^The following report from the committee on E d u c a t i o n w a s r e a d , a n d they w e r e encouraged to p e r s e v e r e in this important w o r k . M a r y Smedley's n a m e w a s a d d e d to the comiaittee. cc., / T o Baltimore Y e a r l y M e e t i n g .of W o m e n Friends: From reports received from the m e m b e r s of the E d u c a t i o n committee in their respective n e i g h b o r h o o d s , w e find that the subject of Schools a n d Libraries to claim their a t t e n t i o n . g e n e r a l l y felt in t h e m . continues L i b r a r i e s a r e e n l a r g i n g , and a n increasing interest is Schools u n d e r the care of M o n t h l y M e e t i n g s o r taught b y F r i e n d s , a r e reported a s existing in m a x y p l a c e s . Some of these h a v e b e e n establish- ed w i t h i n a few y e a r s , a n d in consequence of the increased interest felt in the guarded education of F r i e n d s ' c h i l d r e n , continue in a p r o s p e r o u s c o n d i t i o n . O t h e r heighboav h o o d s a r e laboring u n d e r great disadvantages; in some the number of F r i e n d s is small; in o t h e r s , we h a v e reason to f e a r , too little interest is m a n i f e s t e d in this important subject. In some n e i g h b o r h o o d s P u b l i c Schools are b e c o m i n g e s t a b l i s h e d , a d d i n g great- ly to difficulties a l r e a d y e x i s t i n g . But feeling a s s u r e d that w e h a v e m a d e consider- able p r o g r e s s in this s u b j e c t , we do not feel d i s c o u r a g e d , but r a t h e r w o u l d stimulate a l l to renewed e x e r t i o n . W e firmly b e l i e v e that if a m o r e general interest were f e l t , a n d corresponding exertion m a d e o n the p a r t of our m e m b e r s , all difficulties w o u l d v a n i s h , a n d the children of Friends throughout our Y e a r l y M e e t i n g m i g h t have the benefit of select s c h o o l s . We trust it is not n e c e s s a r y to dwell u p o n the advantages ^ E x t r a c . t W o m e n ' s M e e t i n g ) ,1851, 1P . 5 : M a r g a r e t E . Hallowell Clerk % - Ibid*, P p . 6 - 7 . ' ' to b e d e r i v e d from such s c h o o l s , w h e r e our p r e c i o u s Testimonies w o u l d b e cherished a n d m a i n t a i n e d , over those where they a r e too often trampled oiOV^ ^--This~~report of the committee is ^'signed on behalf of the Comnittee" by M a r y C . Stabler and Susan H . Jones; b u t it w a s p r o b a b l y the h a n d i w o r k chiefly of Martha Tyson.'jp D u r i n g the y e a r 1852 the w o m e n of Baltimore Qi|arterly^Meeting, u n d e r M a r t h a Tyson's l e a d e r s h i p , m a d e another effort to ^ L w -T^U. JI/LuiAaj^ rd k T h e m i n u t e s of their m e e t i n g "held in Baltimore 3 th mo. 8 n- \(0 1853Jj^ record: "The committee on E d u c a t i o n , not b e i n g ready to m a k e a. full r e p o r t , w a s c o n t i n u e d , w i t h the a d d i t i o n of Catharine M . S m i t h , L y d i a J e f f e r i s a n d E l i z a Stabler." meeting, "held at Gunpowder A t their next m o n t h 1 3 ^ 1852&/, the following m i n u t e (in answer to the 1 2 t h (Juery) was a d o p t e d : < f r i e n d s a r e generally careful as f a r a s p r a c t i c a b l e , to p l a c e their children for tuition, u n d e r the care of suitable teachers in m e m b e r s h i p w i t h u s . T h e committee on E d u c a t i o n p r o d u c e d the f o l l o w i n g , which was a p p r o v e d a n d d i r e c t e d to b e transm i t t e d to the Yearly M e e t i n g . i^Vrhe committee on E d u c a t i o n , r e p o r t , that they h a v e several times m e t , a n d given the subject that w e i g h t y a n d serious consideration its importance d e m a n d s , a n d are u n i t e d in recommending to the Q u a r t e r l y M e e t i n g , a n d through it to the subordinate m e e t i n g s , that a renewed interest should be felt a n d exerted towards the f u r t h e r a n c e of so important a w o r k . committee have a s c e r t a i n e d , that the number of children b e t w e e n the a g e s of 4 a n d 1 5 , b e l o n g i n g to the Quarterly M e e t i n g , w h e r e both p a r e n t s a r e m e m b e r s , is about 258 a n d t h o s e , w h e r e only one p a r e n t is a m e m b e r , about 7 6 . A m o n g s t these 334 The Women's Y e a r l y M e e t i n g also a c k n o w l e d g e d the a p p r o p r i a t i o n of $ 1 0 0 hy the m e n ' s m e e t i n g f o r the u s e of the w o m e n ' s C o m m i t t e e on E d u c a t i o n , "in the p u r c h a s e of suitable books"; a n d the committee w a s "requested to m e e t next y e a r at h a l f p a s t 6 o ' c l o c k , on F i r s t day evening (that is, at the time of Y e a r l y M e e t i n g , in the Meeting House." Ibid-, f . 7 . . f 0 - Manuscript M i n u t e s , V o l . 4 4 , p a g e not n u m b e r e d , but u n d e r date c i t e d . S - Ibid. . ( R n\ j7 c h i l d r e n , there are some, who from a variety of c a u s e s , w i l l grow u p in ignorance, if they r e c e i v e ^ no a s s i s t a n c e from f r i e n d s , a n d as w e b e l i e v e a good education increases our happiness and m e a n s of u s e f u l n e s s , a n d b e i n g a w a r e of the difficulty that e x i s t s , w i t h i n the limits of some of our m e e t i n g s , in establishing or maintaining schools u n d e r the care of f r i e n d s , in consequence^it b e c o m e s a duty to recommend to the Quarterly M e e t i n g , the p r o p r i e t y of suggesting to the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g , that a benefit w o u l d a r i s e from a fund b e i n g r a i s e d , for the p u r p o s e of a i d i n g such m o n t h l y m e e t i n g s , as may require it, for the m a i n t e n a n c e of suitable p r i m a r y schools, u n d e r the care a n d government of F r i e n d s , for the a d v a n c e m e n t of u s e f u l learning in our society. >fThe language of our Y e a r l y M e e t i n g , to its m e m b e r s , h e l d in 1 8 1 4 , was the difference b e t w e e n a n ignorant a n d a w e l l educated m i n d , is, a t o n c e , great and conspicuous; with natural talents of the same o r d e r , the one is confined to a limited sphere of u s e f u l n e s s , and is dependent on others for m a n y of the indispensible offices of social l i f e , while the o t h e r , by the a c q u i s i t i o n of k n o w l e d g e , b e c o m e s capable of employment, p r o d u c t i v e not only of immediate a n d great advantages to h i m s e l f , but h i s capacity for u s e f u l n e s s becomes in every respect p r o p o r t i o n a b l y e x t e n d e d , in relation to his f a m i l y , to his f r i e n d s , to his n e i g h b o u r s a n d the world?'. V *}^There never h a s b e e n a t i m e , w h e n r e n e w e d d i l l i g e n c e on our p a r t s , w a s m o r e called f o r , than at the p r e s e n t , for by the school system of our s t a t e , friends in some d i s t r i c t s , are taxed for their s u p p o r t , a n d this tax in p a r t g o e s to pay m i l i t a r y o f f i c e r s , to train children the a r t of w a r . gned by direction and on behalf of the c o m m i t t e e , RICHARD T. BEFTLY. MARY L . ROBERTS.*' There is no reference to this a p p e a l of the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g in 1314 in the m i n u t e s of either the m e n ' s or the women's m e e t i n g s of that year; but in the Y e a r l y M e e t ing's E p i s t l e of I B W ^ p l c ^ w ^ v x j ^ L ^ d L . i — ^ ^/i^rti^ vEdward Stabler w a s the clerk of this Yearly Meetings a n d a m o n g the representatives present w e r e Jacob a n d Isaac T y s o n , the y ^ j ^ J . of Martha T y s o n ' s h u s b a n d . ± ti i ^ s ' ^ s This Report coming u p in 1 8 5 2 from B a l t i m o r e Quarterly M e e t i n g b r o u g h t the whole subject of education a m o n g Friends v e r y impressively b e f o r e the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g of that y e a r . J T h e a c t i o n taken by the M e n ' s Y e a r l y M e e t i n g in response to the Quarterly M e e t i n g ' s appeal is recorded in the f o l l o w i n g m i n u t e : y^The interesting s u b j e c t of i n c r e a s e d a t t e n t i o n to the education of the children of F r i e n d s , b e i n g brought to the a t t e n t i o n of the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g , b y a Report o n the s u b j e c t , from Baltimore Q u a r t e r l y M e e t i n g , it w a s , a f t e r a time o^weighty delibera t i o n , concluded to refer the subject to the f o l l o w i n g F r i e n d s , to act w i t h a similar Committee of W o m e n F r i e n d s , to c o n s i d e r a n d report to a future s i t t i n g , what m e a s u r e s , if a n y , can be a d o p t e d by this m e e t i n g , for the futherance of this deeply important c o n c e r n , v i z : L l o y d H o r r i s , Daniel Pope", J e h u P r i c e , Abel A . H u l l , W m . H . W r i g h t , Joshua Russell, Geo. W . Cook, Edward Jessop, Daniel Walker, Henry Janney, John Smith, W m . B . Steer, A s a Jones, Wm. P . Lewin, Joseph Roman Jr., W m . Hopkins, John Russell, N a t h a n H a m m o n d , T h o s . W i l s o n a n d S a m e l Kirk.*' . 1 /u^**^ > % f t — T h e W o m e n ' s Y e a r l y M e e t i n g took the f o l l o w i n g a c t i o n : "A Report on the inter- esting subject of e d u c a t i o n , w a s received from B a l t i m o r e Quarterly M e e t i n g , ' w h i c h w a s read, and after c o n s i d e r a t i o n , w a s referred to a committee a p p o i n t e d to u n i t e w i t h Men Friends in consideration of the subject." The p r i n t e d tracts* do not give the names of the w o m e n appointed to this joint committee; but the Manuscript minutes of the meeting give them a s M a r t h a E . T y s o n , Ifery L . R o b e r t s , E l i s a M a r s h , R e b e c c a T u r n e r Mary W e b b , Mary C h a l f o n t , M a r y C o o k , Elisa M c Coy, M a r g a r e t E . H a l l o w e l l , E l i s a b e t h Smedley a n d Jane T o w n s e n d . A t the same session of the W o m e n ' s Y e a r l y M e e t i n g , its own Committee on Educa.tion a n d the Distribution of B o o k s p r e s e n t e d the following report: ! ; ,#They a r e induced to b e l i e v e , from the various interesting reports sent u p from a n u m b e r of the M o n t h l y Meetings that a p r o g r e s s i v e interest is felt in the important subject of education throughout the branches of the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g . - R e t r a c t s from the M i n u t e s of the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g of F r i e n d s h e l d a t L o m b a r d Street in t h e City of B a l t i m o r e , 1 8 5 2 f . 1 1 : ^ / i S t ^ W ^ , I b i d , Women's Friends' E x t r a c t s , jp. ^ J / ^ J L ^ j d ^ { '<• - In the M $ . M i n u t e s , this is w r i t t e n "Baltimore M M e e t i n g . . - ^Extracts Worn en's) , 1 8 5 2 , "pp. 7 - 8 . / O V w e f i n d , that w i t h i n the l i m i t s of F a i r f a x Quarterly M e e t i n g , there is one boarding school for g i r l s - one school u n d e r the care of a Monthly M e e t i n g - there are also fifteen schools taught b y m e m b e r s of our s o c i e t y , at w h i c h five h u n d r e d a n d eighty-six children a r e in a t t e n d a n c e , ninety-four of w h o m a.re F r i e n d s ' c h i l d r e n . We have not r e c e i v e d as full reports from the Committees in other Quarterly M e e t i n g s , but we find there are a m o n g t h e m , three b o a r d i n g s c h o o l s , thirteen schools taught b y F r i e n d s , a n d two u n d e r the care of M o n t h l y M e e t i n g s . A t Centre M o n t h l y M e e t i n g , w e are i n f o r m e d , there is a school taught by a m e m b e r of our s o c i e t y , a n d one about to b e established u n d e r the ca.re of the Monthly Meeting. J % e h a v e had the e x i s t e n c e of twelve libraries reported to u s , a n d find tha^t t h e y , a n d the schools already e s t a b l i s h e d , are m o s t l y in a p r o s p e r o u s c o n d i t i o n , although in some n e i g h b o r h o o d s , the p u b l i c schools interfere to the detriment of those u n d e r the care of F r i e n d s . / T h e b o a r d i n g schools m e n t i o n e d , a r e v a l u a b l e o n e s , a n d a r e supplied w i t h competent teachers. <**The report from the P u r c h a s i n g Committee s t a t e s , that one h u n d r e d volumes having b e e n distributed during the p a s t y e a r , the a m o u n t expended is n i n e t y - n i n e dollars a n d sixty-nine cents." T h e Committee do n o t feel discouraged in their efforts for the advancement of this great w o r k , b u t w o u l d a s k the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g still to continue its support and cooperation in their future labors for its p r o m o t i o n . /Si gned on b e h a l f of the C o m m i t t e e , 1 ifc/7 PHEBE WHISHT.* - This special committee of the W o m e n ' s Y e a r l y r'eeting w a s continued for 1 8 5 2 - 5 3 . A t a later session of t h A y e a r l y M e e t i n g the joint committee a p p o i n t e d a s a b o v e ^ p r e s e n t e d ^ t h e follawir.g report^ ^ ^ ^ ^ r^i^^Z ^ * /"*0he Committee a p p o i n t e d at a former s i t t i n g , to u n i t e w i t h a Committee of Women F r i e n d s , on the subject of E d u c a t i o n , p r o d u c e d the following r e p o r t , w h i c h w a s read a n d u n i t e d w i t h , a n d the same Friends w e r e requested to b r i n g forward to a future s i t t i n g , the n a m e s of suitable F r i e n d s to act on a C o m m i t t e e to carry out the recomm e n d a t i o n s of the R e p o r t , viz; l * / T h e joint Committee of m e n a n d w o m e n F r i e n d s , to w h o m w a s referred the subject of "the education of the children of Friends," a f t e r deliberate c o n s i d e r a t i o n , h a v e a g r e e d to recommend to the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g , the appointment of a Committee to p r o p o s e to a future sitting, the n a m e s of suitable F r i e n d s to serve a s a joint Committee on Education;, w h i c h Committee shall a p p o r t i o n araong its m e m b e r s the duty of v i s i t i n g each p a r t i c u l a r m e e t i n g w i t h i n the bounds of this Y e a r l y M e e t i n g , to a s c e r t a i n the n u m b e r of children within their limits of suitable age to go to s c h o o l , a n d whether opportunity is a f f o r d e d them of acquiring the common b r a n c h e s of a good E n g l i s h e d u c a t i o n , a n d to report to the C o m m i t t e e , their judgment of the a m o u n t of a i d (if a n y ) such neighborhood m a y r e q u i r e , a n d the p r o p e r m o d e of rendering it; together w i t h any other inform a t i o n in relation to the subject of e d u c a t i o n , w h i c h they m a y deem i m p o r t a n t . It is further r e c o m m e n d e d , that the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g raise the sum of four hundred d o l l a r s , to be u s e d at the d i s c r e t i o n of the joint C o m m i t t e e , in aiding such meetings as cannot f u r n i s h to the children w i t h i n their l i m i t s , the necessary a m o u n t of education without p e c u n i a r y a i d . T h e C o m m i t t e e to report to n e x t Y e a r l y Meeting."^ ^ Signed b y d i r e c t i o n , a n d o n b e h a l f of the C o m m i t t e e . / L L O Y D NORRIS* k„ f Balto. 10th m o , 27th, 1 8 5 2 A MARTHA S . TYSOH. 1 1 ^Extracts** (Men's). p o T ~ 1 3 - 14; •fljitmaa" (-Women. s)f-Bp*—6 tK T h e same a c t i o n was taken b y the W o m e n ' s m e e t i n g ; ^ E x t r a c t 6 ; a n d the same report w a s p r e s e n t e d to the W o m e n ' s m e e t i n g ; ^ E x t r a c t g * , p p . 6 - 7 . 2 1 <^h.e Committee appointed, o n the subject at a former sitting, p r o d u c e d the following r e p o r t , w h i c h was a p p r o v e d , a n d the Friends therein n a m e d a p p o i n t e d to the service, a n d they w e r e a u t h o r i s e d to draw o n the T r e a s u r e r of this M e e t i n g , for funds i A*. furtherance of the object committed to their c a r e , to a n a m o u n t not over four hundred dollars, viz: / The committee ap-oointed to b r i n g f o r w a r d suitable names to serve on the coror- r ? mittee * f o r the Education of the Children of F r i e n d s ^ f o r the ensuing y e a r , p r o p o s e the f o l l o w i n g , to wit: J^k Samuel T o w n s e n d , Abel A . Hull, Joel Matthews, Richard T . Bentley, Lloyd Uorris, Benjamin Hallowell, Joel Lupton, John Smith, Cyrus G r i e s t , Barzillai Garretson, -Edward J e s s o p , David G . Mc C o y , Asa Jones, Joseph Thomas, J o s e p h R o m a n , Jr.// John Russell, •Uathan H a m m o n d , Thomas W i l s o n , Samuel K i r k , Eliza Marsh, ^ ^ W h i c h is submitted* Mary G . Moore, Mary Boberts, Martha E . Tyson, Eebecea Turner, , Jane S. Townsend, Susan J o n e s , Louisa Steer, Thomasin Walker, Margaret E . H a l l o w e l l , Rebecca Wood, Beulah Haynes, Fhebe Wright, Mary A n n Chalfant, Sarah R u s s e l l , Elizabeth S m e d l e y , Mary Hoopes, Rebecca T . Roman, Eliza Shaw, Mary Way, Hannah Wilson, S i g n e d b y d i r e c t i o n , a n d on b e h a l f of the c o m m i t t e e . I. 1 0 t h m o . 2 7 t h , 1852 . > .« E L I Z A B E T H SMEDLEY , LLOYD NORRIS. * " T h e x c o m m i t t e e thus a p p o i n t e d b y the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g in 1 8 5 2 m e t in B a l t i m o r e on the 1 0 t h / of Fourth M o n t h , 1 8 5 3 , a n d a d o p t e d a n a d d r e s s "to the m e m b e r s of the M o n t h l y a n d P r e p a r a t i v e M e e t i n g s , composing B a l t i m o r e Y e a r l y M e e t i n g of Friends." T h e a d d r e s s was signed "on b e h a l f of the committee" b y Sam'l T o w n s e n d , B e n j ' n H a l l o w ell, R e b e c c a T u r n e r , a n d M a r t h a E . T y s o n ; b u t a g a i n the educational ideals of Martha xo T y s o n a n d Benjamin Hallowell a r e clearly predominant in i t . .^Sfc^t. Extracts from it were p u b l i s h e d in the F r i e n d s ' I n t e l l i g e n c e r , V o l . XI (October • 1 4 , 1 8 5 4 ) , p p . 475 - J 6 . U ^ & j ^ t U f y ^ : ^Ufc,*' n u • * * r ^ ^ W / 3 It a p p e a l s , f i r s t , for a m o r e liberal p r o v i s i o n of education in l o c a l F r i e n d s " s c h o o l s , so that b o t h intellectual a n d religious training m a y be g i v e n to the childreni / T h e r e i s , c e r t a i n l y , no r e l i g i o n in ignorance; n e i t h e r i s it p r e t e n d e d ( »» * that the m e r e cultivation of the intellectual p o w e r s w i l l impart v i r t u e . ! Continual labor is necessary to p r o c u r e i n t e l l e c t u a l , m o r a l a n d religious b l e s s i n g s offered by the F a t h e r of l i g h t s , a n d to learn t o ^ r e a d in the great v o l u m e of nature that is 4 constantly a n d b e n e v o l e n t l y open b e f o r e u s . ^ 8 e c o n d l y , it suggests the need of "teachers w h o , w h i l e they p o s s e s s the necessary literary q u a l i f i c a t i o n s , m a y p o s s e s s also a p u r e a n d subdued spirit." The "guarded education" to b e e x t e n d e d by these t e a c h e r s / — "consistent a n d concerned m e m b e r s of the S o c i e t y " t — should b y no m e a n s b e l i m i t e d , a s it frequently i s , "in its m e a n i n g and p r a c t i c a l a i m to dress a n d a d d r e s i " , , t o the "plainness of speech, deportment a n d apparel" p r e s c r i b e d b y the D i s c i p l i n e . O n the c o n t r a r y , it is of equal importance to inculcate the spirit of h a p p i n e s s a n d joy w h i c h results from obedience to Cod's commands r e v e a l e d in the soul a n d in a l l the u n i v e r s e . QuJbd—crv-"— M i n I>.SL jjLuZtU* ~/~ae, / 1 v iu',. T h e committee anboaied this srcldress in its report to the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g of 1 8 5 3 , the m e n ' s b r a n c h of w h i c h r e c o r d e d the f o l l o w i n g m i n u t e : / T h e following report from the S t a n d i n g Committee on E d u c a t i o n w a s r e c e i v e d and r e a d , a n d w a s s a t i s f a c t o r y . T h e C o m m i t t e e w a s c o n t i n u e d , w i t h the a d d i t i o n of the name of Samuel M . J a n n e y , v i z : " T o the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g , now sitting: « /The Committee on E d u c a t i o n report - they m e t on the 2 7 t h of 10th m o n t h , 1 8 5 2 , a n d p r o c e e d e d to the appointment of Sub-Committees to a t t e n d to the duties req u i r e d , w i t h i n the limits of the different quarterly m e e t i n g s . A n d a t a n adjourned m e e t i n g h e l d on the 1 2 t h of 3 d m o n t h > 1 8 5 2 ^ | l W b ' ^ ; the following statistical statements w e r e r e c e i v e d , of the children of F r i e n d s o f suitable a g e to a t t e n d s c h o o l s , from w i t h i n the limiti^Lll the m o n t h l y m e e t i n g s , c o m p o s i n g the different q u a r t e r s , except XI- ^ x t r a c t f ^ W " ' a Muulfaftgj, 1853,p^,. I I - } f . » 1 those of C e n t r e , from w h i c h no report has b e e n r e c e i v e d , vizZtZmmm^^J^ J ! /fThe report then lists the various m o n t h l y m e e t i n g s w i t h i n four of the f i v e quarterly meetings a n d shows that there were in their schools "1337 children of F r i e n d s , of suitable age to go to s c h o o l , of w h i c h a t t e n d schools u n d e r the care o f , a n d taught b y Friends (not n a m i n g district schools taught by F r i e n d s ) , 336 children." The report then p r o c e e d s : / T h i s a c c o u n t informs u s that w i t h i n the compass of our \— j Yearly M e e t i n g , excepting Centre q u a r t e r , not r e p o r t e d , one t h o u s a n d and one of our | y o u t h f u l m e m b e r s are without suitable schools u n d e r the care of Friends; m o s t h a v e \ opportunities of a t t e n d i n g p u b l i c schools taught a b o u t five m o n t h s in the y e a r . We % % \ believe w h e r e sufficient m e a n s a r e a f f o r d e d for the p a y m e n t of t e a c h e r s , there h a s not i been a n evidence of i n t e r e s t , w h i c h a l l thoughtful p a r e n t s should feel for the p r o p e r ; cultivation of the m i n d s of their o f f s p r i n g . If w e b e l i e v e the truth of the a n c i e n t 0 p r o v e r b , that - <« ignorance is the m o t h e r 4f v i c e * , a n important inquiry suggests itself, m a y not some effort b e m a d e to change this state of t h i n g s , so as to relieve or a r o u s e our brethren from their p r e s e n t condition?*'' A t the suggestion of the s u b c o m m i t t e e for F a i r f a x Q u a r t e r l y M e e t i n g , the comm i t t e e a p p o i n t e d another/Sub-f committee to set forth in an a d d r e s s the object w h i c h "the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g had in view in the apoointment of the Committee on E d u c a t i o n , . v % in a clear a n d comprehensive manner." At its m e e t i n g on the 15th of the 3rd m o n t h , 1 8 5 3 , the committee a g r e e d that a school-house should be built for W a r r i n g t o n P r e p a r a t i v e M e e t i n g . A n d at its m e e t i n g on the lDth of the 4th m o n t h , the s u b c o m m i t t e e on the address p r e s e n t e d its report, 'w' "which being r e a d , u n d e r a n a b i d i n g h o p e , that its v i e w s m a y p r o v e s a l u t a r y , was a p p r o v e d , a n d 500 copies ordered to b e p r i n t e d in p a m p h l e t form f o r distribution." T h e committee was informed at its m e e t i n g on the 30th of the 10th m o n t h , 1 8 5 3 , that the 500 copies of the a d d r e s s h a d b e e n p r i n t e d a t a n expense of twelve d o l l a r s . The closing p a r a g r a p h of the committee's report to the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g of 3 A- {0 » 2) ) f 1853 w a s a s follows: A ? h e committee a r e encouraged in the b e l i e f , that in m a n y p a r t s of our Y e a r l y M e e t i n g , increased interest and concern a r e felt in the cause of E d u c a t i o n , and they greatly desire that the m i n d s of f r i e n d s , throughout our entire b o r d e r s , m a y be m o r e and m o r e , a w a k e n e d to its i m p o r t a n c e , u n t i l a l l our youth,shall be so far e d u c a t e d , a s to render them best f i t t e d for fulfilling their v a r i o u s allotments in l i f e , and for g u a r d i n g themselves from the m a r y s u p e r s t i t i o n s , a n d destructive delusions which so hurtfully a b o u n d . B y the term e d u c a t i o n , we do not m e a n m e r e l y b o o k l e a r n i n g , but the true cultivation of the faculties of the m i n d a n d h e a r t , w i t h w h i c h a k i n d P r o v i dence has b l e s s e d our o f f s p r i n g , a n d to the successful cultivation of w h i c h , the experience a n d intelligence of those that are o l d e r , so greatly c o n t r i b u t e , / s i g n e d by direction and on b e h a l f of the C o m m i t t e e , LLOYD NORRIS, eh. HAIT17AH W I L S O N . ^ T h e w o m e n in their Y e a r l y M e e t i n g of 1 8 5 3 , recorded the f o l l o w i n g m i n u t e : PAn interesting report from the joint committee^on the subject of e d u c a t i o n , was read and a p p r o v e d . The committee w a s continued w i t h the a d d i t i o n of L y d i a W i e r m a n , Margaret M a t t h e w s , P h i l e n a M a t t h e w s , M a r y H i b b e r d , Sarah L u p t o n , T a c y M . J e w e t t , a n d Ruth ... K i r k . Q ^ J J j ^ ^ ) t Sty-' T h i s joint "Committee on E d u c a t i o n of B a l t i m o r e Y e a r l y M e e t i n g of F r i e n d s , O n the subject of a B o a r d i n g - S c h o o l f o r F r i e n d s ' C h i l d r e n a n d for the E d u c a t i o n of Teachers]' h e l d a m e e t i n g in B a l t i m o r e on the 1st/ of N i n t h M o n t h , 1 8 5 4 , a n d a d o p t e d an extended R e p o r t . The increase of crime*"in a m u c h greater ratio than the population"^ side by side w i t h a "greatly increased a t t e n t i o n to the subject of e d u c a t i o n " , in b o t h the U n i t e d States a n d Great B r i t a i n since 1 8 3 0 , w a s p o i n t e d out first in the Report; a n d an important cause of this failure of "the confident pr^dy^ction of the friends of u n i v e r s a l education" w a s stated to be "the too exclusive cultivation of the intellectual f a c u l t i e s , without sufficient regard to a corresponding development of the m o r a l powers." The example of W e s t t o w n School w a s then cited a s f o l l o w s : - < % e s t - t o w n B o a r d i n g S c h o o l , a l t h o u g h some of its features m a y n o t , at all t i m e s , h a v e b e e n free from obj e c t i o n s , h a s yet b e e n the m e a n s of a vast a m o u n t of g o o d , b y combining the m o r a l w i t h the intellectual c u l t u r e . A s a nursery for t e a c h e r s , t o o , the b e n e f i t s of this in- stitution h a v e b e e n v e r y great to the c o m m u n i t y , in that a n d the adjacent sections of country. T h e b e s t schools a v a i l a b l e to F r i e n d s ' c h i l d r e n , for the last forty y e a r s , "3r- "Minutes of the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g of W o m e n F r i e n d s , h e l d at L o m b a r d S t r e e t , in the ^ City of B a l t i m o r e , 1853'! , f . 9J A U ^ ^ t JToUrn AVvrrl SrhnttJ anrl tmigl'ii ilnn vn llTlt.1T Hifi^^ yciu^i^ Sc-^nr^ -tO (/L^ s o n , Samuel J . G u m m e r e \ s « . 18S2. becaa/e the f i n t p r w n i d o n t of Hav«M?fdi'd CollogQt w h i o h VIP g e r v f t r r - f o r a Hftgart y ^ a V c ; n r v H I ^ j ^ x ^ , -w. / $ 7 • hi n rianfrh/i w- / & I / It is p r o b a b l e , a l s o , that the influence of the Gummere b r o t h e r s , b y way of Haverford School a n d C o l l e g e , w a s exerted consciously or u n c o n s c i o u s l y u p o n B e n j a m i n Hallowell's advocacy of a strong central school f o r h i s b r a n c h of the Society of F r i e n d s . This a d v o c a c y , a s has b e e n s e e n , o c c u r r e d in the 1850's a n d 1 8 6 0 ' s , during w h i c h decades the Gummeres w e r e w o r k i n g for the development of H a v e r f o r d School into a full-fledged c o l l e g e . / ^ U Samuel M . J a n n e y , a third outstanding F r i e n d who w a s directly concerned w i t h the origin of Swarthmore C o l l e g e , w a s not so a c t i v e in its b e h a l f a s w e r e M a r t h a T y s o n and Benjamin Hallowell. F o r d u r i n g the 1850's h e w a s b u s i l y engaged in writing h i s % I •"tlfe of Willieuj Penrf r (published in 1 8 5 1 ) , his ^ L i f e of George Fox"' (published in 1 8 5 3 ) , a n d his ^ H i s t o r y of F r i e n d s * (published in 4 v o l u m e s in 1 8 5 9 - ^ 6 7 ) . He h a d nbegun h i s boarding-school for girls a t " S p r i n g d a l e " , L o n d o n C o u n t y , V i r g i n i a , in 1 8 3 9 , a n a conducted it w i t h noteworthy success •until 1853; h e n c e h e , t o o , like B e n j a m i n H a l l o w e l l , was able to contribute to the S w a r t h m o r e p r o j e c t the fruits of a p r a c t i c a l experience. He h a d first taken p a r t in the m i n i s t r y in the Society of Friends at the a g e of t h i r t y , in 1 8 3 1 , a n d during the next h a l f - c e n t u r y v i s i t e d on m a n y religious m i s s i o n s the meetings connected w i t h t h e ^ e a r l y ^ f e e t i n g s of B a l t i m o r e , P h i l a d e l p h i a , Hew Y o r k , G e n e s e e , O h i o , Indiana^and I l l i n o i s . T h e s e frequent a n d w i d e s p r e a d oppor- tunities of impressing u p o n F r i e n d s h i s r e l i g i o u s , l i t e r a r y , a n d educational convictions h e l p e d m u c h to p r e p a r e their m i n d s f o r the f o u n d i n g of S w a r t h m o r e . D u r i n g the first half of the 1 8 6 0 ' s , h e shared w i t h h i s fellow-Friends in V i r g i n i a the anxieties a n d hardships w h i c h resulted from their p a c i f i s t a n d a n t w s l a v e r y p r i n c i p l e s during the Civil W a r ; a n d h i s sympathy w i t h the p r i v a t i o n s of the N o r t h A m e r i c a n I n d i a n s , a s shown d u r i n g m a n y y e a r s of service in their b e h a l f in B a l t i m o r e Y e a r l y M e e t i n g , resulted in h i s appointment b y P r e s i d e n t G r a n t in 1869 a s Superintendent of Indian A f f a i r s in the Northern S u p e r i n t e n d e n c y , w i t h h i s h e a d q u a r t e r s in O m a h a , N e b r a s k a . To this arduous task he devoted the two y e a r s a n d a h a l f from Ma.y^ 1 8 6 9 , to O c t o b e r ^ 1 8 7 1 , a n d then a t the a g e of seventy r e t i r e d to his h o m e in V i r g i n i a . T h e s e two a n d a half years were the y e a r s w h e n Swarthmore w a s g e t t i n g on its f e e t , and Samuel J a n n e y could be of very little service to it at that time; w h i l e the remaining years of his l i f e , from 1871 to 1 8 8 0 , were filled w i t h the p u r s u i t s of an old a g e m a d e vital w i t h such labors as visits to the E a s t e r n and. M i d d l e W e s t e r n Y e a r l y M e e t i n g s , a n d the writing of his w i d e l y f k n o w n booklet e n t i t l e d ^ P e a c e P r i n c i p l e s E x e m p l i f i e d . ^ This last h e p u b l i s h e d in 1 8 7 6 , in w h i c h y e a r h e v i s i t e d the Centennial Exposition in X Philadelphia^ a n d a l t h o u g h he does n o t refer to S w a r t h m o r e College in h i s ^ M e m o i r s * , • -His chief interest in this E x p o s i t i o n w a s h i s b e l i e f that m u t u a l k n o w l e d g e a n d appreciation a m o n g the nations w o u l d m a k e p e a c e m o r e durable (^Memoirs',p.301);*Peace Principles Exemplified* w a s h i s last p u b l i c a t i o n ; and his last p u b l i c address w a s a n a d v o c a c y of p e a c e ( M e m o i r s * , p . 3 0 5 # ) . h e m a y h a v e v i s i t e d it a t that time a n d a g a i n in 1 8 7 8 . But, unlike Martha Tyson and B e n j a m i n and M a r g a r e t H a l l o w e l l , h e d i d not b e c o m e a m e m b e r of Swarthmore's board of m a n a g e r s . TIIID FOUNDIITG OF SWAItTIIMQfflO S ^ M a . O O I i L B Q l . — 1 Rfifl x w v red* / ^ A s the t h r i l l i n g a n d o m i n o u s decade of the 1350's w a s d r a w i n g to its c l o s e , the F r i e n d s of B a l t i m o r e Y e a r l y M e e t i n g a g a i n took u p their p r o j e c t for a central educational institution for the h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n of their c h i l d r e n . a n d B e n j a m i n Hallowell were a g a i n the leaders in this second a t t e m p t . M a r t h a Tyson * L o o k i n g b a c k n o w u p o n the "irrepressible conflict'^rhich loomed u p during that decade and u p o n the Civil W a r a n d its a f t e r m a t h during the 1 0 ^ 0 ' s , it seems but little short of p r o v i d e n t i a l infeogvairtrhyn- that such a n institution as Swarthmore College should have come into being w h e n it d i d . It m a y , p e r h a p s , b e regarded a s a thank-offering on the part of the F r i e n d s for the triumph of their old h i s t o r i c testimony against s l a v e r y , or in expiation for their f a i l u r e to solve that problem in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h their h i s t o r i c testimony for p e a c e . The 1850's l o o k e d dark indeed for p e a c e and f r e e d o m . S l a v o c r a c y , dominated by the wealthy p l a n t e r s of the L o w e r S o u t h , w a s in the s a d d l e . T h e a c q u i s i t i o n of one-half of M e x i c o , the F u g i t i v e Slave Act of 1 3 5 0 , the Dj^d Scott d e c i s i o n , the rep e a l of the M i s s o u r i C o m p r o m i s e , a n d "bleeding of slavery across the W e s t . 1 K a n s a s . ! !1( p a v e d the w a y for the spread O n the other h a n d , the U n d e r g r o u n d Railroad,- the- norj. ^born Rop-ttblioatt-Fart.it, a n d J o h n Brown's raid w e r e a p p a r e n t l y h o p e l e s s attempts "outside the law" to overcome a social system entrenched w i t h i n the Supreme C o u r t , the W h i t e House, a n d the h a l l s of C o n g r e s s . B u t great new forces w e r e seething u n d e r the s u r f a c e . T h e o l d , compromising l e a d e r s ^ C l a y , W e b s t e r , C a l h o u n , B u c h a n a n ^ p a s s e d out one b y one; S e w a r d , C h a s e , Spinner, L i n c o l n took their p l a c e s . -^Uncle Tom's Cabin"£ a n d W h i t t i e r ' s F r e e d o m * a s s e r t e d the p o w e r of the pen. leadership of Horace M a n n -OS. T h e rise of the p u b l i c schools -under the p r e p a r e d a new g e n e r a t i o n f o r a new e r a . Poe, Hawthorne, E m e r s o n , T h o r e a u , L o n g f e l l o w , H o l m e s , L o w e l l b r o a d e n e d the h o r i z o n of r e a s o n , a n d $£$31 Garrison a n d P h i l l i p s invoked the v o i c e of c o n s c i e n c e . R a i l r o a d s , tapping the grain- fields of the W e s t a n d b r i n g i n g the cotton of the South to the factories of the U o r t h , forged economic ties of p o l i t i c a l u n i o n a n d g a v e rise to a city^population of free w h i c h m o r e than o v e r b a l a n c e d the slave^labor of the S o u t h . ie laborers lauui /fltti these signs of e n c o u r a g e m e n t , our B a l t i m o r e F r i e n d s realized the persistence of ancient w e a k n e s s e s a n d defects w h i c h c o n s t i t u t e d , in Quaker e y e s , a g r e a t need a n d a great o p p o r t u n i t y . M o s t A m e r i c a n colleges still f o l l o w e d the example of Y a l e a n d P r i n c e t o n in devoting themselves chiefly to the t r a i n i n g of the c l e r g y . T h e o l o g y still u s u r p e d the p l a c e of r e l i g i o n , b u l w a r k e d the system of h u m a n s l a v e r y , a n d b u t t r e s s e d m e d i a e v a l superstitions; it m a d e m e n ' s "thoughts on a w f u l subjects r o l l , d a m n a t i o n a n d the dead," a n d still taught them that "God's v e n g e a n c e feeds the f l a m e , w i t h p i l e s of w o o d a n d b r i m s t o n e f l o o d , that none can q u e n c h the same." R e a c t i n g to this fear of h e l l , the extremes of "revivalism" b r o u g h t m e n ' s m i n d s to the verge of b e d l a m , or r e t u r n e d them to the svon groover- extremes of the frontier's intemperance a n d b r u t a l i t i e s . Four-fifths of the p o p u l a t i o n still lived in the country a n d one-half of these l i v e d in log+cabins of two rooms e a c h , w h i l e cityftenem e n t s or suburban h o v e l s sheltered one-half of the remaining f i f t h . Paper-money crazes and w i l d c a t b a n k s p r e c i p i t a t e d jrfrf severe economic panic^jorf 1853 a n d 1 8 5 7 . Thus the p o l i t i c a l s i t u a t i o n , w i t h its grave u n c e r t a i n t y a s to the survival of the U n i o n / f m t c h e d v t h e e c o n o m i c , religious a n d m o r a l evils of the t i m e , which A A J was indeed one to try m e n ' s souls.Tf^ut the impending crisis d e m a n d e d of the p e o p l e ' s A leaders that they should p r e p a r e to m e e t a n d ride i t . T h e economic n e e d demanded m o r e of science a n d invention? the p o l i t i c a l n e c e s s i t y cried out for m o r e a £ clear thinking a n d honest a c t i o n ; the low state of m o r a l s could b e r a i s e d only b y a religion of reason a n d s e l f - d e v o t i o n . bute to the general need? be itself regenerated? What could the little S o c i e t y of F r i e n d s contri- Could it contribute a n y h e l p f u l thing u n l e s s it should W a s there a n y t h i n g m o r e p r o m i s i n g for this r e g e n e r a t i o n than a sounder education £ « f i t s youth? M i g h t not a better educated generation n ^ 3/- __ T h e gloom w h i c h h u n g like a p a l l o v e r the U n i t e d States a n d the w o r l d in the later 1850's is reflected in the following a r t i c l e p u b l i s h e d in Harper's W e e k l y , October 1 0 , 1 8 5 7 , -a** entitled the "Lesson of the Day": J'-It is a gloomy moment in h i s t o r y . Not for m a n y years - not in the lifetime of most m e n who r e a d this paper - h a s there b e e n so m u c h grave a n d deep a p p r e h e n s i o n ; never has the future seemed so incalculable as a t this t i m e . In our own country there is u n i v e r s a l commercial p r o s t r a t i o n a n d p a n i c , a n d thousands of o\ir p o o r e s t fellow-citizens a r e turned out a g a i n s t the a p p r o a c h i n g winter w i t h o u t employment, a n d without the prospect of i t . ^ I n F r a n c e the p o l i t i c a l caldron seethes a n d b u b b l e s w i t h u n c e r t a i n t y ; R u s s i a h, h a n g s , as u s u a l , like a c l o u d , d a r k a n d s i l e n t , u p o n the^orizon of Europe; while a l l the e n e r g i e s , resources and influences of the B r i t i s h Empire a r e sorely t r i e d , a n d a r e y e t to b e tried m o r e s o r e l y , in coping w i t h the vast a n d deadly Indian insurrect i o n , a n d with its disturbed relations in C h i n a . ^•It is a solemn m o m e n t , a n d no m a n can feel en indifference (which, h a p p i l y , no m a n p r e t e n d s to f e e l ) in the issue of e v e n t s . f O t our own troubles no m a n can see the e n d . They a r e f o r t u n a t e l y , as y e t , mainly commercial; a n d if we a r e only to lose m o n e y , a n d b y p a i n f u l p o v e r t y to b e taught wisdom - the w i s d o m of h o n o r , of f a i t h , of sympathy and of charity - no m a n n e e d seriously to d e s p a i r . A n d yet the very h a s t e to b e r i c h , w h i c h is the occasion of this w i d e s p r e a d c a l a m i t y , h a s also tended to destroy the m o r a l forces w i t h w h i c h 1 we are to resist a n d subdue the calamity. ^ 32 - achieve "both freedom a n d p e a c e , p r o s p e r i t y a n d righteousness? Such w e r e the q u e s t i o n i n g s , the needs a n d the opportunity which p r e s s e d in u p o n the m i n d s of M a r t h a Tyson and B e n j a m i n H a l l o w e l l a n d led them to those efforts which gave rise to Swarthmore C o l l e g e . We h a v e seen h o w they m e t in 1855 w i t h temporary failure; and the m i n u t e s of B a l t i m o r e Y e a r l y M e e t i n g (of b o t h m e n a n d w o m e n "Friends) during the next five years show^the educational interest of the m e e t i n g centered in the F a i r Hill School a n d in w o r k for the I n d i a n s . B e n j a m i n H a l l o w e l l , M a r t h a T y s o n a n d Samuel M . Janney participated largely in these concerns; b u t the events of the time m a d e even m o r e pressing their desire for a n a d e q u a t e school for the Society's y o u n g p e o p l e . They w e r e determined that this school should be of the best p o s s i b l e t y p e , a n d they realized that their branch of the small Society of F r i e n d s w o u l d require for this purpose a l l the strength that comes from u n i t e d e f f o r t . They therefore naturally turned to their sister Y e a r l y M e e t i n g s of P h i l a d e l p h i a a n d New Y o r k , where m o r e of the numerical a n d f i n a n c i a l strength of the society c e n t e r e d . .. d , P h i l a d e l p h i a Y e a r l y M e e t i n g and E d u c a t i o n . , , / waeAa favorable t i m e , ^ "the p s y c h o l o g i c a l m o m e n t " , ^ f o r a n a p p e a l to P h i l adelphia F r i e n d s . The subject of e d u c a t i o n a m o n g them h a d never w h o l l y lost the original impulse g i v e n it by W i l l i a m P e n n and the founders of the Q u a k e r Commonwealth; a n d in the second quarter of the N i n e t e e n t h ^ e n t u r y , especially after the Separation of 1 8 2 7 , there was a revived and strongly increasing movement in its b e h a l f . 3k It is true that in the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g of 1 8 2 7 i t s e l f , the caution was given that a l l its m e m b e r s should "remember that the G o s p e l of Christ stands not in speculative opinions, n o r in the will a n d w i s d o m of m a n , b u t in the p o w e r of the one true a n d living God. O u r b l e s s e d Lord g a v e ample p r o o f of its s i m p l i c i t y , in selecting illiterate fisher- e m ^ n to be a m o n g s t its promulgators." N e v e r t h e l e s s , such m e m b e r s and leaders of the meet- ^ A n E p i s t l e , e t c . j* pfaila., 1 8 2 7 , p . 1 0 . - 3 2 - 1 ing as Lucretia M o t t (who h a d been a m e m b e r of the P h i l a d e l p h i a m e e t i n g for eighteen years, and in 1 8 2 7 , at the age of t w e n t y - f i v e , h a d b e e n a m i n i s t e r for n i n e y e a r s ) w e r e convinced that a trained intellect does notXdfttiiH but m a k e s m o r e illuminating f o r one's self a n d others the Light W i t h i n . W e find the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g g r a d u a l l y a c c e p t i n g their V? point of v i e w b u t , ift 1 8 2 9 , m e r e l y w r i t i n g to its m e m b e r s a s follows; "The religious guarded education of our y o u t h h a s a l s o engaged o u t a t t e n t i o n , a n d the importance h a s b e e n inculcated of restraining them from the p u r s u i t of the p e r n i c i o u s c u s t o m s , the empty follies, and the v a i n fashions of the a g e , and of b r i n g i n g them u p in that nlainness and simplicity w h i c h b e c o m e our h o l y profession." In 1 8 2 9 , there were 43 F r i e n d s ' schools w i t h i n the limits of the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g ; in 1 8 2 9 , only 29 w e r e reported; b u t in 1 8 3 0 , the n u m b e r r e p o r t e d w a s 4 4 ; in 1 8 3 1 , 5 2 ; and in 1 8 3 2 , 5 5 . The "Third A n n u a l Q u e r y " , r e l a t i n g to e d u c a t i o n , w a s p r e s s e d in the Y e a r l y Meeting of 1 8 3 0 , w i t h the a c k n o w l e d g m e n t that it w a s evident from the reports 34 constituent m e e t i n g s that "great deficiencies" e x i s t e d . of the In the sessions of 1 8 3 1 a n d 1 8 3 2 , the m e e t i n g w a s impressed w i t h the w i d e s p r e a d " c o r r u p t i n g influence of pernicious publications" , w i t h the number of F r i e n d s ' children r e c e i v i n g "literary instruction from a m o n g s t *Ht that employment." H a v e r f o r d School w a s established by the O r t h o d o x Friends in 1 8 3 3 ; a n d this p r o b a b l y brought "the educational concern" to a h e a d a m o n g the L i b e r a l F r i e n d s ; for in that y e a r , the m e n ' s Y e a r l y M e e t i n g a p p o i n t e d a committee of forty-one on "the right education of our , Epistle**, P h i l a d e l p h i a , 1 8 2 9 , P p . 1 0 - 1 1 . :' - Minutes of the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g ( M & ) . - ^ E x t r a c t s from the M i n u t e s * , 1 8 3 0 , p . 4 . - Ten schools were reported in 1832 a s b e i n g "under the care of p e e t i n g s , b u t not a t present taught by members." I! - ^fcxtracts*, 1 8 3 2 , "B. 6 . 32 Jhildren and. y o u t h , p a r t i c u l a r l y in relation to schools." The m i n u t e r e c o r d i n g this Important step states that ."^uhder the exercise p r o d u c e d o n , this o c c a s i o n , a p r o p o s a l was uade, a n d with m u c h u n a n M i t y ' a d o p t e d , to separate tt copmittee for the purpose of ;. v.: ' A —'. gain- • . • .P" Lng a m o r e intimate k n o w l e d g e of the state of our religious society on tlais deeply inter^ . . . ...'.••• >•• ssting subject; — a n d a l s o , if w a y should open/- to m a k e such" p r o p o s a l s for improvement In school education as m a y comfort w i t h our religious p r i n c i p l e s , the w e l f a r e a n d preservation of our children a n d y o u t h , a n d the a d v a n c e m e n t of this c o n c e r n for their g u a r d e d , religious e d u c a t i o n . * H a v i n g a p p o i n t e d their c o m m i t t e e , the m e n ' s m e e t i n g sent " a d e p u t a t i o n to the ' women's m e e t i n g informing it of their a c t i o n ; a n d tho-'womenls m e e t i n g , "having been ezer;ised on this important Subject a t a f o r m e r s i t t i n g , were p r e p a r e d o n r e n e w e d consideration M-3 fully to u n i t e w i t h our b r e t h r e n therein." Twenty-eight women Friends w e r e thereupon Appointed a s m e m b e r s of the joint c o m m i t t e e ; L u c r e t i a M o t t ' s name is the last o n the l i s t . •4 w. The first report of this c o m m i t t e e w a s b a s e d on a n e l e v e n - p o i n t questionnaire sent out to the M o n t h l y and P r e p a r a t i v e Meetings!, a n d w a s p r e s e n t e d to the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g of 4jr 1834. It w a s a comprehensive one on the status of the existing Friends* S c h o o l s . James Siott, L u c r e t i a ' s h u s b a n d , w a s one of the four signers of the reportV^**t LucretiE^jjS^ a member Of the committee a n d h a d b e e n clerk of the w o m e n ' s Y e a r l y M e e t i n g for some y e a r s . i T h e report r e v e a l e d that of a b o u t 5 , 0 0 0 F r i e n d ^ children of school a g e w i t h i n Philadelphia. Y e a r l y M e e t i n g , only 8 0 0 w e r e a t t e n d i n g F r i e n d s ' s c h o o l s , the remainder b e i n g scattered in 200 other s c h o o l s , a m o n g w h i c h W e s t t o w n h a d 82 of the children of Liberal Friends. It m a d e a n a p p e a l to F r i e n d s for greater liberality in b u i l d i n g suitable school- houses, p r o c u r i n g well qualified t e a c h e r s , supplying them w i t h "proper b o o k s , m a p s a n d other »» . - Ibid, 1833, apparatus a d a p t e d to the p r e s e n t improved state of e d u c a t i o n in u s e f u l learning; a n d it 3 - T h e number stated in the p r i n t e d report is 3 6 ; but the M & . m i n u t e s give the names of only X%. 5 - She was clerk of the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g , a n d w a s a p p o i n t e d a s an a d d i t i o n a l m e m b e r of | P h i l a d e l p h i a Quarterly M e e t i n g , after other representatives of that m e e t i n g h a d b e e n named first on the l i s t . 4 " 1 0 ' Aw^ r ^ U ^ fih&l^tiLnc tcL A A tzJLrtudLj ^ j A /^O^^Xvvs- /^c^^JiAx^ ^ ^ J ^ a^J-^c^er"^" / L ^ y 7tL Pi rfjir - A)C' /owJU, /w-tr /-W-i^t^ J ^ a ^ L ^ - - /6-<, ptyL^-x. ATV r /T „ —• - recommended, for both economical a n d educational r e a s o n s , the linking together of literaryinstruction a n d m a n u a l l a b o r , so that "the h o u r s of relaxation from study" m i g h t be devoted to a training w h i c h w o u l d fit a n d itiocline the p u p i l s to "manual labour employments." It hesitated to recommend to the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g itself the establishment of " a literary a n d manual labour institution"; b u t s u g g e s t e d "the p r o p r i e t y of encouraging Friends individually, or an a s s o c i a t i o n of F r i e n d s , to embrace a n y right opening to commence literary institutions on this principle." . . U n d e r the impulse to e d u c a t i o n g i v e n b y thisYYearly M e e t i n g c o m m i t t e e , there w a s much activity in 1 8 3 5 , in the v i s i t i n g of F r i e n d s ' s c h o o l s , starting of l i b r a r i e s , introducing proper " r e a d i n g - b o o k s " , a n d a d v o c a t i n g the search foiS^s* a d e q u a t e p a y m e n t of w e l l qualified Friends as t e a c h e r s . There was a strong m o v e m e n t in the c o m m i t t e e , a l s o , for the establishment of one or m o r e b o a r d i n g ! s c h o o l s u n d e r the care of^thejieetir lgjf^aj^ in ' LmJIA^pr * A 1836, the committee p r e s e n t e d to the m e e t i n g ^ . report( w h i c h w a s "satisfactory" to the women's m e e t i n g , but w h i c h w a s ^ n o t ^ s a t i s f a c t o r y " to the m e n ' s , a n d w a s therefore returned to the committee for further c o n s i d e r a t i o n . T h e n e x t y e a r , the c o m m i t t e e reported that "no way had opened for further p r o g r e s s in the c o n c e r n " ; and it therefore recommended that boarding-schools should b e started by individual F r i e n d s or a s s o c i a t i o n s of F r i e n d s , and not by the Yearly Meeting.i^aa2s£k. A t this time there w e r e reported to b e 4 8 schools u n d e r the care of m o n t h l y or p r e p a r a t i v e m e e t i n g s , a n d 3 0 others taught by F r i e n d s . It was the deter- mination of the Yearly M e e t i n g that these should not b e subjected to the competition of a Yearly M e e t i n g school w h i c h c a u s e d the m e e t i n g to recordvfee. m i n u t e ^ i n 1 8 3 7 , that "way did not open in the M e e t i n g f o r its a d o p t i o n ^ t h a t i s , the m o d i f i e d report of the committee referred to a b o v e l i the Committee a r e therefore released." The decades of the 1830's a n d 1|40's saw a g r e a t l y renewed a c t i v i t y in P h i l a d e l p h i a Jf Yearly M e e t i n g in behalf of the a b o l i t i o n of ^ e g r o slavery and in the care of the I n d i a n s . Cain (Quarterly M e e t i n g , a n d J a m e s a n d L u c r e t i a M o t t a n d W i l l i a m a n d D e b o r a h W h a r t o n in Philadelphia, took the lead in this a c t i v i t y . But the w o m e n of the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g especially e determined that even these p h i l a n t h r o p i e s should not h e p e r m i t t e d to side-track their :ern for the p r o p e r education of F r i e n d s ' own c h i l d r e n . The w o m e n ' s m e e t i n g , t h e r e f o r e , if.7 L838 (with Deborah F . W h a r t o n a s c l e r k ) r e c o r d e d the following m i n u t e : ^ T h e education of pur y o u t h ^ is felt to b e & subject of deep interest b y m a n y of u s ; while we are fully sensible that literary k n o w l e d g e cannot supply the place of h e a v e n l y ioqi, w e believe that our intellectual faculties a r e n u a b e r e d a m o n g the talents g i v e n u s improvement, a n d that the right cultivation of thesejj qualifies f o r m o r e extensive useless in s o c i e t y , and in the w o r l d at l a r g e . ^ It then p r o c e e d e d to a p p o i n t a "standing committee" of its m e m b e r s to p r o s e c u t e the :ern, a n d repeated this action (after the standing c o m m i t t e e a p p e a r s to have been disled) in 1 8 4 3 , On the latter committee of t h i r t y - s i x , were n a m e d Lucretia M o t t , D e b o r a h friarton, a n d M a r y S . Lippincott (the sister of B e n j a m i n H a l l o w e l l ) . T h e m e n ' s y e a r l y meeting", after the rebuff of 1 8 3 7 , w a s slow to follow the w o m e n ' s 1 on education; a n d even in 1 8 4 3 , the m e n m e r e l y r e c o r d as their a c t i o n the following ite: T u " T h e subject of a guarded religious e d u c a t i o n of our c h i l d r e n , h a v i n g b e e n impressive- >pened, the m i n d s of Friends w e r e drawn to a close examination of the important duty w h i b h >lves u p o n the m e m b e r s of this m e e t i n g towards the r i s i n g g e n e r a t i o n ; a n d m u c h exercise railed on the occasion." * A n Epistle from the_ Yearly M e e t i n g of W o m e n F r i e n d s * , P h i l a d e l p h i a , 1 8 3 8 , ® p . tracts'*, 1 8 4 3 , p p . fT 1 0 . "ftitrciota", '1013 1 P . 1 . 7 - 8 . ] ' yoAwwv^ ^ I To the w o m e n ' s Yearly M e e t i n g in 1 8 4 4 , the "Standing Committee on E d u c a t i o n and Libraries" p r e s e n t e d a n e x t e n d e d re-nort, 51* c o n t a i n i n g statistical information oh- tained from the Monthly M e e t i n g s c h o o l s , and a p p e a l i n g for greater support of Friendly education in the following p a r a g r a p h s : ^ M a n y of the R e p o r t s r e c e i v e d , give e v i d e n c e , that a m o n g women F r i e n d s , genera l l y , there is a desire a n d care to support the testimonies of the Society in the education of their c h i l d r e n . Some state great l o s s from want of suitable s c h o o l s , the dis- trict or p u b l i c system only b e i n g , in their s e c t i o n , in o p e r a t i o n , a n d these under adverse a n d u n f r i e n d l y d i r e c t i o n . W h i l e the Committee rejoice in the general diffusion of u s e f u l k n o w l e d g e , they b e l i e v e that the m a n n e r in which some of the p u b l i c schools are c o n d u c t e d , is inconsistent w i t h the v i e w s of F r i e n d s , and w i t h m a n y of the p r i n c i p l e s ana t e s t i m o n i e s , w e have a l w a y s deemed p r e c i o u s . 2TWe cannot expect our children to be f a i t h f u l supporters of t h e s e , if we suffer them in the susceptible season of youth to b e e x p o s e d to c o u n t e r - i n f l u e n c e s , and an obligation rests u p o n us to shield them t h e r e f r o m . a due p o r t i o n of our time a n d means? Is there a n object m o r e w o r t h y of Can any inheritance w h i c h p a r e n t s m a y a c c u m u l a t e , serve as a substitute for a liberal a n d religiously g u a r d e d e d u c a t i o n , the result of a wise co—operation of h o m e ana school influences? IPBelieving as w e d o , in the b e n e f i t s of t h e s e , it is a subject of m u c h r e g r e t , that Friends should suffer their school-houses to lie v a c a n t , or be given u p to the direction of others a n d p l a c e d b e y o n d their own c o n t r o l . In some n e i g h b o u r h o o d s these schools are k e p t only a few months in the year; a n d a frequent change of t e a c h e r s , is another of the disadvantageous consequences. have ascertained that in m a r y p a r t s of the country it is difficult for Friends to obtain teachers for their family a n d other schools, w h i l e at the same time there a r e young w o m e n who w o u l d w i l l i n g l y turn their a t t e n t i o n to the occupation of P Extracts**. 1844, 5 - 9. Some of the fall on ing. facts a s reportedNyaaMt: 3 , 6 7 7 children over four years of age requiring school education; 712 of these in 2 7 M o n t h l y a n d Freparatitf®. M e e t i n g Schools; 630 attend other schools taught by Friend.s; 70 school-houses b e l o n g i n g to F r i e n d s , in some of which two schools are k e p t . Jfr* 36 teaching but whose remote situations and limited circumstances preclude them from the requisite advantages. To this subject, the Committee think it right to call the atten- tion of the Quarterly M e e t i n g s , that they m a y seek out such within their own b o r d e r s , and by furnishing the means for adequate instruction to them, suitable teachers m a y be qualified to fill the vacant p l a c e s . There has existed for several years p a s t , in one of our Quarterly Meetings a fund raised entirely by women Friends, and u n d e r their control for the purposes of education, and especially for the qualification of teachers. Two of these, thus educated w e r e , by last a c c o u n t s , teaching large schools, each in h e r respective neighbourhood. We believe if this concern were carried out in all our- Quar- terly Meetings the most beneficial results would ensue. For those in remote and thinly settled districts, we desire that the Yearly Meeting m a y be able to suggest some plan of relief." T h e women's Standing Committee continued to meet quarterly, a n d its subcommittee m o n t h l y , during the next few y e a r s , devoting themselves to the increa.se of Monthly Meeting schools and libraries, and the aiding of "young women in limited circumstances" to fitttag themselves as teachers in them. In 1 3 4 6 , the standing tfommittee was reorgan- ized, with Lucretia Mott and Deborah F . Wharton at the head of a list of sixty-two menw bers; but the next y e a r , the committee was released, and the subordinate meetings were requested to appoint committees of their own and to forward renortj/to the yearly meet- Sl ing. I The subordinate meetings responded in 1848 to this request, a n d the Philadelphia women were encouraged to believe that the problem of education might be solved by the subordinate meetings; but a letter received that year from the women's Yearly Meeting of Baltimore, signed by Martha E . T y s o n , Clerk, told of the appointment by it of a central committee, r n No further action W s ta • en b y the Philadelphia women in 1 8 4 3 ; but the next year came an appeal* f r o m ^ l n Quarterly Meeting that all the children in the Society should be supplied with "a religious guarded education, u n d e r the sunerin- S& tenaence of the Yearly Meeting." - . ^ E x t r a ^ s ^ , 1 8 4 5 7 B d . 6 - 9 ; 1 8 4 6 . ? p 7 7 - 8 , 1 1 - 1 2 ; 18~47,T|». T r ^ t r a c i s ^ , 1848,Bp.'4,7,12-13; M e n * s * E x t r a c t l * , 1 8 4 8 , P . 6 ; 1 8 ^ 0 , g j f M i f t \%m> - 9. 7. 3 5 - 1 Fifteen years b e f o r e this a p p e a l to the Yearly M e e t i n g , Cain Quarterly Meeting h a d considered the p l a n of establishing a Q u a r t e r l y M e e t i n g b o a r d i n g - s c h o o l ; but as (rttJLefXS ir~i /w^jut^ -vw Mntf* 'way did not open" for t h i s , it sent to its s u b o r d i n a t e m e e t i n g s the f o l l o w i n g p r o p o s a l ^ *To supply the great deficiency that is a c k n o w l e d g e d to e x i s t , the committee |of the Quarterly M e e t i n g on education^ h a v e h a d their a t t e n t i o n turned to consider w h e t h e r a joarding school m i g h t not be established within our l i m i t s , conducted b y a company composed >f the members of our religious s o c i e t y , in w h i c h children could obtain a n education to fit uhem for b u s i n e s s , a t a m o d e r a t e expense; a n d , at the same t i m e , acquire h a b i t s of i n d u s t r y , and a k n o w l e d g e of some one or m o r e of the m e c h a n i c a r t s . m The expense of establishing such institution to be defrayed by v o l u n t a r y c o n t r i b u t i o n s , - or a d v a n c e d in shares by con- tributors, a n d h e l d ii^the n a t u r e of stock - and t ^ t school to b e conducted u n d e r the dirsction of an a c t i n g c o m m i t t e e or board of m a n a g e r s , chosen a n n u a l l y b y the stockholders from among t h e m s e l v e s . "*Up6n deliberate a t t e n t i o n , t h e r e f o r e , w e a g r e e d to p r o p o s e , that the consideration of the establishment of such a n i n s t i t u t i o n be r e c o m m e n d e d to the M o n t h l y a n d Preparative Meetings w i t h i n our Q u a r t e r , a n d to the m e m b e r s of our religious society g e n e r a l l y , to take p l a c e w h e n e v e r the a d e q u a t e means are s u b s c r i b e d , or sxich times as the contributors themselves shall a p p r o v e . A n d we further p r o p o s e , that such of our m e e t i n g s , w h e t h e r com- posed of m e n or women F r i e n d s , as shall incline to h o l d a share in the s t o c k , be represented in the m e e t i n g s of contributors by such delegates of either s e x , a s t h e y m a y respectively appoint. ^ T h e committee do not p r o p o s e in this r e p o r t , to furnish a p l a n in the detail for such an institution; this m u s t be left f o r the contributors t h e m s e l v e s , to w h o m it more properly b e l o n g s ; b u t w e a r e g e n e r a l l y -united in b e l i e v i n g from the trials that h a v e been made u p o n this system e l s e w h e r e , that b y a judicious division of time b e t w e e n literary pursuits, under competent t e a c h e r s , a n d u s e f u l employment u n d e r farmers a n d skilful m e c h a n i c s , after allowing full time for reasonable r e l a x a t i o n , the expense of b o a r d i n g and schooling 35 - la m a y be so lessened b y the m a n u a l labour of the s c h o l a r s , as greatly to relieve parents in moderate c i r c u m s t a n c e s , a n d at the same time be b e n e f i c i a l to the children of Friends generally. ? -While the women's m e e t i n g w a s considering this a p p e a l , their minutes 1 reveal^ a deputation from M e n ' s M e e t i n g informed u s that they h a d h a d the subject before t h e m , and their deep interest therein resulted in the appointment of a committee to join a committee of W o m e m F r i e n d s (should one be a p p o i n t e d ) to take the subject of e d u c a t i o n , the state of schools, a n d the wants of s o c i e t y , u n d e r consideration; the Meeting u n i t e d therewith, a n d the following Friends are aonointed." H e r e follows a list of 66 w o m e n 57 Friends, w i t h the names of D e b o r a h F . W h a r t o n a n d L u c r e t i a M o t t at its h e a d . f ! printed " Extracts' r The of the m e n ' s m e e t i n g in 1850 h a v e no reference to this action; b u t its manuscript minutes record the following; • 'RDaln Quarterly M e e t i n g forwards the following: m i n u t e . (•<• ^ C T h e following m i n u t e w a s f o r w a r d e d from U c h l a n M o n t h l y M e e t i n g , v i z . The subject of schools a n d the s i t u a t i o n of m a n y friends w h o l i v e remote one from a n o t h e r find n o t free to send their children to the common schools u n d e r the direction of officers of the commonwealth, being a g a i n b r o u g h t into v i e w by reading the second annual query, m u c h sympathy was felt and e x p r e s s e d for p a r e n t s thus c i r c u m s t a n c e d , a n d it appears that some such employ teachers in their f a m i l i e s , the p r a c t i c e is m u c h a p p r o v e d S and commended especially for young c h i l d r e n , b u t u p o n consideration it is our sen^e that we can not discharge our duty to our children a n d to p o s t e r i t y u n t i l w e p r o v i d e ample means independent of the p u b l i c schools of confering u p o n them a religious gua.rd> c ed education u n d e r the superintendence of the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g , w h i c h u p o n consideration w a s directed to the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g for such action thereon a s that Meeting might deem - .• improper. I S ^ E x r a c t e d from the M i n u t e s of C^ln Quarterly M e e t i n g b y M o s e s W h i t s o n , Clerk.J? ?*and the concerr. obtaining the a t t e n t i o n of this M e e t i n g it was b e l i e v e d of sufficient ^Extracts*- (women's"), 1 8 5 0 , J f p T I ~ l r . . ^ , > 7 ZaQTl-I^L ^ M i n u t e s of the Men's M e e t i n g . 1838 - 1858 194 - 5 . T h e s e records a r e p r e s e r v e d in the F r i e n d s ' Historical L i b r a r y , Swarthmore C o l l e g e . <"7 . (jf ^ Jttb) [ ^ t Itrft — L^t ^ x F (I . —- - ; (W ^77 " Ur^rxUM^. " // ;; ^ " * * ^ y ,rdC j j ^ Y ' ^ J t y -1 1 ^J^vwvi v L . vvvcJ^jvvV ^yCO/l , /• . / '// ^ i t —J d - / . / „ J - • ' r v r . - „ /jJWrvx^v + . / U M^.'Tl-f- . -t Just'!* /Si interest to submit the subject of the education of our children g e n e r a l l y to the deliberate judgement of the following f r i e n d s , who in c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h W o m e n friends if they should appoint to the s e r v i c e , are d e s i r e d to give it careful consideration & report as way opens.'*' H e r e follow the names of sixty-four F r i e n d s , six from each of ten Quarterly Meetings and four from the last a n d l e a s t . The name of J o h n D . G r i s c o m , of P h i l a d e l p h i a , heads the l i s t , w h i c h includes such familiar l e a d e r s as J o h n C o m l y , J o s e p h F o u l k e , J o n a t h a n p "Mc Gill" (the father of E d w a r d H . M a g i l l , second president of Swarthmore C o l l e g e ) , J o h n J a c k s o n , T h o m a s H o o p e s , a n d J o s e p h S . Walton(grandfather of the s e c o n d , and great-grandfather of the t h i r d , principal io of G e o r g e S c h o o l ) . frrtvit • O u m m i b t o e ' b W o r k , 1DG0 5 0 . This large joint committee of 130 m e n a n d women Friends proceeded to work "as way opened" during the f o l l o w i n g d e c a d e . A t the Yearly M e e t i n g of 1 8 5 1 , it p r e s e n t e d a r e p o r t , signed by J o h n D . G r i s c o m , C l e r k , 4ven the l i m i t e d assi-vS-v.--/ a f j ^ l e d tl:o:i by But there r a s evidently m u c h a n x i e t y , if not h o s t i l i t y , in regard to the n e w m o v e for e d u c a t i o n , not oiil v in the n.ent <• cut ever, in the women's meetinr; fo f'V a minute of the latter in 1359 records? "From the s.mall number of applicants the past year |for teachers' a i d j , we are fearful that the discouragements thrown u p o n the subjec at cur last meeting has deterred, some of o u r y o u n g friends from a v a i l i n g themselves of the opportunity of improvement intended for them by the creation of this f u n d , and w h i c h the committee have ever h e l d themselves in readiness to furnish." A^yfu-JL Jjt- (P^jMiJ^jL^J^. } jgJ f M a r t h a Tyson evidently decided that- it was now "the d a r k e s t h o u r before the dawn", a n d that the increasing interest in education during the 1350's justified m a k i n g her appeal to P h i l a d e l p h i a , the largest Y e a r l y M e e t i n g in the S o c i e t y . Three Baltimore ministers, n a m e l y , Samuel M . J a n n e y , A b e l A . Hull a n d Darlington H o o p e s , had visited that m e e t i n g i.impfs during the later 1850's; w h i l e L u c r e t i a M o t t had a t t e n d e d Baltimore Yearly Meeting in 1 8 5 8 , and Deborah wharton a n d h e r associates w e r e also ready to give the B a l t i m o r e educational c o n c e r n a n eager w e l c o m e in P h i l a d e l p h i a . Accordingly in M a y , 1 3 5 9 , Martha T y s o n journeyed to P h i l a d e l p h i a Y e a r l y M e e t i n g to launch h e r hopeful but still difficult p r o j e c t . The records of the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g , in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h the m o d e s t , or perhaps the falsely m o d e s t , custom of those y e a r s , h a v e only v e i l e d references to h e r m i s s i o n . n For e x a m p l e , the Titnutes of the men's m e e t i n g m e r e l y say: "The interesting subject of education claimed a t t e n t i o n jat the m e e t i n g on F i f t h - d a y a f t e r n o o n , the 1 2 t h . of F i f t h MonthJ, a n d a lively concern p r e v a i l e d that F r i e n d s may be enco'ir-ged to give their children a g u a r d e d , religious educr-tion, a n d that we m a y not feel that the provision now m a d e for the support of p u b l i c schools a b s o l v e s u s from the duty of m a i n t a i n i n g our acts". 1859 ( w o m e n ' s ) , ^ F p . 7 — 8 , Manuscript M i n u t e s , . ^ . 8 . TLeTJjjiimtes of the w o m e n ' s m e e t i n g record (on the a f t e r n o o n of Fourths-dry, I f - he 11th. of Fifth Month): "The subject of the guarded education of our children ontinues to be one of the decpest interest to society [ i . e . to the Society of Friend Jj, ad we have b e e n encouraged to continue our efforts in aid of those who desire to qualfy themselves for T e a c h e r s . The Committee |oa E d u c a t i o n and L i b r a r i e s j is continued o give such attention to the subject as m a y b e c e l l e d for." A n d then follows the significant p a s s a g e ; "It is b e l i e v e d thot a Boarding chool u n d e r the care of an A s s o c i a t i o n of Friends for the education of o u r c h i l d r e n , is reatly n e e d e d ; the subject is left u n d e r our consideration." T h e m i n u t e s for the next ay also state: "The interesting-subject of a r e l i g i o u s l y guarded education has again laimed our solid deliberation." The minutes of b o t h the m e n ' s a n d w o m e n ' s meetings are w h o l l y silent as to he a d v o c a t e s of the B o a r d i n g School a n d the srs.xune.nts a n d appeals w h i c h they p r e s e n t e d , ut "a friend rho was -resent at the W o m e n ' s Y e a r l y Meeting" sent a communication defTiling the m e e t i n g in some detail to the I n t e l l i g e n c e r , in w h i c h there appears the fol,owing statement: /j^A friend from B a l t i m o r e , introduced a concern she had long f e l t , that u r Society should have an Institution for the liberal and g u a r d e d education of its memiers, especially for such as had the ability and desire to enter the p r o f e s s i o n of teachirs. She reminded the m e e t i n g , of the labors of W i l l i a m P e n n , Isaac P e n n i n g t o n , John Jtubbs, and. o t h e r s , who so nobly a n d effectually contributed to the dissemination of the riews of G e o r g e Fox; their l e a r n i n g enhanced their u s e f u l n e s s , a n d so far from inducing i spirit of pride, their a c q u i r e m e n t s only served to humble them in a sense o ^ their own mworthiness. ^ T h e Friend expressed her desires that a n a s s o c i a t i o n be f o r m e d of the m e m b e r s af the Yearly Meetings of New Y o r k , Philadelphia a n d B a l t i m o r e , for the establishment of such a n I n s t i t u t i o n , w i t h a n endowment w h i c h w o u l d a f f o r d full a d v a n t a g e s to a l l . - Manuscript fRinutes, JR. 5 1 . r - Vol. l. 3 (Fifth M o . 2 1 , 1 8 5 3 ) . i m f These views claimed, the attention of the m e e t i n g , a n d the h o p e w a s expressed that the importance of the subject w o u l d be deeply felt; it was u r g e d that the present is the time for a c t i o n , and .as ma.;y are now suffering for want of a suitable b o a r d i n g s c h o o l , it was suggested that u n n e c e s s a r y delay w o u l d u n a v o i d a b l y deprive m a n y of o u r y o u t h of the advantages such an establishment w o u l d a f f o r d . O n the last s i t t i n g , a w i s h was expres- sed that Friends*' m i g h t promote the cause of education in their own n e i g h b o r h o o d by a liberal support of their smaller s c h o o l s . deep solemnity and f e e l i n g . The close of the meeting w a s m a r k e d with Gr."^ The same number of the Intelligencer contained an editorial n o t i c e of the = Jt Yearly M e e t i n g w h i c h included'the f o l l o w i n g p a r a g r a p h : ^j>The subject of e d u c a t i o n , a n d the n e c e s s i t y for a. school w h e r e teachers in m e m b e r s h i p w i t h the Society can b e qualified to a s s u m e the responsibilities of instructing our y o u t h , called forth m u c h exp r e s s i o n from Friends in different parts of the Yearly M e e t i n g , a n d though no a c t i o n was taken this y e a r , the minds of Friends are evidently p r e p a r i n g to embrace and carry out some w e l l digested p l a n , by w h i c h this important end can b e a c c o m p l i s h e d . m o o t i n g oloood after ono ooooion on S i x t h day morniagT" "The friend from B a l t i m o r e " , - M a r t h a T y s o n , - having p o u r e d forth Iter heart's desire b e f o r e the m e e t i n g , w e m a y well b e l i e v e that h e r friend. L u c r e t i a Mott was one of those who earnestly supported h e r c o n c e r n . F o r L u c r e t i a h a d a t t e n d e d Bal- timore Y e a r l y M e e t i n g six m o n t h s b e f o r e , a n d h a d doubtless talked w i t h M a r t h a about the p r o p o s e d school; a n d in the Y e a r l v M e e t i n g in P h i l a d e l p h i a , In 1 8 5 9 , she w a s active U - U o l in ito service, c ^ J ^ ^ ^eJ^rrL Some idea, of the inertia, a n d indifference that M a r t h a T v s o n a n d h e r associates h a d to overcome is reflected in an a r t i c l e w r i t t e n for the I n t e l l i g e n c e r two months after the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g c l o s e d . :. )- Its a u t h o r ("H" ) b e g i n s w i t h the statement; Ibid, f . 152. L u c r e t i a led the list of P h i l a d e l p h i a Quarterly M e e t i n g ' s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s , a n d Deborah F.Wharton w a s one of t h e m . :> - V o l ? ® , 9. 2 7 5 . • j. - "H" might well be B e n j a m i n H a l l o w e l l .except that the article was dated in Philadelphia. if 11 T h e '-ant of g o o d p r a c t i c a l s c h o o l s f o r the g u a r d e d e d u c a t i o n and p r o p e r m o r a l train- ing of the y o u t h o f o u r S o c i e t y , h a s n e v e r b e e n more p a i n f u l l y f o r c e d u p o n m y a t t e n t i o n than w i t h i n the p a s t few w e e k s . T h e u n a c c o u n t a b l e i n d i f f e r e n c e m a n i f e s t e d b y m a n y of 3ur m e m b e r s on this a l l - i m p o r t a n t s u b j e c t is g r e a t l y to be d e p l o r e d a n a is, I f e a r , naterially a f f e c t i n g o u r r e l i g i o u s w e l f a r e as a. b o d y . " A f t e r q u o t i n g the a d v i c e on edu- cation in the P h i l a d e l p h i a " D i s c i p l i n e " , the a u t h o r c o n t i n u e s : "I h a v e r e c e n t l y a t t e n d e d i n u m b e r of m e e t i n g s in d i f f e r e n t s e t t l e m e n t s . o f F r i e n d s , a n d u p o n i n q u i r y c o u l d n o t ascertain that in a n y one i n s t a n c e p r o v i s i o n h a d b e e n ma.de for s e c u r i n g to the c h i l d r e n •md y o u t h the g u a r d e d e d u c a t i o n w h i c h o u r D i s c i p l i n e e n j o i n s . T w o , at l e a s t , of o u r sister Y e a r l y M e e t i n g s are a l t o g e t h e r s i l e n t u p o n the s u b j e c t of S c h o o l s . " The " g u a r d e d education" w h i c h this F r i e n d h a d in m i n d w a s one p r o t e c t e d ageinst the i g n o r a n c e , p r e j u d i c e , a n d h o s t i l i t y to F r i e n d s ' p r i n c i p l e s a n d testimonies, Phich w e r e too u s u a l l y f o u n d in the i l l - e q u i p p e d t e a c h e r s p r o v i d e d a t thpt time in the public s c h o o l s . A n d y e t Q u a k e r p a r e n t s , b e c a u s e they p a i d taxes for the s u p p o r t of these s c h o o l s ^ c o n t i n u e d to expose " t h e i r t e n d e r o f f s p r i n g , at a n a g e w h e n t h e i r m i n d s are m o s t susceptible of i m p r e s s i o n s to the care of t r a n s i e n t p e r s o n s of d o u b t f u l character." Such c o m p l a i n t s w e r e e v i d e n c e , n o t o n l y of i n d i f f e r e n c e o n the p a r t of some nembers of the S o c i e t y , b u t a l s o o f a n a r o u s e d a n a g r o w i n g i n t e r e s t in e d u c a t i o n o n the oart b o t h of its l e a d e r s a n d of the r a n k a n d f i l e . -j r - - — - L t M a r t h a T y s o n t h e r e f o r e r e t u r n e d to B a l t i m o r e a f t e r h e r v i s i t to P h i l a d e l p h i a y H r v - — yearly M e e t i n g , in M a y ^ 1 3 5 9 , w i t h r e n e w e d d e t e r m i n a t i o n a n d c o u r a g e . To h e r a i d c a m e Deborah F . T7harton, " a m i n i s t e r f r o m S p r u c e S t r e e t M o n t h l y M e e t i n g , P h i l a d e l p h i a " , and. Samuel C . T h o r n , "a m i n i s t e r f r o m !7estburv M o n t h l y M e e t i n g , L o n g I s l a n d " , b o t h of %0 whom a t t e n d e d B a l t i m o r e Y e a r l y M e e t i n g in O c t o b e r and N o v e m b e r , 1 8 5 S . Benjamin Hallow- ell was c l e r k of this m e e t i n g (the m e n ' s b r a n c h ) , a n d M a r g a r e t h i s w i f e was c l e r k of the women's b r a n c h . T h e m i n u t e s of the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g give no echo of a n y a p p e a l s m a d e behalf of e d u c a t i o n , and w e can o n l y c o n j e c t u r e t h a t a g r e a t d e a l o f u n o f f i c i p l '"'Extracts**, 1359 (women' s ) , "p. 4 . in discussion '.7 n of the -problem a n d the latest solution p r o p o s e d for i t , went on during the intervals between the meeting's sesr ionjjLno in the hours of delightful social converse and. hosf i pitality for w h i c h the Baltimore Friends were widely f a m o u s . (pMu+j^jjfMu. jyiijfc^^ i sGrt Martha T^son does not aoo^ar to h a v e a t t e n d e d P h i l a d e l p h i a Yearly Meeting in % tfey^ 1360; out she doubtless hopeci m u c h for education from its d e l i b e r a t i o n s . The women's m e e t i n g adopted a report from their standing c o m m i t t e e , signed by D e b o r a h F . STharton a n d Sarah S . Biddle; but this was m e r e l y a. statistical statement of cash ex- £3 pended for teachers' training a n d c o o k s . The women's m e e t i n g did devote a. session to aiscussine "the religiously g u a r d e d education of o u r c h i l d r e n " , but local m e e t i n g - s c h o o l s (irere still of paramount i n t e r e s t , as a p p e a r s from the following m i n u t e : ^ T h e m e e t i n g w a s i n t r o d u c e d into a deep e x e r c i s e relative to the religiously guarded e d u c a t i o n of our children; a n d , w h i l e w e are interested in a f f o r d i n g a n education to qualify y o u n g w o m e n for t e a c h e r s , we w e r e encouraged to e x t e n d care to the small neighbourhood s c h o o l s , where our children receive the first rudiments of l e a r n i n g , a s impressions are m a d e at this tender a g e w h i c h o f t e n remain through life; a n d b e l i e v i n g there a r e m a n y remote n e i g h b o u r h o o d s w i t h o u t g o o d p r i m a r y s c h o o l s , our Q u a r t e r l y M e e t i n g s are requested to take the subject into serious c o n s i d e r a t i o n , a n d , a f t e r examining into the situation of their respective m e e t i n g s , to f o r w a r d to o u r next Y e a r l y M e e t i n g a clear report of the a c t u a l state of those h a v i n g schools a n d those in w a n t of them.-Jb In the Enistle w h i c h the w o m e n ' s m e e t i n g addressed)to its sister m e e t i n g in * Jew Y o r k occurs the following p a s s a g e : "The deeply interesting subject of the g u a r d e d school education of our y o u t h h a s b e e n feelingly b e f o r e u s , a n d w e h a v e b e e n reminded that if ve w o u l d transmit to o u r children the n o b l e t e s t i m o n i e s b o r n e b y o u r p r e d e c e s s o r s , w e m u s t se a r o u s e d to the importance of m a i n t a i n i n g schools u n d e r our o w n care, where these tesThree other m i n i s t e r s f r o m B a l t i m o r e Y e a r l y M e e t i n g a t t e n d e d the P h i l a d e l p h i a m e e t i n g ~ in 1860,namely,Samuel M . J a n n e y , A b e l A . H u l l f t h o a u t h o r ' a grandfather*) .and D a r l i n g t o n Hoopes; R a c h e l H i c k s , a m i n i s t e r from W e s t b u r y . L o n g I s l a n d , a n d Esther Haviland^ timonies a r ealso upheld." ! - '"Extracts*. 1 8 6 0 (women's), fi. 4 - 5 . foho a u t h o r ' o great grandmother)., a m i n - . : 1 >id ~ * p- 12. ... [later f r o m Chappaqua M o n t h l y M e e t i n g , U . Y . -^voi.^ f f f T b o T ^ ^ j ^ L L , A correspondent sent to the I n t e l l i g e n c e r a further statement of the w o m e n ' s a c t i o n , a s follows: JjPThe interest i n education a p p e a r s to i n c r e a s e , a n d a n inquiry into the exact state of schools in each constituent m e e t i n g enjoined to be m a d e the ensuing y e a r , in order that n e i g h b o r h o o d schools m a y b e such as w e r e designed b y F r i e n d s , w h e n , in the early settlement of this c o u n t r y , they p l a c e d a school-house wherever they built a m e e t i n g - h o u s e . B e l i e v i n g that the m o s t l a s t i n g impressions a r e m a d e in c h i l d h o o d , they w e r e a d v i s e d to g i v e p a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n to the education of their little c h i l d r e n , a n d n o t to c o n s i d e r their culttire in later y e a r s a s of m o r e importance than their early i n s t r u c t i o n s ; ^ {Lui T h e m e n ' s ^Extracts^yjgive m e r e l y a b r i e f s t a t i s t i c a l statement a s to F r i e n d s ' n schools; — * %t b u t the Intelligencer's correspondent informs u s : - ^ S e v e r a l F r i e n d s expressed their concern at the exceptions m a d e in some of the a n s w e r s , that the children of F r i e n d s w e r e p l a c e d at B o a r d i n g Schools n o t m d e r the care of m e m b e r s of our S o c i e t y . ^ ^ C h i l d r e n are sometimes sent to school w h e r e the p l a i n language is n e v e r spoken, they seldom go to m e e t i n g s , and r e c e i v e their instruction from h i r e l i n g 1 ministers* . . . • "Some further r e m a r k s w e r e m a d e on the impropriety of p l a c i n g our children at schAols w h e r e our principles a r e not i n c u l c a t e d , a n d a h o p e w a s expressed that w e should encourage institutions in o u r own Y e a r l y M e e t i n g , taught b y concerned m e m b e r s of our S o c i e t y . 3*A F r i e n d b e l i e v e d the f o u n d a t i o n dtf this difficulty is in the institution of p u b l i c schools, to w h i c h some of our m e m b e r s are compelled to send their c h i l d r e n . L a r g e Committees h a v e b e e n a p p o i n t e d on this subject in this Y e a r l y M e e t i n g , b u t no w a y has y e t o p e n e d for r e l i e f . H e f e a r e d the f o r c i n g system n o w so common in o u r city schools w a s disastrous to h e a l t h . F o r m e r l y w h e n F r i e n d s h a d the care of c h i l d r e n , they : - Vol. ^ r p . m T ^ j ^ I z f i! - -gfcctractsfr. 1 8 6 0 , 9. 8 . - I n t e l l i g e n c e r , V o l . t ^ , 'y. 1 7 3 . TTvtt **fT> were educated in a m o d e r a t e w a y , but times h a d changed; the system of forcing h a d become respectable in the Society to the injury of the rising g e n e r a t i o n . •*Other v i e w s were p r e s e n t e d u p o n this deeply interesting s u b j e c t , w h e n a Friend remarked that it w o u l d come u p in o r d e r , in the a n s w e r s to the second a n n u a l Query The Y e a r l y M e e t i n g ' s consideration of education w a s f o l l o w e d b y a n editorial in the F r i e n d s ' Intelligencer for Sixth M o n t h 3 0 , I 8 6 0 , w h i c h w a s b a s e d on a commurdcation signed b y "our friend D . G." D . G . ' s l e t t e r is not p u b l i s h e d , b u t the editorial states that it a d v o c a t e d the r a i s i n g of a p e r m a n e n t fund in the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g s to b e applied to the support of a F r i e n d s ' school b y every p r e p a r a t i v e a n d m o n t h l y m e e t i n g . The editorial endorses this p r o p o s a l a n d suggests that if it were fully c a r r i e d o u t , I "we w o u l d n o t h a v e to complain of p r e s e n t d e f i c i e n c i e s , for each n e i g h b o r h o o d w o u l d h a v e the k i n d of school m o s t suited to its n e e d s , a n d Q u a r t e r l y a n d Y e a r l y Meetings might b e excited to p r o p e r exertions for the institution a n d support of those of a m o r e advanced class." ^ ^ f , ^ ^ _ ^ J h M A ^ ^ ^ i U * R e a l i z i n g that the official a c t i o n o f the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g s ^ - if any were taken^ - w o u l d p r o b a b l y b e to increase the number of elementary schools supported b y local m e e t i n g s , a n d d e s i r i n g to c o n s e r v e the current interest o f m a n y F r i e n d s in p r o v i d ing for a h i g h e r system of e d u c a t i o n u n d e r F r i e n d l y c a r e , M a r t h a T y s o n contributed to QO the Intelligencer for Seventh M o . 2 8 , I 8 6 0 , ' a n a r t i c l e of four c o l u m n s , entitled "On 0/ S c h o o l s " , ' d a t e d " B a l t i m o r e , 7 t h m o . 6 t h , 1 8 6 0 " , a n d signed " T " . This article repeats its a u t h o r ' s familiar a d v o c a c y of a liberal education u n d e r the care of Friends; it recalls the example of the early F r i e n d s in E n g l a n d a n d p a r t i c u l a r l y that of the F r i e n d s ' first schools in P h i l a d e l p h i a w h i c h "produced the m e n 2 4 8 ?• • "D.G-." w a s p r o b a b l y D a v i d G r i s c o m . ' ~ - ^ 0 1 . 4:7-, f p . 308 - 1 0 . J It h a d the sub^title: "Written after reading the editorial in F r i1e n d s ' Intelligencer / of the 3 0 t h of 6th m o . , 1 8 6 0 , o n the subject of S c h o o l Education? ' » r f / w h o , during the R e v o l u t i o n a r y W a r , m a i n t a i n e d the p a c i f i c p r i n c i p l e s of Q u a k e r i s m in p r e f e r e n c e to the w a r l i k e spirit w h i c h p e r v a d e d other religious b o d i e s " ; a n d it appeals to "the Friends of that f a v o r e d city" to a i d in the establishment of a n "institution of l e a r n i n g ) set apart for the education of ^ F r i e n d s ' ] teachers." A f t e r quoting from the R e p o r t of the Committee on E d u c a t i o n to B a l t i m o r e Y e a r l y Meeting in 1 3 5 4 , the a u t h o r (of both the article a n d the report) continues: w o u l d respectfully inquire w h e t h e r it w o u l d h e impossible to induce the Friends of N e w Y o r k , P h i l a d e l p h i a a n d Baltimore Y e a r l y M e e t i n g s to u n i t e in raising a g e n e r o u s subscription for the endowment of a school for the e d u c a t i o n of t e a c h e r s , where the religious i n f l u e n c e , the t a l e n t s , a n d the literary a n d scientific learning of the best m i n d s in these m e e t i n g s m i g h t combine t o g e t h e r , a n d , u n d e r the divine b l e s s i n g , p r o d u c e a h a p p i e r state of things in our S o c i e t y . * A n institution of this k i n d should b e established in a s i t u a t i o n , c e n t r a l , as regards the three Yearly M e e t i n g s spoken of; a n d so well e n d o w e d , a s , after the purchase of the n e c e s s a r y grounds a n d the erection of the buildings^ the p u r c h a s e also of books a n d p h i l o s o p h i c a l and other a p p a r a t u s , should y e t h a v e left a sum of m o n e y in p e n n a n e n t investment, to y i e l d a supply for the education of p r o m i s i n g youths of either sex who wished to b e c o m e t e a c h e r s , but w e r e without the m e a n s of p r o c u r i n g 1 the instruction necessary for the purpose. *' To gain support for her p r o p o s a l among the "Liberal" F r i e n d s , M a r t h a T y s o n cites the "handsome provision" for such education m a d e b y the "Orthodox"Friends W e s t t o w n , P r o v i d e n c e a n d H a v e r f o r d : "at H a v e r f o r d a l o n e the interest of f i f t y thousand dollars is a p p r o p r i a t e d a n n u a l l y to the education of y o u h g m e n in restricted circumstances who desire to b e c o m e t e a c h e r s . In this r e s p e c t , -therefore, if in no o t h e r , w e m i g h t imitate the example furnished by that b o d y , a n d greatly to our advantage ." M a r t h a T y s o n , in her v i s i t s to m a n y of the rural m e e t i n g s of F r i e n d s , especially during h e r residence of a d o z e n years in the c o u n t r y , h a d deepened h e r sympathy a n d confidence in the p r o m i s i n g y o u n g p e o p l e of straitened m e a n s b a t h i g h a m b i t i o n s ^ w h o m she h a d found in t h e m , ^ p W i t h this class of y o u n g p e r s o n s " , she says in h e r a r t i c l e , "we acknowledge a feeling of the deepest s y m p a t h y . T h e y a r e to h e found scattered here and there o v e r our S o c i e t y , h u t m o s t l y in the c o u n t r y ^ We n e v e r mingle w i t h such without coveting their e n l a r g e m e n t , a n d recalling the following beautiful sentiments of Addison*. consider a h u m a n soul without education like m a r - ble in a q u a r r y , which shews none of its inherent beauties u n t i l the skill of the p o l i s h e r fetches out the c o l o r s , m a k e s the surface s h i n e , a n d discovers every orrism e n t a l p ~ 358 - S . f t ^ r U ^ Z ^ U fc m i g h t he appointed, in each Y e a r l y M e e t i n g jof the L i b e r a l Friends^ of Hew Y o r k , P h i l a d e l p h i a and B a l t i m o r e , to confer u p o n the subjecf'of education among F r i e n d s . JfThe editorial in the same number of the I n t e l l i g e n c e r stressed a l s o the reform of education among F r i e n d s , but a p p e a l e d chiefly for the support of the m o n t h l y m e e t i n g s c h o o l s , which h a d caused a very "lively a n d interesting" discussion in the P h i l a d e l phia. Yearly Meeting of W o m e n F r i e n d s in the p r e c e d i n g M a y . ^ T h i l s t a l l u d i n g to f p r i m a r y s c h o o l s * , the editorial says, * t t m a y not be a m i s s to introduce a few rem a r k s u p o n the necessity of g i v i n g them a h i g h e r p o s i t i o n in the scale of education t h a n we think they h a v e h e r e t o f o r e r e c e i v e d . . . . A complete course of liberal instruction includes what a r e t e r m e d finishing schools; but great care should, b e taken that these schools be p r o p e r l y e s t i m a t e d , a n a that they b e l o o k e d u p o n only a s the superstructure, a n d not as talcing the p l a c e of that elementary tuition w h i c h forms ; 11 the f o u n d a t i o n of all m e n t a l culture." * From this correspondence a n d editorial c o m m e n t , it is clear that the champions of m o n t h l y m e e t i n g elementary schools a n d of a central school for liberal e d u c a t i o n , were somewhat a n x i o u s as to their respective c o n c e r n s . F o r t u n a t e l y , M a r t h a Tyson's p l a n of a school for h i g h e r l e a r n i n g h a d ^ a n integral p a r t the t r a i n i n g of teachers p r o p e r l y equipped for teaching in the m o n t h l y m e e t i n g s c h o o l s . T h i s feature of the p l a n w a s recognized w i t h approval in qn editorial in the I n t e l l i g e n c e r for A u g u s t 25 w h i c h said;?TheVub.jcct of education claimed, mu.cn a l itmliun • bex—to- the liH . -of Tflovrimbrr,. lXfipT jfartha. ^yson for—revfating.,h e r jcheri shed pro jec.tV^ Accordingly l^avitod coaa. 1 \ - Ibid, f . 360 Ibid, p . 376. sfit «<=$; l^ln our last number we referred Friends to the advice of the Y e a r l y Meeting to extend care to the small neighborhood schools; in the p r e s e n t one w e wish to direct their attention to the intimate connection "between these a.nd such a school as has "been advocated by a B a l t i m o r e , a n d s u b s e q u e n t ! , b y a P h i l a d e l p h i a c o r r e s p o n d e n t . - - -^The subject of educotion^fclairaed m u c h a t t e n t i o n in the l a t e Y e a r l y M e e t i n g s b o t h of Philadelphia and JTer Y o r k . bodies next y e a r . T h e minutes of these will b r i n g it l e g i t i m a t e l y before these In trie m e a n w h i l e , we t r u s t , that those who have this subject at h e a r t , will feel encouraged to revive it again and a g a i n , b o t h in reference to primary schools, .and to the establishment of a n institution of a h i g h o r d e r , for w e believe the tiale h a s come when the Society of Friends must a d o p t a n enlightened and comprehensive system of instruction. The fact is forced u p o n u s that influences, and not precepts , educate the c h i l d , and that if we w o u l d have our y o u t h appreciate our noble testimonies, we must show by our a c t i o n s that w e are ready to m a k e great efforts and sacrifices rather than place our children w h e r e these testimonies are d i s r e g a r d e d . ^ % 1860, F o l l o w i n g this editorial, there appeared in the Intelligencer for T e n t h M o . a brief note on "Neighborhood S c h o o l s " , reminding the constituent meetings of Philadelphia Yearly M e e t i n g that they h a d b e e n requested to forward to its next session a report on "the actual state of schools w i t h i n the limits £of the yearly meetingjThe note closed w i t h the statement: "If this is d o n e , those who a r e deeply interested in the cause of education will feel that at least one step h a s b e e n taken toward arousing the bject." JUo-Ly. Martha Tyson w a s still w o r k i n f i n B a l t i m o r e to overcome the Society's lethargy in regard to a thoroughly good central board3 ng|j school for teachers a n d o t h e r s , b e l i e v i n g that it might supply b o t h the h i g h e r education w h i c h F r i e n d s g e n e r a l l y so greatly n e e d e d , and suitable teachers for Friends' local elementary s c h o o l s . Baltimore Y e a r l y Meeting held its sessions from the 2 9 t h . of O c t o b e r to the 1 s t . of N o v e m b e r , 1 8 6 0 , a n d she seized thj^opportunity of p r o m o t i n g h e r long-cherished p r o j e c t . A c c o r d i n g l y , on F|rst~ ^jVol • ' l ^ y . 5 0 6 . The note is signed p e r h a p s W i l l i a m Oris c o m , clerk of the" . - .( T e a r l y M e e t i n g . ' f i — - lay evening, the 2 8 t h . of O c t o b e r , she invited some three score leaders of the p e a r l y . --ft. deeting and a few v i s i t i n g Friends from P h i l a d e l p h i a a n d New Y o r k Yearly Meetings* ^Luu. frr^uj, /fe^HTV^c-. Sa^w^C I y^yLLut^ y £r^m-riiilailBlphia--aiadr-i!hnr-Ynrfr to take supper at h e r h o m e , 1208 M a d i s o n A v e n u e , > and\h discuss\iS*- Her d a u g h t e r , Isabella T y s o n , w r o t e in h e r diary u n d e r the date of % November 1 s t , 1 8 6 0 , the following notej "Yearly M e e t i n g just o v e r - a v e r y large social gathering here on 1st day e v e n i n g , in w h i c h the subject of a F r i e n d s ' College was introduced, at Mother's p a r t i c u l a r r e q u e s t . A large m e e t i n g w a s h e l d on 2 n d day e v e n i n g , at the M e e t i n g H o u s e ^Lombard StreetJ , a t which it w a s resolved to a s k the F r i e n d s of other states to a i d them in this p r o j e c t . " N e a r l y thirty years l a t e r , on F e b r u a r y 6 , 1 8 9 0 , Isabella T y s o n w r o t e (from % "1208 M a d i s o n A v e . " ) the following a c c o u n t of this h i s t o r i c supper-meeting h e l d a t her p a r e n t s ' homej "J^l a m g l a d to send thee all that I can g l e a n , from m e m o r y a n d e l s e w h e r e , in regard to the rise of S w a r t h m o r e , a n d the p r o m o t i o n thro it of the cause of higher cultivation among F r i e n d s . In m y p a r e n t s ' m i n d s , it w a s the natural o u t g r o w t h of a very liberal e d u c a t i o n , for the time in w h i c h they l i v e d , a n d a conv i c t i o n that u n l e s s the seed implanted in m a n k i n d b y the Great A u t h o r of all good is nourished & controlled by the best influences w h i c h we can e x e r t , we cannot dare to hope that a s a people Friends ca.A a g a i n exert the p o w e r and influence & the s t r e n g t h , by which their rise w a s m a r k e d . father (Nathan T y s o n ) seldom spoke in a n y M e e t i n g of the F r i e n d s , but w a s at a l l times, in the fullest sympathy with h i s w i f e ' s v i e w s , so often for l o n g y e a r s e x p r e s s e d , thro' p e n & t o n g u e . It was about the y e a r 1 8 5 1 , that M . I . T y s o n first spoke at length in our Y e a r l y M t g . on the m a t t e r of a h i g h e r education a m o n g F r i e n d s , which v i e w s from time to t i m e , she ever a f t e r w a r d continued to u n f o l d . A t first, a l t h o ' the m a s s e s of our Friends h e l d views in u n i s o n with h e r s , there w a s with some a ^ - ^ - T h i s note was copied from I s a b e l l a Tyson's diary b y h e r s i s t e r , L u c y T y s o n F i t z h u g h , and sent to W i l l i a m I.Hull w i t h a letter da-ted W e s t m i n s t e r , M a r y l a n d , 1 1 t h . M o n t h ^ 1 6 * 1 9 0 9 . T h e letter is in the Swarthmore College F r i e n d s ' H i s t o r i c a l L i b r a r y . It w a s w r i t t e n from "1208 M a d i s o n A v e . 2.6.1890," a n d a d d r e s s e d to William F e n n H o l c o m b , at that time p r o f e s s & r of h i s t o r y i n Swarthmore C o l l e g e . The original is in the college l i b r a r y . Swarthmore's library p o s s e s s e s , a l s o , p h o t o g r a p h s of these historic p a r l o r s , "the b i r t h p l a c e of Swarthmore C o l l e g e " , w h i c h w e r e taken during or before 1890; a n d a p h o t o g r a p h of the exterior of "1208 M a d i s o n A v e n u e " , w h i c h w a s tahen in 1 9 3 0 , the h o u s e at that time h a v i n g been converted into a oheap. apartment h o u s e a n d called "The C o u r t n e y " . fear that this w i s h p o i n t e d to a literal culture of the m i n d a s being nescessary to a qualification for the m i n i s t r y , a n d so they w e r e o p p o s e d to i t . My p a r e n t s ' ^ patience never was d i s t u r b e d , a n d I h a v e seen m y M o t h e r stand a„s a bright star a m o n g £ her o p p o n e n t s , a.nd w i t h a grace a n d dignity w h i c h few p o s s e s s e d , w i t h all humility declare that on that head., she w a s glad to say, that she h a d often times b e e n touched ^ by the a p p e a l s of the illiterate and. u n l e a r n e d far m o r e than by the eloquence of rare and cultured m i n d s . P o s s e s s i n g truest tact as w e l l as a most loving h e a r t , still work- ing o n , at lastlshe arose 'twa.s evident that h e r m o s t earnest a n d u n s e l f i s h arguments h h a p p e a l e d to nearly every m i n d , leading them steadily o n w a r d . •*By a report of B a l t e ^ Y e a r l y M t g 1854 (pamphlet form) it is shewn that Swarth- m o r e is the outgrowth of a plala w h i c h was a l r e a d y taking shape, a l t h o ' it h a d no defi- £ nite arrangement u n t i l the y e a r 1 8 6 0 . T h e a r t i c l e of 6 - 3 - 1 8 6 0 , was from m y m o t h e r ' s p e n ^ a n d the first conference w a s h e l d in 10 ^ fMonthj - 1 8 6 0 , i n the parlors^of N a t h a n a n d M a r t h a E . T y s o n , 1208 M a d i s o n A v e . T h e scene comes b a c k m o s t v i v i d l y . Some 60 h a d b e e n h e r e to tea^ when a b o u t 8 o ' c l o c k w e w e r e a l l called to order a n d w e r e told "f that it w a s thought the time h a d come to build u p such a s c h o o l , as would p r o m o t e F r i e n d s ' highest g o o d . A m o n g our g u e s t s , I w e l l remember the silvery heads of Samuel . £ M l l e t s , J o n a t h a n & L y d i a T h o r n e , two of the b r o t h e r s M a c y of N Y k i B . Hallowell & his M r A w i f e , Samuel T o w n s e n d , Samuelj^Janney, R ^achelj T . J a c k s o n , b e s i d e s m a n y m o r e . My parents were at one end of the r o o m , a n d n e a r them Samuel M . J a n n e y , who a t their request a r o s e and. in h i s p l e a s i n g a n d impressive m a n n e r spoke of 'the concern we would now c o n s i d e r . 1 which It soon became a m o s t imposing and dramatic scene w h i c h w i t h p a t h e t i c interest w e now r e c a l l , b e c a u s e so m a n y of 'the faithful ones' h a v e gone to their r e w a r d . The onward spirit w a s completely r o u s e d . It s e e m e d as tho''the deeps were s t i r r e d ' , and old and y o u n g a l i k e took p a r t , M the earnestness of a l l who spoke ? claiming for each a p l a c e . n T h e p l a n s w h i c h h a d b e e n foreshadowed b y the 'Report of 1854' a s s u m e d m o r e definite f o r m , and from this grew the appeal from B a i t . Y e a r l y ^ Meeting of that year (1860) that 'other Y e a r l y M t g s should u n i t e w i t h u s for the great e n d of forming such a s c h o o l ' , a s a l l so fervently d e s i r e d . (A few h a d l o n g looked further than w a s then e x p r e s s e d , for a n a r t i c l e p u b l i s h e d in the Frds Intel r I forget what y e a ^ j ^ w a s from m y M o t h e r ' s p e n a n d I h e a r d the l a t e T h o m a s Foulke assure h e r afterward that it w a s thro' the sentiments expressed therein that his son was p e r m i t t e d to conclude u p o n the study of the law a n d m a k e it his p r o f e s s i o n . New 6 York did not respond at once to the 'Appeal' from B a i t , as their n o t e s of the Y e a r l y Meeting in 1861 show that 'the subject ha,s engaged the attention of the m e e t i n g , and it (is ) (was) the u n i t e d judgement of those p r e s e n t that fcfae w a y does not now open to obtain subscriptions to carry on the w o r k . ' W e k n o w h o w e v e r how m u c h they did a f t e r w a r d for the advancement of the cause,"* a n o t h e r evidence that 'great bodies m o v e slowly.' parents w e r e b o t h at the m e e t i n g (held a,t Race S t ^ ) to raise f u n d s , in 1861, and continued to a t t e n d such m e e t i n g s during m y father's l i f e . H i s death occurred 1 - 7 - 1 8 6 7 ^ so it was not his privilege to see his h o p e f u l f i l l e d . A f t e r this time m y mother still w e n t o n , a n d took a n active interest in the business of these m e e t i n g s , leaving h o m e , & it is cause "of deep regret to u s that she was never strong enough to see the College after it was b u i l t . The last a r t i c l e she w r o t e regarding i t , was in the a u t u m n of 1 8 7 1 , after the g i f t (by J o n a t h a n T h o m e ) of the p i c t u r e of 'Perm's Treaty w i t h the Indians.' ! She had. intended seeding them, a.s they w e r e the b i r t h p l a c e of Swarthmore." i^ir f^... '.. 1 — r ^ ^ L ^ ^ t t&The want of suitable Schools f o r the right education of our c h i l d r e n , a n d p a r t i c u l a r l y such as m i g h t b e c o m e t e a c h e r s , w a s renewedly felt; - Schools in w h i c h they w o u l d not b e e x p o s e d to the contaminating influences that a b o u n d in the w o r l d , bnt in w h i c h teachers m i g h t b e c o m e qualified to give such instruction as w o u l d pro, m o t e their highest i n t e r e s t s . A strong h o p e is felt b y m a n y , that such a School S m a y yet b e e s t a b l i s h e d . ^ T h e concern for a new school was c a r r i e d on directly b y the u n o f f i c i a l m e e t i n g of Friends h e l d in the M e e t i n g H o u s e on "2nd Day e v e n i n g , T e n t h M o n t h 29th." It w a s the following T h u r s d a y (November 1 ) , that I s a b e l l a T y s o n w r o t e in h e r d i a r y , as quoted a b o v e , of the close of Y e a r l y M e e t i n g on the 1 s t . , a n d of the m e e t i n g s on the p r e c e d i n g Sunday a n d M o n d a y evenings. There appears to be no contemporary record of these m e e t i n g s b y M a r t h a T y s o n , B e n j a m i n H a l l o w e l l , Samuel M . J a n n e y , or any of their compeers; b u t the following letter from B e n j a m i n H a l l o w e l l ' s son a n d n a m e s a k e is of i n t e r e s t . "Benj. Hallowell, Jr" w r i t e s : ^ L a n s d o w n e P a 12/2/09 Wm I H u l l D e a r friend T h y letter of 1st i n s t . is received - - - I fear that I cannot a d d to thy information ih r e g a r d to m y Father's connexion with the pro-position of nn a d v a n c e d school u n d e r the general care of F r i e n d s , a s I h a d left home in 1 8 5 6 . know h o w e v e r , that the family r e m o v e d p e r m a n e n t l y to 'Rockland' M a r y l a n d , \ in 1 8 6 0 - and I thi ± that it was that F a l l , that h e a n d M a r t h a T y s o n of B a l t i m o r e , - ^Extracts?* (Women's), 1 8 6 0 , "p. 1 3 . T h i s m i n u t e w a s a d o p t e d at the close of the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g , o n "the 1st of the 1 1 t h mo a n d 5th of the week." w i t h p e r h a p s some other Friends (it b e i n g the time of Baltimore Y e a r l y M e e t i n g ) m e t at Martha's h o m e , and entered into a full a n d free interchange of v i e w s , a n d decided that the time w a s ripe for its a c c o m p l i s h m e n t ^ do not k n o w c f any diary or journal of their p r o c e e d i n g s , b u t it w a s from that b e g i n n i n g that Swarthmore College a r o s e . * •*And. in loyalty to my dear M o t h e r , M a r g a r e t E . H a l l o w e l l , I m a y a d d , that when a p r o p e r name f o r the College was w a n t e d , m a n y were s u g g e s t e d , a n d m y m o t h e r sent in the n a m e "Swarthmoor" after the 'Swarthmoor H a l l ' , h o m e of George F o x , w h i c h // * was a c c e p t e d , though now spelled 'Swarthmore.' R e g r e t t i n g the m e a g r e n e s s of m y i n f o r m a t i o n , I am Sincerely thy f r i e n d Benj. Hallowell Jr^Samuel M . Janney's d a u g h t e r , C o r n e l i a , w r i t e s from "Lincoln j v i r g i n i a ^ l l mo 25 as follows: tlX do not f i n d any m e n t i o n m a d e in m y father'* Journal of the beginnings of Swarthmore C o l l e g e . If I remember r i g h t l y , the concern to es- tablish a F r i e n d s C o l l e g e , a r o s e at an evening m e e t i n g at M a r t h a T y s o n ' s during B a l t i m o r e Yearly M e e t i n g . M y father a n d B e n j a m i n H a l l o w e l l w e r e b o t h p r e s e n t , a n d were m u c h interested in the c o n c e r n . Soon a f t e r t h a t , the w a r came o n , w i t h its h o r r o r s , and I a m sure he w o u l d not h a v e h a d a n opportunity to take a n a c t i v e p a r t in the establishment of S w a r t h m o r e . R e s p e c t f u l l y thy f r i e n d , A t this point ifa the s t o r y , w e a r e confronted w i t h a m a n u s c r i p t b o o k preserved in the F r i e n d s ' H i s t o r i c a l L i b r a r y of S w a r t h m o r e C o l l e g e , containing twentysix pages of m a n u s c r i p t r e c o r d s , together w i t h ten p r i n t e d p a g e s of a n "^Addressf* a n d a large numb er of b l a n k p a g e s . T h e s e records a r e s i g n e d , for P h i l a d e l p h i a a n d H e w Y o r k , b y Dillwyn P a r r i s h , who a c t e d as clerk f o r a number of the m e e t i n g s h e l d in -O^fc- C 3 those cities; but the three p a g e s d e v o t e d to "Proceedings in Baltimore" (the first three pages in the b o o k ) are u n s i g n e d , a l t h o u g h they too a p p e a r to b e in the handwriting of Dillwyn P a r r i s h . The source of these three p a g e s is not given; but Benja- min Hallowell a n d R i c h a r d T . B e n t l e y are said to have a c t e d as clerks for the B a l t i m o r e meetings, a n d it m a y have b e e n from them that D i l l w y n P a r r i s h r e c e i v e d the m i n u t e s of the proceedings in B a l t i m o r e w h i c h h e a p p a r e n t l y c o p i e d in his b o o k before inscribing his own m i n u t e s of the P h i l a d e l p h i a a n d H e w Y o r k m e e t i n g s . These records begin the story with the second of O c t o b e r , 1 8 6 0 , instead of the 2 8 t h . a n d are as follows; "^PROCEEDINGS IN BALTIMORE. a large Meeting of F r i e n d s who feel the w a n t of a d d i t i o n a l facilities for the g u a r d e d education of F r i e n d s ' c h i l d r e n , a n d especially for the supply of suitable teachers in m e m b e r s h i p with u s to w h o m to entrust our children in our neighborhood d Schools, h e l d 10th m o 2 1860. B e n j H a l l o w e l l w a s requested to act as Clerk for the Meeting. ^ A f t e r a full free interchange of sentiment a.nd the expression of some v i e w s , illustrative of the want in this respect u n d e r ' w h i c h our S o c i e t y , at p r e s e n t l a b o r s , it w a s the judgment of the M e e t i n g that a Committee b e a p p o i n t e d to p r e p a r e an a d d r e s s upon the subject to our own m e m b e r s a n d also to the m e m b e r s of a l l the Y e a r l y Meetings with w h i c h this c o r r e s p o n d s , with a statement of such v i e w s a n d p l a n s as they m a y think calculated to p l a c e the m a t t e r in its true light b e f o r e F r i e n d s g e n e r a l l y , a n d to act therein, in furtherance of the o b j e c t , in such way a s they think m a y b e b e s t calculated to p r o m o t e the end in v i e w . 4*The following Friends are a p p o i n t e d said C o m m i t t e e , v i z Benjj^ H a l l o w e l l Janney Gerard H Reese if(r R i c h ^ T Bentley John Q Turner Martha E Tyson M a r y G Moore John P a r r i s h Rebecca Turner M a r y B Husband. Rath H a n n a h Smith •^The Meeting then a d j o u r n e d . ^ Mo 1 3 t h 1860 & Mary L Roberts — - — ~ ~ — The Committee m e t at the Committee R o o m in the City of Baltimore. •^Present Benj/\ H a l l o w e l l , Ssm^ M ^ J a n n e y , J o h n P a r r i s h , Richj^ T B e n t l e y , M a r t h a S T y s o n , Ma.ry G M o o r e , R e b e c c a T u r n e r , M a r y B H u s b a n d , R u t h H a n n a h Smith a n d Mary L R o b e r t s . JL •^Rich^ T Bentley was a p p o i n t e d Clerk for the C o m m i t t e e . vBenjJ^ Hallowell consented to p r e p a r e a n a d d r e s s explanatory of the objects w e have in v i e w , to b e submitted to a. m e e t i n g of the Committee to h e h e l d in this city th o n the 19 inst at Seven O c l o c k . i flBenj^ H a l l o w e l l , S a m ^ M J a n n e y , J o h n P a r r i s h , M a r t h a E T y s o n a n d R e b e c c a Turner were appointed to p r o c e e d as soon after the p r e p a r a t i o n of the a d d r e s s as m a y be p r a c t i c a b l e to P h i l a d e l p h i a a n d H e w Y o r k a n d endeavor to enlist our Friends of those Y e a r l y Meetings in active Cooperation with u s , in the establishment of this m u c h needed I n s t i t u t i o n . ^ T h e n adjourned.-* P T e n t h M o n t h 19 1860. The Committee m e t p u r s u a n t to a d j o u r n m e n t . ^Present B Hallowell, J.C.Turner, G H Reese, R T Bentley, M E Tyson, M.G. M o o r e , R Turner and M a r y B H u s b a n d . ^ T h e address to b e p r e p a r e d wa,s p r o d u c e d a n d r e a d . - M u c h interest wa,s manifested in its consideration and w i t h a few a l t e r a t i o n s it was a d o p t e d a n d the F r i e n d s named at our last M e e t i n g were encouraged to p r o c e e d in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h the m i n u t e s then m a d e jtfThen adjourned.*^ These records do not state at w h a t p l a c e in Baltimore the m e e t i n g of the 2 n d of October was held; but since it w a s "a l a r g e M e e t i n g " , it w a s p r o b a b l y h e l d in the Meeting House on Lombard. Street^ w h i l e it is stated that the m e e t i n g on October /^fifb+jcJr. A+JhJLt 13 was held in "the Committee Eoom'^-wbtdaBdsafi^in the L o m b a r d Street M e e t i n g H o u s e . The leading p r o p o n e n t s of the new s c h o o l , n a m e l y , B e n j a m i n Hallowell a n d M a r t h a Tyson, w e r e p r e s e n t at a l l three of these m e e t i n g s , and they w e r e b o t h appointed on the committee of five to lay the concern b e f o r e the Friends of P h i l a d e l p h i a a n d New Y o r k Y e a r l y M e e t i n g s . We arejkot told u n d e r w h o s e initiative or u n d e r w h a t a u s p i c e s the Baltimore m e e t i n g of O c t o b e r 2 was c a l l e d . But it a p p e a r s to h a v e b e e n due to the personal concern of its two chief p r o p o n e n t s , M a r t h a T y s o n a n d B e n j a m i n H a l l o w e l l . T h e former had b e e n appointed b y the w o m e n ' s Y e a r l y M e e t i n g in 1858 the clerk or chairman of a large "Standing Committee" for the p u r c h a s e a n d distribution of b o o k s ; but this committee reported to the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g of 1859 a n expenditure of only $ 9 1 . 7 5 , a n d Martha Tyson as a m e m b e r also of the c o m m i t t e e in charge of the successful Fair H i l l Boarding School evidently determined to m o v e for a m o r e important step in Quaker education. M a r g a r e t E . H a l l o w e l l was also a m e m b e r of the b o o k c o m m i t t e e , a n d h a d long b e e n clerk of the women's Y e a r l y M e e t i n g . B e n j a m i n H a l l o w e l l , as clerk of the m e n ' s Y e a r l y M e e t i n g for ma,iy y e a r s , w a s e x c u s e d from m u c h c o m m i t t e e - w o r k , but his leadership in education caused h i m to b e deeply interested in the new p r o j e c t . Samuel M . J a n n e y , t o o , a leading Quaker educator a n d a u t h o r , came u p to B a l t i m o r e f o r the meetings on October ^ . n d 1 3 , a n d a t the request of M a r t h a T y s o n p r e s e n t e d the concern at the m e e t i n g ih h e r p a r l o r s on October 2 8 . ( & . . . y.,. 0 tf*i' « LeL , / Atfilf'Ht / r-; , -M tOj ; H T £ e a d d r e s s w h i c h B e n j a m i n H a l l o w e l l w a s a p p o i n t e d at the m e e t i n g o n October 13 to p r e p a r e , a n d w h i c h he p r e s e n t e d to the committee on October 1 9 , was a d o p t e d "with a few alterations." > $ But b e f o r e the c o m m i t t e e of five p r o c e e d e d to go with this addreuo to P h i l a d e l p h i a a n d New Y o r k , either the committee of twelve or the com1 - ^Extracts*, 1858, p . 7. % - ^Extracts, 1859, p . 6 - 7. a mittee of five evidently decided that it w o u l d h e wise to procure a w i d e r endorsement of the project from the F r i e n d s of the entire B a l t i m o r e Y e a r l y M e e t i n g , instead of from only those of the city of B a l t i m o r e , who p r o b a b l y composed for the m o s t part the "large meeting" h e l d on O c t o b e r 2 . H e n c e it was that on First-day e v e n i n g , the 2 8 t h . of O c t o b e r , at the b e g i n n i n g of "Yearly M e e t i n g w e e k " , the m e e t i n g of "Yearly M e e t i n g Friends" was h e l d at the h o m e of M a r t h a T y s o n , and on Second-day e v e n i n g , the 2 9 t h . , a general m e e t i n g of Y e a r l y M e e t i n g Friends w a s called in the tit- Meeting H o u s e . B e s i d e s the contemporary reference to this informal m e e t i n g of the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g Friends which h a s b e e n q u o t e d a b o v e from Isabella Tyson's d i a r y , we find the J f following editorial notice in the Friends' Intelligencer f o r E l e v e n t h M o n t h 1 7 , 1 8 6 0 : "^It will b e interesting to the readers of the Intelligencer to k n o w that the m i n d s of m a n y Friends throughout the several Y e a r l y Meetings h a v e b e e n concerned for the establishment of a B o a r d i n g S c h o o l , l o c a t e d in the c o u n t r y , w h e r e our children a n d y o u t h m a y receive a thorough, a n d at the same time g u a r d e d , religious education, a n d where those desirous of following the p r o f e s s i o n of teachers m a y b e c o m e qualified for a trust of such vital importance.During the w e e k of the late Y e a r l y M e e t i n g h e l d in B a l t i m o r e , a n evening meeting w a s called of those i n t e r e s t e d , w h i c h w a s largely attended. T h e subject wa.s freely d i s c u ^ e d , i n its v a r i o u s b e a r i n g s , a n d a lively concern A was m a n i f e s t e d by those p r e s e n t . A f t e r a free interchange of s e n t i m e n t , a Committee was a p p o i n t e d to prepare a n a d d r e s s to the m e m b e r s of the six Y e a r l y M e e t i n g s , a n d w e a r e requested to inform that it is the design of some of their members to visit the cities of P h i l a d e l p h i a a n d N e w Y o r k , a n d to h o l d conferences w i t h such Friends a s are w i l l i n g to aid in m a t u r i n g a n d carrying into o p e r a t i o n a p l a n that will effect the o b j e c t . Our testimony to the g u a r d e d religious education a n d the training of the - T h e sequence o f these m e e t i n g s is confused by E d w a r d P a r r i s h , in h i s ^ E s s a y & n Education*' (1866, 4 4 ) , a n d b y W i l l i a m P e n n Holcomb in h i s sketch of Swarthmore "College (1891, fte&e 201 of * k H i s t o r y _ o f H i g h e r Education in P e n n s y l vania*, 1902). ' """ X VolumfijW,. P a g o 5 6 8 . t m L 7 I youth can hardly h e o v e r - e s t i m a t e d , a n d if we w o u l d save them from the contaminating influences to w h i c h they are e x p o s e d , in seeking the full development of their ir>tellectual p o w e r s , w e m u s t not longer delay to p r o v i d e the m e a n s requisite to accomplish so desireahle an e n d . ; ^ T h i s "brief notice is simply to call the a t t e n t i o n of F r i e n d s to the s u b j e c t , : and p r e p a r e them for its consideration^ Six m o n t h s after the B a l t i m o r e met 3eting^^fpril 2^r 1 8 6 ^ , a committee of Philadelphia. Friends included, in their report on the p r o p o s e d s c h o o l , the following n statement: / ^ D u r i n g the sittings of B a l t i m o r e Y e a r l y M e e t i n g in 1 0 ^ M o n t h last a number ! of its m e m b e r s m e t in conference to consider the p r o p r i e t y of establishing a. F r i e n d s Eoarding School where our y o u t h m a y receive a l i b e r a l and guarded education u n d e r the care of m e m b e r s of the S o c i e t y , - w h e r e teachers can be educated and p r o p e r l y trained to take charge of schools in F r i e n d s n e i g h b o r h o o d s and w h e r e orphan children and others whose circumstances require them to b e sent from h o m e m a y b e educated at a moderate expense. A f t e r carefully considering the subject in its v a r i o u s bearings Friends of B a l t i m o r e a p p o i n t e d a committee to p r e p a r e a n a d d r e s s a n d if way opened to meet their b r e t h r e n in P h i l a d e l p h i a a n d New .York Y e a r l y Meetings in conference."* T h e committee h a d b e e n chosen a n d the a d d r e s s p r e p a r e d , as we have seen, before the sessions of B a l t i m o r e Y e a r l y M e e t i n g b e g a n ; but the informal m e e t i n g of Yearly Meeting Friends on October 29 evidently gave its a p p r o v a l to the a d d r e s s , a n d to the committee and its m i s s i o n . , • ^ ./ LA , -t-f \ m a y be m a d e a m o s t important a n d h e a l t h f u l p a r t of their r e c r e a t i o n , and a rational & u s e f u l employment of their w a s t e e n e r g i e s , a f f o r d i n g all n e c e s s a r y physical e x e r c i s e , w i t h equal a n a p e r h a p s superior b e n e f i t to the h e a l t h of the m i n d , and the corporeal s y s t e m s , to that p r o d u c e d by the o r d i n a r y Gymnastic g a m e s . ^9. If any Subscriber should object to p a y i n g his s u b s c r i p t i o n , on the g r o u n d that the course b e i n g p u r s u e d is not what h e had. s u p p o s e d , o r w a s l e d to u n d e r s t a n d , when he subscribed, the p a y m e n t of his subscription should not b e insisted u p o n . ^ T h e foregoing v i e w s , a n d p o i n t s of p r a c t i c e , h a v e the sanction of our deliber- ate and u n i t e d judgment; b u t , a f t e r thus submitting them to the consideration of the s m f y Conference, we are p r e p a r e d to c o - o p e r a t e , e a r n e s t l y , and i n g o o d f a i t h , in w h a t e v e r Course shall be thought most likely to h a r m o n i z e all views a n d i n t e r e s t s , a n d to secure the important object w e all h a v e so w a r m l y at heart."* , QJrJuJujUX^^ M o ^ f e w V • M*^tL1 S B e a r i n g this address as the b a s i s of their discussion with the Friends of P h i l adelphia a n d N e w Y o r k , the B a l t i m o r e c o m m i t t e e 6f five entered u p o n their adventurous ana difficult t a s k . Samuel M . J a n n e y did not a c c o m p a n y h i s fellow-inembers of the com- m i t t e e , a l t h o u g h he went to P h i l a d e l p h i a , he relates in his Memoirs',? "in the spring of the y e a r 1861 to superintend the stereotyping a n d p r i n t i n g of the second v o l u m e of m y History of Friends"^ a n d h e doubtless did what he could while there to further the committee's c o n c e r n . It is not k n o w n whether or n o t v R i c h a r d T u r n e r a n d - J o h n P a r r i s h accom- panied the committee; but it is definitely k n o w n that B e n j a m i n a n d Margaret H a l l o w e l l ^ sb*. N a t h a n a n d Martha Tyson^made the j o u r n e y . A letter from M a r g a r e t H a l l o w e l l , da,ted n< "Moorestown 12 m o 2 ^ £ l 8 6 o j " , speaks of "a h a r d cold" w h i c h she h a d taken in P h i l a d e l J p h i a , a n d gives the following d e t a i l s of the committee's p r o g r e s s in that city; 20 5*1 suppose thee h a s h e a r d of the concern g o t t e n u p at Y e a r l y m e e t i n g to establish a friends school^ there w a s a committee a p p o i n t e d to p r e p a r e a n a d d r e s s to friends th on the subject, this committee m e t in B a l t i m o r e on the evening of the 19 * the a d d r e s s was a p p r o v e d , and the committee d i r e c t e d to f o r w a r d it to a m e e t i n g of friends called to meet in P h i l a on fc^ 4 t h day evening lastj w e a t t e n d e d as did a l s o N . a n d M . E . T y s o n there was quite a large a n d interesting meeting- - the address w a s h i g h l y a p p r o v e d , a n d a committee appointed to join ours to p r e s e n t it to N e w Y o r k friends; if they approve of it, it is to be p r i n t e d a n d circulated a m o n g friends generally - there is quite a confident hope felt by m a n y that by the u n i o n of the three Yearly m e e t i n g s they will b e 1 able to establish a school calculated to m e e t the w a n t s of society? ' The Friends' Intelligencer forVElaventh-tfe-, 2 4 , 1 8 6 0 , contained the following % I h editorial . - Third note; e d i t i o "The n , P h iCommittee l a d e l p h i a of , 1 F8r8i2e,n dP s. from 1 8 8 . B a l t i m o r e on the subject of establishing - A copy of this l e t t e r , addressed to M a r y B . B r o o k e , of Sandy S p r i n g , M a r y l a n d , w a s given to Swarthmore's Library b y M a r y M a g r u d e r , of Sandy S p r i n g . - V o l u m s ^ W ^ p. 5 8 4 . && 7/A a Boarding School, a l l u d e d to in our last n u m b e r , expect to h o l d a m e e t i n g o n F o u r t h day evening (the 28th inst,) at R a c e Street M e e t i n g - h o u s e , a t h a l f p a s t seven o ' c l o c k , to which Friends interested in the object are invited." T h e Intiligencer of the n e x t week m a d e no reference to the m e e t i n g thus a n n o u n c e d ; h u t in its issue of Twelfth M o . 8, 1 8 6 0 , a p p e a r e d the following editorial notice: ^ A c c o r d i n g to the notice in the 3 7 t h number of the I n t e l l i g e n c e r , a Conference was h e l d in R a c e street M e e t i n g H o u s e , with Friends of B a l t i m o r e , on the subject of Education, a n d the establishment of a B o a r d i n g S c h o o l , w h e r e our y o u t h of both sexes can be instructed u n d e r the care of the S o c i e t y , a n d qualified for t e a c h e r s . A t this m e e t i n g , a committee w a s appointed to u n i t e with Friends from B a l t i m o r e , in a like Conference with Friends of New Y o r k , a n d we a.re requested to state that they h a v e appointed a meeting to b e held in that city, at T w e n t y - s e v e n t h street M e e t i n g H o u s e , on Second day evening, 10th I n s t . , at 7 o'clock.** 2i T h e m a n u s c r i p t b o o k of records referred to a b o v e , gives the following m i n u t e s of the conference held in P h i l a d e l p h i a on the evening of N o v e m b e r 2 8 , a n d cf the committeeneeting h e l d the next morning: •^Proceedings in Philadelphia * A t a Conference of F r i e n d s of P h i l a d e l p h i a a n d its n e i g h b o r h o o d h e l d at R a c e Street M e e t i n g House o n Fourth day E v e n i n g E l e v e n t h M o n t h 28th 1 8 6 0 ^ Committee a p p o i n t e d at a Conference of F r i e n d s in B a l t i m o r e a t t e n d e d a n d presented a n address on the subject of E d u c a t i o n a c c o m p a n i e d by some explanatory r e m a r k s . <^The necessity of an A s s o c i a t i o n for the p u r c h a s e of a F a r m , the erection of suitable buildings to accommodate a B o a r d i n g School for the education of our Youth of both sexes and for p r e p a r i n g t e a c h e r s , w a s impressively p r e s e n t e d b y several F r i e n d s . ^ T h e subject was freely discussed a n d the g e n e r a l features of the address w e r e approved, the following Committee w a s a p p o i n t e d to u n i t e w i t h Friends of Baltimore a n d . - Volume 616. Volume 1 7 . P P . 632 4, other Yearly Meetings in the further consideration of the p r o p o s e d p l a n a s way m a y open and report to a future m e e t i n g . E d w a r d Parrish Nathaniel Richardson D P a r r i s h Jane J o h n s o n H e l e n G . Long- streth S . E m l e n Sharp1es^Rachel T . J a c k s o n ^ s r a e l J Grahame^Susan M Parrish^ Dillwyn Parrish,Hannah Lippincott^ B e n j a m i n P r i c e ^ J o h n W i l s o n M o o r e Mary S L i p p i n c o t t John D Griscom L e t i t i a W A l l e n M c P h e r s o n Saunders H a r r i e t E SSockly T h o m a s R i d g w a y A n n A Townsend W i l l i a m D o r s e y 0 . H o w a r d W i l s o n E d i t h W A t l e e George T r u m a n R a c h e l W Moore A n n e Shoemaker Mary R H u s b a n d H u g h Foulke J r L y d i a Gillingham J a m e s Mott S a m 1 Parry / Lucretia M o t t W 111 Hawkins Joseph C Grubb. ^ T h e n adjourned. (Signed) Dillwyn Parrish •'<-••• C l e r k for the E v e n i n g ^ " • Mo 2 9 t h 1860 * * * * The Committee a p p o i n t e d to confer w i t h P r i e n d s from Baltimore ha.ving a g r e e d to m e e t at half p a s t 8 o ' c l o c k this m o r n i n g now convened 2 4 members p r e s e n t ^ ^ A f t e r a general d i s c u s s i o n on the p l a n submitted in the address it was concluded to appoint a sub-committee to aid F r i e n d s of B a l t i m o r e and. if needful to accompany them to New Y o r k to p r e s e n t to Friends there the address which h a s b e e n read a n d approved by the conference in this city ^ T h e following F r i e n d ^ J w ^ a p p o i n t e d to this service Samuel P a r r y ^fbjrV.l—Shnji\ R i d g w a y 0 . Howard Wilson Rachel T Jackson M a r y S Lippincott Susanna M Parrish Dillwyn Parrish Ann^JJ A T o w n s e n d Edward Parrish Helen G Longstreth ^Then Adjourned. (Signed) Dillwyti P a r r i s h C l e r k for the time.*^ * * * 7 6 It will h e o b s e r v e d that the first p e r s o n a p p o i n t e d on the Philadelphia, committee, November 2 8 , 1 8 6 0 , w a s E d w a r d P a r r i s h . This Quaker educator a n d scholar was to b e c o m e the first p r e s i d e n t of S w a r t h m o r e C o l l e g e , a n d it is interesting to find him thus early in the forefront of j ^ T pPhhii:l a d e l p h i a f o u n d e r s . H e w a s the seventh son of D r . J o s e p h P a r r i s h , a n eminent p h y s i c i a n , a n d at this time w a s thirty-eight years of age. E n t e r i n g h i s b r o t h e r Dillwyn's drug-store at the a g e of s i x t e e n , he studied at the College of P h a r m a c y in P h i l a d e l p h i a , took his degree there four years l a t e r , opened a school pf pharmacy in semi-official connection w i t h the U n i v e r s i t y of P e n n s y l v a n i a in 1 8 4 9 , a n d in 1864 b e c a m e a p r o f e s s o r in his alma m a t e r . Edward. P a r r i s h m a y have b e e n the author of the review of Herbert Spencer's a-u<*"«!* ition*, w h i c h appeared, in the P r i e n d s ' I n t e l l i g e n c e r for D e c e m b e r 1 5 , 1860; and 1 p— jLe F r i e n d s Intelligencer for December 2 2 , 1 8 6 0 , he contributed the following b r i e f article on "The New B o a r d i n g School;" •^The ancient custom of F r i e n d s to recognize,in a Society c a p a c i t y , only those projects which a r e founded on a religious c o n c e r n , h a s its origin in p h i l o s o p h y , no less than in faith and e x p e r i e n c e . U n d e r the influence of this k i n d of f e e l i n g , m e n are qualified to irnpart to others that u n s e l f i s h interest a n d zeal w h i c h leads d i r e c t l y to the highest r e s u l t s . tyA concern has long; dwelt in m a r y m i n d s for the establishment of a school u n d e r the eare of the Society a t l a r g e , a d a p t e d to the training in the h i g h e r branches of science a n d l i t e r a t u r e , the h u n d r e d s of yo n g F r i e n d s who are a n n u a l l y reaching the a g e to enter o n such studied; it lias l a t e l y , a,s m o s t readers of the Intelligencer are a w a r e , so far ripened in B a l t i m o r e , a s to l e a d to m e e t i n g s , first in that city, a n d then in P h i l a d e l p h i a and New Y o r k , d e s i g n e d to a w o k e n throughout the S o c i e t y , this latent a n d general f e e l i n g . Few who h a v e enjoyed the p r i v i l e g e of being p r e s e n t at the meetings JEni * f- - V o l . \ « / l k p . 632 . 646 j IX -w-r. } m J J alluded to have failed to a p p r e c i a t e the force of the religious concern which is the mainspring of the m o v e m e n t , a n d n o n e , I t h i n k , who a p p r e c i a t e t h i s , can want confidence in its u l t i m a t e s u c c e s s . The only obstacle w h i c h at present seems likely to stand in the ray of the oroject is the idea that such a school will "be a. m e a n s of promoting sectarianism, in some objectionable sense of the t e r m . That its effect w o u l d b e to imbue the younger p a r t of the Society with increased interest in those p e c u l i a r i t i e s of faith and p r a c t i c e w h i c h , for two c e n t u r i e s , h a v e d i s t i n g u i s h e d Friends a m o n g Christian professors, must be evident the concern could h a r d l y h a v e originated on a n y other ground; and to a n y pa.rents who m a y not b e in u n i s o n w i t h the Society in its fundamental prinrciples a n d testimonies, as laid down in its D i s c i p l i n e , the school could h a r d l y l o o k for support. /^The real question then is — H o w far is this concern for the m o r e thorough a n d yet guarded education of our children a general one? If the efforts n o w m a k i n g to ob- tain a solution of this question result in a f a v o r a b l e r e s p o n s e , a g r e a t step will be g a i n e d , a n d we m a y look for a speedy a c c o m p l i s h m e n t of the end in v i e w . P H e can hardly over-estimate the a d v a n t a g e s that w o u l d follow to our Society from the m o r e general diffusion of solid e d u c a t i o n , among its y o u n g e r m e m b e r s ; these would thus acquire a m o r e intelligent a o o r e c i B t i o n of its p r i n c i p l e s , and a m e n t a l discipline which w o u l d fortify thern a g a i n s t soecious f a l l a c i e s , w h i l e their sphere of usefulness a n d influence in the w o r l d , w o u l d increase w i t h the enlargement of their knowledge, and the imorovement of their f a c u l t i e s . ^ tF Six y e a r s l a t e r , in nis E_ssay o n E d u c a t i o n in the Society of F r i e n d ^ * , . Edward Parrish made a b r i e f reference to the m e e t i n g s h e l d in B a l t i m o r e , P h i l a d e l p h i a a n d N e w York, closing his a c c o u n t w i t h the following comment: "It is yet too soon to write the history of this most important m o v e m e n t , but if the m e a s u r e s then inaugurated should b e crowned with the promised success, the names of those who were thus foremost in- it will go down to p o s t e r i t y as w o r t h y of double honor." 4 — P h i l a d e l p h i a , 1 3 6 6 , pp. 44 — Ijx'^ [ p r o c e e d i n g s in N e w YorK*> t " 1 f * A t a M e e t i n g of F r i e n d s h e l d at the M e e t i n g Hotxse on 2 7 ^ Street N e w Y o r k 'welfth M o n t h 1 0 ^ 1860 in reference to the subject of establishing a. B o a r d i n g School for h e more liberal education of Friends C h i l d r e n , - several m e m b e r s of the Committees w h i c h lad b e e n appointed in B a l t i m o r e and P h i l a d e l p h i a were p r e s e n t . They p r e s e n t e d a n A d d r e s s rhich had b e e n p r e p a r e d in regard to it, w h i c h w a s fully u n i t e d w i t h b y the M e e t i n g . •J^The following' Friends were a p p o i n t e d a Committee to confer w i t h Committees il ready a p p o i n t e d ih B a l t i m o r e & P h i l a d e l p h i a , to give the necessary a t t e n t i o n to the ;ubject v i z . Jonathan T h o m e Thorns Foulke William H Macy Geo T T r i m b l e E d w a r d Merritt Ellwood Walter G i d e o n Frost Bob t H o y dock Samuel '.Villetts Sarah H a g a n Jacob Capron Hannah W Hoydock A n n S Dudley Eachel Hicks Deborah M F i e l d Caroline H Seaman J a n e Rubsell S a r a h H Willets £ T h e n a d j o u r n e d to meet at the call of the Committee (Signed) Edward Merritt Clerk *%iirdfl!foining f 1 2 t h Mo 1 1 t h i860 * Jr jfUhe joint Committee of Friends of Hew Y o r k B a l t i m o r e a n d Fhila^raet at .lester Street Meeting H o u s e at 9 o * c l o c k A . M . ^ P r sent from 17 Y o r k n e a r l y a l l the Committee " " Baltimore B e n j Hallowell t I,Iarg Hallowell ITatlian Tyson | Martha E Tyson \ R e b e c c a Turner ^ P r e s e n t from P h i l a James M o t t Thos R i d g w a y W m Griscorn David J G r i s c o m Dillwyn Parrish Susanna M P a r r i s h Helen G Longstreth. ^ T h e p l a n p r o p o s e d in the address last E v e n i n g w a s again read and d i s c u s s e d . After some modifications it was a d o p t e d . The a d d r e s s w i t h a subscription p a p e r to accom- pany it, were directed to be p u b l i s h e d u n d e r the d i r e c t i o n of Friends i n P h i l a d e l p h i a * I t was agreed that 1500 copies be f o r w a r d e d to Samuel W i l l e t s for the u s e of Friends in Hew Y o r k , and 1000 to G e r a r d H R e e s e for the u s e of F r i e n d s in B a l t i m o r e , and 1500 to b e retained for the u s e of Friends in Phila.deloh.ia * I t was directed that the Clerk of this Committee b e requested to call them together when the business of the A s s o c i a t i o n shall require i t . #Then Adjourned $Signed4f Dillwyn p a r r i s h C l e r k of joint Committee for the day."^ The only other contemporary account of these H e w Y o r k m e e t i n g s , besides their Dfficial m i n u t e s , comes to u s from the F r i e n d s ' I n t e l l i g e n c e r , w h i c h contains an editorial £ notice in the issue for Twelfth M o . 8 , 1 8 6 0 , that at the R a c e Street m e e t i n g on Eleventh 28 , "a committee was a p p o i n t e d to unite w i t h F r i e n d s from B a l t i m o r e , in a like Conference with Friends of Hew Y o r k , a n d we are requested to state that they have a p p o i n t e d a, neeting to be held in that c i t y , a t T w e n t y - s e v e n t h street M e e t i n g H o u s e , o n Second day svening, 10th inst., at 7 o'clock." v ! In its issue of T w e l f t h M o . 2 2 , 1 3 6 0 , the Intelligencer contains the following sditorial notice of the N e w Y o r k m e e t i n g h e l d on the ^FP.IEKDS' BOARD I ¥0- SCHOOL.- P u r s u a n t to their appointment as m e n t i o n e d n the 39th number of the I n t e l l i g e n c e r , a p o r t i o n of the committee from Baltimore a n d •hiladelphia, m e t in conference w i t h F r i e n d s ' of N e w Y o r k at 27th street meeting h o u s e , ,t the time a.p ointed for the p u r p o s e . The evening w a s v e r y i n c l e m e n t , notwithstanding •hich, a considerable number of F r i e n d s , b o t h m e n a n d women w e r e in a t t e n d a n c e . The general features of the address and p r o p o s e d p l a n w e r e fully a p p r o v e d , a n d a committee 'as appointed to u n i t e w i t h the delegations from B a l t i m o r e a n d P h i l a d e l p h i a , in pub.ishing a n d distributing this d o c u m e n t , with a subscription list a p p e n d e d . & There appears to be but one v i e w a s to the want of such a n institution as .t is now p r o p o s e d to establish, and we shall endeavor to k e e p our readers informed of ;he progress of this interesting c o n c e r n . " ^ . * Thus i^t was that devoted Friends of B a l t i m o r e , P h i l a d e l p h i a a n d H e w Y o r k .'early M e e t i n g s laid the foundation-stones of the educational institution which during she next d e c a d e , w a s to take the form of Swarthmore C o l l e g e . When the Tysons a n d Inllowells went u o o n their mission to P h i l a d e l p h i a a n d N e w Y o r k , the clouds of an JUJL idverse destiny were^hanging low a n d m e n a c i n g on the h o r i z o n of the A m e r i c a n R e p u b l i c . )n November S , the election of A b r a h a m L i n c o l n a n d the confinement of h u m a n slavery ;o the Southern StatesYwws- determined.; on N o v e m b e r 1 2 , South Carolina's legislature jailed a convention for the p u r p o s e of seceding from the Unionj o n D e c e m b e r 6 that convention was chosen, a n d two weeks later it p a s s e d a n ordinance of s e c e s s i o n . D u r i n g I^h she winter m o n t h s b e f o r e Lincoln's inauguration o n M a r c h 4 \ s i x m o r e of the Southern States seceded a n d the Southern Confederacy was formed; d u r i n g those m o n t h s , a l s o , the Irrepressible conflict of arms drew daily n e a r e r . Edward P a r r i s h , referring six years later to the A d d r e s s w h i c h was a d o p t e d by the m e e t i n g s in B a l t i m o r e , P h i l a d e l p h i a , a n d N e w Y o r k , says of it a n d of the times in which it w a s sent forth:J^The p r i n t i n g a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n of this address was so soon followed by those startling events w h i c h shook the nation to its c e n t e r a n d h a v e but recently c u l m i n a t e d , that the efforts toward enlisting the great b o d y of F r i e n d s , on behalf of this u n d e r t a k i n g , m a y be said to have b e e n inaugurated d u r i n g the m o s t anxious time of the great rebellion. ^ W h e n m a n y citizens d o u b t e d if they or their posterity would a g p i n enjoy the blessings of free government - w h e n m e n of w e a l t h h e l d their p o s s e s s i o n s b y so feeble a tenure that soon they m i g h t not command enough of this w o r l d ' s goods to feed a n d clothe their families - when p a r e n t s , not a f e w , t r e m b l e d lest their s o n s , swept into the current that carried so m a i y thousands to u n t i m e l y g r a v e s , would n e v e r return to comfort their declining years - w h e n d a r k n e s s , d i s c o u r a g e m e n t , a n d u n c e r t a i n t y hung over everything in the f u t u r e , it s e e m e d , to s o m e , out of p l a c e to be p l a n n i n g great improvements or seeking to found b e n e f i c e n t institutions.^ THB BUILDINQ —SWAIITID^QIUD—COLLEGE T h e A d d r e s s of Some m e m b e r s of the Society of F r i e n d s to their F e l l o w M e m b e r s on the S u b j e c t of E d u c a t i o n , a n d on the E s t a b l i s h m e n t of a B o a r d i n g School for F r i e n d s ' Children, a n d f o r the E d u c a t i o n of T e a c h e r s " , w h i c h V t h e m e e t i n g s in B a l t i m o r e , P h i l a d e l phia a n d H e w Y o r k in O c t o b e r , N o v e m b e r a n d D e c e m b e r , 1 8 6 0 , h a d a d o p t e d a n d ordered to b e distributed through the respective c o m m u n i t i e s , w a s v e r y similar to the B e n o r t of the A ** Baltimore Yearu/Meeting's Committee o n E d u c a t i o n in 1 8 5 4 . * 30It repeated also the B a l t i m o r e A d d r e s s of 1 8 5 3 , w i t h the a d d i t i o n a l p a r a g r a p h , "and it is to secure teachers c a p a b l e , u n d e r the d i v i n e b l e s s i n g , o f imparting to o u r precious children influences like t h e s e , in o u r d i f f e r e n t country n e i g h b o r h o o d s , w h i l e they a r e a c q u i r i n g the useful b r a n c h e s of school l e a r n i n g , that renders the k i n d of school w e a r e a d v o c a t i n g so v e r y desirable." . . To the course of study proposed\^i> 1 8 6 0 w a s addedj^ "Agricultural C h e m i s t r y , a n d to some extent the a r t s of A g r i c u l t u r e a n d H o r t i c u l t u r e . F r i e n d s ' children s h o u l d b e m a d e a c q u a i n t e d w i t h - - - - h o w to b u d a t r e e , to train a n d trim grape-vines a n d f l o w e r s , a n d thus occupy their leisure time and w a s t e e n e r g i e s , i n a h e a l t h y , r a t i o n a l , a n d u s e f u l employment." This a d d i t i o n w a s doubtless m a d e b y B e n j a m i n H a l l o w e l l , a n d it p r o - b a b l y served to a t t r a c t the sympathy of (Quaker f a r m e r s ^ ^ T h e 1 8 6 0 A d d r e s s remarked that "this w o u l d b e o n e m e a n s of supplying innocent recreation a n d a m u s e m e n t " ; a n d it a d d s : "It is d e s i r a b l e , t o o , that such of the girls as do not a l r e a d y k n o w h o w , should b e instructed in the b e s t w a y to m a k e b r e a d , b u t t e r , c a k e , a n d every k i n d of p l a i n cooking a n d h o u s e h o l d e m p l o y m e n t . d - U n d e r judicious It w a s p r i n t e d in a 16-page p a m p h l e t (with p a p e r c o v e r ) b y "Merrihew & T h o m p s o n , P r i n t e r s , Lodge s t r e e t , n o r t h side of P e n n s y l v a n i a B a n k " , P h i l a d e l p h i a , 1 8 6 1 . 91- 'taD^Trfgn, . ? cheerful a n d concerned direction a n d t r a i n i n g , this c o u l d b e m a d e "by t u r n s , a m o n g s t the girls an important a n d u s e f u l p a r t of their recreation a n d amusement." T h e specific p r o v i s i o n s of "the Plan" of 1 8 5 4 w e r e changed in several important p a r t i c u l a r s ^ in t h e ^ l a n of 1 8 6 0 . U n d e r f i n a n c e s , the estimated sum d e s i r e d was in^ creased from $ 5 0 , 0 0 0 . to $ 1 5 0 , 0 0 0 . for, Shares o f stock of $25 each w e r e to "be subscribed the stock-holders to elect a n n u a l l y the "Trustees or M a n a g e r s " , six of each sex from each of the three Y e a r l y M e e t i n g s or from "any other Yearly M e e t i n g w h o s e m e m b e r s shall subscribe the sum of ten thousand dollars or upwards." A s soon as practicable after "seventy-five thousand d o l l a r s is reliably s u b s c r i b e d " , the f i r s t election w ^ s to be h e l d . T h e l o c a t i o n w a s left to the T r u s t e e s o r M a n a g e r s to d e c i d e , b u t a p r e f e r e n c e was expressed f o r " a rural d i s t r i c t , a n d w i t h a farm attached." buildings w a s entirely c h a n g e d . T h e p l a n of 1854 f o r Instead of s e p a r a t i n g the one h u n d r e d b o y s a n d one hun- dred girls in b u i l d i n g s from a h a l f - m i l e to a m i l e a p a r t , it w a s now p r o p o s e d "to erect a centre b u i l d i n g , a n d two w i n g s , one to a c c o m m o d a t e a b o u t one h u n d r e d b o y s , a n d the other about one h u n d r e d g i r l s . The S u p e r i n t e n d e n t ' s f a m i l y , l i b r a r y , m e e t i n g r o o m , a n d some of the recitation r o o m s , to b e in the centre b u i l d i n g ; a n d also the dining rooms f o r the children." T h e *f)lari*"of 1860 r e p e a t s that of 1854 in p r o v i d i n g that p r e f e r e n c e in admission was to b e given to F r i e n d s ' children (others to b e a d m i t t e d if possible)^ in p r e s c r i b i n g rules for all the scholars^ a n d in a r r a n g i n g f o r the t r a i n i n g of teachers f o r Friends' s c h o o l s . 3J. - B o t h p l a n s p r o v i d e that " a p a r t o f the e d u c a t i o n of T e a c h e r s , should The express p r o v i s i o n was i n c l u d e d that "the m o n e y subscribed a n d p a i d , is to b e considered a c o n t r i b u t i o n , inasmuch as n o d i v i d e n d , o r return therefrom in a n y w a y other than from the g e n e r a l b e n e f i t s of the institution,is c o n t e m p l a t e d o r to b e expe cted.'/ 3 fr- W i t h the o m i s s i o n of rooms f o r the S u p e r i n t e n d e n t ' s f a m i l y , this p l a n w a s c a r r i e d out in the first b u i l d i n g ^ P a r r i s h H a l l " . - - m - embrace the b e s t m o d e s of c o n d u c t i n g a n d g o v e r n i n g s c h o o l s , a n d the p r a c t i c a l exercise of hearing the recitation o f classes in p r e s e n c e of a n experienced T e a c h e r , in order to prepare them a s far a s p o s s i b l e f o r their subsequent duties."'* The A d d r e s s was signed b y twenty-nine m e m b e r s (17 m e n a n d 12 w o m e n ) of B a l t i m o r e Yearly M e e t i n g , thirty m e m b e r s (16 m e n a n d 14 w o m e n ) of P h i l a d e l p h i a Y e a r l y M e e t i n g , a n d eighteen m e m b e r s (10 m e n a n d 8 w o m e n ) of N e w Y o r k Y e a r l y M e e t i n g . T h e names of N a t h a n and M a r t h a E . T y s o n h e a d the l i s t , a n d w e find those a l s o of B e n j a m i n a n d Margaret E . H a l l o w e l l , Samuel M . J a n n e y , J a m e s a n d L u c r e t i a M o t t , Dillwyn a n d E d w a r d P a r r i s h , George T r u m a n , W i l l i a m D o r s e y , H e l e n G . L o n g s t r e t h , A n n i e S h o e m a k e r , J o n a t h a n T h o r n e , William H . M a c y , Thomas F o u l k e , Samuel W i l l e t t s a n d J a n e C . R u s s e l l . M a n y of these sev- enty-seven signers w e r e to b e c o m e f a i t h f u l servants a n d generous b e n e f a c t o r s of the new college. (fajUJUJ^JL,^ S^rv^o^ — J . (P-ir^t^n^-ei? / SL / T h e a p p e a l h a v i n g thus b e e n m a d e to F r i e n d s in all the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g s , the P h i l a d e l p h i a F r i e n d s , who w e r e b y f a r the m o s t numerous^ a s s u m e d the chief b u r d e n of following it u p . E v e n b e f o r e the A d d r e s s w a s p r i n t e d a n d d i s t r i b u t e d , the critics of the p l a n b e g a n their obstructive w o r k . A n editorial in the same n u m b e r of the Friends* Intelligencer (for T w e l f t h M o . 2 2 , 1 8 6 0 ) w h i c h a n n o u n c e d the a d o p t i o n of the A d d r e s s a t the m e e t i n g in New Y o r k twelve days b e f o r e , r e f e r r e d to some of these objections a n d m a d e the following reply: P R e h a v e r e c e i v e d several essays o n the subject of E d u c a t i o n , in n e a r l y a l l of w h i c h , the w r i t e r s b a s e their remarks in relation to the p r o p o s e d B o a r d i n g S c h o o l , on the supposition that it is intended to p l a c e it u n d e r the care of Y e a r l y M e e t i n g s . B u t the address a l l u d e d to in the p r e s e n t n u m b e r , as a b o u t to b e p u b l i s h e d f o r g e n e r a l c i r c u l a t i o n , - T h i s A d d r e s s was p u b l i s h e d in the F r i e n d s ' Intelligencer f o r M a r c h 3 0 , A p r i l 6 , a n d --I A p r i l 1 5 , 1861 ( V o l . ^ 8 , p p . 4 2 - 4 4 , 5 3 - 5 5 , 7 2 - 7 4 ) , p r e f a c e d b y the n o t e : " A l t h o u g h the Ji/ subjoined A d d r e s s h a s b e e n circulated a m o n g the m e m b e r s of the several Y e a r l y M e e t i n g s , w e h a v e thought that if p u b l i s h e d in o u r p a p e r it m i g h t b e read b y some who h a v e not h a d the o p p o r t u n i t y of k n o w i n g in what m a n n e r the interesting subject of education h a d b e e n recently p l a c e d b e f o r e us." - a - Tai.-if.-r. A k >1 Q f ^ j r f " ~ Jr ' - will show, that this is not c o n t e m p l a t e d . f6 T h e w r i t e r s of the several e s s a y s w i l l f i n d much of their religious c o n c e r n , e m b o d i e d in that document» ^To the friend who expresses a fear that such a school as it is p r o p o s e d to es- tablish, w o u l d p r e v e n t the a t t e n t i o n of F r i e n d s b e i n g turned to the improvement of primary and n e i g h b o r h o o d s c h o o l s , we m a y r e p l y , that the experience of similar institutions has p r o v e d that the effect is rather to raise the standard of a l l s c h o o l s , b y e d u c a t i n g teachers at a m o d e r a t e e x p e n s e . J* T h e same w r i t e r a d v o c a t e s a system of f r e e instruction throughout the S o c i e t y , and t h i s , no d o u b t , w o u l d b e an effectual m e a n s of competing w i t h the p u b l i c s c h o o l s . Y e t even if w e l o o k to this desirable r e s u l t , there a r e no m o r e efficient m e a n s towards i t , than to embrace u n i t e d l y every o p e n i n g w h i c h a p p e a r s likely to give to our children a liberal e d u c a t i o n , a n d to instil into their m i n d s at the same t i m e , a love f o r our principles a n d t e s t i m o n i e s . It is to individuals thus t r a i n e d , that w e m u s t look in the fut- ure to carry still f u r t h e r that b e a u t i f u l p r i n c i p l e of Christian e q u a l i t y , w h i c h w o u l d give to every child b o r n into the Society an education commensurate w i t h h i s p o w e r s , a n d at the expense of the w h o l e . O n the subject of b o o k s . w e give the f o l l o w i n g r e m a r k e d f r o m one of the essays referred to: 'Another serious d i s a d v a n t a g e u n d e r w h i c h w e l a b o r , is the w a n t of suitable books for c h i l d r e n , not only f o r the infant m i n d , but a l s o f o r those of riper y e a r s ; a n d are w e not dependant for b o o k s on those w h o s e v i e w s in several important p a r t i c u l a r s a r e bat in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h o u r p r i n c i p l e s ? a n d if w e s e n d our children to schools over w h i c h we h a v e no c o n t r o l , it seems n e c e s s a r y to u s e such class b o o k s a s a r e u s e d in such s c h o o l s . And I w o u l d i n q u i r e , a r e there n o t talent a n d l e a r n i n g enough a m o n g u s to g e t u p b o o k s for our children in a c c o r d a n c e with our o w n v i e w s ? ' ^ W h i l s t this w a n t remains u n s u p p l i e d , w e k n o w no b e t t e r w a y to obviate the difficulty, t h a n to have teachers trained to u n d e r s t a n d o u r p r i n c i p l e s a n d testimonies; for a religiously concerned a n d intelligent t e a c h e r ^ w i l l k n o w what to p a s s b y in the class books u s e d , a n d w h a t to m a k e a n o c c a s i o n f o r h o l d i n g u p truth in o p p o s i t i o n to e r r o r . ^ / ( x . V*. S^VvvvwttLu } Je?k. J\0-rJtL / U^p / ) - fe - To convince the d o u b t i n g T h o m a s e s , a n d to raise the first h a l f of the $ 1 5 0 , 0 0 0 ^ required so that the m a n a g e r s o r trustees c o u l d b e elected a n d started u p o n their t a s k , a series of m e e t i n g s w e r e h e l d in P h i l a d e l p h i a . The first of these o c c u r r e d in the R a c e Street Meeting-house o n the 1 4 t h . of J a n u a r y * 1 8 6 1 . Jg meeting are recorded as follows ih the r e c o r d - b o o k T h e m i n u t e s of this * by D i l l w y n P a r r i s l y - a l t h o u g h h e did not sign his n a m e as clerk: Philadelphia _ ^ A t a M e e t i n g of the Committee a p p o i n t e d b y F r i e n d s of P h i l a d e l p h i a h e l d p u r suant to notice 1 s t Mo 1 4 t h 1861 P r e s e n t 1 ? f r i e n d s . •J^The object of the M e e t i n g w a s stated to b e the d i s t r i b u t i o n of the 1500 pamphlets a n d subscription p a p e r s d i r e c t e d to b e p u b l i s h e d b y the joint C o m m i t t e e . •^Several Suggestions w e r e m a d e b u t it w a s finally concluded that the f o l l o w i n g Friends s h o u l d b e a p p o i n t e d to a t t e n d to the service in the several Quarterly M e e t i n g s b e l o n g i n g to our Ya e a r l y M e e t i n g . ^ P h i l a d D i l l w y n P a r r i s h & Geo T r u m a n #Abington Sam* P a r r y ^Bucks Nath *? Richardson & Mary S . Lippincott 1 \ ) , ^Concord 1 ^Western 3 s ^ Mc Pherson Saunders and Anne Shoemaker. n sharplestf * « "*"Cala Helen G Longstreth ^Southern Rachel T Jackson *lurliggton if D P a r r i s h •^addonfield Mary S Lippincott *Salem If® Griscorn "'fishing Creek 1 Clement B i d d l e & Benj n Price Lydia Gillingham Thos Ridgway & Hannah Lippincott David J Griscom & Jane Johnson M c p h e r s o n Saunders w a s a g r e e d that the f o l l o w i n g circular should b e a d d r e s s e d to a few | Friends in the v a r i o u s M o n t h l y Meetings b y the C o m m i t t e e a n d the Clerk w a s directed to a have 2 5 0 copies p r i n t e d for their u s e . ^'Esteemed Friend l A t a Conference h e l d in P h i l a in 1 1 ^ Mo last on the subject of E d u c a t i o n , a committee w a s a p p o i n t e d to a i d in c a r r y i n g out the p l a n of establishing a B o a r d i n g School as p r o p o s e d in the a c c o m p a n y i n g a d d r e s s . Committee of F r i e n d s — O n m e e t i n g w i t h a joint a p p o i n t e d b y similar conferences in N e w Y o r k a n d B a l t i m o r e it w a s concluded to p u b l i s h the p a m p h l e t a n d j r a k e a n effort to obtain f u n d s , forjrtiich iZ~l (f. jr /- /. I t is p r o p o s e d that if F r i e n d s in our different Q u a r t e r l y Meetings purpose a subscription p a p e r is also s e n t . c fffi / • & u n i t e in the object conferences should b e h e l d a n d the a d d r e s s read a n d that Committees be a p p o i n t e d to a t t e n d a g e n e r a l m e e t i n g to b e h e l d on 6 th day the 1 5 t h of 3 * * M o n t h next a t 3 o ' c l o c k in the a f t e r n n o n a t E a c e St M e e t i n g H o u s e d Then a d j o u r n e d . ^ //A; » » / The g e n e r a l conference thus p r o p o s e d to b e h e l d two m o n t h s l a t e r , to h e a r reports from the local conferences a n d to enable the c o m m i t t e e to t a k e the n e x t s t e p , was a d v e r t i s e d in the F r i e n d s ' Intelligencer of T h i r d M o . 9 a n d 1 6 , 1 8 6 1 , a s followss ^ W e w o u l d remind F r i e n d s in the different sections of o u r Y e a l y Meeting* that the g e n e r a l Confenance on the subject of E d u c a t i o n , the establishment of a B o a r d ing S c h o o l , & J 3 . , w i l l b e h e l d a t R a c e Street M e e t i n g H o u s e , on S i x t h - d a y a f t e r n o o n , 1 5 t h n f T h i r d M o n t h , a t three o ' c l o c k . 'Pit is h o p e d that this interesting subject h a s o c c u p i e d the a t t e n t i o n of the m e m b e r s of our Y e a r l y M e e t i n g in t h e i r several n e i g h b o r h o o d s a n d that there w i l l b e a I general a t t e n d a n c e of those interested in carrying out the p r o p o s e d plan.*T h e general conference w a s duly heldj b u t in l i e u of its w r i t t e n m i n u t e s , if any w e r e t a k e n , w e find only the f o l l o w i n g editorial (which m a y h a v e b e e n contributed y AVUji Vol\43, 824, 8. b y D i l l w y n P a r r i s h ) in the F r i e n d s ' I n t e l l i g e n c e r f o r T h i r d M o 2 3 , 1 8 6 1 : ^ 32ZL i7 - ' ' ""IF* Vtrv V. / ^ /OutucJU, Oflrv / X u ^ y ^ , / ) "Ttir dfftsbu&A, A ^ A W - A • AS^gC. zvvvyvvt/^V AVO-v - general Conference on the subject of E d u c a t i o n , a n d the J* - f t establishment of a B o a r d i n g S c h o o l , w a s h e l d at R a c e Street M e e t i n g H o u s e , P h i l a d e l p h i a , on the 15th i n s t . , in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h an invitation e x t e n d e d b y the Committee a p p o i n t e d in 11th ntonth l a s t . N e a r l y 2 0 0 F r i e n d s , from w i t h i n the limits of all the Q u a r t e r l y Meetings b e l o n g i n g to P h i l a d e l p h i a Y e a r l y M e e t i n g , w e r e in a t t e n d a n c e . The Minutes of the Committee were r e a d , a n d the F r i e n d s therein a p p o i n t e d to d i s t r i b u t e the Address a d o p t e d b y the Conferences h e l d in B a l t i m o r e , P h i l a d e l hia a n d N e w Y o r k Y e a r l y M e e t i n g s , reported that the service h a d been a t t e n d e d t o . <*It a p p e a r e d f r o m the reports t h a t Conferences h a d b e e n h e l d w i t h i n the limits of some of the Q u a r t e r l y M e e t i n g s , in w h i c h the A d d r e s s w a s r e a d , a n d delegates w e r e a p p o i n t e d b y M i n u t e to represent the v i e w s of the m e m b e r s , a n d some F r i e n d s from within the limits of a l l the Q u a r t e r l y M e e t i n g s w e r e p r e s e n t , a n d p a r t i c i p a t e d in the proceedings. It was a l s o stated t h a t , in some n e i g h b o r h o o d s , subscriptions f o r the object h a d b e e n e n t e r e d i n t o . Satisfactory evidence w a s a f f o r d e d that a deep in- terest in this important concern was felt b y mai$r of o u r m e m b e r s , a n d extracts were read from l e t t e r s of Friends b e l o n g i n g to B a l t i m o r e a n d N e w Y o r k Y e a r l y M e e t i n g s , b e a r i n g similar t e s t i m o n y . -JThe p r e s e n t p o l i t i c a l a n d financial d i f f i c u l t i e s h a v e p r e v e n t e d , in m a r y n e i g h b o r h o o d s , a systematic effort to collect the n e c e s s a r y f u n d s , but it w a s b e l i e v e d the time h a d now a r r i v e d to enter w i t h zeal into the w o r k . Subscription papers, which had b e e n a d o p t e d b y the joint C o n f e r e n c e , w e r e p l a c e d in the h a n d s of F r i e n d s from each section f o r distribution a m o n g the m e m b e r s of the several Q u a r t e r l y a n d M o n t h l y M e e t i n g s , a n d the Half Y e a r f s M e e t i n g at F i s h i n g C r e e k , a n d they are expected to report to a n a d j o u r n e d m e e t i n g of this C o n f e r e n c e to b e h e l d o n T h i r d - d a y e v e n i n g , 1 4 t h of 5 t h m o n t h n e x t , at 8 o ' c l o c k - the w e e k of o u r Y e a r l y M e e t i n g . ^ffThe g e n e r a l interest felt in this subject h a s induced u s to f u r n i s h this information, a n d w e shall w e l c o m e to our columns a n y communications from F r i e n d s of - T ^ o t h e r Y e a r l y M e e t i n g s w h i c h g i v e a n a c c o u n t o f the p r o g r e s s o f t h e c o n c e r n w i t h i n \ their l i m i t s . i a p p e n d a c o p y o f the s u b s c r i p t i o n p a p e r : 'For the p u r p o s e of e s t a b l i s h i n g a F R I E N D S ' BOARDING- S C H O O L , w h e r e o u r y o u t h i m a y r e c e i v e a l i b e r a l a n d g u a r d e d e d u c a t i o n , u n d e r t h e c a r e of m e m b e r s o f t h e S o c i e t y ; ! w h e r e t e a c h e r s c a n b e e d u c a t e d a n d p r o p e r l y p r e p a r e d to t a k e c h a r g e o f S c h o o l s in i F r i e n d s ' n e i g h b o r h o o d s ; a n d w h e r e o r p h a n c h i l d r e n , a n d o t h e r s w h o s e c i r c u m s t a n c e s require them to b e sent f r o m h o m e , m a y b e e d u c a t e d a t a m o d e r a t e e x p e n s e , o n the g e n e r a l plan i n d i c a t e d i n the " A d d r e s s " i s s u e d b y m e m b e r s of the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g s of B a l t i m o r e , Philadelphia and New Y o r k , w e , the subscribers, a g r e e , a n d hereby b i n d ourselves, our e x e c u t o r s a n d a d m i n i s t r a t o r s , to p a y the suras o p p o s i t e to o u r r e s p e c t i v e n a m e s ; f i v e dollars p e r share of t w e n t y - f i v e d o l l a r s e a c h to b e p a i d w h e n s e v e n t y - f i v e thousand d o l l a r s shall b e r e l i a b l y s u b s c r i b e d a n d t h e A s s o c i a t i o n is o r g a n i z e d , a n d f i v e d o l lars p e r s h a r e e v e r y s i x m o n t h s t h e r e a f t e r u n t i l t h e w h o l e is F r o m t h i s a c c o u n t it does not a p p e a r in w h a t M o n t h l y M e e t i n g s l o c a l c o n f e r ences o n t h e p r o j e c t w e r e h e l d b e f o r e the g e n e r a l c o n f e r e n c e of M a r c h 1 5 , 1 8 6 1 ; b u t t w e l v e d a y s l a t e r , a l o c a l c o n f e r e n c e w a s h e l d i n P h i l a d e l p h i a M o n t h l y M e e t i n g , the m i n u t e s o f w h i c h g a v e c o m e d o w n to u s a s f o l l o w s : f k b a m e e t i n g of s o m e m e m b e r s of P h i l a d e l p h i a M o n t h l y M e e t i n g (Race S t ) h e l d a g r e a b l y to n o t i c e , a t the c l o s e of o u r m e e t i n g f o r w o r s h i p o n F o u r t h d a y M o r n i n g 3^" th S mo 2 7 * " 1861 to c o n f e r u p o n the s u b j e c t of the p r o p o s e d e s t a b l i s h m e n t of a F r i e n d s : Boarding School / ^ u ^ j r o p d s i t i o n w a s m a d e a n d u n i t e d w i t h that s u b s c r i p t i o n p a p e r s b e o p e n e d x n i x ;g.t the s t o r e o f E d w a r d P a r r i s h a n d that w e u s e o u r i n f l u e n c e to i n d u c e F r i e n d s to c a l l ;and e n t e r t h e i r n a m e s a s subscribers. fflt w a s n o t t h o u g h t b e s t to a p p o i n t a c o m m i t t e e a t this t i m e b u t a s a n u m b e r .of i n t e r e s t e d F r i e n d s c a n n o t l e a v e t h e i r b u s i n e s s d u r i n g the day it w a s c o n c l u d e d to f I - They may h a v e b e e n Edward H o o p e s , H e n r y M . L a i n g , T h o m a s R i d g w a y , William D . P a r r i s h , and James and L u c r e t i a M o t t . The first three of these are recorded in 1862 to h a v e subscribed $ 5 0 0 e a c h , the fourth $ 3 7 5 , a n d J a m e s a n d Lucretia M o t t j o i n t l y $ 2 5 0 . In 1 8 6 2 , the N o t t s trebled their original s u b s c r i p t i o n . - 92 - A m o n g the three new- members armointed on the P h i l a d e l p h i a Committee a t the rsbove m e e t i n g w a s Clement M . B i d d l e , then (like his i n t i m a t e f r i e n d , Isaac H . C l o t h i e r ) 5. straggling youn-- m e r c h a n t of t w e n t y - t h r e e , and d e s t i n e d to serve Swarthmore College in notable w a y s during the critical y e a r s of its b u i l d i n g a n d for a score of yerrs after its o p e n i n g . He began h i s gifts to the college in w h e n he subscribed $50 for two shares of its stock, a n d acted as "Receiver for Philadelphia" from 1 s t . M o n t h 1 3 , L363, to S t h . Month 5 , 1 8 6 9 , when he b e c a m e Clerk of the B o a r d in E d w a r d P a r r i s h ' s p l a c e , le acted in the latter capacity for three y e a r s , and from 1868 to 1873 w a s also Clerk )f the C o r p o r a t i o n . F o r nearly twenty years thereafter he was a m e m b e r of the Board of A fortnight l a t e r , the P h i l a d e l p h i a committee h e l d another m e e t i n g , w h i c h m u s t 46 lave been a rather discouraging one; but they r e s o l v e d to m e e t a g a i n one w e e k later and :onsider the R e p o r t w h i c h had been p r e p a r e d for a n o t h e r general conference to be h e l d in ! h i l a d e l o h i a during the w e e k of Y e a r l y M e e t i n g , in M a y 1 8 6 1 . The m i n u t e s of the Committee's m e e t i n g s on A p r i l 17 and 2 4 were as follows; <*&t a m e e t i n g of the Committee 4 m o 17 1861 Several Friends reported subscripions obtained but most of those p r e s e n t h a d m e t w i t h no success owing to the u n f a v o r a b l e ime ^ T o prepare for d i s t r i b u t i o n , notices of the a d j o u r n e d m e e t i n g of F r i e n d s on st he subject of the School which is to b e h e l d on the e v e n i n g of 5 m o 1 ^ S e l e n 0 Longstreth Bnaline L M o o r e Jos M T r u m a n J r Rachel S E v a n s , Thos W Ivans and Jos Canby were a p p o i n t e d 5 - It is interesting to f i n d , from a. notice in the F r i e n d s ' Intelligencer for First M o . 1 9 , 1861 (Vol. X V I I , P p . 712-13) that at this critical time in the h i s t o r y of the country and of Swarthmore College Edward P s r r i s h a n d Clement M . B i d d l e were a c t i n g as Vice P r e s i d e n t a n d Treasurer of a Soup H o u s e f o r the U n e m p l o y e d ! T h e notice is as follows: ^See P n g e 92 - aj 6 - Fort Sumter h a d been attacked on the 1 2 t h . of A p r i l , £nd the Civil War b e g u n . 92 - a ootnote N o . U5^continued| »*The large number of persons who have been thrown out of employment by the rangement in political business affairs recently, induced a number of citizens (prinoally friends) to establish a Soup House in a central situation . - - - - - &We are requested to state that the 'Central Soup Society of Philadelphia' r the gratuitous distribution of soup and other food to the poor during the inclement 1 w o n , has been established at N o . 5 3 North street (first street south of A r c h , running jm 5th to 6th street). A supply of nutritious soup will be furnished every day between 5 hours of 11 and 1 o'clock, (except the first day of the week,) to such applicants as r be referred to the Soup House with a note signed by a respectable person, stating the iber of adults and children in each family. Applicants must reside last of Eleventh •eet, and between Callowhill and Walnut Streets, to obtain daily supplies from this tree, though none are sent empty away while the supply holds out. No better way has been 'ised for furnishing the poor and destitute with cheap and nutritious food through the iter than institutions of this character, and we would recommend it to such of our readi as feel desirous to contribute toward the relief of this class of our population. i*Itonations of money, beef or vegetables will be received at the Soup House sry day between 11 and 1 o'clock, or by either of the following officers. Bartram ? Isaac Barton > President. N o . 35 S.2nd St Edward Parrish, Vice Pres. N o . S00 Arch S t . Nathan H . Sharpless, Sec. N o . 28 N . 7th St. Clement M . Biddle, Trea., N o . 131 Market St Committee of 1 Supplies. ^ J j W w , fr fi. f x - - 9 3 - ^ T o assist the clerks in preparing a report to be submitted at said adjourned leeting Dillwyn Parrish and Helen G . Longstreth ^Adjourned to the evening of the 2 4th inst > meeting was held on the evening of 2 $ h of 4 month at which the arrange- ents for the distribution of the notices were completed and the report to the general eeting Adopted Import 'To the Adjourned Conference of Friends of Philadelphia Monthly Meeting •The Committee appointed to obtain subscriptions to a fund for the establishment f a Boarding School having labored in the matter present the following Eeport enw - JtSr - f bracing a sketch of the origin of this concern and its present aspects as far as our Monthly Meeting is concerned. ^During the sittings of Baltimore Yearly Meeting in JO Month last, a number of its members met in conference to consider the propriety of establishing a Friends Boarding School where our youth may receive a liberal and guarded education under the care of memtBrs of the Society, - where teachers can be educated and properly trained to take charge of schools in Friends neighborhoods and where orphan children and others whose circumstances require them to be sent from home may be educated at a moderate expense. After carefully considering the subject in its various bearings Friends of Baltimore appointed a committee to prepare an address and if way opened to meet their brethren in Philadelphia and New York Yearly Meetings in conference. ^In the latter O-fi named cities a considerable number of Friends came together at the invitation of the Baltimore Committee and the address prepared by them was read and after some alterations united with, - after which joint committees from tht three conferences met and agreed to publish and circulate the address throughout the Society in this country. •Tit is an encouraging circumstance that in these several conferences there was no diversity of sentiment as to the necessity of an Institution where our children can receive an education in its true sense by the simultaneous cultivation of their intellectual and moral powers. It was believed that a duty devolved upon us as a rel- igious body to provide means for the liberal education of our children tinder circumstances favorable to the maintainance of our religious principles and testimonies. this want under which we have been suffering for many years, is not supplied there is every reason to fear that onr Society will be gradually absorbed by the religious denominations by which we are surrounded. ^In the early settlement of Pennsylvania - ample provision was made by W 10 Penn and his associates for the education not only of the members of the Society of Friends but for the general community and this principal has been in measure acted upon - ^ - )y their successors in religious f e l l o w s h i p . ^The system of Public School instruction so universal in the Free States has >pened the way for all to acquire an education, but experience has proved that there .s a large class in this community who still desire to send their children to schools mder the care of Friends and it is proposed that this class shall be admitted as far is is consistent with the duties we awe to our own members and professors. ^While it is impossible to state accurately the plan that the Trustees to be ppointed by the Stockholders may adopt^it is contemplated that while facilities are .fforded for pursueing a liberal and extensive course of study - equal to that of the est Institutions in our country, the claims of those tto admission whose studied have / ot been far advanced will not be disregarded. ^ D u r i n g the w e e k of the late New Y o r k Y e a r l y M e e t i n g , the H e w Y o r k portion of the Committee on Education a n d the subject of the new Boarding School met according to appointment, and adopted the following minute; - Ibid. P . 3 4 0 . JOX1 Fglends' Intelligencer (Sixth M o . 7 , 1 8 6 2 ) , V o l . \ i # , f , 2 0 0 . Vol. p . 217. A ' S e e m { 0 (o - - jf* The Interesting subject w h i c h h a s engaged the a t t e n t i o n of the Committee was again carefully c o n s i d e r e d , a n d a f t e r a free e x p r e s s i o n of o p i n i o n , it w a s the united judgment of those p r e s e n t , that w a y did not now o p e n to m a k e a n y attempt to obtain subscriptions to carry f o r w a r d the w o r k . 'The clerk w a s directed to f o r w a r d a copy of this m i n u t e to the Committees of P h i l a d e l p h i a a n d B a l t i m o r e . 'Then a d j o u r n e d to m e e t in one y e a r , u n l e s s sooner c a l l e d together by the clerk.'V It w a s p e r h a p s to counterbalance the a b o v e discouraging n e w s from N e w Y o r k that the Intelligencer p r i n t e d immediately b e l o w its statement of it the f o l l o w i n g item taken from the D e l a w a r e County •^The Great Seminary.- — ^ ^ T h e fireside is a seminary of infinite i m p o r t a n c e . It is important b e c a u s e it is u n i v e r s a l , a n d b e c a u s e the education it b e s t o w s , b e i n g w o v e n in w i t h the w o o f of childhood, gives form a n d texture to the w h o l e color of l i f e . T h e r e a r e few who can receive the h o n o r s of a c o l l e g e , b u t all a r e graduates of the h e a r t h . The l e a r n i n g of the u n i v e r s i t y m a y fade from the recollection; its classic l o r e m a y m o u l d e r in the h a l l s of m e m o r y . But the simple l e s s o n s of hoijje, e n a m e l l e d u p o n the heart of c h i l d h o o d , defy the rust of y e a r s , a n d outlive the m o r e m a t u r e b u t less vivid p i c t u r e s of after d a y s . So d e e p , so l a s t i n g , i n d e e d , are the impressions of early l i f e , that y o u o f t e n see a nan in the imbecility of a g e h o l d i n g fresh in his recollection the events of c h i l d h o o d , while a l l the w i d e space b e t w e e n that and. the p r e s e n t h o u r is a b l a s t e d a n d forgotten waste. Y o u h a v e , p e r c h a n c e , seen an Qld a n d h a l f - o b l i t e r a t e d p o r t r a i t , and in the attempt to have it cleaned a n d r e s t o r e d , y o u h a v e seen it fade a w a y , while a b r i g h t e r and m o r e perfect p i c t u r e , p a i n t e d b e n e a t h , is r e v e a l e d to the v i e w . Ibid,"p/ 217. Tlis p o r t r a i t , >°1 - 25* - j first drawn u p o n the c a n v a s s , is n o inapt illustrated" of y o u t h ; a n d though it m a y be concealed b y some other d e s i g n , still the o r i g i n a l traits w i l l shine through the outward p i c t u r e , g i v i n g it tone w h i l e f r e s h , a n d surviving it i n d e c a y . Such is the f i r e s i d e , the great institution f u r n i s h e d b y P r o v i d e n c e for the education of m a n . ^ —p-vt- J I B a l t i m o r e F r i e n d s felt in a p e c u l i a r degree the difficulties a n d discouragements in which the Civil W a r involved them; a n d even theirHfomen's Y e a r l y M e e t i n g , in O c t o b e r , 1 8 6 1 , w i t h M a r g a r e t E . Hallowell as c l e r k , w r o t e a s f o l l o w s to their sisters II in P h i l a d e l p h i a : Jfit is u n d e r feelings of deep d i s c o u r a g e m e n t , dear sisters, that w e now a d d r e s s y o u . W e feel that in o u r impoverished s t a t e , w e h a v e n o t h i n g to offer y o u - . "but u n b o u n d e d l o v e . •'"Surrounded a s we arejby circumstances of the m o s t exciting c h a r a c t e r , we esteem it an inestimable p r i v i l e g e that the t o s e e d a n d a g i t a t e d m i n d m a y still find an A r a r a t u p o n w h i c h to r e p o s e . -jK)ur a n n u a l m e e t i n g is u n u s u a l l y s m a l l . W e deeply feel the a b s e n c e of those who have b e e n p r e v e n t e d by events of the m o s t p a i n f u l nature from a s s e m b l i n g w i t h u s . We miss their counsel and their a i d . B u t we also feel re-assured b y the h o p e that G o d 'will not cast u s a w a y from H i s p r e s e n c e , or t a k e h i s H o l y Spirit from u ^ . dfWe h a v e b e e n favored w i t h the company of but few of o u r d e a r s i s t e r s , w h o s e m i s s i o n is to p r o c l a i m the g o s p e l of C h r i s t . S t i l l , the b r e a d of life has b e e n freely d i s p e n s e d , and w e h a v e realized its soul-sustaining influence. 4*The m a n y deficiencies w h i c h seem to p r e v a i l over the b o d y at l a r g e , introduced the m e e t i n g into m u c h exercise; a n d w e were a f f e c t i o n a t e l y u r g e d to a m o r e faithful m a i n t e n a n c e of the various testimonies of the S o c i e t y . - - ~ - •®With 6ui^>est wishes, dear Bisters, for an advancement in all works of right- eousness, we bid you affectionately, farewell.^ 9Z- C-JUO^U**. -(SLtr^-Uy^/? J 1 LI T h e Civil W a r , h o w e v e r , w a s not the ^>nly o b s t a c l e in the pefcli of Friends nJU^caJtJy towards the establishment of their c o l l e g e . O b s t a c l e s of other k i n d s a r e N i n the follow- — m £Ci — ing illuminating letter of E d w a r d P a r r i s h to B e n j a m i n H a l l o w e l l , d a t e d ^ S P h i l a d e l p h i a 6a 3 m o 1 7 , 1861: ^Este^med Friend Benjamin Hallowell. " ^ h e school p r o j e c t in w h i c h I k n o w thee h a s so deep an intere s t , has taken one further step a n d I believe friends generally who have b e e n concerned in it thus f a r , h a v e settled d o w n to the conclusion that the funds to b e raised wSll be f o r t h c o m i n g ^ & the p r o j e c t will b e likely to b e carried o u t . The views held out at our late m e e t i n g develop two difficulties w h i c h a p p e a r to require early a t t e n t i o n , even before the c o l l e c t i o n s , or rather s u b s c r i p t i o n s , a r e m a d e . ^ T h e ^ G-trtAMy- ofe,stly g r e a t e r importance t h a n great a t t a i n m e n t s , in the i n t e l l e c t u a l , e s p e c i a l l y . I t o o k o c c a s i o n to speak dur.oit ing the l a t e m e e t i n g of Herbert Spencer's w o r k a n d f « r e n d , next d a y , that so m a n y h a d b e e n bought that one friend h a d to go to four o r five b o o k stores before he found a n y & I engaged to furnish several with copies at a l o w p r i c e , directly from the publishers. M y b r o t h e r Dillwyn showed m e a reference to this w o r k in a letter from thee to him & I w a s g l a d to find it m e t thy a p p r o v a l a s it had impressed m e w i t h a sense o f its superiority to anj'thing I h a d b e f o r e m e t w i t h o n the s u b j e c t . Through Prof. Youmans w h o , by the w a y , is one of the most e n t h u s i a s t i c a d v o c a t e s of Educational reform & has p r o m i s e d u s a lecture o n the subject in this c i t y , I learned that a clergyman named M e r r e l l h a s w r i t t e n a n essay especially directed a g a i n s t the study of Iiatin at the expense of writing a n d speaking E n g l i s h , w h i c h he directed to b e published & distributed g r a t u i t o u s l y b y h i s E x e c u t o r s , h a v i n g d e c e a s e d . A n y one m a y - - tain a copy without cost b y a d d r e s s i n g A B o r d m a n H u m b e r t , S a l e m , W a M n g t o n Tork. II* Co. I find it less directly to the p o i n t , w h i c h a p p e a r s to m e m i s t i m p o r t a n t , at of developing the p o w e r s of o b s e r v a t i o n , than Spencer's but it is valuable at rnishing arguments against the common curriculum of College studies. ^ A f t e r what I have written at the C o m m e n c e m e n t of t h i s , somewhat too l e n g t h y , istle, about the question of the grade of school it is p r o p o s e d to e r e c t , I m a y TJ ke the liberty of suggesting that a n a s s a y w h i c h the e d i t o ^ of the F r i e n d s Intellincer w o u l d be very g l a d to receive from t h e e , m i g h t do g o o d b y p o i n t i n g out the adntages of at least giving p r o m i n e n c e to the N o r m a l & Collegiate d e p a r t m e n t s , w h i c h I derstood to be thy design & e x p l a i n i n g h o w f a r a p r e l i m i n a r y department w o u l d b e ofitabljr connected with it - Thy early connection with the concern w o u l d give to a n y ticle over thy signature considerable influence & p e r h a p s tend to the settlement of e m i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g before it goes a n y f u r t h e r . ^ I h o p e thee will not c o n s i d e r a n y a n s w e r to m e n e c e s s a r y - I a m p r o m p t e d by warm interest in the concern to lay these v i e w s b e f o r e thee & thee will b e the b e s t dge of whether a n y t h i n g further is required in the p r e s e n t stage of the a f f a i r . Thy friend, ^ Edward P a r r i s h . ^ Inffreply to this l i t t e r , B e n j a m i n H a l l o w e l l wrote the f o l l o w i n g s t a t e m e n t , 1 a r a c t e r i z e d by the u s u a l w i s d o m a n d p r e c i s i o n of h i s thought: *Be4e«me€b-^ rTe«dw__Saadj2: . * .ft, ^ ^ S^-U^, 3- AVN-C-. z i l^/SC, I 8 ring Mfl. 3 m u . S I * i B ^ T ' T h y favAr of the 1 7 ^ is r e d e i v e d , a n d a l t h o u g h I a m just iout to leave h o m e for some weeks u n d e r a p p o i n t m e n t of our last Y e a r l y M e e t i n g , I felt i if I m u s t w r i t e thee a few lines in reply a l t h o u g h it will h a v e to b e h u r r i e d l y d o n e . am truly gratified to h e a r y o u h a v e arrived a t the encouraging conclusion i regard to the "School" that the * f u n d s to b e r a i s e d w i l l b e f o r t h c o m i n g , a n d that le project will b e likely to b e carried o u t " . It a p p e a r s to m e very important in this >vement, that w e take but one step at a t i m e , a n d concentrate a l l our thoughts a n d /ft caution to taking i_t in w i s d o m . - SSi - There are five successive p o i n t s of i n q u i r y , a s it has seemed to m e . •net Do F r i e n d s as a b o d y feel the want of such an Institution a s it has "been proposed to establish? *"2nd Can w e establish it? that i s , can sufficient m e a n s b e raised for the *3rd W h e n shall it b e commenced? *4th W h e r e shall it b e located ? purpose? ^Lastly. W h a t is the b e s t p l a n u p o n w h i c h to conduct i t , so as m o s t to supply the w a n t s and subserve the interests of Society? ! * To the first i n q u i r y , a response h a s b e e n returned in the a f f i r m a t i v e , w i t h a inanimity, greatly b e y o n d a n y thing that w a s e x p e c t e d , a n d frofet thy letter it w o u l d appear a s if the second w a s answered; but m £ m i n d w o u l d feel e a s i e r , w e r e there m o r e positive evidence of this on subscription lists^and I think it w o u l d b e b e s t to concen- aU/ trate attention^on this p o i n t , f o r if w e fail h e r e , a l l discussion of other p o i n t s , 30 far as the Institution is c o n c e r n e d , w o u l d b e u s e l e s s , a n d m i g h t b e i n j u r i o u s , a s the discussion of a b s t r a c t i o n s too f r e q u e n t l y a r e . ^ W h a t e v e r is contributed to this interesting o b j e c t , m $ s t b e e n t r u s t e d , in good f a i t h , to the integrity of p u r p o s e of those w i t h whom we a c t . The a t t e m p t n o w to iraw up a C o n s t i t u t i o n , in order to define a n d l i m i t our future g o v e r n m e n t , it seems to ae w o u l d b e wholly p r e m a t u r e . We hope the I n s t i t u t i o n , if e s t a b l i s h e d , m a y b e a n Instrument of g o o d to the p r e c i o u s y o u t h of our Society f o r Centuries^ a n d to p r e s c r i b e Lts definite objects a n d o f f i c e s , at the p r e s e n t s t a g e , m i g h t b e a serious impediment ;o its u s e f u l n e s s . Its m a n a g e m e n t will be entrusted to a number of judicious F r i e n d s )f each sex, no doubt from different sections of the three Yearly M e e t i n g s , from time ;o time chosen, who will thus b e a b l e to k n o w the v i e w s a n d w i s h e s of F r i e n d s g e n e r a l l y , ind w i l l plaoethe I n s t i t u t i o n , a n d h a v e it c o n d u c t e d , o n that p l a n w h i c h w i l l b e s t m e e t ;he wants of S o c i e t y . A n y p l a n that m a y at first b e a d o p t e d , experience a n d change >f circumstances, m a y require a f t e r w a r d s to b e m a t e r i a l l y m o d i f i e d . If confidence in — .56' — ach o t h e r , D i v i n e l o v e in our h e a r t s , a n d h u n b l e o b e d i e n c e to the teachings of a n d Imonitions of T r u j ^ , do not k e e p u s together a s a b a n d of brothers a n d sisters, no institution will be strong enough to h o l d u s . A l l that is n e e d e d for hammonious a n d trong a c t i o n , is confidence in each o t h e r , a n d in the p o w e r of T r u t h . •IfI do not think the p o i n t s stated to h a v e c l a i m e d a t t e n t i o n at y o u r last meting, n e e d b g the sources of any d i f f i c u l t y . If the concern is a right o n e , a n d B e s t Lsdom is humbly sought for in its p r o s e c u t i o n , a s I h a v e confidence to believe w i l l 3 the c a s e , _it can h u r t no right t h i n g . T h e interest of those c o n c e r n e d in smaller jarding S c h o o l s , w i l l in no w a y b e injured b u t rather p r o m o t e d from the a w a k e n i n g f great a t t e n t i o n throughout S o c i e t y , to the important subject of E d u c a t i o n . ® T h e two great wants u n d e r w h i c h w e n o w l a b o r , a r e , g o o d n e i g h b o r h o o d schools, ider the charge of w e l l e d u c a t e d a n d efficient f r i e n d T e a c h e r s , a n d a S c h o o l w h e r e lr y o u n g m e m b e r s can o b t a i n , if they desire i t r a thorough a n d finished education, ader the guardianship of S o c i e t y . B e f o r e the first w a n t can b e ist b e p r o v i d e d ; they a r e not n o w to b e h a d . supplied,Teachers T i l l such schools a r e p r e t t y generally stablished throughout F r i e n d s ' s e t t l e m e n t s , it is h a r d l y to b e supposed there w i l l b e ae h u n d r e d y o u n g p e r s o n s of each sex p r e p a r e d to enter a f i n i s h i n g s c h o o l . •"Perhaps for:some y e a r s , scholars in p r e p a r a t o r y classes w i l l have to be adLtted, a n d trained in accordance w i t h our p l a n . T h e n as good S c h o o l s , u n d e r Teachers iucated in the I n s t i t u t i o n , m u l t i p l y in F r i e n d s ' s e t t l e m e n t s , a n d that natural imrovement in Friends p r i v a t e B o a r d i n g Schools consequent u p o n such a n Institution a s we a.ve in v i e w , the n e c e s s i t y for p r e p a r a t o r y Classes in the I n s t i t u t i o n , w i l l d i m i n i s h , ad one difficulty thou m e n t i o n e d w i l l b e a u t i f u l l y solve i t s e l f . Institution m u s t , from its c o m m e n c e m e n t , possess facilities uld be affectionately encouraged to a n a c q u a i n t a n c e w i t h , a n d obedience t o , those srnal principles of right a n d justice w h i c h exist w h e r e v e r h u m a n i t y is, a n d raise 1 to h i s true sphere of dignity a n d u s e f u l n e s s . W h i l e these p r i n c i p l e s lie at the nidation^ of all the righteous testimonies w h i c h w e a s a Society h o l d , they free 3ir p o s s e s s o r s from the n a r r o w spirit of Sectarianism^ a n d the imparting of a k n o w l e d g e t h e m , a s far as this can b e d o n e , could not constitute a ' r e l i g i o u s training obnoxisl to the m i n d of a n y true F r i e n d . "I have great a n d increasing confidence in the Good B e i n g , a n d in H i s direction this is humbly sought for: a n d I a m f u l l y convinced if those interested in this conm , w i l l steadily l o o k to H i m for direction a n d h e l p in a l l our movements t h e r e i n , .ch it is certainly our p r i v i l e g e a n d duty to d o , each one h a v i n g no point to c a r r y , ; striving h o w m u c h of his own v i e w s h e can give u p without sacrificing p r i n c i p l e , l/pirat desiring whatever will b e m o s t conducive to the w e l f a r e of S o c i e t y , a n d p a r - rularly to the rising g e n e r a t i o n , a l l difficulties will d i s a p p e a r , a n d w e w i l l b e .e to m o v e onward h a r m o n i o u s l y in the interesting concern a u n i t e d b a n d , encouraging L strengthening one a n o t h e r . That this m a y h a p p i l y b e the case is the ardent w i s h T h y Sincere frd T Parrish Ji (r^Lt^JL *„ /rv " s v^^yC^AX. . . BENJ ? N HA1L0WELE* The diverse views taken of the course of instruction to b e offered in the n e w tool a r e further b r o u g h t out in a n a r t i c l e (and a reply to i t ) contributed to the . •ends' Intelligencer of J u n e 1 5 , 1 8 6 1 , entitled "Education in the Society of F r i e n d s " A ( , a n d d a t e d "Hew Y o r k , 5 t h m o . , 1861." The first p a r a g r a p h of this article w a s a s CI . l o w s : ^ I t h a s been the immemorial tradition of the Society of F r i e n d s that Seats of i-ming, or institutions for the cultivation of what are called "elegant studies'^ as c r i t i c i s m , l a n g u a g e s , p h i l o s o p h y a n d l i t e r a t u r e , can have no p l a c e in a scheme of ictical Christian2 1 1e d u c a2 t i o n f o r their c h i l d r e n . ~' - rt^Lu O u r p r a c t i c e h a s b e e n to fit o u r sons Tout y ^ C " t a , u s i n e s s , a n d our daughters for the humble economies of the h o u s e h o l d . . It is w e l l m e m b e r that the care of the f a m i l y , the supply of its m a t e r i a l w a n t s , is a p r i m a r y a n d the applause w h i c h our Society has w o n from the best p a r t of m e n , for s o b r i e t y , ty a n d thrift in the common b u s i n e s s of l i f e , jtLstifies our h i g h a p p r e c i a t i o n of obligation.^""" M ~ / rtnrt- ^ X "X^u. A i ^ , * - / • .I / T h e rest of the article was of a very different tenor; but " A Subscriber" took i» first p a r a g r a p h from its context a n d w r o t e of it to the I n t e l l i g e n c e r a s follows; he last article w h i c h a p p e a r e d u p o n the s u b j e c t , I f i n d the f o l l o w i n g sensible sumof what has heretofore b e e n the p r a c t i c e of F r i e n d s in the education of their child• Our p r a c t i c e has been to fit our sons for b u s i n e s s , and our daughters for the humconomies of the h o u s e h o l d . ' tffhat more or better can we do? what if we do not give to the w o r l d c h e m i s t s , nthropists, a s t r o n o m e r s , statesmen or poets? not do more? If w e give h o n e s t , u s e f u l men a n d w o m e n A r e not such m e n a n d w o m e n the 'very leaven' of a l l society? ne them a n d their influence to the commercial community? Why A n d I a m not so sure 'that aintenance of our religious p r i n c i p l e s , that o u r p e r s o n a l p u r i t y , that our social siveness are in no way conditional u p o n this p l a i n life of ours.* To m e a l l these r to form the elements f r o m w h i c h we s p r u n g , a n d a n y departure therefrom is m o s t a p t , perience has fully s h o w n , to l e a d u s into a dangerous conformity to the w o r l d . " ^ e , a s a p e o p l e , p r o f e s s to b e g u i d e d b y the l i g h t . danger of its being p l a c e d u n d e r a b u s h e l . If we h a v e the l i g h t , there N e i t h e r is it p o s s i b l e for us to edu- >ur children into any of the coveted p o s i t i o n s , so h i g h l y v a l u e d b y the writer of jmraunication. ^P&eorge Pox was not educated for a R e f o r m e r , n o r W m . P e n n for a Quaker p r e a c h e r , f w e are indebted m a i n l y to 'the learning of B a r c l a y ' for the 'ascendancy' w h i c h 1 :ism h a s obtained 'over e d u c a t e d m i n d s , ' w h a t b e c o m e s of the first p r i n c i p l e s of rism?^ That this w a s a m i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of "L's" a r t i c l e is apparent from the f o l l o w i n g rarih<\ "But life has other duties beside the g e t t i n g a l i v e l i h o o d ; a n d w h e n this ^^ ' 1S6^"Subscriber>' a * ticie was ^ted. ^ ^ - W ^ ^ ^ l ^ a ^ c J ^ C /nptt^ ^ • t o r j * ' t a 1 ' 1 s (/* 3/7j uf - S3* - 'irst and. imperative duty h a s been a d e q u a t e l y p e r f o r m e d , then others spring up to v i e w , nd become conspicuous in every generous m i n d . T h i s is because m a n is something m o r e than aterial; because society is something m o r e than a n a g g r e g a t i o n . M a n is a creature of ublime a n d u n m e a s u r e d f a c u l t i e s , and by the eyes of e v e r y one of these faculties h e ooks out through a sphere of surrounding light into a n a l l - e m b r a c i n g immensity of dark eyond i t . To w i d e n this sphere of lig^ht by o b s e r v a t i o n , by r e s e a r c h , b y r e f l e c t i o n , o encroach further a n d further u p o n the d o m a i n of darkness b y the labors of J u d g m e n t , y the labors of I m a g i n a t i o n , a n d , a b o v e a l l , b y the labors of that m o s t precious a n d ost wonderful g i f t , the spiritual f a c u l t y , is the business a n d the p r i v i l e g e a n d the lory of m a n . "^It m a y b e seriously questioned w h e t h e r F r i e n d s h a v e not often discharged inifferently this secondary circle of o b l i g a t i o n s , o r b e e n imperfectly a l i v e to themj nd it m a y b e further q u e s t i o n e d , w h e t h e r this l a m e n t a b l e failure h a s not been due to eficiencies in our system of e d u c a t i o n . Tharugh the p r e a c h i n g of G e o r g e F o x swept ver E n g l a n d like the fire of a new R e f o r m a t i o n , y e t it w a s m a i n l y the learning of Barclay w h i c h gave Quakerism w h a t e v e r a s c e n d a n c y it h a d o v e r educated m i n d s . -JR>ur p r a c t i c a l system of school e d u c a t i o n , b o r n e out by a g u a r d e d a n d seclusive ocial t r a i n i n g , has resulted in this - that o u r Society is rarely represented in the l m s - h o u s e , the p e n i t e n t i a r y , the h o s p i t a l , the h o m e f o r the i n e b r i a t e , f r i e n d l e s s , a. nfirm, a n d the like; n o r , on the other h a n d , in the l e g i & l t i v e h a l l s , on the b e n c h , A n the p r o f e s s o r ' s c h a i r , nor in the l o f t i e r w a l k s of l i t e r a t u r e , science,or a r t . re p r o v e r b i a l l y a t h r i v i n g , h o n e s t , sober a n d innocuous p e o p l e . We L i t t l e given to specu- lating, d a y - d r e a m i n g , t h e o r i z i n g , p h i l o s o p h i z i n g e v e n , we k n u c k l e down w i t h quiet conent to the labors of common l i f e , a n d carry o u r s e l v e s , h o t w i t h stolid endurance a s earing b u r d e n s , b u t , w i t h cheerful p a t i e n c e , as though building a h o u s e w e are to live n. S u c h a p e o p l e , though a m e r e h a n d f u l , a r e u n d o u b t e d l y the v e r y l e a v e n of a n nerican commercial community; bit w h e n it is considered that the m a i n t e n a n c e of o u r eligious p r i n c i p l e s , that o u r p e r s o n a l p u r i t y , that our social e x c l u s i v e n e s s , are in no w a y conditional u p o n this p l a i n life of o u r s , there is cause for regret that we are n o t h i n g m o r e . N o w and t h e n , i n d e e d , w e h a v e b r o k e n o v e r the b o u n d s , and given to the new chemistry a D a l t o n , to m o r a l science a D y m o n d , to p h i l a n t h r o p y a n E l i z a b e t h Fry and a n Isaac T . H o p p e r , to p o e t r y a W h i t t i e r , to a s t r o n o m y a M a r i a Mitchell.N^Let u s not turn our b a c k u p o n these a s p i r a t i o n s through a n y fear that it w i l l lead u s to a 'conformity to the w o r l d . ' 1 In no just Scriptural sense is such a fear well-grounded! * The Intelligencer tried too set\"Subscriber , y*jgfai& in the f o l l o w i n g e d i t o r i a l , which a p p e a r e d in the same issue w i t h h i s article}*" ^ W e insert the remarks of "A S u b s c r i b e r " , though w e think h e h a s m i s u n d e r s t o o d the bearing of the communication h e refers t o . T h e duty of u s i n g a n d cultivating ih their p r o p e r order A L L the faculties b e s t o w e d u p o n u s b y a benevolent C r e a t o r , a p p e a r s , in the p r e s e n t d a y , to be generally a d m i t t e d . A s to H O W this desirable result m a y b e o b t a i n e d , a n d w h a t system of training is b e s t a d a p t e d to develope the W H O L E nature p h y s i c a l , intellectual and spiritual - there m a y be a difference of o p i n i o n , and therefore room for d i s c u s s i o n . ^ T h e cultivation of the intellectual f a c u l t i e s , a n d of the 'sense of duty" to the Great G i v e r , for the right U S E of a l l h i s g i f t s , so far from c o n f l i c t i n g , a r e in harmony w i t h each other; b e c a u s e , if the training h a s b e e n a right o n e , the degree of a c c o u n t a b i l i t y is increased w i t h the enlargement of the u n d e r s t a n d i n g . fQnxc friend a s k s , 'what if w e do not give to the w o r l d c h e m i s t s , a s t r o n o m e r s , statesmen a n d poets? If we g i v e h o n e s t , u s e f u l m e n a n d w o m e n , do we not do m o r e ? ' He cannot surely think that c h e m i s t s , a s t r o n o m e r s , statesmen a n d p o e t s cannot also be useful a n d h o n e s t m e n a n d womenl 'child-like sage.' N e w t o n , on a c c o u n t of his h u m i l i t y , w a s called t$e W a s W m . F e n n less U S E F U L b e c a u s e h e w a s a statesman? truth less attractive when set forth in the b e a u t i f u l language of poetry? Is religious The writ- ings of B a r c l a y , a n d in m o r e m o d e r n times those of D y m o n d , though not free from d e f e c t s , l jr- Ibid, p . 2 6 4 . " 7 are p r o o f s that the 'first p r i n c i p l e s o f Quakerism* * JSk m a y b e commended to - 'cultivated M i n d s ' by b e i n g shown to b e consistent w i t h the doundest p r i n c i p l e s of reason.**' To m a k e h i s (or h e r ) m e a n i n g doubly c l e a r , "L" contributed a n o t h e r atticle to the Intelligencer of Seventh M o . 2 0 , 1 8 6 1 , w h i c h contained the following sentences: IfThe friend i n q u i r e s , quoting from m y c o m m o x d c a t i o n , f'-If w e are indebted m a i n l y to ^the learning of Barclay* for the ^ascendancy* which Q u a k e r i s m has obtained fover educated minds.> what b e c o m e s of the first 'principles of Quakerism? strong a n d p o p u l a r . m a n y of the educated c l a s s e s . It d i d not reach T h e y in general d e s p i s e d the ignorant fanatic clothed in l e a t h e r , who w a n d e r e d a b o u t h o m e l e s s and o f t e n h o u s e l e s s , stirring u p sedition against the established c h u r c h . But B a r c l a y w a s a s c h o l a r . His l e a r n i n g recommended h i m to the l e a r n e d , a n d without it they w o u l d n e v e r a s a class h a v e listened to h i m . W h a t g a v e a s c e n d a n c y to Quakerism Over any m i n d in that day? In one case it w a s the p r e a c h i n g of Pox; in a n o t h e r case it w a s the writings of B a r c l a y . It m a t t e r s n o t to the m a i n point whether one p r e a c h e d w i t h the p e n or the tongue, b y the syllogism or the e x h o r t a t i o n . I do not forget that these m e n w e r e but i n s t r u m e n t s , a n d that the work w a s done in every case directly by the w i t n e s s f o r truth w i t h i n the m i n d ; b u t that w i t n e s s w a i t e d to b e a p p e a l e d to b y the p r o p e r i n s t r u m e n t . dispensable a s the o t h e r . * O n e was just as in- — ^ t f 'our religious p r i n c i p l e s , our p e r s o n a l p u r i t y , our social exclusivenessl are 'conditional u p o n this p l a i n life of o u r s , ' thus e x p l a i n e d , then one of two things follows: either 'our religious p r i n c i p l e s , ' e t c . , a r e w r o n g , or culture is wrong; but neither of these alternatives w i l l p r o b a b l y be a d m i t t e d . W h a t is culture? Not to refine too m u c h , it m a y be said to b e the h i g h e s t employment of a l l the f a c u l t i e s . Is any one of these incompatible w i t h others? O u g h t a n y to b e discarded or neglected? Is the a g g r e g a t e of t h e m , a t w a r w i t h the Spritual faculty? "l£id, ^ . " 2 9 6 -f 7 . S u r e l y , surely, they are all parts of the Divine order and h a r m o n y , a n d there can "be no conflict a m o n g them. not. M u s t every one cultivate a l l h i s f a c u l t i e s , then? it m a y be a s k e d . Perhaps It falls to the lot of ^ e w to h a v e o p p o r t u n i t i e s of complete culture; but w e nearly all have opportunities of carrying the cultivation of some faculty or faculties to a h i g h degree of d e v e l o p m e n t . A n d let this b e remembered - w e cannot vigorous- ly and h a b i t u a l l y employ a n y of our m e n t a l p o w e r s w i t h o u t employing m o r e or less every o t h e r . 'All a r e b u t p a r t s of one stupendous w h o l e . ' **We have o n l y , t h e n , to feed a r i g h t the m a s t e r - f a c u l t y , a n d a l l the rest w i l l grow. What this m a s t e r faculty is, each m i n d m u s t determine for i t s e l f . iefinition is perhaps^safe 3st p l e a s u r e . This g e n e r a l o n e . It is that f a c u l t y w h o s e exercise furnishes the high- Let m e not b e m i s u n d e r s t o o d . I a m not speaking of the a p p e t i t e s , lor do I say that faculty u h d e r w h o s e p l a y w e m a y be the m o s t comfortable; f o r this Feeling m a y be due to our love of e a s e , or to our vanity^ — • ^ l o s t children show v e r y early some bent of m i n d . O n e loves to w h i t t l e , a n d lammer, a n d 'make things,' in p r e f e r e n c e to s t u d y i n g . A n o t h e r child loves to cipher m d r e a d , and h a s no(j hand for the u s e of t o o l s . O b s e r v e , that each eipploys the facul- ;y whose exercise furnishes the h i g h e s t p l e a s u r e . A s the educator ought to take these .ndications of nature for h i s guide in training the y o u n g m i n d , so we ought all to reigh a n d try our faculties to f i n d out our highest b e n t , that is to s a y , to find out rhat faculty it is whose exercise gives u s the h i g h e s t p l e a s u r e , a n d m a k e the developlent of that the basis of our scheme of s e l f - e d u c a t i o n , b u i l d i n g the complete structure rith all the r e s t . -^There is u n d o u b t e d l y a g r e a t d i f f e r e n c e in dignity a m o n g our intellectual >owers; a n d those of less dignity ought to b e made subordinate to those of greater diglity. But we m u s t b e g i n w i t h the m a s t e r f a c u l t y , w h a t e v e r that i s , a n d w o r k up??* 1 T h e a b o v e correspondence is a n evidence of the u n d e r - c u r r e n t of thought a n d - - icussion regarding "the new school" w h i c h m o v e d through the Society during the y e a r .lowing the discouraging m e e t i n g s of M a y , 1 8 6 1 , in P h i l a d e l p h i a a n d Hew Y o r k . As 5 P h i l a d e l p h i a Yearly M e e t i n g of 1862 a p p r o a c h e d , the advocates of the school pre*ed to take advantage of the opportunity to revive or p r o m o t e their p r o j e c t . ;ly the,following editorial w a s p r i n t e d in the F r i e n d s 0D 1 Accord- Intelligencer for Fourth M o . , 1862: ^ P h e P r o p o s e d School - The a p p r o a c h of o u r Y e a r l y M e e t i n g , a g a i n recalls the ;ject of the p r o p o s e d B o a r d i n g S c h o o l , w h i c h h a s claimed a share of the thoughts of ty Friends for the p a s t eighteen m o n t h s . T h e l i v e l y interest d i s p l a y e d at the m e e t - ; of the friends of the m e a s a r e h e l d d u r i n g the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g w e e k of last y e a r , w a s •y e n c o u r a g i n g . T h o u g h a l l felt that the time then w a s very u n f a v o r a b l e for r a i s i n g ley, a n d a m i d the discouragements a n d u n c e r t a i n l y t h r o w n o v e r the future b y the cloud civil s t r i f e , then at its d a r k e s t , there seemed scarcely room to h o p e that the obit could b e accomplished; y e t , so important w a s the concern regarded,that a n adjournlt was effected w i t h the confident h o p e t h a t , b y a n o t h e r y e a r , a p l a n ijjight b e inaugur3d which w o u l d lead to the u l t i m a t e a c c o m p l i s h m e n t of the o b j e c t . In reviewing the jvious efforts for raising f u n d s , it has a p p e a r e d that too m u c h importance was attach* to obtaining large subscriptions from the w e a l t h y ; t h e s e , h o w e v e r ^ d e s i r ^ a b l e , a r e ; absolutely n e c e s s a r y . If every F r i e n d in the three Y e a r l y M e e t i n g s of P h i l a d e l - La, New Y o r k , and B a l t i m o r e , who can afford to b e c o m e a s h a r e h o l d e r , w i l l do s o , w e ill b e a b l e to m a k e a b e g i n n i n g , a n d m a y leave the a c c u m u l a t i o n of further capital the spontaneous donations a n d bequests of those w h o feel their responsibility as swards of a superabundance of this w o r l d ' s g o o d s . ^ T h e origin of this concern a p p e a r s to h a v e b e e n m a i n l y connected w i t h the great it of competent teachers of y o u t h in o u r religious S o c i e t y , a w a n t e x p e r i e n c e d , p e r h a p s m o s t neighborhood s c h o o l s , a n d increasing w i t h the constantly a u g m e n t i n g demand for ligher standard of e d u c a t i o n . . If T h e science of our times cannot b e taught b y the ide 0systems which g r e w u p b e f o r e railroads or t e l e g r a p h s , n o r can the m i n d b e l 8 9 « ; x % » ft" 7 7 It* 5ft rained for the w o r k of our "V9l6nderfully p r o g r e s s i v e age a n d country b y the u n t h i n k i n g rocess of m e m o r i z i n g f a c t s , w h i c h constituted the chief part o f a common school ducation thirty y e a r s a g o . m e e t the requirements of an age r a p i d l y p r o g r e s s i n g ih science a n d pracical k n o w l e d g e , w e w a n t a system of education extended to every v i l l a g e a n d neighborooft s c h o o l , w h i c h shall d e v e l o p e in the f o r m i n g m i n d of the y o u n g the u t m o s t capacities or originality of thought a n d o b s e r v a t i o n . It is a great m i s t a k e to suppose that pri- ary schools do not call for a h i g h gra.de of capacity in the t e a c h e r . We h a v e repeatedy endeavored in the Intelligenccer to p o i n t out the fallacy of this p r e v a i l i n g i d e a , he initial step in education is the m o s t i m p o r t a n t . Who does not recognize the fact n r e l a t i o n to the moral impressions p r o d u c e d on the m i n d of the child? T h e sooner lie m o t h e r p l a n t s the seeds of virtue a n d r e l i g i o n , or we should rather s a y , the sooner he b e g i n s to n u r t u r e the innate love of truth a n d goodness in h e r c h i l d , the m o r e u r e w i l l she be of a beautiful a n d h e a l t h f u l growth a s life a d v a n c e s ; so w i t h the eeds of intellectual growth; w e cannot b e g i n too early to p l a n t , a n d w a t e r , and w e e d his g a r d e n of p r o m i s e , nor can we be too w e l l f i t t e d f o r this delicate charge b y preious culture ourselves. W h a t we h a v e thus said of teachers a p p l i e s equally w e l l to o t h e r s upon w h o m so large a share of the training of the y o u n g d e p e n d s . ^ H u n d r e d s of those for w h o m this school was originally p r o j e c t e d m u s t grow p a s t the age w h e n it can b e of direct a n d immediate u s e to t h e m , b e f o r e , b y the u t m o s t zeal n d d i s p a t c h , it can go into o p e r a t i o n . L e t u s n e g l e c t it no l o n g e r ; but w h e n the p p r o a c h i n g m e e t i n g on the subject o c c u r s , let u s individually b e found ready to enter >n the w o r k of e s t a b l i s h i n g a F r i e n d s ' school w h i c h shall b e in a d v a n c e of those a l r e a d y l i s t i n g , in all the qualifications for the thorough p h y s i c a l , i n t e l l e c t u a l , a n d m o r a l -raining of those who are ere long to take our p l a c e s in t2ie sphere of active life.*®* T h r e e weeks later (Fifth M o . 1 0 , 1862),' a n o t h e r editorial in the Intelligencer m "The P r o p o s e d New S c h o o l " , a f t e r p r e s e n t i n g an argument in favor of "oral instrucVol 136 ; — tion, in p r e f e r e n c e to m e r e b o o k l e a r n i n g " , continued, a s follows : ^ t f JEZ* — the new school p r o p o s e d by Friends o f B a l t i m o r e , P h i l a d e l p h i a and N e w Y o r k Y e a r l y M e e t i n g s could b e successfully e s t a b l i s h e d , w e think one great feature w h i c h should distinguish i t , should b e increased a t t e n t i o n to l e c t u r i n g and conversation u p o n all the subjects embraced in the p l a n of e d u c a t i o n , forming w i t h the ; study of books a n d p e r i o d i c a l e x a m i n a t i o n s , p a r t s of the p l a n of i n s t r u c t i o n . A n advantage w h i c h could b e gained in a b o a r d i n g school on this p l a n , w o u l d b e , that the best teachers could b e employed to lecture to the w h o l e school (which is^consist of b o t h s e x e s ) , o n the various subjects t a u g h t , w h i l e the examinations m i g h t be conducted in select classes by their respective subordinate or a s s i s t a n t t e a c h e r s , — T h e sciences s h o u l d , a s far as p o s s i b l e , b e taught also b y p r a c t i c a l or experimental a s w e l l as b y theoretical i n s t r u c t i o n , thus v a r y i n g the exercises of the students a n d r e m o v i n g to some extent the sedentary character of ordinary school e d u c a t i o n . ^ W h i l e it is of very doubtful u t i l i t y to a t t e m p t a m a n u a l labor s c h o o l , w i t h a view to lessening the expense of i n s t r u c t i o n , it is u n d o u b t e d l y u s e f u l to the student to vary the routine of daily studies by o c c a s i o n a l p r a c t i c a l o p e r a t i o n s , w h i c h impart manual d e x t e r i t y , w h i l e they impress on the m i n d a n d m e m o r y leading scientific ^ t r u t h s , a n d thus elevate a n d s t r e n g t h e n the intellectual ctual pp oo ww ee rr ss of of the the ss tt uu dd ee nn tt .. remind our readersHlasut the~Philadelphia C o n f e r e n c e , o n the p r o p o s e d TP ( ' F r i e n d s ' B o a r d i n g S c h o o l , a d j o u r n e d last y e a r , to m e e t on the T h i r d - d a y evening of the coming Yearly M e e t i n g weeX.. at 8 o ' c l o c k , a t R a c e street meeting-house." T h e p r o p o s e d conference a t »the time of Y e a r l y M e e t i n g w a s duly h e l d , as th appears from the following m i n u t e s : ip5 th Mo 13 1862. A conference of the m e m b e r s of P h i l a Yearly M e e t i n g m e t p u r s u a n t to adjournment on \ Meeting Week. ( C % - Manuscript R e c o r d - b o o k , p . 3 8 . day E v e n i n g of our Y e a r l y irLi - ja&r - ^ P h e Clerk o p e n e d the m e e t i n g b y r e a d i n g the m i n u t e s . T h e names of Friends appointed in the different (^uatterly M e e t i n g s to d i s t r i b u t e the subscription p a p e r s were called a n d r e p o r t s were m a d e from each s e c t i o n to the effect that the p e c u n i a r y difficulties p o n s e q u e n t on the state of the country h a d p r e v e n t e d a n y a c t i v e effort in obtaining s)ifascriptions. M a n y F r i e n d s expressed their interest in the subject a n d their b e l i e f that the d i s c u s s i o n of it h a d a w a k e n e d a n interest throughout the Yearly Meeting. ^ I t w a s b e l i e v e d that if o u r efforts w e r e continued a M Friends were encouraged to contribute a c c o r d i n g to their m e a n s w i t h o u t expecting 'great t h i n g s ' that the end m i g h t b e a c c o m p l i s h e d . ;*5Lfter a n interesting d i s c u s s i o n in w h i c h a n u m b e r of F r i e n d s of b o t h sexes participated^ ~ - ^ S^Ltrl ? T h u s abruptly end the m i n u t e s of this m e e t i n g , a n d there arejio f u r t h e r m i n u t e s or d a t a of a n y k i n d in the m a n u s c r i p t R e c o r d - b o o k . Some idea of the "inter- est,ing discussion" w h i c h took p l a c e a t the m e e t i n g on M a y 13 is a f f o r d e d b y the l e t t e r s of E A w a r d P a r r i s h a n d Befojamin H a l l o w e l l q u o t e d a b o v e , a n d by the f o l l o w i n g in the F r i e n d s ' Intelligencer of F i f t h M o . 1 7 , 1862? j editorial J the discussions in regard to the establishment of a F r i e n d s ' B o a r d i n g ! S c h o o l , two different v i e w s h a v e a p p e a r e d to influence those i n t e r e s t e d . Some Friends I seem to desire a cheap select s c h o o l , to w h i c h they c a n send t h e i r children for a n elementary e d u c a t i o n , w h i l e those w i t h w h o m the concern originated h a d ajiriew to the higher or m o r e liberal branches of E d u c a t i o n , a n d to qualifying teachers to take charge of n e i g h b o r h o o d schools. A l t h o u g h at first sight there might seem a w a n t of agreement in these obj e c t s , they m a y b e easily reconciled u n d e r a coi#plete system of c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , a n d especially during the first few y e a r s . It is p r o b a b l y that on the opening of the s c h o o l , \ there w o u l d hardly b e f o u n d a sufficient n u m b e r of F r i e n d s ' children who h a d reached : f r - T a ^ ^ p K w s . - i She required grade of attainment to fjf^Ll up a large High S c h o o l . •fit is only a s a taste for a liberal Education is fostered in the Society, m d e r the influence of such a centre of education, that it would h e generally appre:iated; as graduates of the school became t e a c h e r s , in Friends' neighborhoods through>ut the country, they would naturally direct the studies of those i n t r u s t e d \ « their jare, into the channel which would lead them into the parent institution. Thus sa^y, succession of pupils grounded in the elementary b r a n c h e s , and inspired w i t h a desire 'or learning, would perhaps fill u p the advanced classes in the school, a n d the want >f good neighborhood schools being in some degree supplied b y its graduates, the n e e d if a preparatory department would c e a s e . •^Xn the meantime it would be very desirable to have a preparatory department, either in the same or a neighboring b u i l d i n g , which would meet the wants of those suffering from a deficiency of proper educational facilities in the neighborhoods in which they l i v e , and would thus aid. in preparing scholars for the higher classes in bhe school. ^ k a thus constituted we think the school would prove a blessing to society, which can hardly be appreciated in a d v a n c e . T h e p r o p e r development of the p h y s i c a l , intellectual and moral power of those u p o n whom m u s t hereafter devolve the maintenance and propagation of the principles professed by F r i e n d s , is an object the importance of which we can hardly exaggerate. ^ S h e s e clear and practical views of Christian t r u t h , can only be properly maintained ancjLropagated in a n inquiring and progressive age b y well disciplined and cul* tivated m i n d s . Vainly shall we seek to build u p o n the learning of a B a r c l a y , the humane and Christian polity of a P e r m , the clear reasoning of a D y m o n d , or the integrity in thought and diction of a W o o l m a n , unless we are prepared to meet the issues of our own teeming a n d eventful a g e with something of the moral and intellectual p o w e r which gave pre-eminence to these a n d other worthy champions of a p u r e morality a n d a high Christian standard. ififle fear that in this duty of p r e s e n t i n g clearly a n d efficiently those g r e a t adamental truths w h i c h d i s t i n g u i s h e d our p r e d e c e s s o r s , there is not only too little il hut also too little learning a n d m e n t a l d i s c i p l i n e ; and w h i l e w e are fully aware it these are not the only qualifications for service in the cause of t r u t h , w e rerd them as so indispensable to the p r o p e r m a i n t e n a n c e a n d spread of our Christian Lnciples a n d t e s t i m o n i e s , that it is our earnest desire to see a school speedily bablished and m a i n t a i n e d for the liberal education of the r i s i n g generation in our 11 i religious Society? T h e next number of the Intelligencer (for F i f t h M o . 2 4 , 1 8 6 2 ) contained the Llowing e d i t o r i a l , w h i c h was p r o b a b l y w r i t t e n b y E d w a r d P a r r i s h , who w a s a p p o i n t e d srk of the enlarged committee: J ^ S h e School C o n f e r e n c e s . - A m o n g the interesting occa)ns g r o w i n g out of the attendance of a large body of F r i e n d s u p o n the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g , 3 the m e e t i n g of those interested in the c o n c e r n , w h i c h has so o f t e n b e e n a d v e r t e d in this p a p e r , for the establishment of a F r i e n d s 1 Normal and High School. Agreeably adjournment of the m e e t i n g of last y e a r , a n d to a n announcement read by the Clerks the Yearly M e e t i n g , a general conference w a s h e l d on T h i r d day e v e n i n g i n the n o r t h 1 of the Ha.ce S t r e e t H o u s e . N o t w i t h s t a n d i n g a shower w h i c h o c c u r r e d just previous to 3 h o u r a p p o i n t e d , the a t t e n d a n c e was p r e t t y large of b o t h s e x e s . Dillwyn Parrish bed a s c l e r k . • R e m a r k s were made b y several F r i e n d s u p o n the p r e s s i n g importance of this conrn, w h i c h h a s completely slumbered d u r i n g the p a s t y e a r , owing to the distracted state the country, and the a l a r m w h i c h has p a r a l y z e d the energies a n d crippl&d the reirces of m a n y of the public spirited and h u m a n e a m o n g u s . It w a s shown that the same it existed now as gave "birth to this concern in the first i n s t a n c e . That m a n y who h a v e 3 desire to enter u p o n the h o n o r a b l e a n d u s e f u l o c c u p a t i o n of t e a c h e r s , a r e destitute facilities to qualify themselves for its duties a n d r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s , a n d that neighchood schools are often compelled to choose from a m o n g very incompetent a p p l i c a n t s , to 5 great detriment of the scholars; w h i l e F r i e n d s p o s s e s s e d of l i b e r a l views o n the ~ &tr - iject of e d u c a t i o n , and of m e a n s to give their children a thoroughly scientific d n i n g , a r e compelled to deny them this a d v a n t a g e , o r to avail themselves of schools which our p e c u l i a r principles a n d testimonies a r e not held u p to v i e w . Our Friend, r k s o n T a y l o r , of W i l m i n g t o n , a n d a female F r i e n d , g a v e expression to their exper.ce of the difficulties of a c q u i r i n g a n education to fit them for the "business of teachi, a n d other F r i e n d s acknowledged the "blessing that h a d attended the efforts of conn e d p a r e n t s to have them educated w i t h i n the enclosure of the Society of F r i e n d s , . gave their v o i c e s in favor of a strenuous effort to p r o v i d e increased opportunities the same k i n d for their c h i l d r e n . w a s shown, that w h i l e in the first settlement of this section of country "by ends, a school-house was considered a l m o s t a n e c e s s a r y a p p e n d a g e to every meetingise, now we are entirely d e p e n d e n t , in m a n y n e i g h b o r h o o d s , u p o n schools supported b y imiscuous t a x a t i o n , and g o v e r n e d , in g o o d p a r t , b y those who h a v e no sympathy w i t h us the support of the testimonies w e h o l d so d e a r . In this c o n n e c t i o n , the recent tdency to incorporate m i l i t a r y drill as p a r t of the exercises of the p u b l i c schools i referred t o , as likely to become m o r e g e n e r a l , a n d perhaps to b e sustained b y l a w . ; immense strides w h i c h education has t a k e n in other religious o r g a n i z a t i o n s , w a s >wn to b e disproportionate to the p r o g r e s s in our o w n . The importance of a liberal L extended e d u c a t i o n , a s a m e a n s of u s e f u l n e s s a n d enjoyment in l i f e , a n d as a n a i d the p r o p a g a t i o n of the p r i n c i p l e s of truth, a n d in guarding a g a i n s t the errors a n d ^tensions w h i c h surround u s and our children o n every h a n d , w a s a l s o a l l u d e d t o . ^ T h e interest a w a k e n e d b y this d i s c u s s i o n , in w h i c h several of the younger p a r t the audience p a r t i c i p a t e d , also took a p r a c t i c a l t u r n , and the m a n n e r in w h i c h this icern h a d b e e n p r e s e n t e d a n d p r o s e c u t e d a t the m e e t i n g s held m o r e than a y e a r a g o , w a s omented o n . Friends seemed g e n e r a l l y of opinion that we h a d , in the first i n s t a n c e , aed at too extensive a s c h e m e , that an a d v a n t a g e w o u l d result by so far m o d i f y i n g it a s l o o k , for the p r e s e n t , toward a s c h o o l , e m b r a c i n g at least a N o r m a l department at the ening, a n d , as m e a n s are o b t a i n e d , secondary classes, and finally the h i g h e r o r collegia d e p a r t m e n t . This seems to embrace the p r o p e r succession w i t h reference to the /^(OL J jfr _ ;s of the S o c i e t y , and h y l i m i t i n g the number of p u p i l s in e a c h , a n d the consent expenditure, a c c o r d i n g to the m e a n s s u b s c r i b e d , it is b e l i e v e d the establishment he school m a y h e consummated w i t h i n a y e a r or two at f u r t h e s t . J^The end reached onTrhird-day evening was the a p p o i n t m e n t of a committee of coriondence to endeavor to further the concern; this committee m e t , a n d on c o n s i d e r a t i o n , l u d e d to call another conference on F i f t h - d a y evening; this w a s also a n n o u n c e d b y respective Clerks in the m e n ' s and women's Y e a r l y M e e t i n g s , a n d w a s w e l l a t t e n d e d , his time, the Committee m a d e the following p r o p o s a l s ; /fist. T h a t two or three F r i e n d s from each CJ^aarterly M e e t i n g shall act a s corres.ents w i t h this committee, a n d a i d in c i r c u l a t i n g a n y p u b l i c a t i o n s issued in relation .he s u b j e c t , a h d in returning the subscription p a p e r s . # T h i s was u n i t e d w i t h , a n d some a p p o i n t m e n t s m a d e ; it is to b e r e g r e t t e d , that ig to the h e s i t a t i o n of F r i e n d s g e n e r a l l y , in o f f e r i n g their names as v o l u n t e e r s this s e r v i c e , a n d the small representation of some sections at the C o n f e r e n c e , the , is not f u l l , a n d the Committee w i l l b e o b l i g e d to solicit further offers in this irtant p a r t of their w o r k . That the Committee, a s at first a p p o i n t e d , b e i n c r e a s e d in H a t number b y a d d i t i o n of a few F r i e n d s l i v i n g w i t h i n convenient reach of the city; a n d that their .es be extended to p r e p a r i n g , in conjunction w i t h F r i e n d s of the other Y e a r l y Meeta specific constitution f o r the organization of the A s s o c i a t i o n , w h i c h they shall .ish a n d circulate among the c o n t r i b u t o r s , a n d o t h e r s , p r e v i o u s to the time of our ; m e e t i n g , so that it m a y then be submitted f o r consideration a n d a d o p t i o n . "*This p r o p o s i t i o n was -united w i t h , a n d the Committee e n l a r g e d a s p r o p o s e d ; the ;s of its m e m b e r s are a p p e n d e d . ^3d. That a M e e t i n g o f the Contributors a n d a l l interested shall b e held on afternoon of the 12th of N i n t h m o n t h n e x t , at 3 o ' c l o c k , at w h i c h time the C o m m i t t e e .1 m a k e a full report, and the constitution shall b e submitted for consideration a n d >tion, if way o p e n s . This was also u h i t e d w i t h . \ «« **4th. JeSSt A That f r i e n d s , now in the c i t y , in a t t e n d a n c e on the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g , b e ^ ed to leave their names w i t h the Clerk of this C o n f e r e n c e , a s subscribers to the ^ for the establishment of the contemplated s c h o o l , as a n encouragement to the future cution of the c o n c e r n . * A s a response to this p r o p o s a l , about forty of those p r e s e n t entered their u p o n the subscription list for a n aggregate e x c e e d i n g three thousand d o l l a r s . T h i s added to the few subscriptions obtained u n d e r the p r e v i o u s u n f a v o r a b l e circumstances,' rtainly a g o o d nucleus w i t h w h i c h to b e g i n the subscription p r o p o s e d to be r a i s e d r own Yearly M e e t i n g , a n d w h i c h , a d d e d to those of our f r i e n d s in N e w Y o r k a n d Bale , we hope m a y be sufficient to justify the organization of the A s s o c i a t i o n a t the sed m e e t i n g in the N i n t h m o n t h , a n d the speedy p r o s e c u t i o n of the w o r k . effort w a s made to canvass for s u b s c r i p t i o n s , b e y o n d the o c c a s i o n a l l u d e d s it was thought best to p o s t p o n / ' t h i s important w o r k till new subscription p a p e r s be issued and c i r c u l a t e d , b y the a i d of the correspondents a n d m e m b e r s of the Come, to every M o n t h l y M e e t i n g in the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g . The l u x u r y of G I V I N O , w h i c h is ^ "t 1st perhaos too m a i y a r e u n a c c u s t o m e d t o , w i l l thus be p l a c e d w i t h i n the reach of and we h o o e e l m o B t every one will b e w i l l i n g to a i d in a w o r k so w o r t h y of support dA^rt^L ^JLJfoZ.— icouragement ^ The they should b e o f the best were reflected in the W o mnen's e n ' s YY ee aa rr ll yv MM ee ee tt ii nn g- of of Philadelphia 72^' * m e e t i n g of Philadelphia,* 1 8 6 2 , which adopted the following m i n n U s T ^ k f U er the a p p o i n t m e n t of the Clerks at the afternoon session, the subject o f e d i i M t i n « • _ t of education was m t o a u c e d by reading- the r e P o r t from the committee u p o n E d u c a t i o n and L i b r a r i e s . " y * " — T h i s stated thatu its u s e f u l n e s s h „ , u s e i u l n e s s had been curtailed — - — « » . » „ « . - .zffir - aeral expression of interest in the s u b j e c t of e d u c a t i o n , a n d s h o p e that the comfctee m i g h t b e c o n t i n u e d . T h e f i n a l d e c i s i o n w a s , h o w e v e r , d e f e r r e d , u n t i l a f t e r the -voiding of the a n s w e r s to the second a n n u a l query T h e l u m e n ' s Y e a r l y M e e t i n g of N e w Y o r k , in their E p i s t l e of M a y , 1 8 6 1 , to V 3ir sisters in P h i l a d e l p h i a , h a d written? " T h e subject of a g u a r d e d e d u c a t i o n h a s okened a l i v e l y interest a m o n g s t u s , a n d w e still l o o k f o r w a r d w i t h h o p e , that the time y come w h e n o u r c h i l d r e n shall no l o n g e r b e left to the g u i d a n c e of those w h o a r e rangers to our t e s t i m o n i e s ; to w h i c h c a u s e w e b e l i e v e m a y b e a t t r i b u t e d m a n y of the viations that exist w i t h i h our b o r d e r s . " (job*. fy, u& Q . ;; yL T h e U e n / s Y e a r l y M e e t i n g in H e w YorJ:, in 1 8 6 2 , t o o k the a d v e r s e a c t i o n o n school of its o w h w h i c h h a s b e e n c i t e d abovel e P h i l a d e l p h i a F r i e n d s .ihssEEfnxE decid that the i r o n w a s n o w h o t enough i n N e w Y o r k to s t r i k e (with g o o u r e s u l t s j ^ a n d even^ fore the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g in the l a t t e r c i t y a d j o u r n e d , they w e n t t h e r e a ^ . n w i t h their acern. A n adjitorial in the F r i e n d s ' I n t e l l i g e n c e r f o r S i x t h M o . 7 , 1 8 6 2 , ^ " g i v e s the Llowing acco-qnt o f t h e i r efforts;fl^Dhe S c h o o l C o n c e r n in H e w Y o r k . - D u r i n g the time the l a t e H e w Y o r k Y e a r l y M e e t i n g , a C o m m i t t e e of F r i e n d s f r o m P h i l a d e l p h i a , s o l i c i t e d o p p o r t u n i t y , t o open the subject of the p r o p o s e d B o a r d i n g S c h o o l , i n the a s p e c t it h a s tely a s s u m e d in P h i l a d e l p h i a , a n d h a d a m e e t i n g i n the h o u s e o c c u p i e d b y the W o m e n ' s sting, o n Thii\^-day e v e n i n g , a n d a n o t h e r o n F i f t h - d a y e v e n i n g . 7VP "•fsJ.^A*! U^r*. ca^^^u-j - A t the l a t t e r , a X.'J ^ ^ ^ 4 0— istitution, p r e p a r e d b y a joint C o m m i t t e e , i n c l u d i n g the P h i l a d e l p h i a d e p u t a t i o n , w a s 3sented a n d f u l l y a d o p t e d . It p r o v i d e s f o r the e s t a b l i s h m e n t a n d g o v e r n m e n t of 'The Lends' U n i o n B o a r d i n g S c h o o l A s s o c i a t i o n , ' to consist of the share h o l d e r s in the f u n d rrady s u b s c r i b e d in p a r t , for the e s t a b l i s h m e n t of the c o n t e m p l a t e d s c h o o l ; the selec— >n of the s i t e , the e r e c t i o n of the b u i l d i n g s , a n d the m a n a g e m e n t of the school to b e : ific|ed to a B o a r d of T r u s t e e s , c o n s i s t i n g of s i x t e e n F r i e n d s o f each s e x , r e p r e s e n t i n g Lends of the three Y e a r l y M e e t i n g s , and e l e c t e d b y the m e m b e r s o n the b a s i s of the 2 0 1 •-~Ibid, rbid./jl. Its s e s s i1 o9 n4s.' w e r e h e l d f r o m M a y 2 6 to 2 9 , i n c l u s i v e . stock. T h e p r o v i s i o n s of this i n s t r u m e n t , afjier careful d i s c u s s i o n a n d c r i t i c i s m , both in a s u b - C o m m i t t e e , Committee a n d o p e n C o n f e r e n c e , w e r e a d o p t e d w i t h a good degree of u n a n i m i t y , a n d after remarks from a n u m b e r of those p r e s e n t , exhibiting a lively interest in the concern, a subscription list w a s p a s s e d a r o u n d , a n d about eight thousand dollars were o b t a i n e d . W h e n it is remembered that this sum is only on account of $ 5 0 , £ 0 0 , which is to b e the a m o u n t raised b e f o r e completing the organi z a t i o n , a n d that but few of the F r i e n d s of the country h a d r e m a i n e d in the city to the m e e t i n g , (the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g a d j o u r n e d o n F i f t h - d a y m o r n i n g , ) a n d that not many of the wealthy Friends of the city a n d its immediate vicinity a t t e n d e d , this result must be considered v e r y e n c o u r a g i n g , a n d leads to the conclusion that our Friends in New Y o r k w i l l not b e tardy in f u r n i s h i n g even m o r e than their share of the necessary ineans to establish this m u c h n e e d e d I n s t i t u t i o n . In the m e a n t i m e , w e h o p e that a l l who are interested in this m o v e m e n t w i t h i n t h e l i m i t s of P h i l a d e l p h i a and Baltimore Yearly Meetings will b e DP M D DOINC.^ T h e Summer of 1862 a p p e a r s to h a v e b e e n a n u n u s u a l l y w a r m one in P h i l a d e l p h i a a n d its v i c i n i t y ; but the p r o j e c t of "the school" w a s b y no m e a n s lost sight o f , a s is shown b y an editorial in the F r i e n d s ' I n t e l l i g e n c e r for E i ^ h M o n t h 1 6 , 1 8 6 2 , 7% A w h i c h reads in p a r t as follows; J p T h e intensely h o t w e a t h e r of the past two m o n t h s , w i t h the general distribution of our citizens into the surrounding c o u n t r y , a n d the active operations a m o n g the farmers in h a r v e s t i n g their c r o p s , have p o s t p o n e d the p r o s e c u t i o n of the b u s i n e s s till quite r e c e n t l y . ^ A p a. m e e t i n g of the committee h e l d on the 8 t h . i n s t , it w a s a g r e e d to comrmence a series of conferences in Friends' n e i g h b o r h o o d s in the c o u n t r y , at w h i c h members of the committee will a t t e n d , explain the p r o p o s e d p l a n , a n d endeavor to awaken a m o n g parents a n d others a n increased interest in the h i g h l y important subject of education. T h e conferences w h i c h h a v e b e e n already a p p o i n t e d are a n n o u n c e d in another c o l u m n , a n d it is especially desired that every one w i t h i n reach of the places named will endeavor to a t t e n d , a s well a s to notify others likely to take a n interest in the m o v e m e n t . 7*} - V o l . 1 0 , P . S G Q ^ X l g , ; 'f • - ./3' ^ T h e G e n e r a l C o n f e r e n c e of F r i e n d s of this Y e a r l y M e e t i n g , o n the subject, stands a d j o u r n e d to m e e t a t R a c e S t r e e t M e e t i n g H o u s e o n the 1 2 t h o f 9 t h m o n t h a t 3 o ' c l o c k in the a f t e r n o o n , at w h i c h time it w a s o r i g i n a l l y d e s i g n e d to h a v e the s u b s c r i p t i o n p a p e r s r e t u r n e d , a n d a n e f f o r t m a d e to o r g a n i z e the a s s o c i a t i o n , b u t the c o n s t i t u t i o n p r e p a r e d b y a joint c o m m i t t e e f r o m P h i l a d e l p h i a a n d N e w Y o r k , o n w h i c h the p r e s e n t m o v e m e n t is b a s e d , p r o v i d e s f o r t h e f i r s t a n n u a l m e e t i n g to b e h e l d in this city on the 2 n d of the T w e l f t h m o n t h . T h e n e c e s s i t y o f s e c u r i n g the s u b s c r i p t i o n s d u r i n g the e n s u i n g f o u r w e e k s is thus o b v i a t e d , a n d a t e r m of t h r e e months s e c u r e d in w h i c h to c a n v a s s the w h o l e Y e a r l y M e e t i n g f o r s u b s c r i p t i o n s . We hope this m a y b e t h o r o u g h l y d o n e ; w h e r e v e r it is p r a c t i c a b l e a n d p r o m i s e s g o o d res u l t s , the n e i g h b o r h o o d s h o u l d b e s u m m o n e d to a m e e t i n g at w h i c h some of the e a r n e s t friendsjof the m e a s u r e s h o u l d u r g e its c l a i m ; a n d w h e r e such a m e e t i n g w o u l d not p r o bably p r o v e a d v a n t a g e o u s , the c i r c u l a r s a n d s u b s c r i p t i o n p a p e r s p r e p a r e d b y the committee, and which m a y be obtained of Edward P a r r i s h , Clerk, 800 A r c h street, Phila d e l p h i a , should b e p l a c e d in the h a n d s of e v e r y F r i e n d w h o h a s the m e a n s to b e c o m e a shareholder. i, , > ^ ^^uJ^JAj^^ ( i J L ^ / ' jg T h e c o n f e r e n c e s r e f e r r e d to in the a ^ o v e e d i t o r i a l w ^ e a n n o u n c e d a s f o l l o w s ; S p e c i a l N o t i c e . - B y a p p o i n t m e n t of the A c t i n g C o m m i t t e e a p p o i n t e d a t the C o n f e r e n c e held d u r i n g the w e e k of o u r l a t e Y e a r l y M e e t i n g , o n the s u b j e c t of p r o v i d i n g inc r e a s e d f a c i l i t i e s f o r the l i b e r a l a n d g u a r d e d e d u c a t i o n o f F r i e n d s ' c h i l d r e n , the f o l l o w i h g c o n f e r e n c e s h a v e b e e n a p p o i n t e d o n the subject. •"At W e s t C h e s t e r , on 6th d a y , the 2 2 d i n s t a n t , a t 1 0 o ' c l o c k , A . M . * A t L o n d o n G r o v e , o n 7 t h d a y , the 2 3 d i n s t a n t , a t 10 o ' c l o c k , A . M . * A t M o u n t H o l l y , N . J . , 7th d a y , the 3 0 t h l a s t . , a t 2 o ' c l o c k , P . M . * A t S a l e m , 6 t h d a y , the 5 t h of 9 t h m o . , at 7 o ' c l o c k , P . M . fc - Ibid, p . 361. - ^ F r i e n d s and others attend these m e e t i n g s . - in the neighborhoods n a m e d are c o r d i a l l y invited to It is expected that m e m b e r s of the Committee w i l l b e in attendance to explain the object in v i e w , the d e t a i l ^ of the organization a n d condition of m e m b e r s h i p , a n d to p a r t i c i p a t e in a general discussion of the scheme.** In addition to these c o n f e r e n c e s , the Intelligencer also a n n o u n c e d , in its issue of N i n t h M o n t h 6 , 1 8 6 2 , a general "School C o n f e r e n c e " , a s f o l l o w s : "fiSho- •School O u n f o f o n o a r l i A a a d j o u r n e d Conference of F r i e n d s of P h i l a d e l p h i a Yearly M e e t i n g , favorable to the establishment of a b o a r d i n g sch6ol f o r education in the h i g h e r branches of k n o w l e d g e , a n d f o r the p r e p a r a t i o n of teachers for the charge of F r i e n d s ' n e i g h b o r h o o d s c h o o l s , & c . , w i l l b e h e l d on S i x t h - d a y , the 12th of N i n t h M o n t h , at 3 o'clock in the a f t e r n o o n , at the R a c e street m e e t i n g h o u s e , Philadelphia."**" T h i s conference in P h i l a d e l p h i a w a s duly h e l d , a n d the f o l l o w i n g account of its -oroceedings was g i v e n in a n editorial in the Intelligencer f o r N i n t h M o n t h 2 0 , u 1862: f k Conference of Friends b e l o n g i n g to P h i l a d e l p h i a Y e a r l y M e e t i n g , a s s e m b l e d in Race Street M e e t i n g - h o u s e , on Sixth-day a f t e r n o o n , the 1 2 t h i n s t . , to h e a r the R e p o r t of the Committee a p p o i n t e d in F i f t h m o n t h l a s t , on the subject of E d u c a t i o n , and the establishment of a B o a r d i n g S c h o o l . ^ N o t w i t h s t a n d i n g the heavy rain in the m o r n i n g , which p r e v e n t e d the attendance of some from the c o u n t r y , a considerable n imber of F r i e n d s w e r e p r e s e n t , a n d m o s t of the Quarterly Meetings were r e p r e s e n t e d . F r o m reports made b y m e m b e r s of the commit- tee and o t h e r s , it is b e l i e v e d this concern is a w a k e n i n g a deep interest in the m i n d s of m a n y oijour m e m b e r s , and that n o t w i t h s t a n d i n g the p r e s e n t state of the c o u n t r y , it only requires efficient laborers to p r o c u r e the n e c e s s a r y fuhds to organize the Institution. % 0 - Ibid, f . 410. I b i d , p p . 4 4 0 -If!. 33 — / && - **The Report of the Committee w a s a p p r o v e d , a n d they w e r e e n c o u r a g e d to persererein their l a b o r s , and to h o l d Conferences in neighborhoods where the way is opened for i t . They w e r e also d e s i r e d to p u b l i s h a n abstract of the R e p o r t in F r i e n d s ' Intelligencer, w h i c h is a 'To the A d j o u r n e d U o n r e r e n c e or F r i e n d s , to oe held in P h i l a d e l p h i a , on the subject of p r o v i d i n g increased facilities f o r a l i b e r a l e d u c a t i o n , u n d e r the care of Friends: •The u n d e r s i g n e d , intrusted b y the Conference h e l d in the F i f t h M o n t h , w i t h the further p r o s e c u t i o n of the c o n c e r n , now report as follows: 'A Sub-committee f r o m their n u m b e r v i s i t e d N e w Y o r k , at the time of their late Y e a r l y M e e t i n g , a n d a t t e n d e d two Conferences of Friends on the evenings of the 27th a n d 2 9 t h of Fifth M o n t h . They were m u c h e n c o u r a g e d b y the interest expressed and the liberal subscriptions o f f e r e d , a n d c o - o p e r a t e d w i t h a Committee of Hew Y o r k Friends in framing a C o n s t i t u t i o n , u n d e r w h i c h the p r o p o s e d o r g a n i z a t i o n should b e definitely f o r m e d . A p r i n t e d copy of this C o n s t i t u t i o n accompanies this R e p o r t . It was u n i t e d w i t h b y this C o m m i t t e e , a n d w e h o p e that it may b e satisfactory to the p r e s e n t C o n f e r e n c e , a n d to the First A n n u a l M e e t i n g of the A s s o c i a t i o n , to b e h e l d o n the 2 d of Twelfth m o n t h , w h e n it is to b e submitted for a d o p t i o n . 'Your Committee have also k e p t in view the p r o s e c u t i o n of the enterprise w i t h i n the limits of our o w n Yearly M e e t i n g . A circular a n d subscription p a p e r s ac- c o m p a n y i n g this R e p o r t , h a v e b e e n circulated in v a r i o u s n e i g h b o r h o o d s , and some efforts have been m a d e by individuals i n t e r e s t e d , to obtain s u b s c r i p t i o n s , but we felt that in order to a w a k e n a n interest in the subject of education g e n e r a l l y , a n d to explain the a n t i c i p a t e d a d v a n t a g e s of the A s s o c i a t i o n now p r o p o s e d , Conferences should be h e l d throughout the c o u n t r y , to b e a t t e n d e d b y m e m b e r s of this C o m m i t t e e . 'Accordingly, a p p o i n t m e n t s were m a d e a t W e s t C h e s t e r , on the 2 2 d , a n d L o n d o n Grove on the 2 3 d , a n d at M o u n t Holly on the 3 0 t h of Eighth m o n t h , and at S a l e m , N . J . on the 5th of Ninth m o n t h , at each p l a c e to b e h e l d in Friends' m e e t i n g - h o u s e . At West C h e s t e r , the company Collected at the appointed time was s m a l l , but an adjournment was h a d u n t i l evening, w h e n a large a u d i e n c e w a s c o n v e n e d , and. w e b e l i e v e much interest a w a k e n e d in the s u b j e c t . It was not thought best to enter u p o n a n y subscription at the ti$e, b u t the subject w a s left on the m i n d s of F r i e n d s , with a p r o s p e c t of substantial r e s u l t s . * *At L o n d o n Grove the Conference was w e l l a t t e n d e d . T h e objections of some Friends to the p r o p o s e d school were freely e x p r e s s e d , a n d led to explanations on the part Sf the Committee in a t t e n d a n c e , c a l c u l a t e d , w e think, to promote, its m o r e favorable c o n s i d e r a t i o n . Subscriptions w e r e entered into at this t i m e , w h i c h though in most i n s t a n c e s , small in q m o u n t , evinced a d i s p o s i t i o n on the p a r t of Friends in this thriving section of country to share in the g o o d w o r k . The local committees a p p o i n t e d at the several Monthly meetings to f o r w a r d the s u b s c r i p t i o n , h a d p a r t i a l l y accomplished their labors in advance of this o p p o r t u n i t y , b u t the committee felt repaid for t h e efforts m a d e in t h i s , as in other c a s e s , by the evidence that the subject of education h a d taken h o l d of m a n y p a r e n t s , especially a m o n g the y o u n g e r c l a s s , in a way to p r o mote the b e s t interests of their c h i l d r e n . C * T h e Conference at Mount Holly was rather s m a l l , a n d discouragements w e r e thrown out b y some, but we b e l i e v e that Friends in that n e i g h b o r h o o d will be w i l l i n g to a i d us in the w o r k in p r o p o r t i o n , as we p e r s e v e r e in i t . c ^ T h e Conference at Salem ended in the appointment of a committee to circulate subscription papers a m o n g Friends of that wealthy and. p o p u l o u s v i c i n i t y . It was w e l l a t t e n d e d , a n d considerable interest e x p r e s s e d , though h e r e , as e l s e w h e r e , the committee felt they h a d a w o r k to do in stirring u p Friends to a sense of their responsibilities, as p a r e n t s a n d guardians of the y o u n g , to develope to the u t m o s t , their moral a n d intellectual n a t u r e , a n d to p r e p a r e the g r o u n d for that s e e d , the growth of which is so important to their temporal a n d eternal h a p p i n e s s . c * O n e of the chief causes of discouragement encountered by the committee in every n e i g h b o r h o o d they have v i s i t e d , h a s grown out of the awful a n d destructive w a r - Sc - in which the opposing sections of our country are now e n g a g e d , a n d the u n c e r t a i n t y in which the future is involved; but w h i l e this h a s discouraged some from entering on any e n t e r p r i s e , however a d v a n t a g e o u s , o t h e r s h a v e seen in it a new incentive to efforts on behalf of their c h i l d r e n . T h e w a r spirit h a s p e n e t r a t e d a l m o s t every institution in the land; the P u b l i c Schools a r e u s e d a s m e a n s of p r o m o t i n g the l o v e of m i l i t a r y g l o r y , and. are increasingly engaged in teaching m i l i t a r y drill to their pupils. C ^ W e should b e especially concerned to guard our children a g a i n s t this s n a r e , and to b u i l d them up in those p r i n c i p l e s which w i l l not only p r e s e r v e them in the p r a c t i c e of p e a c e and good-will towards all m e n , but will m a k e them fit successors to those worthies who h a v e gone b e f o r e them as lights in the w o r l d , a n d exemplars of the p e a c e a b l e spirit of C h r i s t i a n i t y . To this end F r i e n d s should educate a l l their i chjjQ.dren u n d e r their own care; a n d , not to b e b e h i n d other religious denominations in i n f l u e n c e , they should a i m to develope a l l the talent a m o n g t h e m , b y the very best a n d m o s t improved systems of intellectual t r a i n i n g . If this v i e w could be impressed sufficiently o n the m i n d s of F r i e n d s , the d i s t r a c t e d state of our country w o u l d not operate to d i s c o u r a g e , but rather to increase o u r zeal in the concern w h i c h has claimed the a t t e n t i o n of this c o m m i t t e e . A s we feel the comparative u n c e r t a i n t y of m a t e r ial r i c h e s , and their insufficiency to secure to o u r offspring the b l e s s i n g s of p r o s p e r i t y , we should be less d i s p o s e d to a c c u m u l a t e t h e s e , a n d increasingly study to make the best disposition of them for the a d v a n t a g e of o t h e r s , a n d especially for those who are to assume the p o s i t i o n , with its attendant r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s , w h i c h w e m u s t soon leave v a c a n t . C disposition to introduce m i l i t a r y drill into the course of instruction in our p u b l i c schools already a l l u d e d t o , w h i c h p r a c t i c e ha,s b e c o m e common in large c i t i e s , is especially objectionable to F r i e n d s , a n d its true remedy lies ih p r o v i d i n g schools u n d e r our own care , and p l a c i n g them u n d e r the care of teachers p r e p a r e d for /H §3* j their responsible d u t i e s , b y thorough a n d systematic training in a N o r m a l School belonging to F r i e n d s . '"The Conference a d j o u r n e d to m e e t on the F i r s t third-day in Twelfth M o n t h n e x t , at 10 o'clock in the m o r n i n g , at R a c e Street M e e t i n g - h o u s e . * E d w a r d P a r r i s h , writingfof this conference - m e t h o d of a i d i n g the college n ' j p r o j e c t , says: •flf'In the course of this w o r k , m e m b e r s of the B o a r d , a n d others inter! ested, have attended conferences in nearly a l l the M o n t h l y Meetings w i t h i n the compass ; of P h i l a d e l p h i a Y e a r l y M e e t i n g , n u m b e r i n g f i f t y , o b t a i n i n g subscriptions from Friends; besides a d d r e s s i n g conferences in several sections of New Y o r k a n d B a l t i m o r e Yearly M e e t i n g s , a n d one at F a r m i n g t o n , w i t h i n the limits of Genesee Y e a r l y M e e t i n g . ^ I n all these they h a v e found some to r e s p o n d cordially to their a p p e a l s . The yo m g , w h o , in m a n y sections in the midst of indifference a n d a p a t h y are impatiently thirsting f o r k n o w l e d g e ; p a r e n t s who b e g i n to a p p r e c i a t e the imperative duty they owe to their rising f a m i l i e s , to supply them w i t h the highest p o s s i b l e culture a n d : development; a n d lastly, the elders a n d fathers in the c h u r c h , w h o in looking for a ; succession of standard-bearers, b e g i n to suspect that to the neglect of the great in1terests of education u n d e r the g u a r d e d care of the S o c i e t y , m a y b e a t t r i b u t e d m u c h of \the weakness w h i c h they d e p l o r e . ^ !l - ^ A n Egsay on Educetioffl, 1 8 6 6 , p p . 49 - 5 0 . y 37 £52=3 T h e Civil W a r , in 1 8 6 2 , w a s dragging its w e a r y a n d terrifying length a l o n g ; the draft was resorted to f o r the increase of the U n i o n a r m i e s ; m a n y p u b l i c schools w e r e nurseries of m i l i t a r y ideas a n d recruits; the S o c i e t y of F r i e n d s w a s doing its u t m o s t to m a i n t a i n its historic testimony a g a i n s t a resort to a r m s : such w e r e the forces a n d counter-forces surging around the p r o p o s e d s c h o o l , a n d the a b o v e R e p o r t shows clearly the reaction of its advocates to t h e m . The p l a n of h o l d i n g local con- ferences w a s taken u p with renewed vigor in the a u t u m n , a s a p p e a r s from the following i> ^ p editorial notice in the Intelligencer for T e n t h M o n t h 1 8 , 1862 : * T h e U x e c u t i v e Committee a p p o i n t e d a t the Conference h e l d d u r i n g the w e e k of the l a t e Yeafcly Meeti n g , on the subject of the p r o p o s e d B o a r d i n g School u n d e r the care of F r i e n d s , h e l d a m e e t i n g on Sixth day l a s t , the 1 0 t h i n s t a n t , a n d a p p o i n t e d the f o l l o w i n g C o n f e r e n c e s , a t w h i c h some of the Committee w i l l b e p r e s e n t to explain the p l a n , a n d to endeavor to rv awakesrva n interest in the subject of education g e n e r a l l y , v i z : V <*A Conference in P h i l a d e l p h i a to b e h e l d a t the R a c e street m e e t i n g h o u s e , on T h i r d - d a y evening, the 1 4 t h , a t 7 o ' c l o c k , P . M . ^•One a t M o o r e s t o w n , N . J . , on F i f t h - d a y a f t e r n o o n , the 1 5 t h , at 3 o ' c l o c k , a t Friends' meeting house. 4*0ne at W i l m i n g t o n , D e l . , on S i x t h - d a y e v e n i n g , the 2 4 t h , at 7 o ' c l o c k , at Friends' meeting house. •*0ne at A t t l e b o r o u g h , B u c k s C o . , P a . , early n e x t m o n t h , of w h i c h due notice will be g i v e n . Committee w a s also a p p o i n t e d to a t t e n d a C o n f e r e n c e , w h i c h it is u n d e r s t o o d Friends of B a l t i m o r e design to h o l d during the w e e k of their a p p r o a c h i n g Yearly Meeting. The names of several Friends h a v e b e e n a d d e d to the C o m m i t t e e , which now com- p r i s e the following: ^Philadelphia. - Deborah F . Wharton, Lucretia Mott, Thomas Ridgway, William D o r s e y , J a n e J o h n s o n , R a c h e l T . J a c k s o n , H a r r i e t 1 . S t o c k l y , S t e p h e n C o x , Helen 0 . rjt- V o l . t ^ , p . 504 L o n g s t r e t h , Edith W . A t l e e , W i l l i a m C . B i d d l e , W i l l i a m D . P a r r i s h , Sarah T . P r i c e , A n n e S h o e m a k e r , E d w a r d P a r r i s h , E d w a r d H o o p e s , J o s e p h M . T r u m a n , J r . , William Griscorn, Prankford. *"Attleboro, P a . - Simon G i l l a m , P e a r s o n M i t c h e l l , J o s e p h F l o w e r s , Sarah Flowers. -"Taylorsville, P a . - M a h l o n K . T a y l o r . <*Trenton, N . J . - Isaac S t e v e n s . ^ M o o r e s t o w n , N . J . - M a r y S . L i p p i n c o t t , Sarah H u n t . ^Cinnaminson.N.J. - William P a r r y . •Woodbury, N.J. - D a v i d J . G-riscorn. B e n n e t t Square,Pa.- Samuel M a r t i n , T h o s . J e h k i n s o n . *West Grove, P a . - Job H . J a c k s o n . -^Westchester, P a . - T h o m a s H o o p e s , R a c h e l T a y l o r . PDarby, P a . - M . Fisher Longstreth, Joseph Powell. J^Chadsford, P a . - Clement B i d d l e . ^Conshohocken, P a . •PGwynedd. - David Foulke. Ann A . Townsend. J*5alera».N.J. - Abigail Woolman. ^Wilmington, Del. T . Clarkson Taylor. T h e sessions of B a l t i m o r e Y e a r l y M e e t i n g in O c t o b e r , 1 8 6 2 , w e r e also deemed a good opportunity for p r o m o t i n g the w o r k . H o w they w e r e a v a i l e d of is b r i e f l y told in the following editorial notice in the I n t e l l i g e n c e r for E l e v e n t h M o n t h , 1 5 , 1862: * 0 n Third-day evening of the w e e k of the late Y e a r l y M e e t i n g a t B a l t i m o r e , a n interesting conference was h e l d in reference to the p r o p o s e d B o a r d i n g S c h o o l . Three m e m b e r s of the E x e c u t i v e Committee b e l o n g i n g to P h i l a d e l p h i a , w e r e p r e s e n t , two other Friends who h a d intended g o i n g , b e i n g p r e v e n t e d b y i n d i s p o s i t i o n . T h e progress of the c o n c e r n , throughout the limits of N e w Y o r k a n d P h i l a d e l p h i a Y e a r l y M e e t i n g s , was ex- £ - Vol . ^ , p . 569. 1*1 j p l a i n e d , a n d followed b y a general expression of u n i t y . i It w a s acknowledged that ; Friends have long experienced the w a n t of such a n institution a s that p r o p o s e d , a n d the promptness with w h i c h those p r e s e n t came forward to do their p a r t in supplying i t , gave the most substantial p r o o f that they h a v e the cause at h e a r t , a n d a r e p r e p a r e d to enter into it w i t h earnestness a n d c o n f i d e n c e . W e understand that the sum sub- scribed already amounts to several thousand d o l l a r s . *)0n Fifth-day afternoon a n o t h e r m e e t i n g w a s h e l d , when Friends were appointed to p r e s e n t the subject in the various neighborhoods throughout the limits of the Yearly Meeting;: a delegation was also a p p o i n t e d to a t t e n d the General M e e t i n g of the contributors to b e h e l d in P h i l a d e l p h i a on the second of 12th m o n t h p r o x i m o . * T h e holding of local conferences near P h i l a d e l p h i a continued during N o v e m b e r , * as reported in the Intelligencer for E l e v e n t h M o n t h 2 2 , 1862; 7 F A t the late m e e t i n g of the A c t i n g Committee on the School C o n c e r n , encouraging reports w e r e made of the conferences h e l d with Friends at M o o r e s t o w n , New J e r s e y , a n d W i l m i n g t o n , D e l a w a r e , at b o t h of which unity was felt and e x p r e s s e d . Considerable additions were m a d e to the fund subscribed, a n d committees apx>ointed to canvass the respective neighborhoods for further subscriptions. ^ R e p o r t s w e r e also m a d e of the conferences h e l d in B a l t i m o r e , n o t i c e d in our last n u m b e r . ^ i t h a view to the extension of these opportunities during the remaining short p e r i o d before the General M e e t i n g for the organization of the A s s o c i a t i o n on the 3 d p r o x i m o , conferences were appointed to "be h e l d at W o o d s t o w n , N e w J e r s e y , on T h i r d - d a y , the 25th instant, at A t t l e b o r o , Bucks c o u n t y , P a . , on Seventh day the 2 9 t h , a n d at W r i g h t s t o w n , Bucks C o u n t y , o n F i r s t - d a y , the 3 0 t h , all at 2 o ' c l o c k , P . M . Friends generally within the reach of those localities a r e invited to a t t e n d themselves a n d to extend the information. Some m e m b e r s of the Executive Committee design to b e p r e s e n t . ^ A s the date of the m e e t i n g of "The F r i e n d s ' U n i o n Boarding School Association" a p p r o a c h e d , three notices of its being h e l d were g i v e n in the Intelligencer (for flfr- V o l . ^ S f , 584. Jif-0 Eleventh M o n t h 1 5 , 2 2 a n d 2 9 ) , a s f o l l o w s : ^Notice. We a r e requested to a n n o u n c e to a l l i n t e r e s t e d , that the m e e t i n g of the F r i e n d s ' U n i o n B o a r d i n g School A s s o c i a t i o n w i l l he h e l d o n the 2 d day of the T w e l f t h m o n t h , 1 8 6 2 , at 3 o ' c l o c k , P . M . , a t R a c e Street M e e t i n g h o u s e . A t this time a l l who h a v e subscribed to the f u n d , a n d who are consequently m e m b e r s of this A s s o c i a t i o n , a r e invited to b e p r e s e n t a n d p a r t i c i p a t e in the a d o p t i o n of the Constitution a n d the election of M a n a g e r s . ^ ^ B e n j a m i n Hallowell a c t e d a s clerk of B a l t i m o r e Yearly M e e t i n g in O c t o b e r , 1 8 6 2 , a n d w a s doubtless p r e s e n t a t the m e e t i n g s h e l d in b e h a l f of the school at that t i m e . T h e following letter to h i m from E d w a r d P a r r i s h states $ome of the h o p e s a n d fears connected w i t h the first m e e t i n g of the stock-holders w h i c h w a s to occur in P h i l a d e l p h i a on the S e c o n d of December. It is dated " P h i l a d e l p h i a 1 1 M 2 3 . 6 2 " , a n d is as follows: * A t the request of our m u t u a l f r i e n d H e l e n G.Longstre th I inclose to thee a copy of the Constitution of our School A s s o c i a t i o n a s agreed-upon b y a joint Committee of NjfYork & P h i i a d friends subject to a d o p t i o n b y o u r first m e e t i n g on third day of next w e e k . *Thou w ilt o b s e r v e that the b a s i s of v o t i n g for M a n a g e r s is the n u m b e r of shares of s t o c k , a feature u n i v e r s a l l y a p p r o v e d b y the m o n e y e d m e n in N . Y o r k & g e n e r a l l y , though not u n i v e r s a l l y , b y the shareholders h e r e . On the score of J u s t i c e there is m u c h to be said in favor of t h i s , though it is r e g a r d e d b y some a s not sufficiently demonratic for a F r i e n d s ' o r g a n i z a t i o n . T h e question will h a v e to be m e t in a spirit of concession or compromise at the m e e t i n g & I h o p e will not interfere w i t h the cordial & u n i t e d a c t i o n of the A s s o c i a t i o n . H e l e n y r d q u e s t s m e to inform thee that a m e e t i n g of our P h i l a d e l p h i a Committee w i l l b e h e l d on 2 n d d a y E v e n i n g at w h i c h w e shall b e g l a d to see any of our friends from a d i s t a n c e . P e r h a p s a t that time some m e a s u r e m a y b e 1J%.(]>. v iyi ' «J 1 V o l - p p . 569, /^08\584jy 7 ~ -Bfc^ T h e original is in Friends* HistorifialJLibrary, Swarthmore C o l l e g e . / -65-=>—3r A p r i n t e d , one-page leaflet was d i s t r i b u t e d a m o n g the m e m b e r s b e f o r e the a n n u a l jeting, w h i c h read as follows: •"The following Constitution w a s p r e p a r e d b y a Joint Committee of Friends of ;w Y o r k a n d P h i l a d e l p h i a , a n d a p p r o v e d b y the C o n f e r e n c e h e l d in the former city, a n d r the A c t i n g Committee composed of F r i e n d s from P e n n s y l v a n i a , N e w J e r s e y a n d D e l a w a r e . ; will be submitted for discussion a n d a d o p t i o n at the ^Pirst a n n u a l m e e t i n g of the tso ciation. C O N S T I T U T I O N •tide I. The name of t h i ^ A s s o c i a t i o n shall be " F r i e n d s ' U n i o n B o a r d i n g School Association.* fc •ticle I I . u s v - e — . J ' . ./ « t ^ v v . 0 ^L-cl e ~ • A-**, JlL. (X5- ^ ^ The m e m b e r s shall consist of those p e r s o n s , m a l e a n d f e m a l e , who shall b e c o m e stockholders u n d e r a n act of incorporation to be h e r e a f t e r o b t a i n e d . The Capital Stock shall b e $ 5 0 , 0 0 0 , w h i c h m a y b e ^ f r o m time to time, as way o p e n s , increased to any sum not e x c e e d i n g $200,000; to be d i v i d e d into shares of the v a l u e of $25 each, transferable on the b o o k s of the A s s o c i a t i o n only w i t h the consent of the B o a r d of M a n a g e r s . •ticle I I I . The first m e e t i n g of the A s s o c i a t i o n shall be h e l d on the 1st 3 d day in 12th M o n t h , 1 8 6 2 , at 3 o'clock in the a f t e r n o o n , in the city of P h i l a d e l p h i a , a n d those held t h e r e a f t e r , a t such times a n d p l a c e s as shall b e designated by the A s s o c i a t i o n . Clerks shall be a p p o i n t e d at each a n n u a l m e e t i n g , who shall m a k e a n d p r e s e r v e regular m i n u t e s of the p r o c e e d i n g s , subject to a d o p t i o n by 0 the m e e t i n g at the t i m e . Special m e e t i n g s of the A s s o c i a t i o n shall be called at the written request of any twenty m e m b e r s , ticle I V . Sixteen Managers of each s e x , shall be elected at each annual m e e t i n g , u n d e r the care of three inspectors of e l e c t i o n , to b e a p p o i n t e d b y the A s s o c i a t i o n at the t i m e . T h e y shall all b e m e m b e r s of the Society of F r i e n d s . The mem- bers of either of the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g s on this c o n t i n e n t , subscribing; ten 55 "• l a I H-*^ thousand dollars to the capital s t o c k , shall h e represented in the B o a r d of M a n a g e r s . The election shall h e by b a l l o t , and v o t e s b y p r o x y shall be r e c e i v e d . Each share shall b e counted as one v o t e , a n d a m a j o r i t y of votes cast shall determine the e l e c t i o n . Should the A s s o c i a t i o n fail to elect at any annual m e e t i n g , the Managers of the p r e v i o u s y e a r shall continue in office u n t i l successors are e l e c t e d . Article V . 'The B o a r d of Managers shall a p p o i n t their own o f f i c e r s , and shall frame By-Laws for their g o v e r n m e n t , subject to the approval of the A s s o c i a t i o n . When the amount of the capital stock is subscribed a n d one-half p a i d i n , they shall p r o v i d e for the p u r c h a s e , e r e c t i o n , f u r n i s h i n g a n d future management of the S c h o o l , w h i c h it is the object of this A s s o c i a t i o n to establish - but they shall at no time incur expenses b e y o n d the available resources of the current six m o n t h s . T h e y shall a p p o i n t a T r e a s u r e r of the A s s o c i a - t i o n , who shall collect a n d h o l d the f u n d s , subject to the order of such committees or officers as they m a y a u t h o r i z e to draw u p o n h i m , and shall audit and settle his a c c o u n t s at least twice a y e a r . T h e y shall m a k e full reports of their p r o c e e d i n g s to the m e m b e r s at the a n n u a l m e e t i n g s of the A s s o c i a t i o n , a n d a p r i n t e d copy of their report shall be furnished to each of the m e m b e r s . H Article V I . Uo alteration to this Constitution* shall b e m a d e except at a stated m e e t i n g of the A s s o c i a t i o n , by a v o t e art itrr f a v » r , either in p e r s o n or by p r o x y , of a m a j o r i t y of a l l the stock h e l d at the t i m e . T h r e e m o n t h s previous notice of the p r o p o s e d change shall be given to each m e m b e r ciation. 11 **After its final adoption.' ^ ^ ^ of the Asso- oatured w h i c h w i l l o b t a i n the u n i t e d a s s e n t of the m e m b e r s on the following d a y . * W e are g r e a t l y encouraged about the concern g e n e r a l l y - _ ^ a n y Conferences h a v e >een h e l d throughout P e n n s y l v a n i a a n d N e w J e r s e y & a t W i l m i n g t o n , D e l a w a r e . A s these lave b e e n all spoken of in the Intelligencer thee m u s t b e aware that they h a v e g i v e n is great e n c o u r a g e m e n t , not only expressed by subscriptions b u t b y other A equally .mportant evidences of approval & u n i t y w i t h the d e s i g n . * T h e r e is every p r o s p e c t of $ 5 0 , 0 0 0 b e i n g subscribed b y the time of the m e e t i n g : though we all feel that such a sum is quite i n a d e q u a t e to the o b j e c t , it seems generally to b e concluded that we shall b e justified in organizing a n d g e t t i n g estimates, .ooking out for a site & c . "^As far as I a m a c q u a i n t e d w i t h the v i e w s of friends h e r e & in N Y o r k they p r e f e r , location quite adjacent to this city a n d one w h i c h will b e a c c e s s a b l e to P r o f e s s o r s iving in t h i ^ city & who could b e employed by the h o u r or by the L e c t u r e , so a s n o t o encounter the responsibility of employing a l l the talent r e q u i r e d , for the exclusive enefit of the school. * B y the draft of a flonstitution thee w i l l p e r c e i v e that a l l the details a r e isely taken out of the h a n d s of the stockholders & entrusted to the B of M a n a g e r s , his fact m a k e s it important that F r i e n d s from the different l o c a l i t i e s shall l o o k out ery discreet a n d intelligenct men^jasd. w o m e n s e l e c t e d w i t h exclusive regard to their u a l i f i c a t i o n s ; in the first a p p o i n t m e n t this is especially important a n d I m e n t i o n it ow that, if w a y o p e n s , it m a y b e m a d e the subject of consultation a m o n g Friends of altimore b e f o r e the C o m m i t t e e on N o m i n a t i o n s is a p p o i n t e d . **Hoping to see thee w i t h a full d e l e g a t i o n from y o u r Y . M who w i l l b e m a d e v e r y elcome in o u r city I subscribe thy f r i e n d E D W A R D PARRISH.'*" B e n j a m i n Hallowell a t t e n d e d the m e e t i n g s of the committee a n d the A s s o c i a t i o n in /*Ur h i l a d e l p h i a , o n the 1 s t . a n d 2 n d . of D e c e m b e r , a n d to them wentj^Martha T y s o n a n d m a n y ther leaders in the s c h o o l - m o v e m e n t . The F r i e n d s ' Intelligencer f o r T w e l f t h M o n t h 1 3 , "It 862 g i v e s the following account of the m e e t i n g s : ^ O r g a n i z a t i o n Of F r i e n d s ' Educational - V o l .A \T\l-)P. 6 3 2 . A s s o c i a t i o n . - O n the second, i n s t a n t , the first general m e e t i n g w a s h e l d of the subscribers to the School fund w h i c h is b e i n g r a i s e d w i t h i n the l i m i t s of the three YearlyMeetings of H e w Y o r k , P h i l a d e l p h i a a n d B a l t i m o r e . F r i e n d s from w i d e l y separated l o c a l i t i e s . T h e a t t e n d a n c e w a s large and embraced T h e chief business of the m e e t i n g was the o r g a n i z a t i o n of an association for the e s t a b l i s h m e n t of a n institution for the h i g h e r b r a n c h e s of e d u c a t i o n , u n d e r the care of F r i e n d s . The Constitution w h i c h h a d b e e n pre- rr> p a r e d b y a joint Committee of F r i e n d s , of H e w Y o r k a.nd P h i l a d e l p h i a , h a d b e e n submitted for revision to a Committee a p p o i n t e d on the p r e v i o u s e v e n i n g , a n d now p r o p o s e d for a d o p t i o n w i t h some a m e n d m e n t s . j T h e n a m e , " F r i e n d s ' Educational A s s o c i a t i o n , " a n d the g e n e r a l features of the o r g a n i z a t i o n , w e r e readily a g r e e d u p o n , but a s p i r i t e d discussion a r o s e on the a r t i c l e p r o v i d i n g for the election of M a n a g e r s . This election 1 was to b e by the s t o c k h o l d e r s , v o t i n g b y p r o x y o r o t h e r w i s e . E a c h share to be c o u n t e d a s one v o t e , a n d a m a j o r i t y of the v o t e s c a s t to determine the e l e c t i o n . It was ob- j e c t e d to b y some, who a d v o c a t e d a n o r g a n i z a t i o n in w h i c h the c h o i c e of M a n a g e r s should { b e decided b y the equal voice of all the s h a r e h o l d e r s . J ^ f r e e a n d interesting discussion e n s u e d , w h i c h resulted in the a d o p t i o n of the p r o v i s i o n f o r a stock v o t e a s prop o s e d in the draft of the C o n s t i t u t i o n . The g r o u n d s of this d e c i s i o n w e r e , that the i election of Managers w a s the a p p r o p r i a t e o c c a s i o n for a v o t e r e p r e s e n t i n g the p e c u r n iary interests i n v o l v e d , while o n all questions coming before the A s s o c i a t i o n , including the a d o p t i o n of B y - l a w s , its m e m b e r s e n j o y e d a n equal right in d e t e r m i n i n g the decisions. B o a r d of M a n a g e r s w a s a p p o i n t e d f o r the coming y e a r b y the u n a n i m o u s consent of the © e m b e r s ; a n d a s the capital stock p r o v i d e d f o r a s a b e g i n n i n g , $ 5 0 , 0 0 0 . h a s already b e e n s u b s c r i b e d , it is p r o b a b l e that steps w i l l b e taken to l o c a t e the Institution a n d obtain a suitable c h a r t e r . In the m e a n time it is p r o p o s e d to u r g e the subject on the attention of F r i e n d s still f u r t h e r , especially throughout the limits of P h i l a d e l p h i a Yearly M e e t i n g , where it is felt only a beginning h a s a s y e t b e e n m a d e . vi local Committee has b e e n a p p o i n t e d , w h o , w e l e a r n , w i l l soon issue a n address to fiends g e n e r a l l y , a s k i n g their c o - o p e r a t i o n , b y w h i c h it is h o p e d facilities w i l l b e rovided for a n education w i t h i n the influence of the Society of F r i e n d s , equal to a n y lrnished b y other religious d e n o m i n a t i o n s , a n d superior to the ordinary collegiate >urse, in its a d a p t a t i o n to the w a n t s of a l l , of b o t h s e x e s . 2*The late m e e t i n g furnished cause of g r e a t encouragement in the large a t t e n d a n c e , id the evidence furnished that the concern is b a s e d in m a n y m i n d s on religious g r o u n d s . ie settlement of the basis of o r g a n i z a t i o n , a f t e r a full and f r e e d i s c u s s i o n of the •inciples i n v o l v e d , a n d the spirit of c o n c i l i a t i o n a n d g o o d w i l l w h i c h p r e v a i l e d , •oved the paramount interest felt in the success of the e n t e r p r i s e , a n d argued w e l l .r its future.* The 11 Constitutions! '' .yl//!*{. 1 I Si. ^ ^ a d o p t e d in these m e e t i n g s w a s p r i n t e d i m m e d i a t e l y , and pre- .xed by the following notej^At a m e e t l y h e l d at R a c e Street M e e t i n g - H o u s e , P h i l a d e l Lia, on the third of Twelfth m o n t h , 1 8 6 2 , the Subscribers to the f u n d for establishing B o a r d i n g School u n d e r the care of F r i e n d s , in w h i c h a liberal e d u c a t i o n m a y b e obd n e d b y the y o u t h of b o t h s e x e s , a n d teachers trained to take charge of n e i g h b o r h o o d :hools, & c . , a draft of a Constitution w h i c h w a s submitted b y a Committee p r e v i o u s l y rpointed, was read, a n d after some amendment q a s a d o p t e d , as followsj ^ E x t r a c t e d from the M i n u t e s . " D i l l w y n P a r r i s h , Clerk.*' _ ~ T h o Coflstlbuticm cumpxises ai;*'articles, the first of w h i e h V g i v e a tho noma — . h-'frmda' Edmoatiioaal Aaoeciatsion.'"—Article II defines tho momhrrr; nfi the aoeociation- h o ink " tho so p o r c o n o ! male a n d - f e m a l e , wae bhall bauumu atouMioldursv^mdc.g an A c t 1-jhirtt.oipiXri.Llun lo b e hereafter obtaiiiud." x n s capital bluck wau to b e at\firat flyOOfrrtK) "wPt^rh m a y h o inoroa'aod, from time to tiqioi as w n y o p e n s , to any cia^net•ccoding $500,008}» the sliaiub of stock w o r e to b o - $ 3 5 o&eli in v a l u o * — A r t i c l e HI - "Philadelphia: Merrihew & T h o m p s o n , P r i n t e r s , N o . 126 S o u t h secondjstreet, 1 8 6 2 " ; 32 m o , 11 p a g e s . T h e Constitution w a s p r i n t e d also in the F r i e n d s ' Intelligencer for T w e l f t h M o n t h 2 7 , 1 8 6 2 ( V o l . M ^ T O ? . 6 6 4 - 6 $ . arovido^ fog the holding of rcguljii annual mid special m e e t i n g of the a s s o c i a t i o n , m d for the appointment, at each o m m a l m e e t i n g , of a "Olerfc a n d Asoiotant Olerk, who r^giilnr mlmrhn of t.hr, prnre"r"i'-,i7co, rtinU in,Hi i Mini iho meeting at tho ftitl tomT^ ^ t V r •"1iI,ii1 1]ln ^f l ^ f c ™ * . TY^Trriin thn giif^iifcti fff^&fe^"^^• " ^ Z t Z f i ^ ^ j ? S^ •t-did= for tho election of a Duard of Manage!b, Lu whum were loft all the dotailo-of J tarrying on the w o r k . — T h e share-liulflertj wbrt ^ r " " ? Mfiirfg Lu ulcib the mftnagora annually "by ballot v H ) j "rrfh fTinrr nlmH >n rfrmrtind nn limn v"tr, nnfl « m.forw •ty of tho votoa oaot shall. determine Lhu uluctlon. -—ghit? art i til if jjiuvlded ftr» _ then r n-nH tViry Trrn.nn;Ti + Vimrn n^nnnw naarar tn fin tx^l i tTnn Tnimt t.Vin. salutary influences were not confined to thomneTvcw. ^ I n regard to the interesting object that recently brought F r i e n d s together a t - 'hil^ ., I have h a d m a n y thoughts s i n c e . T h i n g s d i d not take the c o u r s e , or seem to •est u p o n the b a s i s , I h a d calculated u p o n . teiends, especially so large a o n e , 'ood for the s o u l . I think I never a t t e n d e d an a s s e m b l y of d u f i n g the s i t t i n g of w h i c h there w a s so little That sweet a n d solemnized condition of f e e l i n g , e v i d e n c i n g the Jivine presence a n d f a v o u r , w h i c h is c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of a l l our gatherings that a r e calculated to b r i n g glory to the Great H e a d o f the C h u r c h , did not seem to o b t a i n , o r even ;o b e generally l o o k e d f o r . i - M o n e y seemed to b e the one thing n e e d f u l , a n d the control- T h e original of this l e t t e r is p r e s e r v e d in the F r i e n d s ' H i s t o r i c a l L i b r a r y at Swarthmore College. ling power. It is t r u e , that w i t h o u t m o n e y , the desired Institution cannot be e s t a b l i s h e d , a n d it therefore rightfully claims a p l a c e , indeed an important p l a c e , in the consideration of the s u b j e c t . B u t , the discouraging feature w a s , that it d i d not seem to b e remembered that there w e r e a great m a n y requisites for the establishm e n t a n d conducting of such a n Institution a s is c o n t e m p l a t e d , w h i c h m o n e y cannot b u y . It is for these that I am most c o n c e r n e d . I never have d o u b t e d that the m o n e y could b e raised; but I have h a d f e a r s , a n d I must confess they were r a t h e r increased than lessened a t the recent meeting-, that a s a B o d y , we a r e not h u m b l e e n o u g h , deep e n o u g h , devoted e n o u g h , regardful enough of the necessity of Divine direction a n d a s s i s t a n c e , in every effort to do g o o d , to m o v e successfully in so important^m u n d e r t a k i n g as that p r o p o s e d . B e f o r e such a n Institution can b e established a n d p u t in healthy oper- a t i o n , there m u s t b e a n amount of l a b o u r , a c c o m p a n i e d with m a n y difficulties a n d t r i a l s , w h i c h cannot b e accomplished a n d b o r n e without the Divine A n n to l e a h u p o n . If I could h a v e seen at the m e e t i n g , indications of even an equal concern u p o n this p o i n t , as upon obtaining the p e c u n i a r y m e a n s , it w o u l d h a v e b e e n m o r e comforting to m e . S t i l l , a f t e r saying all t h i s , I am g l a d to b e a b l e to a d d , that I a m not w h o l l y discouraged* A s we r e a d in another r e l a t i o n , "that is n o t first w h i c h is s p i r i t u a l , b u t that w h i c h is n a t u r a l , a n d a f t e r w a r d that w h i c h is spiritual"; a n d the n a t u r a l seems essential a s p r e p a r a t o r y to the s p i r i t u a l . Somewhat a n a l a g o u s , things b e in the p r e s e n t instance, if only I have faith to believe, w i l l those who feel the weight a n d importance of of the u n d e r t a k i n g , will be true to their d u t y . T h e a r t i c l e ! of the Constitution w h i c h was so m u c h objected t o , caused m e m u c h less u n e a s i n e s s than what I h a v e h i n t e d a t . On the principle stated in the Committee that thou a n d I , w i t h o t h e r s , were o n , and in the general m e e t i n g , and re-asserted in F r i e n d s ' Intelligencer of last 7 t h . d a y , the mo<|e of v o t i n g in w h i c h each share c o u n t s , is to be u s e d in the E l e c t i o n of M a n a g e r s . a n d in that instance a l o n e . It was also stated in o u r C o m . & a c t e d on in the g e n e r a l m e e t i n g , that the subscribers b e l o n g i n g to each Y . M . w i l l b e p r i v i l e g e d to nominate the Managers of their own n u m b e r , to w h o m they w o u l d w i s h to entrust the management o f their interest in the I n s t i t u t i o n , a n d that the F r i e n d s thus n o m i n a t e d w o u l d he elected at the general m e e t i n g . T h e p r a c t i c a l w o r k i n g of t h i s , then, w o u l d h e w i t h u s , that all the time of our Y . M . there w o u l d h e a m e e t i n g of o u r s u b s c r i b e r s , a n d others int e r e s t e d in the cause of E d u c a t i o n , a t w h i c h full information w o u l d b e g i v e n , bj^ the Managers of the operations of the I n s t i t u t i o n , a n d everything c o n n e c t e d w i t h the interesting subject of Education that m i g h t b e of b e n e f i t to those p r e s e n t , a n d calculated to awaken a sense of the importance of h a v i n g a g o o d School w i t h i n the easy reach of a l l our young m e m b e r s w h e r e v e r s i t u a t e d , a n d a t the close of the m e e t i n g , the names of Managers to b e p r o p o s e d to the general m e e t i n g would be a g r e e d u p o n , in the rcay Friends u s u a l l y decide^ such m a t t e r s , not u s i n g the share v o t e s a t a l l . Indeed liany of ts w o u l d n o t feel free to u s e them in the general m e e t i n g , but each individual subscriber h a v e b u t one vote or v o i c e . 4*12 m o 2 3 . '/as interrupted. I h a d p r o c e e d e d thus far in m y letter just one w e e k a g o , w h e n I I h a v e now just r e t u r n e d f r o m B a l t i m o r e . W e h a d a v e r y full a n d in- teresting m e e t i n g last evening of the S u b s c r i b e r s to the School fund w h o are m e m b e r s >f our Y . M . a n d all a g r e e d to a d h e r e to their subscriptions QS it respects the Constitution . T h e r e w a s m u c h solicitude h o w e v e r felt a n d expressed on the subject of lo- ;ation, w h i c h is regarded of v i t a l i m p o r t a n c e . If it is to b e in o r near a City, in- ismuch a s we b e l i e v e it dould not then p o s s i b l y supply the want that w e f e e l , o u r iit;erest in the concern w o u l d b e m a t e r i a l l y d i m i n i s h e d , if not w h o l l y l o s t . Thy sincere^ M . GHISCOM BEHj! HALLOWELL W i l l i a m D o r s e y , the clerk of the n e w B o a r d o f M a n a g e r s , sent a p r i n t e d copy of ;he Constitution to B e n j a m i n H a l l o w e l l , who w r o t e h i m the following l e t t e r : >pSaiidy Ipring, M d . , 12 m o . 2 7 t h . 1 8 6 2 . E s t e e m e d F r i e n d , T h y k i n d l e t t e r of the 1 5 t h . I n s t , enclosing a 'Proof' of the* >- T h e original of this letter is p r e s e r v e d in the Friends' H i s t o r i c a l L i b r a r y at J Swarthmore C o l l e g e . ffa'f if 150 - 1 T h e m e e t i n g in B a l t i m o r e , r e f e r r e d to in the a b o v e a n d the f o l l o w i n g letters of Benjamin H a l l o w e l l , w a s described in a p r i n t e d c i r c u l a r issued b y it as follows: ^ E s t e e m e d Friend; ^ A t a m e e t i n g of F r i e n d s ' E d u c a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n , m e m b e r s of Baltim o r e Y e a r l y M e e t i n g , h e l d at the C o m m i t t e e R o o m s , on L o m b a r d s t r e e t , 12th m o n t h , 2 2 d , 1 8 6 2 , the u n d e r s i g n e d were a p p o i n t e d to carry f o r w a r d some of the objects of the Assoc i a t i o n , a n d to request thee and the o t h e r F r i e n d s n a m e d b e l o w , to w h o m w e h a v e also sent this c i r c u l a r , a n d w h o have been a p p o i n t e d a c o m m i t t e e f o r the p u r p o s e , to collect the first installment of five d o l l a r s , p e r share of twenty-five dollars e a c h , (payable in installments of five dollars every six m o n t h s , ) from those w h o have a l r e a d y s u b s c r i b e d , within the limits of y o u r Monthly M e e t i n g , for the establishment of a n institution a s suggested in the p u b l i s h e d "ADDRESS" on the s u b j e c t , i s s u e d a b o u t two y e a r s a g o by the three Y e a r l y M e e t i n g s of N e w Y o r k , P h i l a d e l p h i a a n d B a l t i m o r e , a copy of w h i c h w e also send; a n d a l s o , to a i d in increasing the list of s t o c k h o l d e r s , by c a l l i n g the a t t e n t i o n of y o u r m e m b e r s to the subject a t the close of y o u r next M o n t h l y M e e t i n g . * 0 u r F r i e n d s of N e w Y o r k a n d P h i l a d e l p h i a h a v e completed their quotas sufficiently for a commencement of the w o r k as soon a s ours is o b t a i n e d , a n d it is incumbent o n u s to do all w e can to a i d this m o s t important concern; for it is b e l i e v e d the future welfare of our b e l o v e d S o c i e t y , a n d the support of its righteous t e s t i m o n i e s , in no small degree depends u p o n the g u a r d e d religious education of those w h o a r e to b e c o m e its standard-bearers in the f u t u r e . flPhe Constitution a d o p t e d a t the late c o n f e r e n c e of the Stockholders of N e w Y o r k , P h i l a d e l p h i a a n d B a l t i m o r e , h e l d a t P h i l a d e l p h i a , contains some features not entirely satisfactory to our F r i e n d s , but the m e e t i n g u n a n i m o u s l y expressed its confidence in our Friends of the other Yearly M e e t i n g s , that they w o u l d not u s e their p o w e r in any w a y to increase the b u r d e n s of those amongst u s so deeply c o n c e r n e d f o r the w e l f a r e of o u r Zion a n d the enlargement of h e r b o r d e r s . 150 - 1 a ^ H e hope y o u r efforts a s a c o n c u r i n g c o m m i t t e e w i l l s h o w , by a n increased list of S t o c k h o l d e r s , y o u r interest in this interesting c o n c e r n . T h e installments col- lected, y o u w i l l p l e a s e t r a n s m i t , a s soon a s p o s s i b l e , to G e r a r d H . R e e s e , w h o h a s b e e n appointed R e c e i v e r for our Y e a r l y M e e t i n g , or .to a n y one of this C o m m i t t e e . Baltimore, 1 2 t h m o . 3 1 s t , 1862 JAMES BAYNES, ) J A C O B BURROUGHS ) ELI M . L A M B , ) ED7L S T A B L E R , J r . , ) C o m m i t t e e . GERARD H . BEESE, ) CYRUS B L A C K B U R N , ) ) )Committee a p p o i n t e d ) ) for ) ) Monthly rhose who h a v e a l r e a d y subscribed of y o u r Monthly M e e t i n g a r e Meeting, ( C o n s t i t u t i o n , w a s duly r e e d . I have a t t e n d e d , d u r i n g the p r e s e n t w e e k , two m e e t i n g s of the Subscribers to the School F u n d , one in this n e i g h b o r h o o d , a n d one in B a l t i m o r e , w h i c h e m b r a c e d the greater number of the Subscribers b e l o n g i n g to our Y e a r l y M e e t i n g . While all w e r e opposed to that p a r t of the C o n s t i t u t i o n w h i c h a l l o w s a Vote to every share of s t o c k , y e t such was the desire for harmonious a c t i o n in the cause a l l h a v e so m u c h at h e a r t , a n d so deep the interest in the C o n c e r n , that no subscription w a s withdrawn in consequence; on the c o n t r a r y , several Subscribers w e r e added to the p r e vious l i s t . These meetings were very harmonious, animated, and encouraging. I ob- serve in the p r i n t e d C o n s t i t u t i o n , a s we r e c e i v e d it in B a l t i m o r e , some e r r o r s , w h i c h I regret. O n p a g e 5 , it s a y s , the m e e t i n g w a s h e l d "on the third of T w e l f t h M o n t h " , - it w a s the s e c o n d . T h i s h o w e v e r is n f no g e n e r a l i m p o r t a n c e . <*The first p a r a g r a p h in A r t . II is not w h a t w a s a d o p t e d b y the m e e t i n g . A c c o r d ing to this A r t * , w h i c h w a s originally as p r i n t e d , there a r e now no "members of the A s s o c i a t i o n " , a n d there can b e none till a f t e r an a c t of Incorporation shall be obtained. In o r d e r to obviate this d i f f i c u l t y , this A r t . w a s a m e n d e d in the Committee to w h i c h the Constitution w a s referred on 2 n d day e v e n i n g , a n d the A m e n d m e n t they p r o posed w a s a d o p t e d b y the m e e t i n g . W i t h that h a r m o n y a n d c o n f i d e n c e ^ h o w e v e r that happily p r e v a i l a m o n g u s , and I trust m a y ever c o n t i n u e , the letter of the Constitution is of but little m o m e n t . ^ I f m y health will a d m i t of m y doing s o , it is now m y p r o s p e c t to m e e t w i t h the r managers o n the l, :th of next m o n t h , a n d m y p r i n c i p a l object of troubling thee w i t h a letter a t this t i m e , i s , to suggest for the c o n s i d e r a t i o n of thyself a n d other F r i e n d s , the p r o p r i e t y of h a v i n g a m e e t i n g of the C o m m i t t e e a p p o i n t e d o n L o c a t i o n in the forenoon of that d a y , say a t 10 o ' c l o c k . The distance tha,t some of u s h a v e to g o , a n d especially a s w e have to set out b e f o r e day-light in the m o r n i n g , a n d travel some 13 miles b y S t a g e , m a k e s it desirable to a c c o m p l i s h as m u c h a s can b e done w e l l , a t a single j o u r n e y . N o w , a s t h o u a r t C l e r k of the B o a r d of M a n a g e r s , a n d , if I remember c o r r e c t l y , a m e m b e r of the C o m . o n L o c a t i o n , t h o u hast the subjects/that w i l l claim at- ^ y / z - t e n t i o n so b e f o r e t h e e , a s to enable thee to give a little d i r e c t i o n to the business to b e transacted; a n d thou wouldst c o n f e r a great k i n d n e s s on u s distant members, if x ua thou w i l t a r r a n g e m a t t e r s so as to dispose of a s m u c h business a s p o s s i b l e whi^fa we are there. A detention of a few days to c o m p l e t e a n y business w h i l e in the C i t y , w o u l d b e m u c h less o n e r o u s , than the long a n d w e a r i s o m e journey to get t h e r e . •&1 cannot expect thee fully to excuse m y s e e m i n g u r g e n c y u p o n this p o i n t , till thou h a s t to bear the b u r d e n of considerably o v e r three score w i n t e r s about with thee in thy travels: then thoil w i l t u n d e r s t a n d why I w i s h a s few journeys of 1 5 0 m i l e s e a c h , a n d p a r t w a y b y S t a g e , a s a r e compatible w i t h the p r o p e r p e r f o r m a n c e of m y d u t y . T h y sincere f r d , M H W . DORSEY. BENJ . HALLOWELL T h e s e letters b r i n g out in h i g h r e l i e f ^ the m i n g l e d spirituality a n d strong common sense of B e n j a m i n H a l l o w e l l ' s rare n a t u r e . A s " a concerned F r i e n d " , h e w a s eager that the b u s i n e s s connected w i t h the new school should p r o c e e d in the timeh o n o r e d custom of F r i e n d s , nfiEmely, n o t by v o t e , still less by v o t e accordin^io the n u m b e r of shares of stock p o s s e s s e d b y the v o t e r , b u t o n the d e m o c r a t i c , Q u a k e r b a s i s of human equality a n d D i v i n e u n i t y . H e w a s thoroughly c o o p e r a t i v e , h o w e v e r , as these letters s h o w , a n d the rejection of h i s m e t h o d of p r o c e d u r e d i d n o t slow u p in the slightest^degree h i s w o r k for the s c h o o l . T h e obnoxious feature in the Con- stitution w a s changed b y the A s s o c i a t i o n in M a y ^ 1 8 6 3 , a n d w h e n the stock-holding feature w a s finally a b o l i s h e d , the M a n a g e r s b e c a m e self-perpetuating; but they h a v e cdssasrsfretained the custom of p r o c e e d i n g "in u n i t y " , insteadpf b y votej^; h e n c e that p a r t of B e n j a m i n H a l l o w e l l ' s desire finally triumphed. That this o b j e c t i o n to the C o n s t i t u t i o n w a s p e r s i s t e n t a n d influential is n evident from the following brief letter in the I n t e l l i g e n e r f o r F i f t h M o n t h 3 0 , 1 8 6 3 : <$f - V o l . 2 ^ , p p . 1|9 - 80." r 66 1- ^ T h e obstacle in the way of a general interest in the education m o v e m e n t , a n d cordial and extensive support t h e r e o f , a p p e a r s to b e the o f f e n s i v e clause in the .dopted c o n s t i t u t i o n . The p r o p e r t y qualification o r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n , is a new feature n the management of Friends' concerns, a n d is l o o k e d u p o n w i t h distrust a n d sorrow by iary of the best friends of the m o v e m e n t , as a departure from the p r i m i t i v e a n d bea.u,iful(power of truth, w h i c h have ever b e e n the g u i d i n g , a n d deciding influences in the K Lirection of our a f f a i r s . ^ T h i s feeling amounts w i t h some to a c o n v i c t i o n of f its highest p u r p o s e . - ~ - -^Business, t r a d e s , p r o f e s s i o n s , g o v e r n m e n t , l a w , the domestic a n d social relations, w i t h all their duties and enjoyments, should h e m a d e a p a r t of education; not >f a religious and. secular education d i v i d e d , h u t of a comprehensive education which embraces the l i f e , the business l i f e , the p o l i t i c a l l i f e , the d o m e s t i c ^ l i f e , the social Life, into each rule of which should b e i n f u s e d , as an essential q u a l i t y , the t h o u g h t , I m u s t honor my M a k e r in all m y a c t s , a n d in a l l m y m o t i v e s . I m u s t not h o n o r m y profession a s a F r i e n d , a n d thus m a g n i f y ray Society a n d its founders; that should not be my m o t i v e , but I m u s t h o n o r Him who called m e to b e the instrument to do h i s w i l l . - - - ~ 4*With the n a m e , and d o c t r i n e , a n d h o p e , a n d l o v e of the w o r l d ' s Redeemer in our h e a r t s a n d l i v e s , go forth f r e e , into a p l e n t e o u s h a r v e s t f i e l d , a n d labor while the day l a s t s . A n d w h a t more delightful and h o p e f u l labor than to draw out the m i n d s of youth into the p a t h w a y of science, p h i l o s o p h y , a n d a l l l e a r n i n g , b e l i e v i n g it to b e divine, a n d seeing divinity in it u n t i l they grow into the same n a t u r e , a n d b e c o m e heirs of the same riches. T h u s , w i t h the spirit's l i g h t a r e we l e d a l o n g u n t i l w e grow u p into our living H e a d , in all things; n o t all spiritual t h i n g s , b u t in all t h i n g s , eating drinking, working, voting, buying, selling, living and dying. M e a n w h i l e , the new "Board of Managers of F r i e n d s Educational Association" eld its first m e e t i n g in R a c e Street M e e t i n g - h o u s e , P h i l a d e l p h i a , on the 2 n d . of 1 2 t h . onth, 1862. The m i n u t e s , of the B o a r d , still p r e s e r v e d in the original record-hook joa. t Swarthmore C o l l e g e , do not name the twenty-five of the thirty-two m e m b e r s who were resent; but they tell u s that the following a p p o i n t m e n t s w e r e m a d e : William Dorsey, lerkj^of the Board; W i l l i a m D . P a r r i s h and E l i z a b e t h W . A t l e e , Clerks of the A s s o c i a t i o n ; illism C . B i d d l e , Treasurer; W i l l i a m D o r s e y , E d w a r d P a r r i s h a n d E d w a r d H o o p e s , a comittee "to obtain the draft of a charter"; a n d J o n a t h a n T h o r n e , Samuel W i l l e t t s , Benjalin H a l l o w e l l , Isaac S t e v e n s , David J . G-riscom, B . H u s h R o b e r t s , E d w a r d H o o p e s , Edward arrisa and William D o r s e y , a committee 11 to inquire into the subject of the location of he p r o p o s e d School." The Board then a d j o u r n e d , a n d m e t at the same p l a c e o n the 1 3 t h . of 1 s t . 'onth, 1 8 6 3 . T w e n t y - f o u r m e m b e r s w e r e p r e s e n t at this m e e t i n g . T h e committee appointed ;o obtain the draft of a charter "reported the following w h i c h was r e a d , carefully eximined, and referred to the same Committee who are a u t h o r i z e d to p r o c u r e the necessary ict of incorporation and to obtain a design for a. seal." Benjamin Hallowell's desire to have the committee on l o c a t i o n m e e t on the lorninsr of the 1 3 t h . b e f o r e the m e e t i n g of the b o a r d , w a s p r o b a b l y fulfilled; for the ;ommittee reported to the b o a r d that day that it h a d g i v e n "attention to the s u b j e c t " , m d was "continued." This m e e t i n g of the h o a r d p r o b a b l y o c c u r r e d in the a f t e r n o o n of ; at d a y , for in the evening an adjourned session w a s h e l d at which the question of Location w a s further considered, and the committee w a s c o n t i n u e d . k - A t its m e e t i h g on 3 r d . M o n t h 1 , 1 8 6 4 , the following m i n u t e w a s adopted:"Harriet E . Stockly is a p p o i n t e d to transcribe the M i n u t e s of this Board in a pennanent Minuteb o o k which she is authorized to procure." The existin-: b o o k was therefore probably procured by h e r from "William Mann M a n u f a c t u r e r of B l a n k B o o k s and Counting H o u s e Stationer 43 South 4th Street Philadelphia'', as a label on its inside cover i m p l i e s . It is probably Harriet's n e a t h a n d - w r i t i n g also in which the m i n u t e s of the B o a r d a r e recorded for the first two y e a r s a n d a h a l f ( p p . 1 p t ^ M ^ J t i ~ hrtrk} 7 j T h e most important w o r k of the b o a r d at this m e e t i n g w a s to consider an ^ A d d r e s s to the Members of our R e l i g i o u s Society u p o n the importance of the object w e h a v e in v i e w . % This address h a d evidently b e e n p r e p a r e d b e f o r e the m e e t i n g , p r o b a b l y by Edward p a r r i s h ; in the m e e t i n g it "was read, a n d a f t e r careful consideration adopted a n d directed to b e p r i n t e d for general c i r c u l a t i o n . - - - To a s s i s t the clerk in the publication and distribution of the A d d r e s s E d w a r d P a r r i s h , E d w a r d M e r r i t t & G e r a r d H . Reese are appointed." T h e address w a s p r o m p t l y p u b l i s h e d ^ u n d e r the title *"An A d d r e s s to the_Merabers of the Religious Society of F r i e n d s , a n d ethers interested in their principles and testimoniesprit-wn.o p r i n t e d in m i ocbavo p a m p h l e t uf eight pages., to w h i c h were nw 1 '~T' ^ffrl^nm* 'wnginr i r.r'lnrl i t.V.o fl^ nfr-i *•; '^rrf^^"^ id f ) / $ * J. /J J t . ! $ (=> 3 • y ~ b u t e that sura. /a A single share taken by every one interested in the welfare of the rising generation among u s , w o u l d f u r n i s h ample m e a n s for the p u r p o s e in v i e w , b u t there is great indifference to b e o v e r c o m e , a n d the laborers in the cause a r e a s y e t but f e w , so that w e are compelled to a p p e a l to those who a r e a b l e to give liberally to an object p r o m i s i n g such beneficent results. ® I t is a m i s t a k e to look m a i n l y for the funds required to those who have large f a m i l i e s , and who will consequently b e likely to reap the m o s t direct a d v a n t a g e from the I n s t i t u t i o n . M a n y of this class w i l l , of c o u r s e , become m e m b e r s of the Associa- t i o n , a n d contribute in p r o p o r t i o n to their m e a n s , w h i l e others w i l l do their share toward the support of the S c h o o l , b y s u p p l y i n g it w i t h p u p i l s . JBTne object w e a r e n o w u r g i n g should not b e compared w i t h those p r o m i s i n g m e r e temporary advantages; the g o o d to b e gained i s , w e trust, destined to b e of the m o s t lasting and p r o g r e s s i v e k i n d , a n d justifies u n u s u a l sacrifices for its a t t a i n m e n t . ^ F i n a l l y , we w o u l d a s k of every F r i e n d who is not yet a m e m b e r of thisAssoc i a t i o n , to subscribe to its s t o c k , so a s to b e identified w i t h the desirable object of b u i l d i n g u p a n I n s t i t u t i o n , d e s t i n e d , w e b e l i e v e , to h a v e a n important b e a r i n g on the m a i n t e n a n c e a n d diffusion of the p r i n c i p l e s w h i c h have d i s t i n g u i s h e d the Society of Friends since its f o u n d a t i o n , a n d w h i c h its m e m b e r s and their descendants should cherish f o r the g o o d of mankind.'*' T h e pamphlet i n c l u d e s , w i t h the C o n s t i t u t i o n , the n a m e s of the first B o a r d of M a n a g e r s , and lists the following officers; Clerks (of the A s s o c i a t i o n ) , W i l l i a m D . P a r r i s h a n d Edith W . A t l e e ; T r e a s u r e r , W i l l i a m C . B i d d l e , N o . 131 M a r k e t S t . , P h i l a d e l p h i a ; Clerk (of the B o a r d of M a n a g e r s ) , W i l l i a m D o r s e y , N o . 613 M a r k e t S t . , P h i l a d e l p h i a ; Local R e c e i v e r s (for the P h i l a d e l p h i a d i s t r i c t ) , Clement M . B i d d l e , N o . 131 M a r k e t Street; (for the N e w Y o r k d i s t r i c t ) , Samuel W i l l e t s , N o . 303 P e a r l Street; (for the Baltimore d i s t r i c t ) , G e r a r d H . R e e s e , P r a t t S t r e e t . T h e a b o v e official a p p e a l w a s p e r h a p s originated b y a n individual who signed date of " P h i l a d a . 2 d m o j 2 6 t h , 1863." His communication was published, in the Intelligencer for T h i r d Mo. 7 , 1 8 6 3 , a n d was a s follows: P l e a for the 'Boarding School.t tPAt the commencement of the effort to establish a B o a r d i n g School a m o n g u s , I felt but little sympathy in the c a u s e , there b e i n g in m y own m i n d serious obstacles in the w a y . T h e s e , on m o r e m a t u r e d r e f l e c t i o n , h a v e g i v e n p l a c e to opinions decided- ly in its favor; a n d k n o w i n g there are others entertaining objections simila,r to m y o w n , I h a v e thought I might p o s s i b l y help to r e m o v e some of the obstacles out of the way of s u c h . * S o m e time since I ma.de inquiries r e s p e c t i n g the College at H a v e r f o r d , w i t h the intention of p l a c i n g a son t h e r e , that h e m i g h t p a s s through a collegiate course n d e r the guardianship of F r i e n d s . I was told that the charges w e r e b e y o n d the reach of parents of m o d e r a t e m e a n s ; that a p a r t of the education w a s t h e o l o g i c a l , a n d that only a p r i v i l e g e d few m i g h t a v a i l themselvesjaf its f a c i l i t i e s . If such b e the objections to a n institution now in existence a m o n g F r i e n d s , w h a t right h a v e we to p r e s u m e that another established by u s , w i l l b e exempt from the s a m e , or similar evils? A g a i n , our P r i m a r y , Grammar a n d Classical schools are not supported by F r i e n d s ; i n d e e d , if the p a t r o n a g e a f f o r d e d b y those entirely o u t s i d e the Society w a s r e m o v e d , not one of our schools w o u l d b e s e l f - s u s t a i n i n g . That they a r e worthy the support of every p a r e n t whose a s s o c i a t i o n s are w i t h u s , is apparent from the earnistness w i t h w h i c h they a r e sought by those of other religious d e n o m i a t i o n s , the terms of tuition b e i n g m o d e r a t e , a n d t h e qualifications of the teachers for imparting a thorough education, b e i n g in m o s t cases u n e q u a l l e d . T h e n a g a i n , Friends a r e generally a p l a i n , p r a c t i c a l p e o p l e , jealous of the faith of their f a t h e r s , a n d fearful of inroads on their cherished c u s t o m s , l o o k i n g u p o n the study of the a b s t r u s e sciences a n d classical literature a s a departure from : the old l a n d m a r k s , entirely f o r g e t t i n g , that in the infancy of the Society of F r i e n d s , /ofcL: the student of O x f o r d , side by side w i t h the cobbler of D r a y t o n , ' contended for - " Tt ihl e allusion to George F o x , as •the cobbler of Datayton," does not correspond w i t h I QV*"* S p h r a s e as commonly r e p e a t e d , w h i c h is "The Cobbler of Nottingham." On refl " • erfence to his l i f e bjt S . M . J a n n e y , I find Drayton to h a v e b e e n t h e h o m e of h i s boyhood." g , ^ ^ c A Tfc + J L U , jLjji the f a i t h of w h i c h we in this a g e should h e equally t e n a c i o u s . Jffhe former of these objections h a s h e r e t o f o r e p r e j u d i c e d the effort to m y own m i n d , a n d with the latter constitute&lmost if not all that can h e raised a g a i n s t i it. H o w these I own a r e w o r t h y our earnest c o n s i d e r a t i o n , h u t w e should n o t stop here. A r r a y e d against these w e f i n d the u n s a t i s f i e d w a n t s of the y o u t h of our Society. We k n o w them to h e equal in a b i l i t y w i t h a n y ifa our c o m m u n i t y , a s eager for l e a r n i n g , enquiring, a n d d e t e r m i n e d to satiate their thirst at some fountain of knowledge. E a c h h e a r t h - s t o n e w h e r e p a r e n t a n d child m e e t in familiar intercourse b e c o m e s its best advocate; a t every family b o a r d w h e r e p a r e n t a l solicitude p r o v i d e s sustenance for the b o d y , is f o u n d the eager craving for the soul's better p o r t i o n . ^ H o w shall w e b e s t satisfy this want is the question w e a r e n o w called u p o n to decide? E v e r y p a r e n t i n t e r e s t e d in the thorough development of our y o u t h , m u s t a c k n o w l e d g e that it exists a m o n g u s . How shall w e a c q u i t ourselves b e f o r e the h o n - o r e d fathers of this Society w h o so zealously l a b o r e d for institutions of learning in their day? > How shall w e come b e f o r e H i m who i n s p i r e d their courage a n d strength"uU- ened their h a n d s , if w e fail n o w to carry on the w o r k so worthily b e g ^ n by t h e m . •^The n a t i o n teems w i t h colleges a n d a c a d e m i e s . the log-cabin is the p i o n e e r of our c i v i l i z a t i o n . T h e school-house a s well as A r e w e satisfied that these in- stitutions a r e a d a p t e d to the w a n t s of our religious Society? m a n y a m o n g u s can answer from p a i n f u l e x p e r i e n c e , 'They a r e n o t . ' f r i e n d s a r e a 'peculiar p e o p l e . ' 7/hile other religious a s s o c i a t i o n s a r e contending for 'creeds' a n d 'articles of f a i t h ' , the F r i e n d b e s t exemplifies h i s faith ty m a i n t a i n i n g those m o r a l testimonies w h i c h are the b u l w a r k s of h i s S o c i e t y . /^Would w e p r e s e r v e a n d transmit them to our children? Do w e deem them of v i t a l importance to ourselves? - T h e n m u s t we so educate our sons a n d d a u g h t e r s , that w h e n u p o n themselves d e v o l v e the r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s of l i f e , their characters m a y b e m o u l d e d a n d p e r f e c t e d into the b e a u t i f u l symmetry o f a p u r e C h r i s t i a n l i f e . iLf cannot g i v e the g r a c e s of the H o l y Spirit to our offspring; h u t w e m a y so h a l l o w the associations that surround them that they w i l l b e c o m e w i l l i n g recipients of the Divine g i f t . ^ T h e r e is a tide of error a n d s u p e r s t i t i o n , constantly setting in against u s . It b e c o m e s u s to a s k o u r s e l v e s , ' W h a t efforts a r e w e m a k i n g to stem this current?' L e t u s fully arouse ourselves a n d e a r n e s t l y , a n d p r a y e r f u l l y examine the s u b j e c t , remembering that the future h i s t o r y of our Society w i l l be m e a s u r a b l y a f f e c t e d b y o u r present a c t i o n . •%A.8 to the w a n t of f r i e n d s ' p a t r o n a g e felt b y the schools n o w u n d e r our charge in P h i l a d e l p h i a , I think that should not b e c o n s i d e r e d a c r i t e r i o n for judgment i n the m a t t e r of the 'Boarding S c h o o l . ' T h e m e m b e r s of our Society l i v e in a l l p a r t s of the c i t y , many so remote from the schools that they are a s inaccessible to than a s if they w e r e m a n y miles d i s t a n t , a n d h o w e v e r m u c h they m a y desire to send their children to such s c h o o l s , it w o u l d not b e in their p o w e r to do s o . ^ S h o u l d we b e enabled to raise sufficient funds to e s t a b l i s h the p r o p o s e d institution on a liberal s c a l e , the terms can b e m a d e so easy that its benefits m a y Ibe shared by a l l classes in the Society of P r i e n d s , L. Philada. 2d mo.26th,1863? f" ' " U a / / The conferences in M a r y l a n d referred to in B e n j a m i n H a l l o w e l l ' s letters w e r e re-oe'sted in P e n n s y l v a n i a , in a c c o r d w i t h the f o l l o w i n g noticeslwhich a p p e a r e d in Friends* I /oiT Intelligencer for F i r s t M o n t h 10 a n d 1 7 , a n d S e c o n d M o n t h 2 1 , 1 8 6 3 : f r i e n d s ' Educational Association. ^ T h e E x e c u t i v e Committee a p p o i n t e d "by a Conference of the m e m b e r s residing within the limits of P h i l a d e l p h i a Y e a r l y M e e t i n g , to f o r w a r d the subscriptions to the stock of this A s s o c i a t i o n , h a v e a p p o i n t e d the u n d e r s i g n e d to c o r r e s p o n d w i t h Friends in their several n e i g h b o r h o o d s , a n d to a p p o i n t Conferences ih w h i c h the subject can b e p r e s e n t e d and explanations g i v e n . The interest w h i c h has a t t e n d e d the Conferences already h e l d , justifies the effort n o w made to e x t e n d this m e a n s of spreading the concern in localities n o t y e t v i s i t e d , a n d a n y communication u p o n the subject addressed to either of the u n d e r s i g n e d , w i l l m e e t w i t h a t t e n t i o n . William Dorsey, N o . 613 M a r k e t Edward Parrish, N o . 800 A r c h S t . David J . G r i s c o m , Sf Woodbury, N.J. Helen G . L o n g s t r e t h , N o . 1 1 0 S . 17th S t . Edith W . Atlee, G e r n a n t o w n , Pa.*» — ~ ~ "•^Educational C o n f e r e n c e s . - T h e E x e c u t i v e Comnitteejof the M e m b e r s of F r i e n d s ' E d u c a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n , w i t h i n the limits of P h i l a d e l p h i a Y e a r l y M e e t i n g , h a v e a p p o i n t e d a Conference at Gwynedd M e e t i n g H o u s e , on F i r s t - d a y a f t e r n o o n , the 18th instant, at 2 o ' c l o c k , P . M . ; a n d a t W i l l i s t o w n on F i f t h - d a y m o r n i n g , the 2 9 t h . a t 10 o'clock. M e m b e r s of the Committee w i l l be p r e s e n t to e x p l a i n the object a n d p l a n of the A s s o c i a t i o n ; a n d F r i e n d s , a n d others in the N e i g h b o r h o o d , a r e cordially invited to a t t e n d a n d to extend the i n f o r m a t i o n . ^ - — ~ - """ "^The Committee to p r o m o t e subscriptions to the stock of F r i e n d s 1 Educational A s s o c i a t i o n w i t h i n the limits of P h i l a d e l p h i a Y e a r l y M e e t i n g , have a p p o i n t e d Confere n c e s , a s follows: g W . •_ _ _ / > " ' •'•_•- — - - — . . . . . . . . . . . . I. • [ c ^ J i ( a t r ^ ^ ^ , ] SL £ J F r i e n d s ' m e e t i n g h o u s e N e w t o w n S q u a r e , D e l a w a r e C o . , P a . , o n 5th d a y , 19th i n s t a n t , at 3 o'clock P . M . ^ A t F r i e n d s ' m e e t i n g h o u s e , corner of 1 9 t h a n d N o r t h S t . , "below C o a t e s , P h i l a . , on 6th day e v e n i n g , 2 0 t h i n s t . , at 7-| o ' c l o c k . • ^ t Race Street m e e t i n g h o u s e , P h i l a . , on Second-day e v e n i n g , 2 3 d i n s t . , a t 7| o'clock. •#&t Friends' m e e t i n g h o u s e , F a l s i n g t o n , Bucks C o . , on 7th d a y . 3 d m o . , 7 t h . , at 2 o ' c l o c k , P . M . # A t Friends' m e e t i n g h o u s e , N e w t o w n , B u c k s C o . , on F i r s t - d a y , 3 d m o . 8 t h . , at 2 o ' c l o c k , P . M . * F r i e n d s and others i n t e r e s t e d , within reach of these localities, a r e particularly invited to a t t e n d . The Conferences w i l l h e a d d r e s s e d "by m e m b e r s of the Commit- tee.* • I B n e of t h e a * conferences(is referred to in a n article on "Education" 1 contri- /oi b u t e d to the Intelligencer for Second M o n t h 1 4 , 1 8 6 3 . It is signed " H " , dated "1st m o . 8 t h , 1 8 6 3 " , a n d its reference to the conference is a s follows:$®0n First-day aftern o o n we a t t e n d e d the Conference on the p r o p o s e d B o a r d i n g S c h o o l , h e l d a t W i l l i s t o w n , Pa. O w i n g to the condition of the r o a d s , the gathering, w a s not so large as w a s an- ticipated. One thousand dollars w a s subscribed in the m e e t i n g , a n d a committee a p - pointed to receive a n d obtain further subscriptions. •^The response w h i c h lias so remarkably a n s w e r e d the call for a n increased m e a n s for the intellectual development of the c h i l d r e n , u n d e r circumstances favorable to the growth of our religious p r i n c i p l e s , is certainly a n evidence that the existence of such a w a n t is b e g i n n i n g to b e a c k n o w l e d g e d by F r i e n d s . W e cannot deny that our children h a v e suffered m a t e r i a l l y from the want of p r o p e r educational advantages a m o n g us. 0i- T h e necessity", w h i c h h a s saras to some extent e x i s t e d , of p l a c i n g our y o u n g rnem7 7 6 ' ' ~ j bers "beyond the precincts of our religious Society, has in many instances weakened S j their affection for that Society that could not supply their need^fc The Executive Committee had "been busy meanwhile at h o m e , as is evidenced by the following notices in the Intelligencer for Second Month 7 a n d Third Month 7 , /oi 1 8 6 3 : jr 3 Y ? " T h e Executive Committee of Friends of Philadelphia Yearly M e e t i n g , to prom o t e subscriptions to the stock of Friends' Educational A s s o c i a t i o n , wiil m e e t on 6th d a y , the 13th instant, at 11 o ' c l o c k , A . M . J . M . T r u m a n , J r . , Clerk.** - - ~ -^The Executive Committee for promoting subscriptions to Friends' Educational A s s o c i a t i o n , will m e e t on 6th day m o r n i n g , 1 3 t h inst., at 11 o'clock, in the 2 d story, west room, of R a c e S t . Meeting H o u s e . * Jos. M . Truman, Jr., Clerk.* ^ F r i e n d s ' Educational A s s o c i a t i o n . * T h e first instalment of $5 p e r share in the stock of the Association became due o n the first of Twelfth m o n t h , 1 8 6 2 . On all shares subscribed since that time, the first instalment was dae on the first of Third m o n t h , instant. The stockholders a r e requested to make payment to the Receivers appointed in the several districts, and those residing in Philadelphia to the u n d e r s i g n e d , who has been appointed General Receiver within the limits of P h i l a d e l p h i a Yearly M e e t i n g . C. M . Biddle, 1 3 1 M a r k e t s t . f Philadelphia.* •TO iaCl'lllalbi- the uulleetion of gukscrlpllohii mid to piuuuc-ttcw - , Bubscgiboro^ the-Duaid uf Mamgai.b -uf "Filtmdb' Educational Aooooiation" issued about this -fcirne j-n iflfifi ,q-p —•<• a T,g Th" H-i^-Tri "f tlv TVlici"iiri ffonlpifty of F-riq-nfla, wiyl r>tih' - i a L m e a b u d lu lhair principles a n d - t e s t i m o n i e s . " — T l irni printnii in nn nrtntio ^joginph"! pti nf flight- p a g u s , lu which -won. appended fuur more pages inoluding the-Ceiir•etitution rooently adoy.tod^ /07- l a , -Bp. 7 6 1 , 8 2 5 . This animated i I',' 11 rH »t.H The with / n s ^ h ?t . Tnimn-n t 1 n'l ill ii j i 1) i b i"' hi1 ii ' i * i.'ig i 1 meetings "for promoting subscriptions, etc.," ^ /0 ^ j** fGr .most monthly throughout the year 1863; andS^"conferences" h a d sswA^held in Philadelphia ; the time of Yearly Ileeting in M & y , 1 8 6 3 , end during the same month in Kennet Square, )ndon Grove, Hew Garden, Pallowfield, R a d n o ^ n d Sadsbury.^ (pUUJljjjJU* — - fi/Lf'J , The conf erences'in Philadelphia \ w p o caif important ones "because of the change i [ d c h resulted f romyU? in^reriovIn^^one of Woe chief obstacles to the progress of the :hool. ^ The IntelligenceiC^aafffith. Month 1 3 , 1863T!r gives the following account of W f c L * * 1 id-frf—fee ..subaaquent anc held iu Hew *Ttie Conference held in Race street Meeting H o u s e , on Third-day evening, the 3th of 5th m o n t h , was largely a t t e n d e d , and contained representatives from widely sparated sections. After reading the report already referred to, a spirited dis- cission grew up upon the provision of the Constitution which provide for the election of onagers by a stock v o t e . This feature of the organization having given dissatisfaction o many friends, before it was officially a d o p t e d , and having since operated as a bar to he progress of the subscription in some neighborhoods, was now warmly celled in question y several friends, who placed their objections in a strong light before the large a.udence convened. The various arguments in favor of the Stock V o t e , as a just and equitable rovision for the control of the property e n d its usee by those who had furnished the eans for its purchase and erection, failed to satisfy the strong feeling of opposition onscientiously entertained, by many; and when the meeting adjourned at a late h o u r , it as felt that without another attempt to reconcile this difference of sentiment, the cause ust lose tfround among u s . - It was agreed to meet aeain on fifth-day evening, and a larce ~ ' Intelligencer, V o l i v S ^ t t p . 5 7 , 1 ? 8 , 2 0 0 , 2 6 4 , 3 4 4 , 4 7 2 . f - J g z f f r * - 2 1 6 - It L • I fctf The Intelligencer for 6 t h . Month 6 , 1 8 6 3 , c o n t ^ n e d the following editorial 2 7 1 af fjfi ir. i i P m ' d ^ - ^ ' ^ ' nil' ^ U ^ firx^Ji t u r v J ^ ^ ^ . noticejQ -#The proceedings of the several C o n f e r e n c e held during " h e weeks of OUT L) late Yearly Meetings of Philadelphia and l>Tew Y o r k , on the subject of Education and the establishment of an institution of learning, have not as yet been reported in our | paper, but we propose at an early date, to give some account of them. Our readers j will be glad to know that in consequence of the feeling which prevailed at the Confer\ ences in P h i l a d e l p h i a , our friends in Hew York have proposed a n alteration in the / constitution which will probably harmonize all the friends of the cause, within the ^ limits of the three Yearly M e e t i n g s , and give a corresponding impetus to the subscripI tion. : -f^Ye learn that the recent series of Conferences i n Chester and Lancaster counties have been quite encouraging in their results, and that the subscriptions \ taken, warrant the hope that Friends generally in these sections of our Yearly Meet; ing will embrace the opportunity to aid in the establishment of this much-needed In| stitutionj* The holding uf cunftiieuuea was linked up ilubel;, \Ur the ocliyitioo of the l»cajb-coilfeetion committees, fi appuii-u from tho following typical n o t i c e : — " ^ h e - ^llHT [au^, I/O - 4 a j^-p^a-o ¥*>1. S O T . 000. I M d t rr-'DOC— xrff' 4 g 1 «J -&=> /yo iipany convened at that t i n e , notwithstanding a heavy rain w h i c h p r e v a i l e d in the early rt of the e v e n i n g . M e a n t i m e a. friend who h a d "been concerned in the original draft of 3 Constitution, w r o t e to a p r o m i n e n t m e m b e r of the A s s o c i a t i o n in H e w Y o r k , a s k i n g those ) had subscribed l a r g e l y in that city on the b a s i s l a i d down in the C o n s t i t u t i o n , what ild "be their d i s p o s i t i o n towards a n adjustment of the election for M a n a g e r s on a differ; "basis. The reply which came over the w i r e s , a n d w a s read at the opening of the ad- lrned Conference on Fifth-day e v e n i n g , w a s b r i e f a n d e x p l i c i t , a n d served to satisfy 3 M e e t i n g that the views of the M A J O R I T Y , w h e n a s c e r t a i n e d , w o u l d be fully a c c e d e d t o . it p a s s e d at the Conference after this a s s u r a n c e w a s of a m o s t encouraging c h a r a c t e r . - - wrs felt to b e n e c e s s a r y that some of those jerested. should t^-ke the opportunity p r e s e n t e d b y the a p p r o a c h i n g Y e a r l y M e e t i n g of H e w rk, to confer w i t h those in a t t e n d a n c e there, in regard to the subjects which had so disc e d Friends in P h i l a d e l p h i a . A C o n f e r e n c e h a v i n g b e e n convened at the Meeting-house on ;herford-square, Hew Yorj( on Third-day e v e n i n g , 26th of F i f t h m o n t h , full opportunity w a s ? orded for the discussion of the p r o v i s i o n s of the C o n s t i t u t i o n , and it is due to F r i e n d s Hew Y o r k to say that although the views of n e a r l y a l l w e r e decidedly favorable to the ;icle objected to by so m a n y in B a l t i m o r e and P h i l a d e l p h i a , they chose to sacrifice ;ir own views for the good of the cause; and a f t e r a zealous defence of their p o s i t i o n , ?;gested the appointment of a C o m m i t t e e , to confer w i t h Friends in a t t e n d a n c e from other ;alities, w i t h a v i e w to p r o p o s i n g some modifica.tion of the Constitution w n i c h might be bisfactory to a l l . Committee was a p p o i n t e d accordingly, and on the f o l l o w i n g evening at the iourned Conference their report w a s r e c e i v e d , p r o p o s i n g a m o d i f i c a t i o n of the Constitu)n, in which the principle of equality a m o n g the shareholders in the election of M a n a g e r s fully recognized, while the right to a c q u i r e a n d dispose of the p r o p e r t y b y the Associa.)n is guarded by a. stock v o t e . A s neither of these C o n f e r e n c e s , nor a l l of them,could ce changes in the Constitution, the sentiment of tiiose convened could only b e taken on the loosed amendments with an implied intention to v o t e f o r or against t h e m , w h e n the oppor- inity should "be a f f o r d e d . Hot only did m a n y , who h a d b e f o r e e x p r e s s e d sentiments a t var- m c e w i t h each o t h e r u p o n these p o i n t s , embrace the first o p p o r t u n i t y to signify t h e i r irdial- a p p r o v a l of the p r o p o s e d c h a n g e s , but on the q u e s t i o n b e i n g p u t to the a u d i e n c e by .e c l e r k , a u n a n i m o u s vote w a s h a d in t h e i r f a v o r - not an i n d i v i d u a l a p p e r r e d w h e n o s e o p n o s e d to the changes w e r e c a l l e d u p o n to r i s e . U n d e r all the c i r c u m s t a n c e s of .is C o n f e r e n c e - the l a r g e n u m b e r in a t t e n d a n c e , e m b r a c i n g some of the m o s t influential m b e r s of the A s s o c i a t i o n from the l i m i t s of the three Y e a r l y M e e t i n g s , the full d i s c u s s i o n d c o n s i d e r a t i o n w h i c h the p r o p o s e d c h a n g e s r e c e i v e d , w i t h the fact that w i t h o u t conceding e p r i n c i p l e s m a i n t a i n e d by either t h o s e in f a v o r o f , or o p p o s e d t o , the e x i s t i n g Constit i o n , these changes m e e t the v i e w s of a l l - the C o n s t i t u t i o n w i t h the a m e n d m e n t s p r o p o s e d y b e r e g a r d e d as V i r t u a l l y the b a s i s of the f u t u r e o r g a n i z a t i o n of t h e A s s o c i a t i o n . ^ 4 B » e-fced sufrjoct of the locatiau. of the -acheiol is by this ohang.e fm—tdhun from the D u a p & Llmiagart.,—lh'.217//3 < - 9 t h . M o n t h 1 3 , 1 8 6 3 ; ibid.^Sel-p^B.376, - 10th.Month 27,1863;ibid,Vol,3ft, y . 5 2 0 • ///* j -- 1^s tu..Mmo n^twh , 2 5 , 1 8 6 4 ; i b i d , V 8 l * 3 ^ B . 7 1 3 . m - 1 s t . M o n t h 26,1864; i b i d . . //7 - 1 s t . M o n t h 29,1864; i b i d , , -p. 6 0 0 . L 9- j j j feeye-app en rs-to bo-no account of -this- laot A n n u a l Meeting of the Fricivi matirmnl ABfrqniation t which wao the first A n n u a l M a t i n g &f Llib Cui',uoi'ftt>ion. of Swai&feg •f n^llagfi, -in thp mfamioffript nr printniii r ° n H n p . n r H 1 rondo - Ittfrctti&saoer s(rrrbg-~fails rven our hithrr-t at thia critical p o i n w ^ "The Executive Committee to p r o m o t e subscriptions to F r i e n d s ' Educational Assoition"\ha£- published in the Intelligencer regular notices of the time a n d place of its stings, during the years 1864 a n d 1 8 6 5 . A t regular intervals, on 3 r d . M o n t h 1 0 , 6 t h . ith 1 0 , 9 t h . Month 9 , 1 2 t h . M o n t h 3 , 1 3 6 4 , J 3 r d . M o n t h 1 0 , 1865 ; a"Quarterly Meeting of the Committees ["for the collection of funds throughout P h i l a d e l p h i a Yearly j 2$ Meeting^ / 30 ; h e l d . ' In the issue of the Intelligencer for 2 n d . M o n t h 2 7 , 1364,' "One of the E x . l." contributed the following appeal: ^Swarthmore College. T h i s concern is slowly but steadily in p r o g r e s s . Those z;aged in its working operations a r e endeavoring to m o u l d it into such shape as may meet 5 views of Friends in all sections. We a l l have one common interest at h e a r t , - to ;ablish a school to w h i c h those parents who desire to place their children under m o r e tended educational influences than a r e found in their own n e i g h b o r h o o d s , m a y send t h e m , r sling a n assurance t h a t , while they a r e receiving useful learning u n d e r the care of licious and competent p e r s o n s , they are also b e i n g trained in p r i n c i p l e s of piety and * M o unprejudiced mind will deny that such a n institution is needed among u s . >se who desire to qualify themselves for future independence as teachers, or for a n y of ! lea,rned p r o f e s s i o n s , are now necessarily obliged to seek such advantages beyond the 'luences of our Society; m a n y whose parents can a f f o r d to pay for an exoensive course tuition are sent to schools of that character, w h i l e children in less favored circumnces enter the public schools. Vol^SQ, Thus two distinct classes a r i s e , w h i c h must 760, V o l . f f i , ftp. 5 7 , 1 2 1 , 2 6 5 , 3 4 6 , 4 8 8 , 699,~~76ZT V o l : ® , p. 825 ,")fl (ol32Cr, fp.200, V o l D O T , p p . 809 - 1 0 . 4 0 Q , 617, 809, 825. ' eventually & — / 7/ produce consequences totally a d v e r s e to the spirit of our o r g a n i z a t i o n . «*To guard against this d a n g e r , it b e c o m e s indispensably incumbent u p o n u s to make greater and m o r e liberal p r o v i s i o n for the school instruction of our younger m e m b e r s . The m o v e m e n t , h a v i n g in view this r e s u l t , originated a n d is kept aliVe u n d e r a religious concern for the guarded education of the children," a n d *as Friends a r e u n i t e d and cherish a disposition of liberality for the a s s i s t a n c e of each other in this important work,^ they w i l l be made w i l l i n g to give of their p e n u r y oTf their a b u n d a n c e in order to accelerate its c o m p l e t i o n . * T h o s e a c t i v e l y engaged in this w o r k , so deeply feel its importance to the wellbeing of our S o c i e t y , that they a r e willing b o t h to labor a n d to w a i t , if they can b e made instrumental in p r o m o t i n g the establishment of such a n institution as the one contemplated ** 17 [ ^ u j t <£>*«- : 1 " T h e annual report of the E x e c u t i v e Committee w a s p r e s e n t e d on 5 t h . M o n t h 1 0 , 1 8 6 ^ at a "General Conference of F r i e n d s , a n d those interested in the cause of E d u c a t i o n , particularly in relation to the efforts now m a k i n g for the establishment of a first class school and c o l l e g e , u n d e r the supervision of m e m b e r s of our religious S o c i e t y ' . ^ ^ This "Report to the Subscribers to the Stock of Swarthmore College,'within the limits of Philadelphia Y e a r l y Meeting" is of m u c h general a n d statistical interest* and in as ' fnil fit*- - 7 ' ' dlrfL^ - !2 - I b i d , V 0 l \ « k , P. 136I b i d , Vffll. ? 1 , P p . 1 - 5 0 — SJS-zka, <0 j^^Roj^ \73T I Jtt jfLat- / V 1-171-1 . JUL. A-r /fcL. 6 Z u ^ j j k i . A O L fc y h L ^ ^ y O ^ t z ^ J L ^ / w r . I I* S C 3 j ^ w v asL*^ ii r// — Executive Committee of Friends, within the limits of the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting, for promoting subscriptions to Swarthmore College, present fchci following Report: the report presented a year ago gave in detail the origin and progress of this enterprise, it will be sufficient in this to review the labors of the past year, and to present to view the present situation and future requirements of the concern. ^Conferences have been held, during the past year, at Kennett Square, London Grove, New Garden, Fallowfield and Sadsbury, in the Fifth-month last; Radnor and Goshen in the Sixth-month ;\Horsham and Byberry in the El event hr-mont h^, and Upper Greenwich, Woodstown, Salem and Lower Greenwich, in New Jersey, in the First-month last. *These were all attended by members of this Committee, who endeavored to arouse an interest in the subject of Education, among those who were willing to give ear Jo their pleadings; and subscriptions were solicited to the capital stock of the proposed Institution. On some occasions we have been much encouraged, though generally we have obtained subscriptions greatly disproportioned to the admitted resources of the respective neighborhoods. ^Everywhere the young, who have experienced the disadvantages of the prevalent indifference to the claims of intellectual culture, have responded with alacrity to the appeals made on behalf of this enterprise, and many have subscribed of their small savings. Young parents look with solicitude to the time when their own off- spring, thirsting for knowledge, will be claiming from the Society, in which they have a birth-right, those educational advantages which it should be one of the chief aims of a religious society to supply, and of this class there are maqy impatient of the slow progress being made in this concern. * I n view of the small results from our recent conferences, we have encouraged those alifte to the importance of the concern to organize joint committees for continuous labor among their friends and neighbors. A n organization of this kind has recently been formed within the limits of Western Quarterly Meeting, where much indifference and some opposition remains to be overcome. It is impossible for a Central Committee located in Philadelphia to call upon Friends generally throughout the limits of our Yearly Meeting. We, therefore, recommend that the committee to be now appointed be authorized and encouraged to obtain the co-operation of at least one friend of each sex in all the Monthly Meetings, where it is believed further labor would be profitable. Those belonging to the same Quarterly Meeting to constitute a committee, meeting at least monthly till the time of the next Annual Meeting of the stockholders of Swarthmore College, in the 12th month, or longer, if necessary, to call on all the members of their respective meetings and solicit subscriptions, and to devise such means as will in their Judgment best promote the interest in this important concern. ^Representatives from the local committees are desired to correspond with and meet the Executive Committee at its stated meetings in the 6th, 9th and 12th months of the present, and 3d month of next year. ^ T h e Executive Committee shall report to the next Ahnual Meeting of the Philadelphia contributors, to be held on Third-day evening of our next Yearly Meeting week, as way may open. ?*Th.e action of the Annual Meeting of the Contributors, held at the Race Street Meeting House on the 1st of 12th month, last, is well known; the important subjects of location and name were then determined upon, and the directions of the Contributors have, as we learn, been carried out by the Board of Managers as far as the necessary legal forms could be perfected in advance of the taking out of the charter, and the meeting of the corporators under it. The charter has been issued within the past week, as follows =*A committee of the Board to investigate and determine upon the organization of the proposed institution has been engaged upon the object of their appointment during nU- / 7 / LS numerous interesting meetings, and one of their number has visited some of the institutions of learning in New England, with a view to aid in their deliberations.. *The wants of our Society demand that ample provision should be made to accommodate a large number of pupils; looking not only to those among our children who would desire the advantages of a full collegiate education, but also to that much larger number who will be so much benefitted by the care of our institution in its preliminary department, and to those who will desire to fit themselves to act as teachers, the Board are united that a preliminary, a collegiate, and a normal department should be included in it, and that the buildings should be of a substantial character, and capable of accommodating 300 pupils. ^The economy of instruction will evidently be closely connected with the number of students; if the number be limited, the corps of professors and teachers will necessarily be limited, or the cost of instruction increased, in the same ratio* "This consideration, together with the present greatly enhanced prices of materials and labor, must retard the work of building until the subscriptions are largely increased an^paid in. ( ^ X ^ O X ^ i U ^ J x ^ y ^ /IL * T o this end, therefore, we would recommend that a united and vigorous effort should be made during the current year; the whole amount now subscribed leaves, after paying for the purchase of the site, a sum which ought to be largely increased before we should be justified in entering upon the work of building, and which must be doubled before we can carry out the plans proposed. If each subsciriber for the past year would duplicate his or her subscription for the present year, payable between now and the first of the year 1865, or failing in this, would procure another subscriber for a like amount, we might look with confidence toward the erection of Swarthmore College during the year following; and with the Divine blessing upon our efforts, might anticipate for thousands of children yet unborn the advantages of a sound and liberal education within its walls, under circumstances favorable to their imbibing the principles 87 Mr /// and testimonies of Friends. T The amount paid in to C . M . Biddle, the general Receive^,is $34,275, a part of which is at ihterest. ** SUBSCRIPTIONS IN PHILADELPHIA YEARLY MEETING persons Shares Quar. Meeting Monthly Meeting Philadelphia Green Street Spruce Street Radnor Exeter Abington Byberry Horsham Gwynedd Buckingham Splebury Wrightstown Makefield Middletown Falls Qpakertown,N.Jersey Chester, Penna. Darby Goshen Concord Wilmington Birmingham Sadsbury Kennett London Grove New Garden Fallowfield Cecil Chesterfield M t . Holly Burlington Chester,N.Jersey Woodbury Pilesgrove Salem Greenwich Tithin Gennessee Y . M . Indiana Yearly Meeting Shares Amount Philadelphia 221 770 $19,250 Abington 127 178 4 i 600 101 179 4,475 211 462 11,550 Cain 32 37 925 Western 60 114 2,850 2 4 100 Burlington 41 89 2,225 Haddonfield 23 65 1,625 Salem 57 76 1,900 Bucks Concord 100 I j 38 29 JC 1 4) 73* 14,» Southern 2\ 65'i "22* 22'^ Contribution by a Member, Wilmington, " Green Street, M" M t . Holly, 1 1 877 105 } 1988 > $49,700 $10 10 10 qbMjvK nttf. i ft J> - CH^EEB m . 172 - THE BUILDI1IG OF SWARTHMORE COLLEGE, 1864 - 69. The Location of the College. The decision (in 5th. Month, I863) in regard to the method of voting was held, at least by the editors of the Intelligencer, to place the final decision as to location also in the hands of thelAssociation. A paragraph of its editorial of 6th. Month 13 states: "The mooted subject of the location of the school is by this change so far taken From the Board of Managers, that their duties in regard to it are rendered merely advisory, the determination of the site requiring a stock vote in person or by proxy, after three ionths notice has been given, and ample opportunities afforded to all to come to an intelligent conclusion." The question had meanwhile been discussed with animation, both in private and .n the Intelligencer. An editorial in the latter, dated the 11th. of Hth. Month, IS63, >pened its columns to the discussion, but with the expressed fear "lest it may be carried >n in a way to detract from the interest in the concern, now increasing and manifesting .tself among Friends generally." It therefore appealed for conciliation, directness and irevity on the part of its correspondents, reminding them that the editors would be imlartial, and that the question was "of great interest and almost vital importance", since ;he contemplated movement is perhaps the most important which has taken place among Friends 'or years." City versus Country The vicinity of Philadelphia as the center of American Quakerism, was tacitly accepted for the location of the new institution; but there remained the important question .s to whether it should be located "in a strictly rural district, or within the range of Ity conveniences." The first correspondent, an anonymous one, contributed an article j 2 0 the Intelligencer dated "*3d m o . 31st, 1863,^ which urged three advantages of a city - Vol. XX, p . 73. - I£id» PP. 73 - 7^. - ver a country location. These were: 172 - a greater convenience of access; the greater lealthfulness of the city, during the period of the year that the school would he S ^ f /73J - SSb er 11 session; and. the great! e c o n o m y , after the school w a s established. Since railroads T* n d telegraphs centered in the c i t y , " p a r e n t s , g u a r d i a n s , oj| f r i e n d s , living within 100 .11 ss of P h i l a d e l p h i a , desiring to visit the c o l l e g e , could do so and. return h o m e the erne night." During J u l y , A u g u s t , a n d p a r t of S e p t e m b e r , "the p u p i l s would be at the isoosal of their p a r e n t s " , and. could be removed from the city's h e a t ; w h i l e the urud a n d now of the remaining m o n t h s of the y e a r w o u l d "so often interrupt the out-door exercises f the p u p i l s - p a r t i c u l a r l y the girls - a n d so often would prevent their w a l k i n g to leeting, that the city (where the p a v e m e n t s soon dry a n d the snow is at once r e m o v e d ) 'ould seem to present very great a d v a n t a g e s for daily out-door e x e r c i s e , so necessary to .ealth and ohysical d e v e l o p m e n t ? ' A s to "the m o r e economical m a n a g e m e n t of the school in be city after it is established", this correspondent u r g e d that even though the cost of lie land in the city w o u l d be g r e a t e r than in the c o u n t r y , the greater cost of erecting he b u i l d i n g s in the country w o u l d equal or exceed it; and that even if the greater ini^.al cost in the city should require a n a d d i t i o n a l interest expenditure of $ 1 , 0 0 0 p e r innum, "the numberless dally expenses" should cost $2,000. p e r annum less in the city than .n the c o u n t r y . The lower p r i c e of f u e l , the cheap a n d b o u n t i f u l supply of w a t e r a n d g a s , the :orrrpetitive price of farm products coming in to the city from all d i r e c b p a * the fact that ;he city is the base of supplies of a l l k i n d s , w o u l d m a k e an urban l o c a t i o n m o r e economical; h i l e "another great economy" in the city "would b e found in the employment of competent irofessors, to give lessons or lectures on subjects not taught V the resident teachers - if you w i s h to emplcjr a p r o f e s s o r f o r one h o u r , y o u would only pay him for the h o u r yo-u aiployed h i m - if it took h i m a n h o u r to g o , and a n h o u r to return from the school, you rould have to r»ay for three h o u r s ' t i m e , a n d receive o n l y one hour's service." One w e e k l a t e r , the Intelligencer contained a l e t t e r , signed only ^ >l r 3 -f^^^ ut/jwritteta b y a m e m b e r of the B o a r d of M a n a g e r s , who stressed the difficulty a n d responsibility of the task of deciding on the location a n d m a n y other vital questions , — 7 Ql l i — — n r t r W7Hi gi n r f Q ("•^-•'•".n .T. nrir.conA-g- connected — 7V / y ^ Lth the school, and. advocated the appointment of a committee of the h o a r d to study ;her educational experiments and "to visit some of the normal and other schools in the svera.1 S t a t e s , a n d especially in New E n g l a n d , where the greatest amount of experience has :;en attained." T r ^ a ^ v i Immediately following this letter came a reference to "Vassar Female College" iich had been founded about two years b e f o r e . Matthew V a s s a r had endowed this college Lth $408,000 and 200 acres of land located about one m i l e east of P o u g h k e e o s i e . Follow- ft ig this reference came extracts from Vassar»s deed of trust which emphasized especially ie need of the h i g h e r education of women; a n a p e r h a p s as a n answer to his advocacy of a female"college , the Intelligencer printed a quotationffrom " J . N e a l " , who remarked in sgard to the association of men a n d women: ^ffhat makes those m e n who associate habitually Lth women superior to others? "What makes that w o m a n who is accustomed and at ease in ie society of m e n superior to her sex in general? - - - Solely because they are in the •ibit of f r e e , graceful a n d continual conversation with the other s e x . Women in this way ase their frivolity; their faculties awaken; their delicacies and peculiarities unfold LI their beauty a n d captivation in the spirit of intellectual r i v a l r y . leir p e d a n t i c , rude, declamatory, or sullen m a n n e r . A n d the men lose Their asperities a r e rubbed o f f , r.eir b e t t e r materials p o l i s h e d and b r i g h t e n e d , and their richness, like fine gold, is rought into finer workmanship by the fingers of w o m e n , than it ever could be by those But co-fj^ducrtion was scarcely "a question" in the Society of Friends; and the ivocates of the new school oursued. their discussion of its desirable l o c a t i o n . A n i rticle signed B appeared in the Intelligencer of 5th M o n t h 9 , 1 8 6 3 , w h i c h stated five objections to a city locality" as follows: The exposure of the p u p i l s to the corrupting endencies of metropolitan temptations, when absent from the protection of pure home inf l u e n c e s ; the menace to health when subjected to the contaminated atmosphere where h u m a n 32Z — V o l V s e , p . 157 (Fifth M o n t h 1 5 , 1 8 6 3 ) . V a l ^ D O , P . lPfrs^ S C ^ j. . f3>f-, St 79-/7^ life is closely congregated, a fit medium for the ranid sr>read of contagious and nesti- 7 lential diseases, and at all times enervating in its effects;' the vastly enhanced cost of site, unless it was intended to confine the children within brick w a l l s , or give them the alternative of the street* p r o m e n a d e , either of which nronositions would meet ' with little favor amongst Friends; the greater cost of erectionr / and the want of patron- a g e , since Friends generally are wedded to a rural location. In renly to the objections against a rural location, this correspondent suggested that if it should be on a railroad within twenty miles of P h i l a d e l p h i a , coal could be delivered direct from the mines; gas could be manufactured by the school (as is done by the large city hotels); food in all its staple varieties could be procured direct from neighboring farms; and ease of access would soon be facilitated by the anticipated concentration of the termini of all the main roads entering the city in 'Test Philadelp h i a , so that under the same roof passengers will step from one train to the other and in an hour's time arrive at the school. , , . _ ,, . 7L New York, especially, from its size and. water-bound, situation, is a notable example of the habit under consideration; the angle embraced by its rivers is abandoned to commerce, and its chief business men frequently reside as far out as forty miles on the Harlem and other roads, and pass to and fro daily. Even a city like Pittsburgh, to take an example from our own State, had advanced beyond Philadelphia in this desirable form of living. It is the statement of HON.THOMAS A . SCOTT, Vice-President of the Pennsylvania Railroad, that the local travel of that line is much heavier to the distance of twelve or fifteen miles east from Pittsburgh than for a similar extent of road west from Philadelphia."^* fL^L 177 While\*Ja4»» debate over location was proceeding, during the summer of 1863, the Board of M&nagers* Committee on Location prosecuted its task, and the Board itself took action at its meeting on 9th. Month 23, 1863. This meeting (the fourth in the serieil^ was held "at the call of the Clerk", William Dorsey, who had & published a notice of it in the Intelligencer for 9th. Month 12, with the following request: "The committee on location request that the members of the Board from a distance shall come prepared to remain a few days, that they may have an opportunity of examining some of the locations offered to the Association." The Board's meeting was held in Race Street Meeting-House, with seventeen members present, and adopted the following minute^: "A report was presented by the committee on location referring to various properties selected by them from the number submitted for their examination; with the information that arrangements had been made to visit them." The following day was accordingly spent by the members of the "board in visiting the various sites; and when fourteen of their number re-assembled at an adjourned meeting on the 25th., the following minute was adopted? "After a frew and interesting discussion, and expression of views upon the important subject of location the committee was continued to give it further attention." On the 11th. of 11th. Month following, the Board met at the home of Edward Parrish, No. 146 N . 10th. Street, Philadelphia, ten members being present. The fol- j lowing minute was adoptedj^On consideration of the whole subject of the location for i ' the proposed Institution William D . Parrish, Edward Hoopes & Edward Parrish were appointed to obtain from the owners of the several properties considered most eligible a refusal for thirty days, with specific offers in writing, and to draw up a desI cription of two or more, most approved by this Board and I I - The third meeting of the Board had been held in New conference there on 5th. Month 2 7 , 1863 (Cf. infra, I $ - V o l . ^ , p . 424. send the same to every York in connection with the frp. 170. r i ) ' ' 178 member of 1he Association, as far as practicable, with a notice of the time and place of the Annual Meeting on the 1st. of the 12th. month, at which it is proposed that the selection of a location should be submitted to a stock vote of the Association.* Three weeks later, the 30th. of 11th. Month, 1863, the Board held a meeting at Race Street, with twenty-four members present. The committee of three reported that "they had obtained the refusal of the West Dale property & also of the Wissahickon property at fixed prices for thirty days and had distributed the information in the form of Circulars amongst the subscribers to the stock of the Association.^ fhe Board » then appointed a committee consisting of John D . Hicks (of New York), Edward Parrish (of Philadelphia), and Levi K . Brown (of Baltimore) "to prepare a report of this Board to the meeting of the Association", which was to be held the next day. At one o'clock the next day, two hours before the Association m e t , twenty-six members of the Board held a session and adopted the report prepared by the committee^ •gluce Eligible Dlbett rjollaiumj tu Uko holding of the Association*^ meeting, the Board of Manogogp directed a committee-of three of its members lu pieyaro and •distribute in print roplan. i r p j j f the following "Circular to r the Stockholders of Friends' Educational Association: ^ <*Phe annual meeting of the Association occurs on the first day of the 12th month next, at 3 o'clock P.M., at Friends' Meeting House, Race Street, Philadelphia. * I n many respects this will be a most important meeting, as it is expected that the Association, which has heretofore been ih a forming condition, will now complete its organization, and several questions, which have caused ranch inquiry and discussion, will come up for settlement. fhe Location -^f, Committee 0 1 f the Board of Managers, who have had in charge the preliminary selection of locations suitable for the proposed School or College, having advertised It is printed in a leaflet of four pages. for offers and received numerous descriptions of properties offered for sale, have 179 j visited many of these and others within twenty miles of Philadelphia. A property in the rural part of the city, which was looked upon with favor by some members of the Board of Managers, has been ascertained to be so incumbered in consequence of the insolvency of one of the joint owners that we have been unable to obtain a definite offer, which would bring it within the scope of the present report, and we have therefore selected, as the most eligible, the three described "below, which, by direction of the Board of Managers, are to be submitted to the Stockholders at the approaching meeting for their adoption, of one or other, by a stock vote. ^PPhe West dale property, Springfield Township, Delaware County, Pa.» is situated on the Philadelphia and West Chester Railroad, and on the Chester and Providence Boad, which forms its eastern boundary, within three-quarters of a mile of the Philadelphia and Baltimore turnpike. By the railroad which runs through the property, it is ten miles from the city; Westdale station being within three hundred yards of the building site. The plot, which it is proposed to purchase, embraces from 80 to 90 acres of laid, most of which rises by a gentle ascent from the railroad, furnishing a fine building site upon high ground sloping to the south, and commanding a fine view of the surrounding country and of the Delaware River in the distance. There are ample springs rising on the premises, several acres of woodland skirting the northern and western sides of the hill, and a small grove in the vicinity of the building site. and spring house are the only buildings. A tenant house On the western boundary of the property runs Crum Creek, which is here a rapid stream from 15 to 20 feet wide with ample fall for forcing water to any desirable point; near the southern line of the property the stream becomes deeper, in consequence of being dammed about three-quarters of a mile below; this famishes fine bathing and skating facilities, while no place offered to the Committee affords such romantic and secluded rambles as the rocky and sloping hill-sides which bound this stream. The Committee have secured the refusal of the property at a price not exceeding $20,000 until after the date of the approaching meeting. 1 8 1 'g*Phe Wissahickon property. in Upper Dublin Township, Montgomery County, Pa., immediately on the line dividing it from Gwynedd, is situated at Wissahickon Station, on the North Pennsylvania Railroad, 16 miles from Philadelphia. This property is bound- ed on two sides by turnpike roads, one of which leads to Conshohocken, on the Schuylkill, and the other to Philadelphia, by the way of Chestnut Hill. The whole plot consists of about 140 acres, part of which could be disposed of without impairing its usefulness for the purpose in view. It contains a fine knob of elevated land near the station, commanding a most beautiful view of the surrounding country, with Chestnut Hill and its fine improvements in the distance. There are two streams running through the property, neither of them rising on it, each used for mill purposes, and the purchase would include a saw-mill, and fulling-mill on the premises; there are also two sets of farm buildings on the opposite^ extremes of the place, and two tenant houses. There is a deep ravine along part of the line of the property on the turnpike, which is well wooded, though the higher ground, most suitable for a building site, is destitute of fine trees. There is a thriving orchard on the premises, and the soil is believed to be good and capable of much improvement. The price of this property is $200 per acre, and we hfjve secured the refusal of it until after the annual meeting. •JPfhe Hetchwoyth Farm, in Radnor Township, Delaware County, Pa., is situated on a public road which intersects the Pennsylvania Railroad at Morgan's Corner Station, about 12 miles from Philadelphia. The building site is about one mile from this station and 2 l/2 miles from Conshohocken, on the Norristown Railroad. The land is high, and commands an extended prospect of picturesque and varied scenery; the elevation is skirted on the north and east by woods, exceeding 60 acres, chiefly of chestnut timber, beiides a grove of about 10 acres, capable of being readily adapted to ornamental purposes. Several ample springs rise near the base of the hill and furnish a stream with sufficient fall to propel water to the required elevation. readily to improvement. The soil, though thin, is said to yield The distance of this property from the railway station and the 182 toilsome ascent from thence to the building site, have constituted objections in the minds of many who have visited it, yet it is the only one we have met with on the Pennsylvania Railroad that has been deemed eligible for the proposed purchase. It contains about 140 acres, and the price is $100 per acre.tk The Association Selects "West Dale" The Annual Meeting of the Association had been anounced in the Intelligencer ft of 11th. Month 28, 1863, with the statement that "the subject of the location of the proposed School, the organization and adoption of a constitution, and other matters of interest will be presented for the consideration of the Stockholders." A forthight later, the Intelligencer gave the following account of this important n meeting: jpThe first anniversary of Friends' Educational Association was held in Philadelphia on the 1st instant, consisting of an afternoon and an evening session. ^Several hundred contributors were present and the session was one of a high degree of interest. The Board of Managers presented a report of their labors for the past year. ^The selection of a suitable location for the erection of a College and its attendant buildings having claimed their serious and active consideration, and many sections having been visited with reference to their appropriateness for such an object, the Board of Managers unanimously agreed to present to the Association three different properties for its selection. ^Previously to the Annual Meeting, a "Circular* was issued in which the three locations were accurately described," and efforts were made to place this information in r- Vol: 601. This notice was signed by William D. Parrish and Edith W.Atlee, -laifc&^^u-, the Intelligencer the week before (11th. Month 21, 1863,V^»3ft»p.585), there had appeared the following preliminary notice: -*The subscribers to friends® Educational Association, are requested to pay to the local receivers, the instalments now due on their subscriptions, which will entitle them to vote at the approaching Annual Meeting. Receivers are desired to make their collections I and forward returns of the same, on or before the 28th. inst., with a list containing I full name and P.O. address of each subscriber. To accommodate those who find it inconI venient to make payments before that time, the books will be open at Race St. MeetingHouse, one hour before the time of the annual meeting, on the 1st prox. I CLEMENT M. BIDDLE. 131 Market St., 4*. 1 Eleventh mo. 16th,1863.*' Receiver for Phila. Executive Committee. " rpj-ioo-'- 183 he hands of every contributor, but fearing that all had not been made sufficiently cquiinted with the respective merits of the different locations, two Friends, by appointent in the meeting, gave a full and favorable account of the two properties first named n the circulars. The decision of the subject was then, in accordance with the recommenda- ion of the Board,submitted to a stock vote. Inspectors of election were chosen to re- eive vote8 from those in attendance, and ten days were allowed for those who were not iresent to send in their votes in writing. The result was to be reported to the next meet*f7 ng of the Board of Managers Pending the settlement of the question of location, the Association provided for . new Board of Managers, a Charter, a Constitution, and a name. The Intelligencer's cc nominating committee was appointed to bring forward the names of 'riends to serve as Managers the ensuing year. The meeting then adjourned till half-past even o'clock in the evening. *When the Association again convened, the committee appointed on the subject of lanagers reported a selection from the names of the friends who had been nominated at preiou8 meetings held in Philadelphia, New York,and Baltimore, representing the contributors Ithin the limits of those several Yearly Meetings. They also recommended the reappointment if the clerk and assistant clerk who had served the Association the previous year, which •eport was adopted, and the Managers elected in accordance with the Constitution, ••The procuring of an act of incorporation from the Legislature of Pennsylvania was leemed of great importance, and the Board of Managers instructed to give it early attention. •The Constitution, with the amendments approved at informal meetings in New York ind Baltimore, then claimed the deliberate consideration of the meeting It was carefully •evised and the amendments fully united with, and as the Constitution required that 'notice if a proposed change in the Constitution shall be given and placed upon the minutes, and ihall be decidedipon at the next Annual Meeting,' it was unanimously recommended for adoption to the next Annual Meeting of the contributors* 184 (3 The Name of "Swarthmore" Adoptedjj *Xa it was dearned expedient, "before making application for a charter, to conclude »on a definite name "by which the school should "be designated, that of Swathmore £sicT| •liege was suggested, and after a comparison of views, it was decided to accept this sugsstion, and insert the proposed name in the first article of the Constitution, in place !" Friends' Educational Association, and that, in future, the Institution should be called rathmore College.^ <*?n accordance with the Constitution, we suppose a printed report of the proceedigs will be forwarded to each contributor. The postoffice address of some of these not >ing in possession of Friends ih the city, those who may not receive the Report will .ease address Tfaj. D. Parrish, No. 1416, Arch St., Philadelphia.* A week later (12th. Month 19, 1863), the Intelligencer completed its report of the 20 tnual meeting with the following statement s^Swarthmore College - The Report given in our ist number of the action of the Annual Meeting of the Contributors to the projected In;itution, stated that the choice of location from those submitted by the Board of Managers, is to be made by a stock vote of all the Contributors who had paid in an instalment upon leir subscriptions. Since that notice was written, the Inspectors of Election have made leir report to the Boardof Managers as instructed, from which it appears that 1885 shares sre voted by 636 individuals - of these, 1458 were voted for the property known as Westile, and 427 shares for that located at Wissahickon Station, on the North Pennsylvania lil Rosld. It may also be interesting to know, that of the individuals voting, 508 voted >r the former, and 17P for the latter property. *fe understand that some of the Stockholders were necessarily prevented from reading their votes, while others had not complied with the conditions, by the payment of le first instalment. The very large preponderance in favor of the property in Delaware junty, has of course influenced the Board of Managers to take the necessary steps to - Margaret E. Hallowell, who suggested this name, may have been present at this annual meeting of the Association and suggested it in person (Cf. supra, p.-6®-and infra,p.>00), fo 649. See infra. 494, 185 | consummate the purchase. ] We think it cause of congratulation that a decision has I been reached on this question - the large number of persons interested, and the ; numerous considerations entering into the choice of a suitable location, have thrown I around the decision unusual difficulties, but now that the selection has been made j with such an approach to unanimity, we think all have abundant cause to be satisfied, ; and to renew their efforts in behalf of an institution promisi^ so much to future generations. ^Phere are some considerations which tend towards a postponement of the work of erecting and organizing the Institution, but there is a general disposition manifested to realize the hope entertained by so many parents, that their children, already under school instruction, may be able to avail themselves of this means of pursuing the higher branches of learning. We hope that while the Managers are maturing their plans, a vigorous effort may be made to increase the means at their disposal, so as to warrant their moving forward as fast as circumstances will permit.^ The Association's Annual Meeting, 12th. Month 1, 1863 Besides the Intelligencer's accotlnt of this important meeting of the Association on 12th. Month 1, 1863, the official minutes of the meeting itself were printed in I a four-page leaflet and were as followsiJ^She attendance of contributors from within the limits of the Yearly meetings of Philadelphia, New York, and Baltimore was large, | / *The following report of the Board of Managers was read and accepted:- | ^ T o Friends' Educational Association:! ^'The Board of Managers report that their labors during the past year have been mainly confined to the selection of a location for the proposed college, and that having obtained offers of numerous properties in the vicinity of Philadelphia, the most eligible have been visited and their fitness investigated by the Board; of these, three are described in a circular, which was sent to each contributor as far as practicable in advance of the present meeting. It is now proposed that each contributor should vote for 186 one or other of these, according to the number of shares of stock he has subscribed, and that the majority of votes shall determine the location of the proposed institution. ^'The number of members within the limits of Philadelphia yearly meeting nho have paid an instalment is 589, they have paid $18,330 on a subscription of $34,025. The whole subscription as far as reported paid and unpaid is over $46,000. #'The sum of $73,875 has been subscribed to the stock of the Association, of which $22,375 was subscribed within the limits of New Yor# Yearly Meeting, $46,000 within the limits of Philadelphia Yearly Meeting, and $5,500 from within the limits of Baltimore Yearly Meeting; of this sum about $37,000 has been paid in up to the time of the present meeting.1 ^The following friends were appointed inspectors of the votes to be cast for the location of the school? B. Rush Roberts, of Baltimore, John D. Hicks, of New York, and Clement M. Biddle, of Philadelphia. •Plans of the West Dale and Wissahickon properties were presented to the meeting, with descriptions of their respective merits. ^The Managers for 1865-6^J ^The following friends were appointed to nominate managers for the ensuing years (New York), Samuel Willets, Samuel J. Underhill, Daniel Underbill, Hannah Haydock, Phoebe Bunting, and Eliza Bell; (Philadelphia). Thomas Mellor, Daniel Foulke, Wm.Parry, Rachel Johnson Q"acksonj, Jane Jackson jjTohnsonj and Ann A. Townsend; (Baltimore) .Gerard H. Reese, Eli Lamb, Daniel Stubbs, Martha E. Tyson, Jane Townsend, and Rebecca Turner. ^The subject of the proposed purchase of a property for the location of the School or College, submitted by the Board of Managers, was, upon consideration, referred for decision to a stock vote of the contributors, to be conducted by the inspectors chosen for that purpose, the voting to commence at the adjournment of this meeting, and to continue till the opening of our next session, after which Clement M. Biddle, in behalf 187 of Philadelphia; W m . C . Biddle, in behalf of New York; and Edward Hoopes, in "behalf of Baltimore, are appointed to receive votes until the eleventh instant, at 12 o'clock, M . , at which time they shall report to the Board of Managers, who are authorized to purchase the property indicated by the vote, and have the title vested in trustees until the charter is obtained. The present inspectors are requested to hand the votes they may u receive to their successors under seal. *Then adjoiirned till 7| o'clock this evening. f^At the adjourned meeting, convened at o'clock P . M . JPThe Nominating Committee reported the following named friends to serve as Managers the ensuing year; Prom PHILAUELPHIA, W m . Dorsey, Edward Parrish, Isaac Stevens, David J . Griscom, Joseph Powell, Edward Hoopes, Deborah F . Wharton, Helen G . Longstreth, Harriet E. Stokely j s t o c k l y ^ , Rachel T . Jackson, Phoebe W. Foulke, and Sarah P . Flowers. ^ N E W YORK; Samuel WilletS, Samuel J . Underhill, Ellwood Burdsall, John D.Hicks, Valentine Everit, Edward Merritt, Hannah W . Haydock, Phoebe M . Bunting, Eliza H . Bell, Ann S. Dudley, Caroline Underhill, Lydia S . Haviland. ^BALTIMORE: Thomas H . Mathews, Benjamin Rush Roberts, Gerard H . Reese, Levi K . Brown, Rebecca Turner, Mary L . Roberts, Martha E . Tyson, and Jane S. Townsend. Jl - The printed report of this meeting contains the following "Supplement"! ^Report of the Inspectors, 12th Month 11th, 1863. **To the Board of Managers of Friends' Educational Association:^The Inspectors appointed at the meetihg of Friends' Educational Association on the 1st instant, report that there have been cast in favor of the Wissahickon Property 427 votes, and in favor of the Westdale Property 1458 votes. Signed, EDWARD HOOPES, WM. CANBY BIDDLE, CLEMENT M . BIDDLE, Inspectors. #For the information of the contributors the following facts are submitted:Is nearly as can be ascertained, at the meeting held 12th month 1st, there were cast in favor of the Wissahickon Property by 66 persona 228 votes. Since that time by 112 • 199 " Making in all by 178 persons 427 votes ^And on 12th month 1st, in favor of the Westdale Property by 338 persons 987 votes. Since that time by 170 * 471 " Making in all by 508 persons 1458 votes.** 188 fKho were duly elected. * W m . D . Parrish was nominated as Clerifc, and Edith W . Atlee, as Assistant Clerk, for the ensuing year, which was approved by the meeting, and they were accordingly appointed^*" On the evening of 12th. Month 1 , 1863, after the adjournment of the second session of the Association^ annual meeting, the Board of Managers met. members were present. Twenty-five of its The only business transacted was the appointment of a committee of three (Edward Hoopes, Edward Parrish and Joseph Powell) "to prepare a draft for a Charter and report to a meeting of the Board." William C . Biddle was also appointed Treasurer of the Association. The Purchase of "West Dale", 1864 At the Board's meeting in the Race Street Meeting-houBe on 12th. Month 11,1863, with sixteen Members present, the Association's vote on the location and the name of the college was reported, and the Board, appointed a committee of four (Edward Hoopes, Joseph Powell, William D . Parrish, and William Dorsey) toj^examine the title of the property offered for sale to the Association known as the West Dale property and if no obstacles present of sufficient importance in their judgment to defer action in the premises they are hereby directed to purchase the same and vest in the following named persons as Trustees for the Stockholders to be conveyed by then as hereafter directed by the Association; Daniel Foulke, Clement Biddle, Myers Fisher Longstreth; the said trustees to make a declaration of trust to William D . Parrish, William C. Biddle, and William Dorsey of the purpose for which it is held by them whose dut£ it shall be to see that the trustees make such conveyance as the Association may direct.^ At the next meeting of the Board, in Race Street Meeting-house on 3rd. Month 1 , 1864, seventeen members being present, the committee appointed to purchase the property at West Dale reported "a right of way across the tract which it has been decided to purchase, belonging to the adjoining property on the West." The committee recommended a / SirThis was the roadway which then ran across the $outh college campus to the Railroad jo ^tation from the tl^st, and which was ranoved ^outh of the Railroad. 189 hange in this right of way to a point near the line of the Rail Road, to which all .e parties in interest that now can be communicated with, are consenting." It also icoramended the removal of "the northern line of the property it is proposed to purchase .rther north, so as to embrace certain springs on the land of John Ogden. The price of e Southernmost portion embracing about 42 Acres to be $200. per Acre and of the remainder longing to John Ogden $250. per Acre." "On consideration", the Board then ^ a g r e e d to instruct the Committee to proceed the purchase of the property as presented ih their Report, securing the additional land d springs on the north belonging to John Ogden and also the proposed change in the right way, as far as practicable. If the Charter shall have been obtained when the convey- ce is made they are directed to have it made to the Corporation without the aid ustees. of They are also directed to have a topographical survey of the ground made with ference to the location of buildings and other improvements.** At the next meeting of the Board, in Race Street Meeting-house 5th. Month 6 , 1864, th eighteen members present, "the Charter as obtained from the Legislature of Pennsylvanwas read"; while "the Committee to purchase the property reported that the purchase had en made bp.t the conveyance had not been executed on account of the necessity of waiting 2V" e action of the Court of Delaware County." The committee was continued, with Isaac ephens added to its membership, and the Treasurer was "directed to pay the purchase ney agreed upon by our Committee for the property in Delaware County to the respective ners thereof on its legal conveyance to the Corporation of Swarthmore College." Finally, at the next meeting of the Board in Race Street Meeting-house on 12th. nth, 5, 1864, twenty-seven taembers being present,^the following report was read and cepted; the committee further informing that, ih conveying the property temporarily the parties named they had acted under legal advice. I One year earlier (March 13, 1863), The Republican, of Chester, Pa., reported the sale to R . T . Ogden of "a 15-acre lot, near ffestdale, on the West Chester & Phila. R.R., belonging to Mr. Rush, for $100 per acre." - That is, in regard to the changing of the roadway. 190 Report *The Conimittee have purchased three tracts of land contiguous to each other in Springfield Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania, at West Dale station on the line of the West Chester and Philadelphia Railroad; conveyances for all of which have been made to Daniel Foulke, Clement Biddle and M . Fisher Longstreth appointed to receive the title to the same* 1 Three Tracts and their Roadways I 5 ^First - A tract of 26 Acres 140 TO Perches conveyed by Jajaes Markoe and Elizabeth B . Cox Trustees under the will of William M . Oamac d e c d for deed dated the 24th. day of the Sixth month A.D., 1864, bounded on the north by the tract hereinafter referred e. ^ •? * to as purchased from John Ogden, on the w^st by the Chester and Springfield road, on the south by a 50 feet wide lane or Road dividing it from land of Sickles' and on the west i by the tract purchased from Daniel Smith Jr and next described. This tract has a front 6? on the Chester and Springfield Road of 131 TOQ Perches, and said Road is 50 feet wide throughout the length of the property by concession of the former owners of the land on 62 both sides. The cost of this tract was $5375 "TOO, •^Secondly - A tract of 15 Acres & 123 Perches conveyed "by Daniel Smith Jr and Wife by deed dated the 25th. day of the Sixth Mo. A.D. 1864 "bounded on the north "by the tract next described purchased from John Ogden, on the east by the tract above described purchased from Markoe & Cox, on the south by the said 50 feet wide lane or Road and on 4 the west by land belonging to the heirs of Benjamin W . Ingersoll d e c . This tract cos^* $3153.75. ^Both the above tracts are intersected by the West Chester and Philad*. Rail Road running nearly east and west at a distance of about 34 Perches from the southerly boundary. Both were purchased subject to two roads or passage-ways, one of 50 feet wide the south line of which is the middle line of the Rail Road and the other of 25 feet in width along the line of the tract purchased from John Ogden, and both appurtenant to the tract "belonging to the Ingersoll heirs on the west. The Trustees "by deeds dated the 8th. day of the 11th Month 1864 obtained a release of the interest of five (5) out of seven of said heirs in said 25 feet Road and granted them in exchange a Road of the same width across the above two tracts at a distance varying from 20 to 27 Perches north of the Rail Road. As to the remaining two sevenths of said Road one is owned by parties residing in the Southern States who are not accessible, and the other by Alexander W . Ingersoll who is insane. Pour of the heirs of Benjamin W . Ingersoll have however by agreement dated the 8th. of the 11th. Month, agreed to indemnify the owners of the two tracts across which the Road exists against this last mentioned interest. *0n the tract first described and south of the Rail Road there is a spring into which the owners of the Tract secondly described\a£ the Ingersoll Tract have the right to enter and introduce apparatus for forcing the water to the high grounds of the respective tracts in common with the owners of the tract in which the spring exists. "Thirdly - A Tract of 51 Acres 106.62 Perchds conveyed hy John Ogden and wife by deed dated the 5th. day of the Seventh month A.D. 1864 bounded on the north by other land of John Ogden, on the east by the Chester and Springfield Road, on the south by the tracts first and second described, and by the Ingersoll tract, and on the west by Cram Creek. This tract has a front on the Chester and Springfield Road of 27.45 Perches and in the Creek of 172.6. It cost $12,916.59. It also contains three valuable springs adjacent to each other with an ample supply of water and sufficient power to force it to a suitable elevation. 4TThe parties to whom the conveyance was made have executed a Declaration of Trust for the foregoing property dated the 12th day of the 8th Month A.D. 1864. possession of William C. Biddle.* « It is in the V,- f C ^ Such were the steps taken to untangle the skein of titles, rights of way and trusteeships, in which the property was enmeshed; and by the Summer of 1864 the college was given a local habitation. Its name also had been decided upon, and a very happy name 192 it nas. Famous in Quaker annals^from the days of George Fox and Margaret Fell, the cradle and nursery of early Quakerism were associated with it; and as the center of activities of the "First Publishers of Truth", it was an inspiring name for a school of higher learning and the training of teachers. Precisely when it was suggested for the proposed college is unknown; but it was decided upon at the first annual meeting of the Friends' Educational Association on the 1st. of 12th. Month, 1863, and it took the place of the Association's name in the first article of the charter which was procured a few months later. The suggestion of the name is generally attributed to Margaret Elgar, the wife of Benjamin Hallowell, and her eldest son gives direct testil y mony to that fact. Although the modern spelling of Swarthmore has been accepted in- stead of the ancient Swarth Moor, it is curious to find a frequent error in the spelling of Swathmore perpetrated at the very beginning by the Friends themselves. For example, the Friends' Intelligencer for 12th. Month, 19, 1863, acknowledges the following "Erratum. - In our editorial of last week, the name of the new College was, by mistake of the printer, given 'Swathmore' instead of Swarthmore." 2l & r Edward Parrish, writing two years later, jtays of the selection of the site: ^ T h e selection of a location for the proposed institution called forth a zealous advocacy of different sites, and was followed by corresponding disappointment among those whose advocacy was unsuccessful, but the expression by a vote of a large majority of the stodk, ftas provided by the constitution, was a final settlement of the question. - The property procured for the location of Swarthmore College is composed of a portion of that known as West-Dale, from having been the birth-place of Benjamin West, with contiguous land; it is located in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, about ten miles from Philadelphia, with which city it connects by the West Chester and Philadelphia Railroad, passing through the place, and furnishing a station at a convenient distance from the building site. It contains ninety-four acres and five perches of land, and is bounded on one side by the Springfield and Chester road, and on the other by Crum Creek, a f * * °' th, ^ 6 4 rn 9 ""TP —• flr I • } i . Ill Essay on Education** Ou *1866.-pp.49^.f 193 'winding and rapid stream. After a thorough examination of the rural districts sur- rounding Philadelphia, the managers were generally agreed that a more eligible location for such a purpose could scarcely be found. The land is high, commanding an exten- sive prospect of variegated scenery, and a distant view of the Delaware Eiver, the ancient town of Chester, the first landing-place of William Penn in his Province, and Media, the county town, distant one and a half miles, in which, it may be remarked, the sale of liquor is prohibited by law, in all time to come. There are several springs contiguous to each other on the high ground, sufficient to furnish an abundant supply of pure water, and water-power to pump it to the required elevation. On the north-west the land is covered with an abundant growth of trees, adapted to afford protection to the grounds in winter; the wood-land is ample for shaded walks, and the banks of the stream afford a feature of romantic beauty rarely surpassed. The property cost $21,446.96.* Having described the^three eligible sites, the "Circular" issued by the Board continues as follows;\ f ( VThe Constitution of 1863 ®The Constitution adoptecfat the first meeting of the Association having given dissatisfaction to many friends, on account of the provision it contained for the election of Managers of the proposed School by a stock vote, movements were made at large meetings of the contributors, held during the times of the late yearly meetings of Philadelphia and New York, to have the Constitution revised, so as to protect the moneyed interests of the institution by providing for a stock vote upon any propositions affecting the purchase, sale, or disposition of the real estate, while the election of Managers is by a majority of the members, each individual having one vote. No charter having been obtained, and the Association not having as yet exercised any functions of a corporate body, the approaching meeting will be competent to adopt such a Constitution and draft of a Charter as may meet the views of the contributors, who will accordingly be called upon to decide upon those to be matured and submitted to then by the Board. * T h e Corporate Title ^The name "Friends' Educational Association' having been adopted as a provisional 194 title, it is proposed that at the approaching meeting a distinctive name, to be applied to the Institution and to the Association, should be considered of and adopted. ] | ^Payments, etc. ) *Those persons only who have paid an instalment on the capital stock of the Assoj ciation being entitled to vote at the elections, it is proposed that the local receivers i ! j should collect the instalments due upon all subscriptions as far as practicable before 5 | the time of the meeting, and furnish the Treasurer with a list of these, with their proper ) | post-office address in time for use at the annual meeting. for the accommodation of such j ! as cannot conveniently make their payments sooner, the Treasurer will be in attendance, | at the place of meeting, one hour before the time appointed. i *Proxy votes will be received, and individuals desiring to examine the properties described, will be directed as to the best arrangements for visiting them by application to either of the -undersigned. Signed WILLIAM D. PARRISH, EDWARD HOOPES, EDWARD PARRISH, Philadelphia, 11th M o . 21st, 1863. Committee of the Board of Managers.* ^Several Amendments to the Constitution being read and deliberately considered were unanimously approved, and recommended for adoption to the next annual meeting. ^CONSTITUTION CONTAINING THE AMENDMENTS AS APPROVED AND RECOMMENDED FOR ADOPTION AT THE NEXT ANNUAL MEETING Article I. *The members of the Association shall consist of those persons, male and female, who shall become stockholders under an act of incorporation to be hereafter obtained. The capital stock shall be fifty thousand dollars, which may be increased from time to time to any sum not exceeding three hundred thousand dollars, to be divided into shares of the value of twenty-five dollars each, transferable on the books of the Association only with the consent of the Board of Managers. 195 Article II. *Fhe first meetjlnjj^of the Association shall be held on the first Third-day in the Twelfth Month, 1 8 6 2 ^ a t 3 o'clock P.M., in the 6ity of Philadelphia, and those held thereafter at such times and places as may be designated by the Association. clerk and assistant clerk, who shall be ex officio members of the Board of Managers, shall be appointed at each annual meeting, who shall make and preserve regular minutes of the proceedings, subject to the adoption of the meeting at the time. Special meetings of the Association shall be called by the clerks at the written request of any twenty members. Article III. ^ h e management of the Institution shall be under the direction of thirty-two managers, sixteen of each sex, who shall be elected at an annual meeting, under the care of three inspectors to be appointed at the time by the Association. Eight of said man- agers shall be elected for one year, eight for two years, eight for three years, and eight for four years. The term of service for each manager shall be decided by mutual agreement amongst themselves, and eight managers shall be elected to serve for four years, annually thereafter. ^They shall have power to fill any vacancy that may occur in their board. They shall all be stockholders and members of the Society of Friends, and an equitable proportion of them shall belong to each of the Yearly Meetings of Philadelphia, New York, and Baltimore, and other Yearly Meetings, the members of which subscribe to the stock. Tlie election of managers shall be by ballot and votes by proxy shall be received, each stockholder having one vote; and a majority of votes so cast shall determine the election, and also all other subjects voted upon. Provided that all questions affecting the purchase of real estate, or locatioh of the college, the removal of the same after location, or the sale of the whole or any portion of the real estate, shall be decided only at a stated or special meeting by a majority of the votes cast, each share being entitled to one vote, and no such purchase, sale, or transfer of the real estate shall be made without having been proposed at a stated or special meeting held at least three months previously. 196 j /^And. further provided that no alteration to this Constitution shall be made except at a stated meeting of the Association, by a vote in its favor either in person or by proxy of the majority of all the stock. Notice of any proposed change in the Con- stitution shall be given at the Annual Meeting, and decided upon at the next annual meeting, the said proposed change shall be placed in full upon the minutes, and each stockholder shall be notified thereof. ^Should the Association fail to elect at any annual meeting, the managers of the i i previous year shall continue in office until successors are elected, and the following 1 ** 1 named persons shall act as managers until others are elected: - Article IV * T h e Board of Managers shall appoint their own officers and frame By-laws for their government subject to the approval of the Association. •*When the amount of the capital stock is subscribed and paid in, they shall provide for the purchase, erection, furnishing, and future management of the College, which it is the object of the Association to establish. *No contract for real estate, building, or furnishing the Institution, shall be entered into •unless the money for the same be in the hands of the Treasurer, and they shall at no time incur expenses in its management beyond the available resources of the current six months. PThey shall appoint a Treasurer of the Association who shall cdllect, receive, and hold the funds, subject to the order of such committees or officers as they may authorize to draw upon him, and they shall audit and settle his accounts at least twice every year. ^They shall make full reports of their proceedings to the members at the annual meeting of the Association, and a printed copy of their report shall be furnished to each of the members.^ ^The Corporate title not having been heretofore agreed upon, on deliberate co&I Here weretListed the thirty-two managers chosen for 1862-63 (See i n f r a , - i 4 6 r £ 197 r sideration Swarthmore College was adoptel".^ #The Board of Managers are instructed to take the necessary measures to procure an Act of Incorporation from the Legislature of Pennsylvania, embodying the Constitutional provisions, as approved at this meeting, and submit the same to our next annual meeting. #Then adjourned tb meet the first Third day in 12th month next, at 3^ o'clock P.M. W . D. PARRISH, EDITH W . ATLEE, c l o r k s ^ j t u t f * Semultbeo on the Charter The question of charter for the\sohoo^ which had been raised in the first and second meetings of the Board, wqs brought up in a special (the third) meeting which was held in the Friends' Meeting-house on Rutherford Place, New York, the 27th. of 5th. Month, 1863. This change of place was doubtless made because of the holding of the conference in New York on that date, and also probably to accommodate the New York members of the Board; but only twenty members in all attended. TP The minute of this meeting st reads as follows: *The Committee continued in 1 Mo. last, to obtain an Act of Incor- poration, reported: that they had made application for it to the Legislature of the State of Pennsylvania, but so late in the season that, although it passed the House of Representatives, the Legislature adjourned before it could receive the sanction of the Senate. The Committee was continued to prepare another draft of a charter and submit it to this 1 ; Board before applying for an Act of Incorporation. * ffhe Charter,..5th. Month 4| 1064 The question * n ChnrtiWi whloh had boen-rleft in abeyance by the BoardV^nee JL*? * * its meeting in New York in 5th. Month, 1863,fwas taken up again with renewed vigor^- at -tk^jmeeting ef tho Beard on the 1st. of 12th. Month, 1863. At this time a committee of three (Edward Hoopes, Edward Parrish and Joseph Powell) was appointed "to prepare a ^ draft for a Charter and report to a meeting of the Board." - Cf. supra, pp. -687—t&O, At the next meeting of the 198 SeevA on the 11th. of 12th. Month, 1863, the committee "presented a draft of a Charter which with some alterations was approved"^ and the committee was continued^"to apply for its sanction "by the Legislature of Pennsylvania." At the BeogAt^meeting on 3rd. Month 1 , 1864, "Edward Hoopes on "behalf of the Committee to secure a charter, reported that, owing to the delay in the organization of the State Senate the Charter had not "been procured as yet, though introduced into the House of Representatives. Ho doubt is entertained in regard to its passage through both branches of the Legislature." At the next meeting of .tho BeopA. on 5th. Month 6 , 1864, "the Charter as obtained from the Legislature of Pennsylvania was read"; and the Board reported it to the Association at the annual meeting, 12th. Month 6, 1864. The manuscript minutes include the following two paragraphs which were omitted in the printed Proceedings: ^ T h e following Report was read and accepted Friends' Educational Association ^ T h e Board of Managers report, that, as instructed by the Association at its last Annual Meeting they have procured a charter constituting a body politic and corporate, under the corporate title of Swarthmore College. This charter, approved on the Fourth day of the Fifth Month 1864 was subsequently accepted by the Corporators named therein, who at a meeting held on the 20" of Fifth Month 1864 declared as their Associates, the subscribers to Friends' Educational Association who had then paid or should thereafter subscribe and pay to the Treasurer an instalment of Five dollars with the intention of joining the said Corporation. ^Whereas the action has been taken under the direction of Friends' Educational Association and its organization has all tended to the procurement & acceptance of such a Charter^Now therefore, we recommend that the Association by vote in its present meeting should formally merge itself into the said Corporation of Swarthmore College adopting the Amended Constitution as approved at the last Annual Meeting. A certified Copy of isaid Charter is forwarded herewith.% 199 The printed proceedings of the annual meeting continue as follows! 4*The Charter and minutes of the corporators named in the Act were read, as follows! An Act to incorporate Swarthmore College. Be It enacted by tfoe Senate and House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania jjj General Assembly met, and It is hereby exacted; That James Martin ! John M . Ogden, Ezra Mlchener, Mahlon JC. Taylor, Thomas Bldgway, James Mott, Dillwyn j j Parrish, William W . Longstreth, William Dorsey, Edward Hoopes, William C . Biddle, i ; Joseph Powell, Joseph Wharton, John Sellers, Clement Biddle, P . P . Sharpies, Edward i> ' Parrish, Levi X . Brown, H^gh Mfcllvain, Pranklin Shoemaker, and their associates and ? successors forever b e , and they are hereby made and constituted a body politic and corporate, under the corporate title of Swarthmore College, and under that name shall have perpetual succession, and are hereby empowered, and made capable in lair, to purchase, take, hold, and enjoy to them and their successors, lands, tenements, and hereditaments, stock, goods, chattels, and effects: Provided, the clear annual value thereof shall not exceed thirty thousand dollars, and to sell, demise £sic J , convey, assure, transfer and dispose of their estate, or interest therein, and also to im» prove and augment, and apply the same, with the rents, Issues, profits and income thereof, to the purposes of their institution; and the said corporation, by the name aforesaid, shall and may sue, and be sued; plead, and be impleaded; answer, and be answered; defend, and be defended, in all courts of law and equity, and shall have power to make, have, and use a common seal, and the same to change, alter and renew at their pleasure, and also to make and execute such by-lairs, ordinances and regulations, not contrary to the laws and constitution of this Commonwealth, as to them shall seem m e e t . 20 3# . The Charter was printed in a leaflet, in 18 65, and in a pamphlet, with Its Supplement of 1870,.in 1870. It was also printed in the friends' Intelligencer. v s i . m , A p . 15s James Martin, the first named incorporator of the college, died March 3 , 1866, at the.age of seventy-eight, and is referred to, in D r . Parrish»s diary as followsj "One of my father's oldest & best friends & Mother Hunt's guardian when an orphan child. He will be much missed in our Meeting & among a large circle." 200 8»ctlon 2* That the said corporation b e authorized to establish and maintain a school and college, for the purpose of imparting to persons of both sexes, knowledge in the various branches of science, literature, and the arts, and the board of managers shall have power, to confer upon the graduates of the said college, and upOn others, when, "by their proficiency in learning, they may be entitled thereto, such degrees as are conferred by ] other colleges or universities in the United States* | Section "S* That the capital stock, of the said corporation, shall "be fifty thousand / j dollar^? divided into two thousand shares of twenty-five dollars each, with the privilege f to increase the same, from time to time, to a sum not exceeding three hundred thousand dollars, and the said school or college may go into operation when the sjna of fifty thousand dollars has been subscribed* and the stock shall be transferable in conformity with the rules and by-laws of the corporation. The meetings shall be held annually, twenty-five stockholders shall form a quorum, and special meetings may be called by the managers at their discretion, and notice shall he given of the animal and special meetings of the corporators, at least ten days previous to the time at which they are to be held, by advertisement in three daily newspapers, one published in the city of Hew Y o r k , one in the city of Philadelphia and one in the city of Baltimore? the officers of the coxporatlon shall he two clerks, a treasurer and thirty-two managers, all of whom shall be members of the religious society of Friends, and shall be chosen by ballot from among the stockholders at their annual meeting; but in case of failure to elect the officers at the stated time, those in office shall continue until others are chosen. The clerks shall he ex-officio members of the Board of Managers, and eleven members shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business* The government and direction of the said school and college, the appointment and employment of professors, and other officers concerned therewith, and the general management of the affairs of the College, shall he entrusted to the board of managers, who shall have power to enact such rules and regulations, not Inconsistent with the constitution, and amendments thereto, adopted by the corporators A Supplement to the Charter, dated April l U , I87O, p e m i t t e d the capital stock to he increased to $500,000. (See infra. A . ). 201 as they shall see f i t . Signed, BERRY C . JOHNSON, Speaker of the House of Representatives, JOHN P . PENNEY, 1 Speaker of the Senate ^ Approved the first day of April, A . D . , 1864. A . G . Curtin, Governor. -^MINUTES OF CORPORATORS, a meeting of the Corporators named in the Act to incorporate Swarthmore College, held 5th month 20th, 1S6H, in Philadelphia: ^Present eleven Corporators* ^Edward Parrish was appointed Clerk. ^ T h e act of incorporation, as approved the first day of Uth month, 1S6U, and certified by the Secretary of the Commonwealth, was read and accepted. •fin testimony whereof a duplicate of this minute was duly signed by all present. #The subscribers to Friends' Educational Association who have now paid, or shall hereafter subscribe and pay an instalment of five dollars to the Treasurer of the Association, with the intention of joining this corporation, are declared our associates; and in any election for managers, each subscriber shall be entitled to one vote* 1 The clerk is directed to have the necessary notice given of a general meeting of the corporation, to be held on the sixth day of the Twelfth month next, at which an election for officers and managers shall be held* Then adjourned.* The Constitution, 1865 The minutes of the second annual meeting of the corporation, in December, I865 , record that "the Committee appointed last year to engross the Constitution produced a copy, which was satisfactory; and the Clerks are directed to enter it upon the Minutes*" J - A Supplement to the Charter, dated April lkf I970, permitted the capital stock to be Increased to $500,000 (see 22^") 29&X-0/-J These mimites contain a manuscript copy of the Constitution, which is as btf- followss C o n s t i t u t i o n of Swarthmore College, ^Article I . - The capital stock shall he fifty thousand dollars, which may "be increased from time to time to any sum not exceeding three huhdred thousand dollars, to be divided into shares of the value of twenty-five dollars each, transferable on the books o£ the Association only with the consent of the Board of Managers* ^Article I I . - The annual meeting of the Stockholders shall be held on the first Third-day in the Twelfth month, in the city of Philadelphia. A clerk and assistant clerk, who shall be e3&»offlclo members of the Board of Managers, shall be appointed at each annual meeting, who shall make and preserve regular mimites of the proceedings subject to the adoption of the meeting at the time. Special meetings may be called by the c l e r k s ^ at the written request of _any twenty Stockholders. , ^Article I I I . V B w - a a i ircnmnnt rif lilin Innti tiitl nn Bhnl 1 "hn under thn flj thirty-two managers, sixt^fcp of each sex, who shall be e^edted at an annual meeting, er ^ e care of three inspector's^ to be appointed at/the time, s^ght of said praagers stfall be eleo^ed for/one year, eight KQr two years/eight for three yeax|s, /efd eight for fojur years. "jThe term o£\serrice for each ®dn£i&er shall be d e c i d e d l y mutual agjr&gment ng tji&iselves, and eightNaembers sij^CLl be elected to s e r v e r or four years, annually Sanftor,—They ohall' have powgat.to fill any vauAwy-stliat ukt^ uuuux- lu Llxtjlr Doarfl*lf-~ The Charter of 1864 (with its Supplement of April 1 4 , 1S70) , the Constitution and By-Laws were printed in a pamphlet of 12 pages, without place or date. The Charter of 1864 and the Constitution as adopted in I865 were printed in a leaflet of 4 pages, without place or date. On Page 4 of the latter, there appears in the foot-notet"At the same meeting Q l 2 t h . Month 5,1865 J the capital stock was increased to $200,000, and , the Board of Managers then elected authorized to issjie certificates of stock to that amount." When the Supplement to the Charter permitted the increase of the capital stock to $500,000 (See infra. Al» ) , the stockholders at their seventh annual meeting (12th. Month 6 , I870) authorized the Board to issue certificates of stock to that amount* ay nha"!,! a],-] >e nt.nrMUblflprn rm^ TnTnHrg "f th? ^ii'Tivty n J Trl t ^ n, ti r- -tfil I "11 tion of them shall belong to each of the X^arly^Meetings of Philadelphia, B&LtinJpre, New \ o r k , and other Yearly Meetings, the cambers of which subscribe to th©/stock. The election of Managers shall tie by ballot, a M votes by proam/shall be reV ved, each Stockholder having one vote^/and a majority of Votes so cast/shall determine h|B election, arid, also all other subjects voted u p o n . "Provided, that all questions affecting the purchase ^f refcL estate, or loca^on of the College,^he removal of the same after location, or t l W s a l e of the whole or ny portion of the realNesta^e, shall be decided only at a stated/o^ special meeting, by majority of the votes osst, each share being entitled to one v6te; Nand no such purchas^, ale or transfer of the real\estate shall be made without haviag been proposed at a tated or special meeting held\at least three months previous "And further provided^, that no alteration in this Constitution shall be made xcept at a stated meeting of the Stockholders by a vote in its favor, either in person r by proay«/of the majority of all the stock. "Notice of any proposed change, in the Constitution shall be given at the annual eetin^/and decided upon at the next annual\meeting; tfye said proposed change shall be lacejf in full upon the minutes, and each Stc&diolder/shall be notified thereof. \ "Should the Stockholders fail to e l e c \ a ^ any annual meeting, the managers df » preriouo year shall continue lit ufflce imlll-jjudcessors aro olooted* ^Article I V . — The Board of Managers shall appoint their own officers, and rame by-latfs for their govenment, subject to the approval of the Stockholders. 4*When the amount of capital stock is subscribed and paid in, they shall proide for the purchase, erection, furnishing, and future management of the College. ^HIo contract for real estate, building, or furnishing the institution shall e entered into unless the money for the same be in the hands of the Treasurer, and they hall at no time incur expenses in its management beyond the available resources of the uxrent six months. I-WThe Treasurer of the College shall collect, receive, and hold the funds, subject to the order of such committees or officers as they may authorize to dfaw upon him, and they shall audit and settle his accounts at least twice every year. <*They shall make full reports of their proceedings to the members at the annual meeting of the Stockholders, and a printed copy of their report shall be furnished to each of the m e m b e r s . ^ TjU^M^A^L / ft 7 G Tfte Supplement to the Charter of 1864, granted on April 14, 1870 (which per2P mitted Article I of the Constitution to be modified), is as follows: * k Supplement to 'An Act to incorporate Swarthmore College,' authorizing an increase of Capital Stock. ^Section 1 . Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in General Assembly met, and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same: That the Board of Managers shall consist of thirty-two Managers, who shall choose a President and Secretary from their own number, and said officers shall affix the corporate seal and attest all documents as may be directed by the Board of Managers. ^Section 2 . That the capital stock of said corporation may be increased so as to amount in the whole to five hundred thousand dollars, and the said Managers may borfow money on bonds, to be secured by mortgage on the real estate of the corporation to trustees for the bond-holders, to an amount not exceeding one hundred thousand dollars, ^Section 3. That women, single or married, may be members^^f said corporation and Managers thereof. B . B . STlCANG, Speaker of the House of Representatives. CHARLES H . STINSON, Speaker of the Senate. ^Approved the fourteenth day of April, Anno Domini one thousand eight hundred and seventy. JOHN W . GEARY j^Governor^j 89B1->C I -pj Office of Secretary of the Commonwealth, Harrisburg, April 30, A . D . 1870 Pennsylvania, ss: do hereby certify, That the foregoing and annexed is a full, ( SEAL) true, and correct copy of the original Act of the General Assembly, entitled "A supplement to 'An act to incorporate Swarthmore College,' authorizing an increase of capital s t o c k , ^ a s the same remains on file in this Office. ^ I n testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the Seal of the Secretary's Office to be affixed, the day and year above written. J . M . WEAKLY, Deputy Secretary of the Commonwealth.* The Seal, 5th. Month 12, 1865 The committee on the charter had also been authorized, at the meeting of 8 1st. Month 13, 1863, "to obtain a design for a seal ; and at the meeting of 5th. Month 6, 1864, it reported "attention" to the duty, and was directed to have a seal "suitably engraved for the use of the corporation." Seven months later (12th. Month 5, 1864), the committee reported that it had not yet completed the seal, and the subject was referred to the incoming Board of Managers. This Board at its meeting on 12th. Month 6, 1864, appointed Edward Hoopes, Isaac Stephens and Joseph Powell a committee on finance, and instructed them "to procure a Seal and assist the Treasurer in the issue of Certificates of Stock: said Certificates to be sealed, and signed by the Treasurer and attested by the Clerk." Finally, at the Board's meeting on the 12th. of 5th. Month, 1865, "the Finance Committee reported that they have procured a seal, an impression of which was exhibited to the Board, and are prepared to issue Certificates of Stock." The Curriculum, etc. Meanwhile, during 1863-64, the Board worked upon various aspects of their task other than the procuring of a charter and the purchase of a site. At its meeting in Bace Street Meeting-house on the 11th. of 12th. Month, 1863, it appointed a committee JSCW of thirteen "to take into consideration the whole subject of the character of the proposed school or College, to visit Institutions of learning and obtain information which might aid the Board of Managers in carrying into effect the object of their appointment." This important committee's thirteen members were: Rachel T . Jackson, Edward Parrish, Phebe W . Foulke, William Dorsey, Helen 0 . Longstreth^ David J . Oriscon and Harriet E . Stockly, of Philadelphia, John D. Hicks and Hannah W. Haydock, of Hew York, and Gerard H . Reese, Benjamin Rush Roberts, Jane S. Townsend, and Martha E , Tyson, of Baltimore. Three months after its appointment, the committee presented to the Board at its next meeting on 3rd. Month 1 , 1864, a report "on the organization of the School, &c., »eting- .™.„rt — — objects brought into view by the report of the Committee on the organization of the School, &c., were furthered, discussed. The number of pupils provided for at the commencement, it was agreed, should be Three hundred, but that the collecting and lecture rooms should accommodate at least Pour hundred, and the general plan should be such as to be extended as occasion may require and should be adapted to secure the classification of the students into separate groups having something like the family relation. It was agreed that it should be an object to combine completeness and economy as far as practicable throughout the School, and that any restrictions upon the pupils in the matter of dress should have reference to obviating unfavorable distinctions among them. The branches to be taught and the qualifications for admission to the preparatory department were much discussed and referred with other details in regard to the buildings, their estimated cost be further reported on by the Committee. to They are continued and Joseph Powell and Edward Hoopes (both members of the Board from Philadelphia! added to their number.* A correspondent who signed himself G , and was probably David J . Griscon, supplemented the meagre minutes of the Board by a brief article contributed to the IntelligeneBr for 3rd. Month 12, 186^.^ This article was entitled "Swarthmore College", and was as foliawsjIiVlt is well known that those who are most interested in the proposed School or College are constantly ipet by the query, Why are you so slow in your movements? you not inform us as to the kind of school you propose to establish? sion, etc.? Why do terms of admis- The answer has been, and, to a great extent must continue to be, These points have not yet been determined, neither can they b e , until it is ascertained how far the members of the Society of Friends are willing to extend aid and encouragement to the work. is, however, gratifying to learn that at the meeting of the Board of Managers, on the first of this month, several important questions were presented for consideration by the committee upon organization, appointed in Twelfth month last. ^Among these was the proposition to ascertain the prohable expense of a central building, to comprise within its walls all the rooms needful for scholastic purposes, including cabinets for collections in Natural History, library, laboratory for chemical manipulations, lecture rooms, etc.; said besides this school building which could not well be enlarged with the increased demand of such an institution, to ascertain also the cost of smaller ones for boarding, lodging, etc. #It was suggested that the grouping of the students into separate families might be introduced as a feature in the discipline and culture out of school, and that by the erection of these several smaller buildings this view might be carried out, and from time to time, as the necessities of the institution may demand, the number of these be increased. ^ H o w to make this desirable feature accord with the necessary economy in the cooking and eating arrangements was a question necessarily referred for future consideration, when the Managers shall have availed themselves of the judgment of experienced teachers and architects. was recommended that it would be well to provide as early as practicable for fr - vol. -e^/fe. 10. s r r " ~ ~ the laying out of the grounds, with trees in considerable variety and for a garden of classified plants with reference to botanical instruction. *The wants of the Collegiate and Preparatory department were separately considered, but no definite plan in connection with the course of studies to be pursued in each was decided upon. ^ I t is obvious that in order to establish this Institution successfully (even with a strict observance of economy) a larger sum of money will be required than has yet been subscribed. *Those already interested in this undertaking feel the want of a greater number of active workers, especially from among the younger classes, and they ask of these such an interest as will induce them to do their part in their different neighborhoods, by presenting to their friends the necessity of a greater appreciation of the cause of education, and the claims which this Institution makes upon them. *In addition to this, they desire that every one may feel a confidence that the religious concern which prompted the origin of this organized body, will preserve the 1 present, and any future Board of Managers in faithfulness to the trust committed to them. '* l^Tassa^ Female College", which was coming into being at the same time as Swarthmore, was evidently one of the "Institutions of learning" very much in the minds of Swarthmore's founders^ An editorial notice of it in the Intelligencer at this time (3rd. Month 19, 1864) reported t h a t ^ t h e trustees of this munificent enterprise met at Poughkeepsie, on the 23rd ult., The founder read a paper, giving his views as to the elevation of Woman, and he hoped that, in the selection of the faculty of the college, 'no distinction should be made on account of sex, where the candidates possess equal qualifications.' It was voted that the Executive Committee exert themselves to prepare the building for the opening on the 14th of 9th m o . next. Liberal appropriations were nade for the purchase of apparatus, etc."* _ j The site of the new college having been decided upon, and its general plan fr ml ntt ' having been nnfcHngrir jgi l 17 mil iifrpTlniii il' next step was to arrange for the necessary •buildings. At its meeting on 5th. Month 6 , 1864, "the Committee on organization made a report exhibiting plans of building &c; after much interesting discussion they were continued"; and later in the same meeting, a committee of five (Gerard H . Reese and Thomas H . Matthews, of Baltimore, Edward Hoopes and Edward Parrish, of Philadelphia, and John D . Hicks, of New York) was appointed "to consider and report on the best plans for the College buildings in accordance with the general features agreed upon by this Board." -his meeting, like its predecessors, and all the Philadelphia conferences, had been held in the Race Street Meeting-house; but even before the titles to the Westdale fields had been duly acquired on June 24 and 25 and July 5, 1864, it was decided to begin to introduce the new purchase to Friends generally. The first Friendly organiza- tion that appears to have met on Swarthmore's fair campus was the Friends' Social Lyceum of Philadelphia, which had filled a prominent place for several years in the intellectual life of Philadelphia Quakerdom. £1 The Friends' Intelligencer for 7th. Month 2 , 1864, gives the following account of the occasion: 'The Lyceum held a meeting on the property recently purchased for Swarthmore College, on 3rd day, 21st ultimo. Invitations were extended to Friends in different sections, and as the day proved auspicious, about 300 persons were in attendance. Philadelphia city, Delaware, Chester, Montgomery, Bucks and Lancaster counties, in Pennsylvania, were represented, and a number of our friends from the adjoining States of Delaware and New Jersey also attended. It was a pleasant fea- ture of the occasion that the company was composed of old and young, all of whom participated in the pleasurable feelings inspired by the occasion. Groups of Friends from the various sections embraced the opportunity to exchange friendly greetings, and distributed themselves over the extensive grounds; some climbing the hills and rocky prominences, and others strolling along the valley, through which the lively stream, known as Crum Creek, finds its way to the Delaware - while numbers of children amused themselves with balls, skipping ropes, and other appliances, which had been generously provided by one of the members. ^ o s t of the visitors had furnished themselves with refreshments, and about 12 o'clock groups were formed for the repast, which was generally spread upon the ground, and a Friend in the neighborhood kindly furnished an abundance of pure milk. 3S After being thus refreshed, the company collected in the woods, j prepared for the occasion. to hear the exercises Seats had been arranged, and when all were comfortably acco- mmodated, T . Clarkson Taylor, of Wilmington, was called upon to preside, ^ h e order of exercises was as follows:1. Salutatory Address, by J . 3 . Hunt, M.D. 2. Poem, written for the occasion, by Ann Preston, M.D. 3. Lecture on the Influence of cell-tissue on animal and vegetable life, by T . C. Taylor. 4. Defence of (Quakerism, a poem, by Jacob M . Ellis. 5. Where was the first Friends' Meeting organized in Pennsylvania? which is the oldest Monthly Meeting now existing in America, and which the largest in the world? by Ezra Michener, M.D. 6. Elocutionary Reading, by Esther J . Trimble. 7. The Tomb of Moses, a poem, by William H . Seaman. 8. Remarks, by Edward Parrish. 9. Is the theory of Professor Espy, in regard to the production of rain^ by combustion, sustained by facts? by Thomas Walter 10. Recitation, by Charles A . Dixon. 11. Did William Penn occupy the house at 2d St. and Norris' Alley? give its history, and also of the dwelling in Letitia Court, by T . Clarkson Clothier. 12. A Poem, by Susanna M . Parrish, written for the occasion, read by M . A . Fulton. j ) After the conclusion of the exercises, the company again dispersed in pursuit This may have been approximately the site of the Magill Outdoor Auditorium. of enjoyment and recreation, and toward evening returned to their homes by public and private conveyance5. We think all who were present will acknowledge that the day was both pleasantly and profitably spent The "Poem by Susanna M . Parrish, written for the occasion, read by M . A . Pulton", was naturally inspired by thoughts of the Civil War still raging, and of the new Quaker College just beginning. 1 It was published in full in the Intelligencer. and the following stanzas give its lesson and flavor: j *Ohl what a thought that while we're blest With this fair scene around; The blood of brothers and of sons Is crimsoning the groundl ViWV**While here blest spirits might look down, # And smile approving smiles, There, demon eyes might gloat to see Their own destructive wiles. - - - - f Ohl ye whose office 'tis to train The early steps of youth, And lead them in the pleasant paths Of knowledge and of truth — — ' & Ohl let these times renew your zeal, And with new purpose warm, To shed the brilliant light of truth Upon war's demon form. ^ T e l l them it has stalked down to u s , From a far distant age, When man untamed and barbarous. Let his fierce passions rage. 2 T D 8 d Q r t ^ ~ I l l ^ K ^ e same ocdsfon" , were°also Srfnlec^fr' the inte^llgencer toSi^ sl^ pp? 28§^ , ' 300, 316), but were of a mire general character*. 1JM^^ ; -/ | rf^And } as ye show gigantic bones, Hid in the sand-stone red, | i ' Marking an era of our earth, Unfit for human tread; i «fc Tell them, as wondering and aghast, i They turn them from the view. That war, the Mastodon, one day i Will mark an era tool t ^ A n d let us build a temple here, Sacred to peace and love; The warlike eagle must not be Its emblem, but the dove. •f* We may not found a Prophet' s School, But we may plan for one, When the rapt prophet's dream of peace May haply be begun. Where knowledge shall not handmaid be To falsehood, but to truth; And all that's pure and beautiful, I Shall form the mind of youth t The Board and the Corporation j fit.*- Friendly interest in the new institution and a vision of its possible usefulness were evidently growing. By this time, too, the contributions to the stock of the college were amounting to encouraging sums, despite the "hard times" at the end of the Civil War and the very large financial, educational and other interest taken "by the Friends in the newly enfranchised "freedmen." The minutes of the Board at its meeting on 12th. Month 5, 1864, reveal that "by reports from the several local Receivers we are informed that the subscriptions in Philadelphia Yearly Meeting amount to about Fifty five thousand dollars, in New York to about Thirty two thousand dollars, in Baltimore to about Six thousand dollars, which with interest accumulated amounts to about Ninetyfour thousand dollars." At this meeting [^*the Committee on plans for the College buildings made a report exhibiting plans and partial estimates , which claimed the attention of the Board. I The Board was united in the conclusion to recommend £to the Corporation^the construction of buildings somewhat similar to those proposed, including a centre college building and at least two of those adapted to dwelling purposes so soon as the funds collected will allow; and to look toward the rapid increase of the fund for its completion.*' The Corporation's annual meeting had been announced in the Intelligencer for LfO 11th. Month 26, 1864, to be held in Race Street Meeting-house on "Third day the 6th of Twelfth Month, 1864, at 3 o'clock P.M." Edward Parrish, Clerk, signed this notice, which stated also that the officers for the ensuing year would be elected at the meeting, and that "by direction of the Corporators named in the charter, the subscribers to Friends' Educational Association who have paid an instalment of five dollars, with the intention of joining this Corporation, are constituted members of it, and all such are invited to attend the meeting." In preparation for this meeting, the Board at its meeting on 12th. Month 5,1864, appointed a committee of seven (John D . Hicks, Edward Merritt, Benjamin Rush Roberts, Isaac Stephens, Harriet E . Stockly, Hannah W . Haydock and Edward Parrish) "to framja report to the Corporation." The next morning, this committee presented to the Board "a Report to be presented to the Corporators this afternoon, which was read, approved and directed to be forwarded." 0 - V o l . ^ . A p . 600. The New Corporation The official minutes of this, the last Annual Meeting of Friends' Educational Lssociation and the first Annual Meeting of the Corporation of Swarthmore College, into ?hich the Association merged, were printed in a 4-page leaflet, and read as follows: =*At a Meeting of Friends' Educational Association held 12th month 6th, 1864, at Bace Street Meeting-House, Philadelphia: P r e s e n t numerous members from within the limits of New York, Baltimore,and 'hiladelphia Yearly Meetings. *The Meeting was informed of the death of our valued Friend, William D . Parrish, !lerk of the Association. ^Edward parrish was appointed to serve as Clerk until an election should be .eld.* ^ „ .. _ TOua^M-irynftog ftf TTHgnHgt TjVWTi f i n n n l fl , Ull.lllllt* unfltiinj., Tinn n m h nm , 1 Pft<1, ^•n-Lliiim u.b folluwm: ^After deliberate consideration, the said charter was, by vote, unanimously pproved, and Friends' Educational Association is hereby declared to be merged into the orporation of Swarthmore College, conveying to said corporation all its rights and inerests. Our local receivers and Treasurer are directed to pay over to the Treasurer o be elected under the charter, all monies on hand, or that they may receive; and aniel Foulke, Clement Biddle, and M . Fisher Longstreth are directed to convey the propery held by them, to said corporation, when the Board of Managers shall request said coneyance. ^ T h e Constitution, with the amendments acs approved and recommended at the last nnual meeting, was now read, and, by vote, unanimously adopted. 4%-.en adjourned." *At a meeting of the stockholders of Swarthmore College, held at the adjournment f the meeting, as above, according to due notice given at least ten days previously in - The original manuscript minutes, which begin with this meeting, are preserved in a minute-book containing the minutes of twenty-one annual meetings from 12th. Month 6 . 1864, to 12th. Month 2 , 1884. / - ) one paper published in each of the cities of New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore: ballot for clerks being ordered, Samuel J . Underhill, B . Rush Roberts and Joseph Powell were appointed Inspectors of Election, who reported that Edward Parrish and Edith W . Atlee were duly elected. /The Constitution of Friends' Educational Association, as far as it accords with the charter, was by vote unanimously adopted to govern this corporation. To engross the Mm constitution with such changes as may be required to adapt it to the corporation, and report next year, William C. Biddle, Samuel Willets, Edward Hoopes, and B . Rush Roberts were appointed. **£o nominate a Treasurer and thirty-two managers for the ensuing -'a - This Constitution, adopted in 1865, is given infra, p p . •835 8 8 ^ ^lTJ ^ -iti" / iJr. yj?,. John D . H i c k s , Samuel W i l l e t s , P h e h e M . B u n t i n g , M a r y H a v i l a n d , from N e w Y o r k ; J o s e p h M . T r u m a n , J r . , Joseph C . T u r n p e n n y , L y d i a A n n S t e p h e n s , A n n e S h o e m a k e r , a n d M a h l o n K . T a y l o r , from P h i l a d e l p h i a ; B . R u s h R o b e r t s , Gerard H . R e e s e , R e b e c c a T u r n e r , a n d Martha E . T y s o n , from B a l t i m o r e , w e r e a p p o i n t e d . "^"The following Report w a s read a n d a c c e p t e d : •^REPORT OF THE B O A R D O F MANAGERS TO T H E CORPORATORS OF SWARTHMORE COLLEGE & T h e charter for Swarthmore College h a v i n g b e e n obtained from the L e g i s l a t u r e of the State of P e n n s y l v a n i a , a proved b y the G o v e r n o r , a n d a c c e p t e d b y the corporators named t h e r e i n , "Friends' E d u c a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n " m e r g e s into the "Corporation of S Swarthmore College", w h i c h a s s u m e s all the r i g h t s , t i t l e ^ , and p r i v i l e g e s p e r t a i n i n g to a c o r p o r a t i o n . To carry this into e f f e c t , w e recommend that the B o a r d of Managers about to b e elected b e instructed to issue the requisite certificates of stock, a n d to collect the u n p a i d instalments as fast a.s they b e c o m e d u e . • * B y reports from the receivers a p p o i n t e d b y Friends in Philadelphia., New Y o r k , and B a l t i m o r e , it appears that a b o u t $94,000 h a s n o w b e e n subscribed to the s t o c k , of which a b o u t $75,000 has b e e n p a i d in to the several r e c e i v e r s . W e regret that a larger amount of subscriptions have not b e e n o b t a i n e d d u r i n g the p a s t y e a r . This m a y p a r t l y be a t t r i b u t e d to the general desire a m o n g F r i e n d s to see a m o r e definite p l a n of the p r o p o s e d Institution; a n d the a t t e n t i o n of the B o a r d has been turned towards m a t u r i n g such a p l a n . fz-The result of the vote o r d e r e d at the last a n n u a l m e e t i n g , to determine the location of the C o l l e g e , was soon after r e p o r t e d to the B o a r d a n d embodied in the p u b lished m i n u t e s , of w h i c h a copy w a s sent by m a i l to each s t o c k h o l d e r , as far a s practicable. The decision of the stockholders to direct the purchase of the West-Dale property has b e e n carried o u t , a n d the tract p u r c h a s e d , consisting of 94 a c r e s a n d 50 p e r c h e s , i n Springfield t o w n s h i p , D e l a w a r e c o u n t y , P a . , at West Dale s t a t i o n , on the Westchester R a i l r o a d , a n d fronting on the Springfield a n d Chester road; distant a b o u t ten m i l e s from P h i l a d e l p h i a . The whole p r o p e r t y cost twenty-one t h o u s a n d , four h u n d r e d a n d forty-five d o l l a r s , ninety-six cents ( $ 2 1 , 4 4 5 . 9 5 ) , a n d has b e e n conveyed to D a n i e l F o u l k e , Clement B i d d l e , a n d M . Fisher L o n g s t r e t h , who w e r e a p p o i n t e d to receive the oroperty on our b e h a l f , j f a j j ^ ^ greatly enhanced p r i c e of m a t e r i a l a n d labor h a s p r e v e n t e d u s from proceeding at once w i t h the requisite b u i l d i n g s . O n the other h a n d , the u r g e n c y of some who h a v e calculated w i t h confidence u p o n s e n d i n g children to this I n s t i t u t i o n , prompts u s not to postpone l o n g e r than n e c e s s a r y the commencement of this important undertaking. W i t h a v i e w , t h e r e f o r e , to m e e t this w a n t o ' p a r e n t s , and encourage fur- ther interest in the concern, we h a v e concluded to r e c o m m e n d the erection of a centre College b u i l d i n g , and two d w e l l i n g s , one on each s i d e , somewhat in accordance w i t h the plans p r e s e n t e d , as soon as the funds subscribed w i l l warrant the e x p e n d i t u r e . probable cost of these will not be less than $ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 . The The remaining b u i l d i n g s , w h i c h will be essential to the a c c o m m o d a t i o n of a sufficient number of p u p i l s to m a k e the Institution self-sustaining at a m o d e r a t e c h a r g e , to b e erected w i t h funds hereafter obtained. ^ " U p o n the numerous subjects w h i c h naturally a r i s e in regard to the i n s t i t u t i o n , the grade of attainment required for a d m i s s i o n , the branches to b e t a u g h t , & c . , as far as we h a v e p r o g r e s s e d , our conclusions h a v e b e e n u n i t e d a n d s a t i s f a c t o r y . The object with w h i c h we set o u t , to a f f o r d facilities "for p u r s u i n g a liberal and a n extensive course of study to such as desire to do s o , equal to that of the best institutions of learning in our country," has been kept steadily in v i e w ; a n d a l t h o u g h it m a y not b e possible to carry this out at o n c e , the effort should n o t b e relaxed until the object is a t t a i n e d . A t the same t i m e , it is important to m e e t , to some e x t e n t , the great demand w h i c h exists for a school of somewhat lower g r a d e , a f f o r d i n g less advanced educational f a c i l i t i e s , n e e d e d by ma ry who h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d , and m a y yet contribute to v?-the stock. i{r- P^o ^ We therefore propose the o p e n i n g , a s early as p r a c t i c a b l e , of the pre- liminary d e p a r t m e n t , in w h i c h p u p i l s m a y he p r e p a r e d for the collegiate course by the time the necessary buildings are read;/, a n d the properly qualified teachers selected. In the organization of the collegiate a n d normal d e p a r t m e n t , it h a s been our object to combine completeness a n a economy; the n u m b e r of teachers and p r o f e s s o r s , the branches to be t a u g h t , a n d the arrangements to facilitate instruction in e a c h , h a v e claimed separate and serious c o n s i d e r a t i o n , a n d r e s u l t e d in the p l a n s p r e s e n t e d , a s far as they can be determined in a d v a n c e . « W i t h a view to the p r o s e c u t i o n of investigations in Chemistry and n a t u r a l H i s t o r y , a practical l a b o r a t o r y , m i c r o s c o p e , a n d a collection of m i n e r a l s a n d other natural objects are designed; also a garden of c l a s s i f i e d p l a n t s , w i t h special reference to b o t a n i c a l s t u d i e s . The laying out of the grounds w i t h ornamental trees in considerable v a r i e t y , each jjroperly l a b e l l e d , is recommended to the early a t t e n t i o n of the new B o a r d of M a n a g e r s . c( In the plan of i n s t r u c t i o n , M a t h e m a t i c s , the C l a s s i c s , some of the M o d e r n L a n g u a g e s , English L i t e r a t u r e , H i s t o r y a n d R h e t o r i c , D r a w i n g , a n d Ornamental P e n m a n s h i p will necessarily he included, a n d , when our funds will a l l o w , a Telescope should b e provided for the special u s e of the a d v a n c e d c l a s s , a n d for the b e n e f i t of all the students and t e a c h e r s . . The former, over the familiar initial of T_ , wrote an article of four columns, in which she took up again her favorite thesis that a liberal education\waar essential to the spread of early Q u a k e r i s m ^ Quaker w o r t h i e s ^ substantiating it by m a n y references to early . and that if Swarthmore College could supply such an education it would be of inestimable benefit to the present and future usefulness of Quakerism. Three months l a t e r , Benjamin Hallowell contributed an article commending Martha T y s o n ' s , and endeavoring to answer a feeling which was evidently prevalent among Friends that a liberal education was actually deleterious to the spiritual % i Infra, k . C 2 - Infra, <»o - V o l . S B n P P . 342 -If3 (8th M o n t h 5 , 1 8 6 5 ) . 6 4 - I b i d , F p . 550 - i i (11th. Month 4 , 1 8 6 5 ) . / J W • %/ ' / SB.- PARRISH'S Q.UALIFIOATIOligr ? J (After referring to his home in the c o l l e g e , president P a r r i s h I continues: feel humbled when I reflect that I h a v e had so large a share in the greet w o r k of building this c o l l e g e , and that I am here-: at its b e a d w i t h the concurrence o f all its m a n a g e r s & p a t r o n s . - M y short experience thus far ^ b o u t two m o n t h s ] indicates that I am called to the p o s i t i o n & fitted for it by N a t u r e & b y p r e v i o u s p u r s u i t s . In such learning a s a full college course gives I a m d e f i c i e n t , b u t I have h a d m o r e experience in public affairs & in business than most scholars or scientists could by their pursuits a t t a i n . A n a this experience g i v e s m e facility in d e a l i n g with « m a n a g e r s , committees & the public & fits me to a d m i n i s t e r the v a r i e d & complex a f f a i r s ^ which lie outside the range of t e a c h i n g . - Then I h a v e facility in teaching by l e c t u r e s , which is the kind of instruction most difficult to obtain in filling u p the requirements of such a c o l l e g e . - I have m o r e o v e r a n intense sympathy w i t h young ^ ^ people & feel that I can appreciate their w a n t s & overlook the deviations from proriety incident to their time of l i f e . - Frank & Lizzieybeing in thi school - Frank es the head of the College Class - I h a v e an a d d i t i o n a l tie b i n d i n g m e to i t . - At- A -< t sm D r . Parrish's own statement in regard to his election as the first president of the college was written at the beginning of his "Private Notes & Memoranda" under date of 1" Mo 1.186S as follows: W T h e most important event in my history during the past year was election to Presidency of Swarthmore College in embryo. Salary $2000. This entails a great deal of work & responsibility. I must raise $100,000 in 1866 i without if or but. I must also oost myself up in every requirement." r.A^tx. a A t the time this note was written, Edward and^Ife.rgaretypa.rrish^and their five children had left their former home on Tenth Street, in Philadelphia, and were boarding at No. 1015 Cherry Street. Of this place, D r . Parrish wrote, under the same date: " ^ W e are boarding - a great change - in some respects an improvement, less care for wife & self - We have 4 rooms at 1015 Cherry - are well accommodated - Sarah Antrim as kind as could be - keeps a clean & comfortable house. Giving up our house in 10" St, caused by the owner wanting it, seemed a hardship but is not now regretted - Our furniture stored - We have a few other boarders in the house chiefest among then Dr Thomas, a very learned man especially in languages & general literature, a most instructive companion - I think he has a sincere friendship for m e , I know I have for him - His society is of immense value to a man of my position & pursuits."^ The fellow-boarder thus affectionately and admiringlyXmffitioned was Dr. Joseph Thomas, whom President Parrish mentions several more times in his Notes, and whom he was to recommend to the board as one of the first professors in the new college. Dr. Thomas's connection with Swarthmore was not to begin, however, until eight years later; and meanwhile, under date of 5/l/l866, D r . Parrish records the following disappointment: "In the University of Pennsylvania an important election for Prof of English Literature - My friend D r . Thomas was the candidate on whom man}' of us had centered (j - These "Private Notes & Memoranda" are written in Dr. Parrish's own hand on 46 pages of a blank-book, which came into the possession of his son Clemmons and then into that of its present owner, Clemmons' son Henry Clay Parrish, of the Class of 1895 in Swarthmore College. The Notes begin with January 1 , 1866, and the last of them is dated January 14, 1872. t-te-lr ' MM^rxjuPt 5 • Q-i^r^L wu^ t&L. M^MziJ C tp~/ j! f j A-^ul^L D r . Parrish records in his diary under date of 1 Mo 1.1867: ^ P a r r i s h & j Mellor dissolved by limitation. The new firm is Mellor & Rittenhouse. I came out with less than $500, having invested some fixtures and apparatus toward a start & given a good deal of time & some valuable recipes & other information. We made a mistake in \ investing pretty largely in Roots &c during the War, but none of them advanced, most i \ of them went down in price involving a loss of perhaps $1,000 to $1*500.** Dr. and Mrs. Parrish's five children, all of whom lived with them at that time, were Tom, who was in the office of Charles Hallowell, a broker; Clem (with us at C } - P r o f e s s o r Still£ later became Provost of the University. A p-if? - < a-* - — /jsj /£ /hjvWi/ > sfrf..fLkj J A W w v - ^ i , ^ • • tt. / ^ - J| vj ' - - ^ - •i-l 010 - g 800 Arch Street"); Ed and Frank, both at Caleb Hallowell's school, - "a capital school" ("a lovely boy is Frank", his father writes; and a year later: "Frank, a noble boy - he talks like a man and is yet a frolicsome boy of 12"); and Lizzie, "a dear little school girl - a great pet" (and a year later: "Lizzie is better in health than formerly, a wonderfully maturing child- She has added skating to her accomplishments"). D r . Parrish's activities during the first year of his presidency, in the Winter of 1865-66, included^tesides Swarthmore, Friends' Social Lyceum, the Freedmen's Association & Monthly Meeting business. Most of the other concerns are out of the question - The college jof Pharmacy^ lectures occupy 2"& 6" day evenings. We have a meeting at our meeting house twice a month on 4" day evening, to read the Discipline & discuss its principles and policy. They have proved quite interesting & instructive. I hope I have improved during the past year - grown in faith, an element I have lacked Have read Hedge's Reason in Religion with profit.'** Towards the end of April (the 23rd) he writes have formed a little Naturalist Club, Lydia Gillingham, Anne & Sallie Cooper, Dr J 5 Hunt & wife, the Kanes, Hillborns ejt id omne genus. Until we move to the country I expect to attend its weekly meetings & if practicable some of its excursions. Spring has burst forth gloriously the past week - In fact the past 4 days may be said to have witnessed a complete clothing of the trees with green."^ % I I d e v e l o p m e n t of m e n a n d to the s p i r i t u a l w o r s h i p a n d m i n i s t r y f o r w h i c h (Quakerism stood. H i s plea, w a s summed u p in the f o l l o w i n g p a r a g r a p h s : t is n o t p r e t e n d e d that i n t e l l e c t u a l c u l t u r e is e s s e n t i a l to the c l e a r e s t s p i r i t u a l e n l i g h t e n m e n t , or to the g r e a t e s t d e v e l o p m e n t of the s o u l . 'God b r e a t h e d into m a n the b r e a t h of l i f e , a n d I h e b e c a m e a l i v i n g s o u l : ' a n d w i t h this soul h e c o n d e s c e n d s , in h i s i n f i n i t e l o v e a n d m e r c y , to h o l d i m m e d i a t e c o m m u n i o n , h e a r i n g its cries a n d p r a y e r s , a n d i m p a r t i n g to it a clear k n o w l e d g e of h i s w i l l , a n d w h a t e v e r h e w o u l d h a v e it to k n o w , w i t h a b i l i t y to p e r f o r m a l l h i s r e q u i r e m e n t s , b e i n g thus to it b o t h w i s d o m a n d -power. He communicates S w i t h the soul b y the l a n g u a g e of i m p r e s s i o n ; that i s , h e irapresse^ u p o n it a n unm i s t a k a b l e c o n s c i o u s n e s s or k n o w l e d g e of w h a t h e w o u l d impart to i t . . . ^ B u t in this w o r l d , for w i s e and g o o d p u r p o s e s , no d o u b t , w e a r e p l a c e d ih a r e l a t i o n not only to G o d , b u t to our fellow c r e a t u r e s ; a n d , in h o l d i n g w i t h t h e s e , a d i f f e r e n t l a n g u a g e is n e e d e d . communication As the c h i l d of God is taught of hiqi,and e n d o w e d w i t h c a p a c i t y to h o l d c o m m u n i o n w i t h h i m in s p i r i t u a l l a n g u a g e , so the children of m e n m u s t b e taught of m e n , , in o r d e r that they may, b e able to c o m m u n i c a t e w i t h one a n o t h e r , b y a l a n g u a g e mutualMunderstood.^ A g a i n , just b e f o r e the S t o c k h o l d e r s ' m e e t i n g in 1 2 t h . M o n t h , 1 B 6 5 , B e n j a m i n H a l l o w e l l w r o t e a l e t t e r to " o n e of the editors" o f the I n t e l l i g e n c e r , ^ w h o w a s p r o b a b l y E d w a r d P a r r i s h , a n d who p u b l i s h e d it in the e d i t i o n o f that p a p e r f o r 1 2 t h . M o n t h 3 0 , 45" 1865. T h e h e a r t of this l e t t e r is c o n t a i n e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g p a r a g r a p h s , w h i c h so well e x p r e s s the d e e p r e l i g i o u s c o n c e r n w i t h w h i c h B e n j a m i n H a l l o w e l l v i e w e d the n e w ed I coll eg e:fP S a n d y S p r i n g , M d . , 1 1 t h m o . 2 7 t h , 1 8 6 5 . ^jsteemjj F r i e n d - In th: k i n d l e t t e r thou d e s i r e d m e to e x p r e s s m y v i e w s in r e g a r d to the e d u c a t i o n s ! e s t a b l i s h m e n t which F r i e n d s p r o p o s e to erect f o r the c h i l d r e n of o u r b r a n c h of the S o c i e t y , w h i c h I w i l l cheerfully d o . •^This subject o r i g i n a t e d u n d e r a r e l i g i o u s c o n c e r n . p p > g 7 9 _ 3Q|> I M A > S e e i n g in m o s t of o u r JBfr X ) ^ | institutions of l e a r n i n g how p r o m i n e n t l y the intellectual faculties w e r e u r g e d into development, frequently to the detriment of the p h y s i c a l system, and. to the great and hurtful neglect of the m o r a l and religious elements in our y o u t h , a deep religious concern a r o s e to found a.n institution u n d e r the care of F r i e n d s , in w h i c h the intellectual, p h y s i c a l , m o r a l and religious faculties should all he h e a l t h i l y and simultaneously d e v e l o p e d , and in w h i c h the children should receive p a s s i n g instruction in the fundamental principles and testimonies of o a r religious Society . ^ I n the p r o s e c u t i o n of so great a n u n d e r t a k i n g ' s Swarthmore C o l l e g e ^ , some differences of opinion may reasonably be expected to e x i s t , considering the large number of dissimilar standpoints a n d various m e n t a l training of those interested in the c o n c e r n , in regard to the best m o d e of a t t a i n i n g these o b j e c t s . Some w i l l natur- ally p r e f e r one locality for the I n s t i t u t i o n , some another; some one k i n d and size of b u i l d i n g , some another; one may h a v e a b i a s in f a v o r of chief regard b e i n g paid to intellectual c u l t u r e , in belief of-the m a x i m , 'that the m i n d m a k e s the m a n ; ' a n o t h e r to p h y s i c a l training, from its influence u p o n the h e a l t h of the children; a n d another to moral a n d religious development a n d the improvement of the h e a r t , as m o r e immediately connected with their eternal i n t e r e s t s . Bftt, u n d e r the controlling influence of Divine e n l i g h t e n m e n t , in which it is believed the concern originated and is continued, a desire must obtain to do .just what is right and b e s t , a n d the different views entertained w i l l b e the m e a n s of h a v i n g all these points duly r e g a r d e d , a n d fee result w i l l b e , w i t h the common e n d . Divine b l e s s i n g , a h a r m o n i o u s cooperation of a l l for. the attainment of one A m o n g so large a number as are a c t i v e l y concerned in this interesting w o r k , all the opinions of each one cannot be embodied in any p l a n . try how m a n y of his p e c u l i a r views h e can give u p , s o that E v e r y one m u s t , therefore, the object b e a t t a i n e d . I am free to say that p a r t of the p r o c e e d i n g s h a v e called for a sacrifice of some notions I had e n t e r t a i n e d , but a s they did not a f f e c t the ma.in o b j e c t , I m a d e it cheerfully; a n d , I may a d d , there is reaSon to b e l i e v e that the p l a n s adopted are m o r e in accordance • 3* with the w^nts of Friends p r e s e n t , the first and m a i n thing is to p r o c u r e m e a n s for erecting the requisite buildin s , and g e t t i n g the Institution ready to "begin o p e r a t i o n s . With this end in v i e w , although I had p r e v i o u s l y subscribed as liberally as I thought my circumstances would p e r m i t , I thought it right, at the recent m e e t i n g in B a l t i m o r e , to double m y subscription. / T h e w a n t of such a n Institution as it is p r o p o s e d to establish exists <3 throughout the length and b r e a t h of our b r a n c h of S o c i e t y . ~ A confessedly If this want could only be r-roportionally f e l t , the great object could b e speedily a c c o m p l i s h e d . A s pre- viously remarked, the subject originated in a religious concern; and to secure success we m u s t sincerely implore the Divine a i d , enlightenment a n d b l e s s i n g in all our exertions to carry it o n . U n d e r siich f e e l i n g , a n d w i t h the v i g i l a n c e , c o n d e s c e n s i o n , a n d earnestness of effort for what is right a n d b e s t , w h i c h such feelings w i l l induce, the noble enterprise m u s t certainly go successfully f o r w a r d . My d e s i r e is tl®t F r i e n d s m a y be induced to labor, as w i t h shoulder to s h o u l d e r , for the a c c o m p l i s h m e n t of the great a n d noble p u r p o s e , craving the b l e s s i n g s of P r o v i d e n c e ® n our efforts, '1 J! - •VaJ^-DS, Volt 2 D , 'rP .. 3Ga» ~ ~ X*/»' 504, J ^ ^ - ^ f : - OI^J -PP Tr.—cuii Tt*") rj Onut. 35 - 4\ its m e m b e r s , and the sorrowful results of this n e g l e c t p o i n t e d o u t . The w a n t of support i ; rendered to F r i e n d s ' Schools w h e n e s t a b l i s h e d , furnished evidence of lukewarraness w h i c h has grown u p a m o n g a p e o p l e who w e r e formerly to a great extent the educators of their neighborhoods. **Much interest was expressed in the a c c o u n t s given by some Friends from P h i l a d e l p h i a , of the movement in the m o r e eastern States to revive the s u b j e c t , a n d to establish Swarthmore College f o r the education of T e a c h e r s , a n d the m o r e general d i f f u s i o n of intellectual culture a m o n g F r i e n d s . Some p r e s e n t desired to be identified with this m o v e m e n t by subscribing to the s t o c k , a n d it is h o p e d that the subscription w i t h i n the limits of Indiana Y e a r l y M e e t i n g will entitle F r i e n d s there to a representation in the B o a r d of M a n a g e r s * * That this c o n f e r e n c e , like the o t h e r s , h a d its subscription-book in evidence is shown b y the following notice w h i c h came immediately after the above account: "We h a v e b e e n requested to give information that s subscription b o o k for Swarthmore College h a s b e e n left at the store of Jesse W i l s o n , Stratton's c o r n e r , R i c h m o n d , Indiana." The report of the E o a r d of M a n a g e r s in 1 2 t h . M o n t h , 1 8 6 5 , r e f e r r e d appreciatively to the conferences h e l d at G e n e s e e a n d R i c h m o n d , but explained as follows 1L the recent change from the conference-method to p r e s i d e n t i a l resyjonsibility:^The hold/ ing of conferences in F r i e n d s ' n e i g h b o r h o o d s , w h i c h w a s the m o s t efficient m e a n s a d o p t e d i in the early history of the concern for spreading an interest a n d obtaining j ; ts subscription^ has not b e e n c a r r i e d on during the p a s t y e a r ; but friends are d e s i r e d to obtain a \ hearing for our P r e s i d e n t , who will h o l d h i m s e l f in readiness to m e e t such engagements at almost any time n a m e d , and several F r i e n d s in P h i l a d e l p h i a a r e g e n e r a l l y w i l l i n g to accompany him.** — } t A s a v a r i a t i o n of the c o n f e r e n c e - m e t h o d , it was decided to repeat in J u n e , 1 8 6 5 , the\"^4re«rc* of the F r i e n d s ' Social L y c e u m on Swarthmore»s g r o u n d s . I - L iH>• The following 96-- 5 ^ M i j f 11 p r e l i m i n a r y notice a p p e a r e d in the I n t e l l i g e n c e r for 6 t h . M o n t h 3 , 1865: ^ F r i e n d s ' j Social L y c e u m . The m e m b e r s of F r i e n d s ' Social L y c e u m , (meeting at R a c e Street M e e t i n g - H o u s e , P h i l a d e l p h i a , ) p r o p o s e to h a v e a second 'Reunion of F r i e n d s ' on the grounds b e l o n g i n g to Swarthmore C o l l e g e , at W e s t d a l e S t a t i o n , on the W e s t c h e s t e r a n d Philadelphia R a i l r o a d , on the 10th of 6th m o n t h , 1 8 6 5 . If the w e a t h e r p r o v e u n f a v o r a b l e , it will be deferred u n t i l the Seventh-day f o l l o w i n g , (17th^. ^ A general invitation is extended, to F r i e n d s in the city a n d c o u n t r y . * T h o s e attending w i l l b r i n g their own p r o v i s i o n . ^ T h e r e w i l l be literary exercises at 10 o ' c l o c k , A . M . , and 2 P . M . * T h e cars leave 31st a n d M a r k e t S t s . , W e s t P h i l a d e l p h i a , a t 7 . 3 5 , 8.30 (special train) and 10.30 A . M . , a n d 2 . 3 0 P . M . R e t u r n i n g , leave W e s t d a l e for the c i t y , a t 2 . 5 5 , 5.47 a n d 8.03 P . M . ^ F r i e n d s from the country w i l l arrive a n d depart b y the regular t r a i n s . E x c u r s i o n tickets from P h i l a d e l p h i a m a y be had of either of the Committee of A r r a n g e m e n t s , or at the ticket office p r e v i o u s to the d e p a r t u r e of the trains, a t 50 cents e a c h . C h i l d r e n half p r i c e . Corresponding rates from other p o i n t s . Edward P a r r i s h , 800 A r h h S t . T h o s . H . S p e a k m a n , 26 N . 7th S t . Jacob M . E l l i s , 3 2 5 W a l n u t S t . C h a s . A . D i x o n , 715 M a r k e t S t . J o s . M . T r u m a n , J r , 413 F r a n k l i n S t . Committee of A r r a n g e m e n t s The 11 reunion" we„s duly h e l d , as a p p e a r s from the following editorial note in the Intelligencer for 6 t h . M o n t h 2 4 , 1865: / P F r i e n d s ' Social L y c e u m R e u n i o n . - Not- withstanding the weather w a s u n f a v o r a b l e for a rural excursion, at a n early h o u r several h u n d r e d F r i e n d s a s s e m b l e d b y a p p o i n t m e n t , on the S w a r t h m o r e College g r o u n d s . 72- i ... -vol, s s r - p T - g e e ^ / ^ L 3 7 ZJf '"'Some w e r e , no d o u b t , a t t r a c t e d by the e x c e e d i n g b e a u t y of the p l a c e . The p r o s p e c t , from the building-site a l o n e w e l l repays the effort to enjoy it, but the most p i c t u r e s q u e a n d beautiful p o r t i o n of the p r o p e r t y , i s through the woods and a l o n g EM the little stream, familiarly k n o w n as C r u m b ^ C r e e k , w h i c h name tradition attributes to the crumbs said to have been shaken b y W i l l i a m P e n n into the s t r e a m , when on one occa- at sion he rested a n d took his noonday meal oy its s i d e . ^ F a t h e r s a n d m o t h e r s , b r o t h e r s and sisters, p a r e n t s a n d children, c a m e , f r o m city a n d country, to b e socially a n d m e n t a l l y r e f r e s h e d together; a n d there might sometimes be seen in one g r o u p , the loved a n d h o n o r e d who h a d reached the threescore y e a r s and ten, - the v i g o r a n d the strength of active m i d d l e l i f e , - the sober m a t r o n , a n d the little c h i l d . ^ S o m e , d o u b t l e s s , w e r e a c t u a t e d by the expectation of m e e t i n g congenial friends, a n d brightening their social feelings b y a n interchange of k i n d l y g r e e t i n g s . O t h e r s , a g a i n , hoped to receive m e n t a l enjoyment from the intellectual exercises that had been promised; while a n o t h e r c l a s s , influenced in a degree by the former m o t i v e s , indulged a higher h o p e of the g o o d w h i c h must result f r o m these social gatherings of the aged a n d the i n e x p e r i e n c e d . ^ P h e older a n d the y o u n g e r , we t h i i k , m u s t from such i n t e r c o u r s e , b e c o m e m o r e assimilated in feeling a n d better able to u n d e r s t a n d a n d a p p r e c i a t e the m i s s i o n of the other. A s the Father h a s p l a c e d u s in fami Vies composed of v a r i o u s states a n d a g e s , each designed to fill a n a p p r o p r i a t e p l a c e , that is the happiest a n d most healthy condition when 8.11 the members a r e c o n s i d e r e d , a n d the enjoyments a r e so simple they may b e shared by a l l . ^ F r o m 1 0 to 12 M . w a s o c c u p i e d w i t h literary exercises; a recess w a s then a n n o u n c e d , w h e n the company separated to p a r t a k e of the refreshments w h i c h each h a d brought. -*On r e a s s e m b l i n g , a d e s c r i p t i o n w a s g i v e n of the p r o p o s e d C o l l e g e - b u i l d i n g s , a n d a p l a n of them e x h i b i t e d . ^he r a i n , w h i c h h a d b e e n expected, now suddenly terminated the a f t e r n o o n e x e r c i s e s , a n d deprived the company of h e a r i n g some of the E s s a y s that h a d b e e n p r e pared for the occasion; but w h e n the Lyceum a g a i n c o n v e n e s , they m a y b e p r e s e n t e d . f i n the present n u m b e r , we g i v e one of the E s s a y s delivered on this occasion.** far .>> 02= ^^ ] The essay r e m i s e d in the above n o t i c e was on the comprehensive subject of % "Mind a n d M a t t e r " , and w a s g i v e n by Caleb S . H a l l o w e l l . B u t of m o r e immediate interest in the history of Swarthmore College is the following a c c o u n t of the i*v U "Reunion" w h i c h was writtehTp-e- the Intelligencer b y Isaac H i c k s , of W e s t b u r y , L o n g Island, -under date of 6th m o . 1 7 , 1865:7fThe L y c e u m R e - U n i o n . We accepted an invitation on the 10th of 6th m o n t h to join a n excursion of the F r i e n d s ' Social Lyceum of Philadelphia to the grounds of S w a r t h m o r e . W e s t d a l e Station was o u r stopping p l a c e , on the W e s t c h e s t e r r a i l r o a d , in close p r o x i m i t y to the grounds and ten m i l e s from P h i l a d e l p h i a . A road for the m o s t p a r t b o r d e r e d and overhung by trees, led by the stone mansion where the great p a i n t e r , B e n j a m i n W e s t , w a s b o r n . U p the rising hill our party w e n d e d their w a y , u n t i l near the summit w e turned into a f i e l d , lingering to en.ioy the v i e w . Such a p r o s p e c t has rarely met our g a z e . Below u s stretched a most b e a u t i f u l c o u n t r y , dotted w i t h houses and well cultivated f a r m s , the scene enlivened by gentle u n d u l a t i o n s , covered w i t h the brightest g r e e n , a n d interspersed w i t h occasional groves of w o o d l a n d for v a r i e t y . T h e silvery w a t e r s of the D e l a w a r e were seen at two places in the far d i s t a n c e , a n d the W e s t c h e s t e r railroad la.y b e l o w , and a little f u r t h e r , w i n d i n g its circuitous route through the m e a d o w , was Crumb Creek. •KJ A r o u n d us were cltupps of goodly trees ready grown for a shade or p l a y - g r o u n d for the y o u t h that m a y , in some hot distant d a y , tread this p l a c e w i t h m e r r y f e e t . In other d i r e c t i o n s , h i g h grounds w i t h w o o d l a n d i n t e r s p e r s e d , g l i m p s e s of elegant country residences and farm h o u s e s , showed that good s o c i e t y , pure a i r , w i t h health a n d vigor to the future inmates of the h a l l , were secured. ^ T h e sound, of the b e l l calls us to the speaker's stand to enjoy the literary feast that our friends of the L y c e u m h a d prepared for u s . ^ T h e truthful words of the first essay struck a chord of response in every thinking m i n d . who can 1 - W h a t a w o r l d of m e a n i n g in the title of the e s s a y , "Self-culture,• for be g r e a t , wise or g o o d , and who can p e r f o r m the true objects of l i f e , w i t h o u t I b i d , V o iPP^ S ^265 f p -. 66. 249 - 2 5 1 . ^ x L f a i X ^ ^ ^ AJ S ^U ^^ L^ . c H-i-H^ v h . 82: - ^ v V an e a r n e s t , truthful cultivation of all h i s powers? ^*The stillness a n d a t t e n t i o n of the a u d i e n c e w a s the "best p r o o f of its appreciation of all the excellent essays w i t h w h i c h w e were favored; far better than Tnfc the n o i s y and often insincere a c c l a t i o n s of p u b l i c a s s e m b l i e s . A T h e m o r n i n g exercises were closed by one who c l o t h e d her rich and truthful thoughts in the language of poetry. ^ B u t a description of the L y c e u m , or the discussion of the good things that our friends h a d provided is not our p u r p o s e . W e w i s h e d to examine the g r o u n d s , a n d pro- ceeded by a road down a gentle descent b e h i n d the grove where tents w e r e p r o v i d e d , •until we came to the s p r i n g s . W h a t a. cool p l a c e , a n d how cool the w a t e r , b u l l i n g up from b e l o w , where scarce a sunbeam p e e p s t h r o u g h the canopy of trees o v e r h e a d . Here is the p l a c e for the w a t e r that w i l l supply the b u i l d i n g s , and that b a b b l i n g b r o o k , emptying into Crumb C r e e k , is to do the w o r k of forcing it UP to the b u i l d i n g s . Here they can have a m i n a t u r e F a i r m o u n t , and the y o u n g folks take lessons in h y d r a u l i c s . F o l l o w i n g our road down the hill through a continuous w o o d , so delightful and so fefreshing in a hot day like t h i s , we h e a r d the rippling of the creek o v e r its stony f l o o r , and soon the p a t h led u s to its b r i n k . It w a s , we t h o u g h t , about two feet d e e p , a n d 3 0 or 4 0 in w i d t h - just the p l a c e that b o y s w i l l l o v e to wade a n d -nlay in, and not deep enough to be d a n g e r o u s . Here by this r o c k , u n d e r n e a t h w h i c h a little spring sends forth its clear w a t e r , we will rest and l o o k a r o u n d . We suppose that w e are , in this wild r a v i n e , 2 0 0 feet below the top of the h i l l , a,nd this side h i l l is too steep often to c l i m b . R o c k s , gray a n d a n c i e n t , p r o j e c t out so far as to p r e s e n t a wall 3 0 or more feet in h e i g h t . Such a romantic p l a c e w e h a d not expected to see - old rough barked chestnut and oak trees sprang: UP a r o u n d the r o c k s . The laurel so green a n d so pretty when covered with f l o w e r s , the dogwood a n d other trees of low g r o w t h , w i t h the "TV ground, covered, w i t h a p r o f u s i o n of w i l d p l a n t s a n d ferjpp of many k i n d s , w e r e h e r e . Sometimes our p a t h led us by the b r o o k , but we had too soon to quit the good r o a d , and scramble among the trees a n d h u s h e s w i t h a little too m u c h of an inclination 8. downward in the u n b e a t e n path to suit sober t r a v e l l e r s . Now we c^me to the h e m l o c k trees, n e a r the end of the t r a c k , a n d they w e r e fine specimens of this most beautiful of A m e r i c a n evergreens. We h o p e to take this w a l k a g a i n w h e n art has improved n a t u r e , and nice p a t h s wind a r o u n d the k n o l l s , with a little p r o t e c t i o n to those p l a c e s where the p e d e s t r i a n m a y b e in danger of a t u m b l e . We thought of I d l e w i l d , the home of the p o e t , N . P . W i l l i s , but it is m u c h l a r g e r a n d m o r e d i v e r s i f i e d . If the cities of New Y o r k or Philadelphia had such a p l a c e as this in their p a r k s , u p o g which to expend their m o n e y a n d develop its b e a u t i e s , how they w o u l d prize i t . -*$he high baric of the r a i l r o a d , a n d the very h i g h bridge that spans Crumb Creek are b e f o r e , and we turn our course b a c k w a r d s a n d climb the h i l l . Here w e m e t a party of the b u i l d i n g c o m m i t t e e , discussing the quality of a stone quarry a.nd its fitness for b u i l d i n g p u r p o s e s . We p u s h e d through the trees and b u s h e s to examine those rocks we had seen jutting out o n the h i l l s i d e w h e n p a s s i n g b e l o w . W o u l d they answer for buildin They have b e e n stone, inquired a p r a c t i c a l Friend? We trust n o t . here too l o n g , dating far b a c k in the u n k n o w n p a s t , a n d have a right to s t a y . They looked to u s like trap rocks, but the name makes no d i f f e r e n c e , their age is p a s t p • inding o u t , a n d we trust no hand of ma n w i l l deface their s i d e s , or p o w d e r rend their seams. A p a r t y of y o u n g folks had a l r e a d y found, this p l a c e , and it w i l l be a favorite resort. We seated ourselves on a. prominent r o c k , a n d took a view of this wild s c e n e . Two h u n d r e d feet b e l o w , the creek w e n d e d its w a y through the t r e e s . was almost sore- d w i t h a carpet of ferns an^/>lants of m a n y k i n d s . The side hill H e r e , we thought, / was the p l a c e to m e d i t a t e . his w e a r y m i n d . H e r e the careworn teacher c o u l d retire in summer, and rest Here the student could withdraw from the busy h u m of v o i c e s , and uninterruptedly drink deep of learning's f o u n t . The scenery below a n d a.round, the old primeval t r e e s , through which the echo of the w o o d m a n ' s a x e p e r h a p s n e v e r rang, a n d with nought to b r e a k the silence b u t the m u r m u r i n g b r o o k , or the sweet notes of the solitary w o o d b i r d , must be a fit place for deep thought a n d sweet communion of m i n d . Did W e s t , when a b o y , w a l k this v a l l e y , o r , p e r c h e d on this overhanging rock, see visions of his future life pass b e f o r e him? P e r h a p s the flowing stream beneath suggested the~^oyage of l i f t , and germs of ideas w h i c h w e r e p o r t r a y e d on canvass in after l i f e , were formed h e r e . T h e b o t a n i s t , t o o , has here a fine field for observa- tion - m o r e kinds of plants and trees are here in this d o m a i n , then p e r h a p s a n y other of its s i z e . Trjily, we h o p e that the B o a r d of Education will be practical in their v i e w s ; a n d that the things w h i c h concern our everyday l i f e , k n o w l e d g e of p l a n t s , of b i r d s , and of our own o r g a n i z a t i o n , will not be n e g l e c t e d . with us to the site n o w , and see h o w p e r f e c t l y it is l o c a t e d . Thirty acres of h i g h and excellent l a u d , w i t h just enough of slope to be easy of access and to allow the waters to run o f f . The soil will p r o d u c e g r a s s , grain and vegetables in per- f e c t i o n , if p r o p e r l y cultivated; a n d from the appearance of the trees now h e r e , a f e w years 1 g r o w t h will give the necessary shade when others a r e p l a n t e d . A perfect specimen of the tulip tree stood n e a r , showing that the soil suits them; a n d if they succeed in the open pasture f i e l d , we have no fear for other desirable shade t r e e s . Neither h a v e w e fear that fruit would, g r o w , but who has ever seen a ripe harvest apple g r o w near a school-house, o r who has seen the red cheek of a ripe p e a c h or a melting p e a r , where school boys h a v e range? e-.ch sy How new a n d strange it was to u s to see rl 3' I cedar trees g r o w i n g a l o n g the fences h e r e , trimmed like the garb of our p l a i n F r i e n d s , and ours on L o n g Island so homely'. To u s e an expression common to our s o c i e t y , w e think the committee were favored to select so eligible a s i t e . A p p a r e n t l y plenty of stone for the foundation a few rods o f f , a. b r i c k y a r d within a short d i s t a n c e , a n d a railroad sta.tioh at the lower part of the f a r m , and every thing they w i s h that cannot be p r o c u r e d on or near there, can b e easily brought from Philadelphia. s>%o village n e a r , but that of M e d i a , in w h i c h the sale of liquor is p r o h i b i t e d SS: [ "by l a w , nothing to tempt the y o u t h to dissipation; it a p p e a r e d to he a good farmingcountry a r o u n d , inhabited "by the "best class of c i t i z e n s . ^he b u i l d i n g committee expect soon to commence o p e r a t i o n s , b y quarrying and p r e p a r i n g m a t e r i a l s for the f o u n d a t i o n . ^Harkt gramme. A g a i n the tones of the bell call u s to the second part of the pro- D a r k clouds a r e rising from the w e s t , a n d F r i e n d s b e g i n to feel a little impatient, the distant roll of thunder is h e a r d . A m e m b e r of the B o a r d of Managers explains the plans of the b u i l d i n g and what they intend to d o . deexD a t t e n t i o n or tried to do so; b u t a l a s ! We l i s t e n e d w i t h it w a s p l a i n l y seen that the m i n d s of the a u d i e n c e w o u l d w a n d e r to the l o w e r i n g h e a v e n s , a s thoughts of a shower b a t h rose before t h e m . Signs of departure were now v i s i b l e . B a s k e t s were collected., a n d al- though w e all no doubt,looked w i t h much interest to the speaker who w a s to f o l l o w , neither he nor any other p e r s o n could h o l d us there. ^ T h u s closed our first visit to the g r o i m d s of Swarthmore C o l l e g e . Crowded, as we were in the little station h o u s e , to a v o i d the p o u r i n g rain, a n d cut short of one-third of the e n t e r t a i n m e n t , yet we w e r e well r e p a i d . lings of congenial m i n d s . We love these social ming- These intellectual f e a s t s , where the y o u n g a n d middle aged open the gates of the storehouse of m e m o r y , a n d p o u r out their learned treasures for each other's g o o d . B o t h are b e n e f i t t e d , and w e h o p e the F r i e n d s of this Lyceum m a y lorn? enjoy their social and literary g a t h e r i n g s s s / T h i s a p p e a l i n g and p e r h a p s the first d e t a i l e d ^ d e s c r i p t i o n of "the C r u m " , "the A l l i g a t o r " , a n d the colege c a m p u s , leads u s b a c k to the efforts o f the Board to create the college b u i l d i n g s . A t its m e e t i n g on 1 2 t h . M o n t h 6, 1 3 6 4 , it h a d appointed a committee of four (Joseph P o w e l l , Clement B i d d l e , H u g h Mc Ilvain and Isaac Stephens) "to have care of the R e a l Estate b e l o n g i n g to the C o r p o r a t i o n , a n d to proceed in enclosing the property a n d in p l a n t i n g trees." A t the same m e e t i n g . i t h a d appointed another committee of seven (Gerard H . R e e s e , E d w a r d p P r r i s h , John D . H i c k s , Edward H o o p e s , B . R u s h R o b e r t s , H a n n a h '7. H a y d o c k and H e l e n G . L o n g s t r e t h ) "to m a t u r e the p l a n s for b u i l d i n g as p r e p a r e d by direction of the late Board w i t h the comparative cost of b u i l d i n g of stone and b r i c k , and to obtain careful estiinates for the same, a n d report at the next m e e t i n g of this Board." The first of these committees is referred, to in the Board's subsequent m i n u t e s as "the p r o p e r t y C o m m i t t e e " , a n d the second as "the Committee on Plans." The P r o p e r t y Committee r e p o r t e d to the B o a r d at its m e e t i n g on 5 t h . M o n t h , i 12, 1 3 6 5 , ^ > t h a t , u p o n taking charge of the farm they were u n i t e d in judgment that it i would be b e t t e r to p o s t p o n e p l a n t i n g trees a n d hedges u n t i l next fall or s p r i n g , believing it would be a g a i n of time to h a v e the ground farmed b e f o r e p l a n t i n g . We have now about Thirty acres of the p r o p e r t y immediately north of the Rail R o a d p l o u g h e d , a n d at this time b e i n g p l a n t e d with c o r n . W l e have p u r c h a s e d one thousand b u s h e l l s L i m e to be d e l i v e r e d at the siding on the p r o p e r t y . We have also had one thousand bushells of a fertilizer donated to the property by the A m e r i c a n p a p e r M a n u f a c t u r i n g Company to be deposited on a wharf in W e s t Phil^da., a l l of w h i c h we expect to apply during the next' m o n t h to the thirty acres of l a n d . ^ O n account of the difficulty in p r o c u r i n g laborers our report does not equal our e x p e c t a t i o n s . The house on the p r o p e r t y b e i n g occupied we could n o t get possession of it u n t i l the First of F o u r t h M o n t h , w h e n we p r o c u r e d the services of an experienced f a r m e r , who w i t h his family reside on the p r o p e r t y . ^ W e have found, it neccesary to their comfort to direct some repairs to the h o u s e , w h i c h are now in p r o g r e s s , a n d when done w i l l involve a n expense of pbout one 'hundred d o l l a r s . n o w feel that, w e a r e in a p o s i t i o n to m a k e good, p r o g r e s s h a v i n g purc h a s e d a team of two horses a.nd the necessary f a r m i n g implements at a cost of about as Five h u n d r e d d o l l a r s . ^ W e deemed it important to u n d e r d r a i n a p o r t i o n of the p r o p e r t y n e r r the Station. Eight hundred and twenty feet of the drain is now dug p r e p a r a t o r y to p u t t i n g in T i l e . ^ O n behalf of the Committee 9 Fhilad "' 5 mo 12th 1 3 6 5 . J o s e p h P o w e l l Clerk."* The above report having b e e n "read and. u n i t e d w i t h " , the report of the Committee on P l a n s was p r e s e n t e d as follows} ^ T o the Board of M a n a g e r s , ^ T n e Committee to m a t u r e plans & c have h a d several m e e t i n g s & some correspondence. Some of the number h a v e visited the State N o r m a l School at Millersville {pennsylvaniaj a n d other p u b l i c I n s t i t u t i o n s , a n d as a r e s u l t , they are convinced that the plans submitted to the late B o a r d w e r e not sufficiently comprehensive to meet a l l the v a r i e d requirements of the C o l l e g i a t e , N o r m a l and. P r e l i m i n a r y d e p a r t m e n t s . They have therefore endeavored to p r e p a r e a modified p l a n of a b u i l d i n g a p o r t i o n of w h i c h can be a d v a n t a g e o u s l y Erected at once and opened for the u s e of the p r e l i m i n a r y Departm e n t , w h i l e u p o n the same system such additional p a r t s m a y be e r e c t e d , as the m o r e m a t u r e d views of the Board may enable them hereafter to d i r e c t . ^ T h e p l a n now submitted is for the W e s t w i n g , w h i c h it is b e l i e v e d can b e erected for about $ 6 0 , 0 0 0 , m u c h less than the same a c c o m m o d a t i o n s could h a v e been secured u p o n the former p l a n . T h e general p l a n is m o r e o v e r so capable of b e i n g m o d i - fied in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h the future requirements of the scheme of instruction t h a t , w e may adoot it so far a s the erection of the West W i n g r e q u i r e s , w i t h o u t cramping o u r future a c t i o n . ^ I n view of the a n t i c i p a t e d decline in the p r i c e of b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l s a n d of labor, we would propose that the several parts of the w o r k b e contracted for only as r e q u i r e d . W e also suggest that no time be lost in commencing a n d p u s h i n g forward n \the w o r k , so that it m a y he ready ][•#• occupancy next y e a r . I ^ S i g n e d on b e h a l f of the C o m m i t t e e , Gerard H . R e e s e , E d w a r d P a r r i s h , E d w a r d Hoopes;** This Report a n d the p l a n s p r e p a r e d by direction of the Committee w e r e a p p r o v e d by the B o a r d , they "embodying the chief features of the p r o p o s e d b u i l d i n g s , subject to such m o d i f i c a t i o n s as the Building Committee m a y find necessary"; a n d "the Committee on Flans" w a s continued "to give further a t t e n t i o n to the subject." The Board, then discussed "the question as to whether b r i c k or stone should be u s e d for the w a l l (of the W e s t W i n g ] " , a n d d e c i d e d to refer it to a B u i l d i n g Committee, w i t h p o w e r to a c t . A committee of four (Edward M e r r i t t , E l l w o o d B u r d s a l l , Clement Biddle a n d Isaac S t e p h e n s ) was a p p o i n t e d "to n o m i n a t e a Building Committee to contract for a n d superintend the erection of the West W i n g as agreed upon." On their nomina- tion a B u i l d i n g Committee of five (Hugh M c I l v a i n , Edward H o o p e s , Edward P a r r i s h , Ellwood Burdsall and Gerard H . R e e s e ) was then a p p o i n t e d . T h u s , w h e n the F r i e n d s ' Social L y c e u m h e l d their R e u n i o n on Swarthmore'g site on J u n e 1 0 , 1 8 6 5 , they doubtless looked out over the land w h i c h the P r o p e r t y Committee h a d had drained, p l o w e d , f e r t i l i z e d a n d sowed w i t h corn the m o n t h b e f o r e , tad examined the plans for the first b u i l d i n g w h i c h the Committee on P l a n s had recently drawn u-> a n d s u b m i t t e d . T h r o u g h the summer a n d autumn of 1 3 6 5 , the B o a r d ' s three committees p u r s u e d their t a s k s , a n d whei^tno. Duagd'a next meeting; w a s h e l d , on 1 2 t h . Month 4 , 1 8 6 5 , they presented their respective r e p o r t s . , ; The Committee on F l a n s reported:^pAs contemplated by the m i n u t e of their ^ appointment some of the m e m b e r s of the C o m m i t t e e on F l a n s in conjunction w i t h the ^ It Building Committee a n d the experienced A r c h i t e c t , who w a s employed to draw the plans 4 ^ j I previously submitted, h a v e subjected.the whole subject to a careful r e - e x a m i n a t i o n , a s ^ /TT ; a result of which some important m o d i f i c a t i o n s , lessening the expense & thus enabling •» ^ us to a b a n d o n the expedient of p u t t i n g uo p a r t of the b u i l d i n g a t a time have been "77 ~ first college b u i l d i n g w a s not occupied until O c t o b e r , 1 8 6 9 , four a n d a h a l f years later. I e < aaopted. **Phe building tins p r o j e c t e d is well l i g h t e d and v e n t i l a t e d , the p a r t i t i o n s constituting the corridors are of solid b r i c k w o r k to the r o o f , the roof is of s l a t e , the p o r t i c o s of s t o n e . The whole character of the structure is p l a i n a n d s u b s t a n t i a l , and there is no obvious reason that it should not stand for c e n t u r i e s . ^ C a r e f u l estimates foxinded on the a c t u a l cost of m a t e r i a l s & labor show that at the p r e s e n t m a x i m u m p r i c e s the entire structure can be p u t u n d e r roof substant i a l ^ and p e r m a n e n t l y b u i l t of stone for $ 9 5 , 0 0 0 . This estimate is thus divided ft for the center b u i l d i n g $ 4 0 , 0 0 0 , for the wings including the return wings each $ 2 7 , 5 0 0 . -u. £ ^ T t is further estimated that the entire b u i l d i n g can b e ^ r n i s h e d for caused him to be deservedly respected as one of Philadelphia's most learned men. It was not until 187^, however, that D r . Thomas entered upon his professorship of Eaglish in Swarthmore College. This continued until 1887 > four years before his death.The interest of the Philadelphia Friends in Dr. Thomas is evidenced by the 88 following editorial notice in the Intelligencer for 11th. Month, 11, I865: Lectures on Ancient Philosophy and Philosophers. - One of the advantages felt by many residents of the city as some compensation for being deprived of the freedom and companionship of nature pertaining to country life, is the privilege of gaining instruction by lectures; and, as the season approaches, we see several courses announced. Of these, Dr. J . Thomas's course of five lectures, advertised in our paper, appears to be specially worthy of notice. Perhaps few men in this country are more profoundly versed in the languages and history of Ancient Greece and Rome; and, in addition to the historical 3 88 - Vol. XXII, p . 569. 1 j interest with which the subject is invested, we doubt not, from our knowledge of Dr. j Thomas, that he will draw with a master hand the contrast between the heathen philosophy - in which there was undoubtedly much of deep instruction - and the higher | Christian teaching, which it has been the privilege of modern nations to enjoy During the same month, Dr. Thomas ^ a v e two lectures before the Friends'Social Lyceum on "A Tour in India", giving his personal experiences of travel in the East Indies and a first-hand account of the Sepoy Rebellion which had occurred during his visit. He also lectured before the Lyceum on "The Unity of the Human Species", and on 3rd. Month 2 7 , 1866 he addressed the Friondo'-Sooial Lyceum on the subject of In the course of this\address ke^adverted. to the value of education in its ^ relation^ to the interests of the Society of Friends^, and^fspoke m j of the effort to establish Swarthmore College. warm commendation Though not himself identified with the / / Society, he recognized the value of persevering and self-sacrificing efforts to promote any views which we fully adopt and approve. Such movements, beside their more direct and obvious results, are useful, as teaching individuals absorbed in the pursuit of wealth the great and indispensible lesson of l i b e r a l i t y ^ fTThatT education is most useful? This question was discussed with much zeal and ability, and led to the recommendation of all such mental culture as develops and strengthens the mind. The object should not be to fit the young for the particular line of pursuit which will chiefly occupy their time, so much as to fit them for other and varied, mental exercises calculated to relieve the monotony of business life, and to embellish and improve the hours of leisure^,^ « ^Female educati >n should not be less in extent and variety than that of men, though the tastes a.nd capacities of pupils may be measurably consulted in giving direction t6 their studies ".~Dr. Thomas maintains that any teacher who follows the pursuit for merely mercenary motives is unworthy of it; in this respect teaching is like preaching. Ibid, fo No teacher is worthy of the charge of the young who has not learned to 588 - p . f control his own spirit, and to set a good example in all the great moral attributes, ! \ ana especially in that strict justice, any departure from which is so easily and instantA1 I1 ly recognized by the keen and observing mind of the young. * ^•^•nrTTbcfcrQ-auuiiL At the meeting of the Board on'the evening of 12th. Month 5 , 1865, after I . ,,, - . the^meeting of the Corporation\flmt Vtfaat afternoon^ a c< committee of five (John D . Hicks, Clement Biddle, Helen G . Longstreth, Rachel T . Jackson and Hannah W . Haycock) was appointed "an Advisory Committee to confer with the President in relation to the organization of the School & College and to assist him in the preliminary stepjjtoward the appointment of Teachers, Professors, & other officers." The first presidential report, that of D r . Edward Parrish presented to the \ /nzl JfUvo Board and the Corporation irt\Doodmbojs> 1865, is missing from the long series; but it may be assumed that its salient points appeared in the report of the Board to the Corporation, in 1865, and in the matters taken up by the Board in 1865 - 66, to which it was referred. ( ^ f v ^ ^ ^ t c L A I SL 6' At its meeting on 12th. Month 4, 1865, the Board considered the proposition to apportion its members "with reference to their terms of service expiring according to the requirements of the Constitution", and appointed a committee of six (Edward Hoopes, Samuel billets, B . Rush Roberts, H e l e n G . Longstreth, Eliza H . Bell and Rebecca Turner) to recommend the appofefcment. At its meeting the next day, the Board approved the committee's recommendation that on 12th. Month 5, 1865, should expire the terms of the following members: William Dorsey, Hugh Mc Ilvain, Helen G . Longstreth, Samuel B-3 fillets, Lydia S. Haviland, Ann S. Dudley, Levi K . Brown, and Jane I.yTownsend. The Corporation, at ir.s meeting the same day, reelected for a term of three years all of these except Lydia Haviland, Levi Brown and Jane Townsend. To take the places of the last three, the Corporation elected Phebe C. Wright, Benjamin Hallowell and Ellen Riley. In 5th. Month, 1866, Phebe 7/right requested to be released from service, and the Board ft appointed Lydia A . Lockwood in her stead. The Board for 1865 - 66 included all its J^jreftds' -InteHrigcncerr fful. 3 5 , P p . 7 5 — - A . ff - ? H e r address is given ih the minutes as 21 Concord St., Brookljn^. other members for 1864 - 65, divided into two and three year terms. The Board's chief task in 1866 was to commence building operations. The Puilaing Committee appointed in 5th. Month, 1865, was reappointed in 12th. Month,1865, as follows: Hugh Mcllvain, Edward Hoopes, Ellwood Burdsall, Gerard H . Reese and Edward Parrish. It continued its work, and at the next meeting of the Board, on 5th. Month, 10, 1866, presented the following report: -^The Committee have employed the architects Sloan Sc Button to draw enlarged working plans of the building & to make out specifications and to have the supervision ; of the contracts and, as occasion may require, of the work. Their compensation for the : whole is to be $1500, which is much below the ordinary fee. : '"'The Committee have contracted with Thomas Seabrook to furnish all the build- j ing stone required at $2.25 per perch, delivered at the building, dimension stone ; measuring 5 cubic feet and less at 50 cents a cubic foot and that measuring more at 30 cents a cubic foot. The building stone to be measured in the wall. The estimated cost of the whole being $13,974.50. ^ o r the excavation we have contracted with William Mc Laughlin at 27^ cents a cubic yard, and subsequently agreed to pay him 10 cents additional for every load of sand^taken out of the cellar and delivered in separate heaps for the use of the masons to be estimated in the orooortion of one load of sand to two perches of stone in the * wall. * The estimated cost of the excavation is $3,000 (actual cost $2,236.50). ^ T h e contract for laying the stone & brick was entered into with George Demar for $27,490 including scaffolding. contract was entered into with Adams & Curren for the required windowframes. We regret to add that owing to a calamatous fire, there were sixty-five finish- ed window-frames, and materials for 106 more burned, which will fall heavily on the contractors. #The Committee have purchased sufficient hemlock joist of Powell & Drayton ^ T L - These words in parentheses are written in lead pencil. and. Bunting & Parker for the West Wing and one car load of white pine hoards for the sheds &c from first hand at prices delivered at the building lower than they expected to, early in the spring. have contracted for 600,000 bricks to be made on the premises in the lot south of the Sail Road by Murther & brother at $8.50 per thousand, delivered at the point required. This number will not be sufficient but any further supply is subject to further contracts. *Two wells have been dug in the vicinity of the building 22 & 24 feet deep, respectively, which give sufficient water for present purposes. '•Plans & estimates for a dam on the Creek with necessary water wheels, pumps &c to furnish a supply of sp-lng water for future use in the Institution are now under examination by the Committee, but if the wells give a sufficient supply for erecting the buildings it is not deemed desirable to contract for the water works this season. We have made arrangements with Thomas Riley to supply the necessary lime for the building at 26f cents per bushel, to be reduced or raised according to the price of coal. •'•The Committee labors under groat disadvahtage for want of suitable conveniences to board and lodge the superintendent and head-contractors and would suggest the building of a suitable house for them which may be used hereafter as a farm house. regret to inform the Board that our colleague Edward Hoopes, an active & judicious member of the Committee lias been compelled by ill health to absent himself for a few months in foreign travel. -^Signed - Hugh Mc Ilvain, Chairman.* The above report was "read and accepted" by the Board, which decided to refer "the proposal to build a house which may be used hereafter as a farm house" to the Building Committee and the Committee on Property, "with power to act." "Q"--'"^ ^ ^ ^ ' /•! jft. ^ ft, ° The S p e c i f i c a t i o n s for the Erection of Swarthmore College Building, Delaware County, P a w e r e published in a small pamphlet, bearing this title, and containing ft twelve p a g e s . It states the dimensions of the centre building, the two wings, the return wings, and an extension for the kitchen in the rear of the centre building. Two towers, on the inner flanks at the rear of the two return wings, and rising to four stories in height, were to be "arranged for the water cistern." "The centre build- ing will be surmounted with a dome, and the ends with cupolas at the junction of the roofs of the wings." A cellar, eight feet deep in the clear, would be excavated beneath the entire building Coal and ice vaults appear beside the kitchen. To insure per- fection in the stone and mason work, "a sample delivered on the ground, and retained for that purpose", was provided. The rubble-faced work and the axed w o r k , the brick, the mortar, the pointing, the furring strips, the carpentry w o r k , the slating are specified in much detail. Great pains were taken with the roof,flues, stairways, division walls and iron sliding-doors, as precautions against f i r e . ^ ^ T o u r iron columns will be required in the dining-room £to surinort the large "collection-hall"above it^s. of neat pattern, with cap and b a s e , and about eight inches in diameter, fluted, and supported on piers built in the cellar, capped with a block of stone dressed to a perfect bed to receive the base. - - - The front doors to the center building will be folding,2|VTV inchef- thick, double thickness, screwed together and parareled, with large mouldings on the outer face, and bead and butt on the inner, hung with 5 x 5 inch butts, three to each door, and secured with a seven inch upright mortise rebate lock, and two iron plate flush b o l t s . The frame will be cased in the wall, and made with head-light over it."*- >The dressings of the doors, windows, lecture-room, dining and carving room, kitchen, and wash-rooms, are specified in simple, substantial detail. Above the three regular stories, "attic rooms will be finished in the return wings for dormitories, baggage rooms, and infirmary, with flights of stairs continued u p . - - - Plastering, Painting, 1 — It was printed by Merrihew & Son, 243 Arch St., Philadelphia, in 1865, and bore on its title-page the names and addresses of the five members of the Building Committee, "to whom all communicat ions should be addressed", - and the name of the firm of archi tects: "Sloan & Hutton, 152 South Fourth Street." This cellar has been of great use in later, more crowded years, in providing for the college post-office, book-shop, and storage rooms. Glazing, Plumbing, &c., will "be provided for in future specifications," Thus ends the pamphlet of Specifications for 1366. It was probably prepared for distribution at the time of the laying of the corner-stone which the Building Committee, apparently, arranged for on 5th. Month 1 0 , 1866. The minutes of the Board's meeting held on that date proudly or gratefully begin: "At a meeting of the Board of Managers of Swarthmore College held on the evening [probably in 1 th house, as usual] of 10 of Fifth Month 1366. Race Street Meeting- / /Present 20 members all of whom had been witnesses to the laying of the Corner Stone of the College building in the afternoon." The progress of the building operations during the Spring of 1366 was recorded in an editorial notice in the Intelligencer for 4 t h . Month 2 8 , 1865, which reads as , follows: ^ ^ 3 w a r ; h m o r e College. - We are glad to inform the numerous inquirers in regard j to the progress of this concern that the building has been commenced, and will be pushed ; forward during the coming summer and autumn with a view to getting it under roof before w* the next ^inter fairly sets in. The digging of the cellar, quarrying, hauling and lay- ing the stone, the making and laying of the bricks, and the making of the necessary window-frames, have all been contracted for, at prices rather under than over the estimates. At the present enhanced prices of lumber, the building committee have thought it prudent to postpone the purchase of this material until it is absolutely required by the progress of the building. **$ome Friends have thought it -unwise to enter upon this work until the funds , should be in hand to finish it; but the demand from all sources for the speedy supply of the educational facilities, which it is designed to furnish, and the general promise 1 that when the work is begun and the funds for its completion are needed, they will be subscribed, have induced the managers to proceed as far as the money at their disposal, will allow. the meantime, the Committee appointed at the Annual Meeting, to solicit subscriptions are laboring to accomplish their part of the work, confining themselves | j I especially to the city of Philadelphia. ' - Vol. p. 120. 3an:; They propose, however, to extend their labors tee* Xtylfs 1 to Ne " York and other sections of the country, throughout the current year, so that, if successful, the year 1367/nay see the completion of the buildings and the organize.tion of the School.-' L Tiie ^ ^ ^ ^ _ ^ ^ f*LMn2/15. This day | rented of John Ogden of Oakdale Delaware Co a house about 1 miles from ^Swarthmore I grounds) \ i t h garden & stable for $150 a year with privilege of two years if none of j his own family require it. Bro Sam joins me in it. We are to repair & paint in the | house as far as required & J.0, is to put the road & fences in repair. place, small & tuipretending but none the worse for that. It is an old Rent to commence 5/l. We : mean to keep a horse & a cow and to raise our own peas, beans, beets, lettuce & perhaps ' celery." These advantages of a country life, besides the proximity of Swarthmore, were probably emphasized by the "rumors or rather anticipations of the cholera approaching" Philadelphia, which Dr. Parrish noted as being rife, on February 15; and two days later, he records: "The cattle plague is said to have appeared in Montgomery Co Pa." A cow of one's own was evidently a desideratum in a family of children during those parlous days. * — » T h e rumor of the cholera's approach was verified in Dr. Parrish's note of April 23, which reads: "Two ships have arrived on our shores with cases of cholera on board, both placed on severe quarantine regulations. Great apprehensions of a general prevalence of this epidemic, lead to sanitary precautions in all the cities." The eldest son, "Tom", who was then in his twentieth year ("an enterprizing & good fellow"), procured in March "a good opening in the coal business in N.Y. with , Walker Bros. - - - His compensation will not pay his expenses in that most expensive ^ s ^ UL * A-L, 244 - Id place", his father writes; "hoard $12 to $15 a week; "but I am quite willing to go to any necessary expense within m y means to open the way for his successful entry into business." Tom was reported by his father, six weeks later, as "getting along satisfactorily - - - ; he has already made some considerable sales of coal, earning more than his salary." It was probably this encouraging circumstance which was partly responsible for the fact recorded in his father's diary under date of 11 mo 4.1866 as follows: "Our oldest b o y , Tom, has engaged himself to b e married to Fanny Cavender la granddaughter of Lucretia MotlQ - a match every way approved - He is not yet making d even a living for himself, however." Business in New York proved very yjull for Tom in the winter of 1866 - 67: "He has hardly made anything as yet - could not expect to till spring. Keeps in good heart - hopes & works both." He stuck it out^until'May^ 1867, and then returned to Philadelphia to sell c o a l \ # w a commission of 8 cents a ton. D r . Parrish himself entered at the same time upon a new business venture, as noted in his diary under date of March 6 , 1866, as follows: "Signed a lease this day to T . Wells & C o . of the wharf in West Philadelphia, for five years at $1800 per annum, they axe to fill up the dock on the South, improve & raise the front & make their own repairs. After paying the interest of grd rent & taxes, Bro estate & myself will have about $800 each from this rent." His activities in connection with the College of Pharmacy were not relinquished in consequence Parrioh becoming Swarthmore's president. One evidence of this is in a note of his diary dated 3/4.66 j^wsHreadj-tsg as follows: "W 111 Procter has announced his intention to resign the professorship of Pharmacy in our College. This seems an opening for John Maisch & may end in our pursuing some of our plans for editorial work together - a Universal Pharmacopaeia W e also aim to get up a practical laboratory and school in the college building and are raising a fund of $10,000 for the ourpose. I believe I was the first to advocate this & ho-oe to see r«r j " 1 it accomplished this year." /L.% if. )-f- - 3 ^J On the 1st. of M s y ^ 1866, D r . Parrish notes that J . M . Maisch was unanimously elected "Professor of pharmacy in our College." 244 - Id One year later, 2/2,7/67, D r . Parrish writes : ^ H a v e had a talk with H . C. L e a , my publisher, we conclude it will hardly pay to revise "parrish's Pharmacy" this year. The plates have cost a great deal of money and yet while we print from them we can keep the price down to $5.00 which is relatively cheeper than most of the booj^fr printed since the advance in prices - If another edition was printed now it would have to be advanced to say $6.00 or $7.50 - There is not a great deal to alter or add & probably we shall use the plates till a new Pharmacopoea is issued.^ 241J- if- The "beginning of "building operations at Swarthmore and the somewhat discouraging task of raising funds were noted by Dr. Parrish^under date of 4/8/1866 as follows: "Commenced digging the cellar at Swarthmore about 2 weeks ago - Since found it best to remove the site 50 feet to the rear. Two wells dug, both gone down to water. Rather discouraged in raising funds - A great many wealthy friends have it in consideration They want a long time to consider when their pocket is concerned. Those in moderate circumstances may yet have to carry out this great improvement." It was perhaps this temporary discouragement which was partly responsible for the plan referred to in his dia.ry under the same date as follows: ^^L thought of offering to go as U . S. Commissioner (one of 10 at $1,000 each) to the Paris Exposition of the Industry of all Nations, but a ^ d e t e r r e d by two considerations. 1 The President has gone over to the Pro Slavery party & would not favor such as I am. 2 Dr R . E . Rogers of our City is a candidate." President Parrish's attitude towards President Johnson, referred to in his first reason above^is elucidated by the item (also dated April 8 , 1866): "On the 6" the U S Senate by a 2/3 vote passed 'The Civil Rights bill' over the President's veto. The House will probably do the same. element is again thoroughly aroused. The pro slavery There is even treasonable talk in public places. i Slavery dies hard." Instead of going to Paris, therefore, Dr. Parrish spent the summer of 1866 at his country home in Delaware County where, he says, "we have had a most delightful summer. Margaret is better in health than in the spring. I never was better." Finally, on 11 mo 4 . 1866, he writes: "Just returned to the city & ensconced in our comfortable rooms at Sarah Antrim's 1015 Cherry. our friends. It is nice to be back again among A great many cordial handshakes this morning at meeting." 1SK, j prepared for it in the granite rock. i | 1 s» With a solemn feeling w e watched the closing j of the case whose opening none of us should see , hut generations yet uhborn, when this | edifice shall have fulfilled its object arid crumbled into dust, may look with curiosity ; and instruction upon these types of a departed a g e , and from their contemplation learn a lesson of humility. When the company had resumed their seats, D r . Thomas, of Phil- ^ adelphia, delivered a brief and interesting address, which will be found in another ^ column. T? *%fter further remarks by W m . C . Biddle and others, a solemn silence succeed- ed and though no vocal prayer was uttered, yet desires were raised in many hearts that the Divine blessing might prosper this weighty and important undertaking. > lA j i When the company separated, a short time was spent in rambling through the woods, in viewing the building preparations, and in enjoying the beautiful prospect from the College location. 1 • All appeared well satisfied with the day's duty and enjoyment. ^ M % In the second edition of his -^Essay on Education*. D r . Parrish appended an account of the "Proceedings on the Occasion of Laying the Corner-Stone of Swarthmore College, on the 10th. of Fifth Month, 1866, Published by Direction of the Board of 10%, Managers of the Corporation." This account, by the first president, of the first pubTP lie celebration of a college event at Swarthmore was as follows: •*The Opening. - On ; fifth day afternoon, the tenth of fifth month, 1866, under a clear sky, and surrounded ! by a genial atmosphere, a company assembled on the grounds of Swarthmore College to commemorate the laying of the corner-stone of the structure about to be erected. Of > those thus collected some were from New York and its vicinity, some from New Jersey, ciaxxy < a. from Baltimore, andand many from Philadelphia a,nd the surrounding country, thefewcounties of Delaware Chester. On a commodious platform erected at the especially easi tern- ^is most corner of the foundations of the center building, the company were seated, or s t a n d - ^ ing in groups, when the meeting was called to order by Samuel f i l l e t s , of New York, who Philadelphia, J.B.Lippincott & C o . , 1866, 23 p a g e s . s J had "been selected to preside. I LETTERS RECEIVED. ^Edward Parrish, President of the College, prod\iced several letters received by hiri. from individuals invited to be present, among whom were Mary S . Lippincott, and Sarah Hunt, Moorestown, New Jersey; D r . Thomas H . Kirkbride^of the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane; Samuel M . Janney, of Loudon County, Virginia; and Edward H . Magill, of the Boston Public Latin School, all expressive of regret at the necessity of being absent. Portions of these were read, and the following are selected for publication; ^ F r o a Samuel M . Janney, dated Lincoln, V a . , 5 t h . M o . 6 , 186ft. (^Edward Parrish, President of Swarthmore College. ^ M y dear Friend: s^Last evening I received thy kind letter, with a card of invitation to attend the laying of the corner-stone of the College edifice. regret that I cannot be present on that interesting occasion; but my heart is with you in the cause of education, which the College is intended to promote. I trust that the institution will be founded on the inimitable principles of tr ^th and love, and that it will be a blessing to the youth of our Society, a.nd others who may share its benefits, not only in our day, but in future generations. The improvement of the talents conferred by a bountiful Creator is a duty incumbent upon all, and in rearing the superstructure of knowledge eahh generation must avail itself of the labors and discoveries of its predecessors. When we look over our widely extended country and behold the products of art and industry in the form of cities and cultivated farms, in manufactures, railribads, canals, and telegraphs, we are ( v f r o m vrhi ch i.nf/ tnkeNq^n an e£t endecKpanor^ia. of ^M^L Xj-U relawai\£ County, w: Qounti/es of Glouce, ;ter and wkty the broad villages/*>bile tin f e r t i l ^ ^ r m s , bus, sn, in II ^skirt /the horrs erse, Shipping interveningT :, »» » in the eai • 3®Tn accordance with a time-honored custom, we propose to deposit in this most eastern corner of the center building a corner-stone, containing a. receptacle, to be tightly inclosed, in which we shall place fitting memorials of the times in which we live, to the end that wheat centuries her.ce, these massive walls shall be demolished or ? rebuilt, the antiquarian who with eager curiosity shall explore our work, shall find something to add to that chain of facts by which men instinctively love to trace the progress of the ages. Before these walls shall have crumbled, every one of u s , with our plans of domestic enjoyment and of personal aggrandizement, all our family and social interests and concernments, will be forgotten. The absorbing political questions which now so tax the mind of the nation will then have been solved by the lapse of time. No one living can predict, except with the eye of faith, that future which shall become the present before the tokens which we now deposit are removed. *»It may teach us a lesson of humility to think that even our sectarian theories and prejudices — the faiths many and the forms many about which men contend and with which they build up partitions in society — are transient, even when con-pared with the fct- 166——& 1-if-?-/ ^3tf)out five years and a half have passed since the inception of the project which has taken form in Swarthmore College; about two, since we became possessed of this beautiful site: and now we meet to take the first formal step toward the erection of the edifice which is to embody our well-considered plans of building. We begin the erection on this elevated plateau of a stone structure 348 feet long, consisting of a center building 60 by 138 feet, and two return wings 44 by 92 feet, connected by intermediate wings 44 by 100 feet. The whole will be three stories high, and the center building will be surmounted by an observatory, from which the eye will take in an extended panorama of Delaware County, with its fertile farms, busy mills, and peaceful villages, while the Counties of Gloucester and Camden, in Hew Jersey, will skirt the horizon on the east, with the broad Delaware and its shipping intervening. <*%ith a view to make this building worthy of the site and the noble object to which it is to be appropriated, it is designed to be complete in all its arrangements for the accommodation of the extensive family of inmates and for the illustration of all the branches of knowledge in which they are to be instructed. ;£The most substantial materials will be used in its construction, the extensive corridors being of brick work to- the roof, which will be of slate, and the five sections of the building being separated by solid fire-proof divisions, the whole will constitute a remarkably enduring monument to the far-seeing liberality of its founders." 1 stones and raortar which the stalwar^ mason cements into his solid walls. ®3«!any of the set phrases in which the theologian would confine the universal : truths of God will cease to have their present conventional meaning, - some of our most cherished words will become obsolete, - the finest passages in our literature will sound quaint to those who in some far distant time will exhume this corner-stone, and with curious interest seek to lay open its mysteries. • ( ^ Let none accuse us of personal vanity in depositing our photographs and autographs in this box*, the comments they may elicit from those who next will look upon them will be harmless to excite our vanity or to wound our self-love; and in transmitting to posterity the lineaments of some who have shared in this work, we do kut gratify in • P^^oT'c our successors what we all recognize as a harmless curiosity in ours elver,. \ ^Impressed with the great loss resulting to society from estranging A yovoag men and women from each other during the years that are especially devoted to moral and intellectual development, we mean to seek after and follow the natural law of social ar.d domestic intercourse, and to strip their converse as far as possible of any glowing halo of romance, to clothe it with an investment of friendship and good sense. ^2. We shall propose a high grade of intellectual attainment for those who seek our diploma,. The idea incorporated into the first draft of our plan was that of an institution in which an education could be obtained equal to that furnished by the as result of the institution, thisthis hi;~h aim is can essential be kept bestthecolleges in maturity the land. in THhile it is obviousyetthat standard only beto attained in view from the very start.^ HjriRtrn^'.i on ir; the art r>f tinonhi wi 11 bp. nfli»sifiern.tiim, n.nri in frhn f n t m m a model school will probably bo opened to facilitate tlilt> i m p m Uinb practical branch*-. has been generally understood among us that the study of those branches of science pertaining to the physical universe, which have been so rapidly advanced by modern investigations, and are so wonderfully adapted to develop the intellect and to Increase our appreciation of the wisdom and goodness of the Creator, will here have a 1* I » | \ ''This occasion marks another step toward the organization of Swarthmore College, with a full corps of professors and teachers, and complete facilities for | imparting sound and liberal learning, and it may be thought appropriate that a concise ! I statement should be given of the educational views which have influenced its originaij tors. ^Called by the unanimous choice of the Managers, and without my own solicitation, to preside over its organization, I bring to the work one leadihg qualification of which I am conscious: a thorough conviction of the utility, not to say necessity, of the establishment of our college, coupled with a high ideal of what such an institu{l } tion ought to "be. i | I '"That the result will fall short of this ideal is of course inevitable, but \ our ideal is not the less valuable that we cannot expect in our time to realize its ! complete attainment. a, #1. We aim to educate the sexes tigether, each wing of our building will be separately allotted to one or the other, the collecting-room, dining-room, library and class-rooms are for their joint occupancy. The grounds will doubtless be in some degree divided and appropriated for their separate u s e , while in many sports they will participate together." 4©8 Academical department will necessarily precede the opening of the college classes, and will probably be a permanent feature of the institution. The standard of admission to this will be advanced as opportunity allows, and all the studies will be adapted to prepare the students for the collegiate course. '"Instruction in the art of teaching will be a desideratum, and in the ; future a model school will probably be opened to facilitate this important practical branch. ^ ^ / " T h e relative importance to be attached in our College to the three main departments of Mathematics, Language, and Science has already been somewhat discussed among those interested in its establishment." 5- % f f place not yet conceded to them in colleges established before they had reached their present magnitude and importance. **Yet I trust none of us will be disposed to undervalue those abstract studies which are so remarkably adapted to train the reasoning powers, nor language, the study of which, as a means of mental discipline, has been so long esteemed, and the importance of which, as an aid to the appreciation and expression of great truths, none will dispute. * I t is a false idea of education which limits it to any one class of studies or degrades it to a mere utilitarian b a s i s . Nothing is deserving the name which does not enlarge man's nature and fit hira for the enjoyment of elevating thoughts and ideas out of the range of business. And yet there is no honorable pursuit in life for which a man is not better fitted by that accumulation of knowledge, that power of classifying facts and ideas and of deducing principles from them, which it is the object of a liberal education to impart. claim a higher mission for Swarthmore College than that of fitting men and women for business — it should fit them for life, with all its possibilities. May those who shall hereafter guide its destinies be inspired with a love of learning for its own sake, find for the inestimable advantages it is capable of conferring, and may they never cease to couple in their system of training the highest intellectual culture with the development of the moral and religious elements of character. The leading motive of those who have originated this movement has been what in the familiar phrase of Friends is called a guarded education. to give its proper place to that feature of moral training — Society of Friends — It is our desire almost distinctive of the which rests upon a recognition of the intuitive sense of r'^it and wrong implanted by the Creator in every rational soul. This, recognised in its full force, supersedes much of the religious instruction which is considered essential in most of the Christian churches. saving. With it, the precepts of Christianity become vital and Without it, they are liable to lead into formality, — monial faith. into a verbal and cere- is impossible to exaggerate the importance of education in its connection with the moral attributes of our nature - born on the confines of two boundless worlds, a world of infinite joy and a world of immeasurable sorrow, obligations reaching through all eternity attach themselves to the human soul from very infancy. ^ r e a t is the responsibility of the parent who essays to guide the infant mind in its first efforts to exercise that free agency which is the high prerogative of • its nature, and scarcely less, that of the teacher who is to pilot the intellect sets sail into the vast ocean of conflicting thoughts and opinions. as it Let both see to it that through no fault of theirs a cloud shall obscure 'that light which lighteth every man that cometh into the world.' 'For,' says the wise man,' the commandment is a lamp, and the law is light, and the reproofs of instruction are the vay of life.' EContent to spread their principles among all religious sects and civil corfr^ raunities, they have witnessed their partial incorporation into the prevailing sentiment of most Protestant communities, and their introduction into the civil polity of almost every State in this vast Union of Commonwealths. # I s it not cause of general congratulation that here in Delaware County, within sight of the first landing-place of William Penn in his Province, his successors in religious comminion should erect a capacious and permanent institution in which the principles and even the forms to which he was conscientiously bound, and for which he sacrificed so much of worldly preferment, will obtain favorable consideration and encouragement? £ A n institution in which the glorious testimony to a free gospel ministry, exercised equally by men and women without the necessity of special education, shall be held up before- the youth whose characters are forming under the influence of teachers of talent and learning. In which the inconsistency of war with pure Christianity shall be made a matter of careful and conscientious examination, to the end that the promised IQ& S- t me remind our fellow-citizens not of the Society of Friends, who from ; interest in the cause of education or from motives of a personal or local character, ihave given us their presence to-day, that although the Society has long been identified I with certain testimonies which have led many of its members into peculiarities by \ jwhich they are known in the community, it is in no offensive sense sectarian; nor jare Friends propagandists. ^ T h e founders of the Society were among the foremost advocates of the most I enlarged civil and religious liberty, not for themselves only, but for all; and while I they have sometimes advocated their views with considerable zeal, they have not aimed I | to proselyte to their own peculiar forms and organization.^ £ tee— j day may be hastened when 'nation shall not lift up a sword against nation, neither ;, shall they learn war any more.' In which truth and duty shall be set far above , expediency, and obedience to law be taught as limited only by the paramount obligations • of conscience. In which the Christian democracy of early Friends shall be so far -maintained as to abolish within its domain all precedence founded on birth or riches, bringing all under the equalizing and elevating influence of intelligence and culture. •3&S Pennsylvanians, we may well hold up to our children the early history of this Commonwealth as an illustration of the predominance of moral over physical force even in conducting the affairs of a State; and as Friends, we may present to their view the example of a long line of worthy ancestors who illustrated, by consistent lives, the power of pure morality and Christian principle. **Oiir efforts to establish and maintain Swarthmore College can only be success's ful by the blessing of Divine Providence; and in proportion as those selected to conduct it seek and obtain this blessing, the College will diffuse an influence for good, not to those alone who ma- participate directly in its benefits, but to the whole _ -3.il : Society of Friends and the community at l a r g e J b u f i b 'y/Lt^ ^{u+Jhsui/ •xLu*. / A TVith Samuel M . Janney, Edward H . Magill and Edward P a r r i s h on the programme of these corner-stone exercises, three of the most prominent educators ih the Society participated. There\won one noteworthy absentees', namely, Benjamin Hallow el 1\ -Ssr * * A yiad become a member of the Board again for the year 1865^65, but does r.ot appear to have made the long journey from his Maryland, home to attend any of its meetings. The voice or written word of Martha Tyson,fccret*although she was not, like the others, an MU educator by profession, was sadly missed on|auspicious mile-stone in the realisation of her dream. The themes which the letter-writers and orators of the occasion stressed were characteristic of their authors, appropriate, and evidently foremost in the interest iG9 1 t-fh-l LAYING OF THE CORNER-STONE the close of this address, a metallic box was produced, into which were introduced the following articles: ^Silver and copper coins, fractional currency, and postage stamps, of the current year. •"Newspapers of Philadelphia and New Yorlp, and of Delaware County, Pennsylvania, Friends' Intelligencer and Friends' Review, and The Children's Friend, West Chester, Pennsylvania. R e l i c s of Swarthmore Hall and Meeting-house, near Ulverstone, England, contributed by Samuel Smedley. ^ ' A d d r e s s of Some Members of the Religious Society of Friends to their Fellow Members on Education,' issued in 1360; 'Education in the Society of Friends, Past, Present, and Prospective, by Edward Parrish,' 1865; Annual Reports and other papers issued by the Managers of Swarthmore College. S u b s c r i p t i o n papers of 1861 and 1866, proof impression of the corporate seal, and a certificate of stock* ^Photographs of original and present plans of the prospective buildings, photographs of the Architects, and of the Managers of the College, and numerous other Friends, countersigned with their respective autographs; also a few additional mememtoes contributed by those present. ^ D h e box was then tightly soldered up and deposited by the Chairman in the corner-stone, in which an excavation had been made to receive it. <*%ie corner-stone was then laid in its place in a bed of mortar by George Diemer, the contractor for the masonry of the building. lifter the company had resumed their seats, D r . J . Thomas, of Philadelphia, was introduced, and addressed those assembled as follows: ** REMARKS OF DR. JOSEPH THOMAS. ,, ~ 1 1-00 - lar •"^n the very brief remarks which I propose to offer on the present occasion, t wish it to be understood, that I am an 'outsider,' and consequently, though I feel a deep interest in the object which has brought us together, the originators of this great enterprise are in nowise responsible for anything that I may happen to say. need scarcely observe that I am far from desiring in any way to strengthen the barriers which divide the various denominations of Christians, yet so long as there are different sects, I rejoice that all are to be represented in the great cause of liberal education. -fit is doubtless a good and glorious thing for our country, that we have everywhere elementary schools in which all, even the humblest, may acquire the rudiments of an English education; but what would society be if we had nothing higher than these? # I n my opinion, what we Americans have most to fear, is a dead level of mediocrity in the education of our people. In the economy of nature it is important that some portions of the earth's surface should be mdre elevated than the rest; for a country wholly destitute of mountains or hills can have in itself neither fertility nor beauty - all the fertility of Egypt is derived through the Nile from the mountains of central Africa - and I believe the influence of a superior class of educated men serves to give life and spirit, and efficiency to the knowledge of the masses. ^liany persons seem to suppose that a moderate education, if joined with good common sense, is sufficient for all the purposes of life. It may be all that is needed for ordinary occasions, but not for the higher objects of our existence. 11 is undeniably true, that while education in the United States is perhaps more generally diffused than in any other part of the world, there are in proportion to the whole number of our people fewer than in any of the more enlightened countries ! of Europe, including, I might say, France and all the Protestant nations. Hence it has ' sometimes happened that works professedly of a learned or scientific character, but of -108 Ifc- i ® j the merest pretension, have met with great favor even among the most intelligent j of our people. A single example may suffice. The principal doctrines of 'Nott l i and Gliddon's Types of Mankind' were a few years ago accepted as undoubted truth ; by many of our most intelligent citizens and scientific men, and indeed were so I accepted by the editor of Putnam's Magazine, one of the most respectAble critical j journals published in the United States; but I think no instance can be presented of < a single scientific man or scientific journal of any standing in Europe having been i taken in by the shallow learning and loose science of the work above named. f*! trust I shall not be understood as seeking to disparage my country, for I ; am very proud of her, - I admit that she excels in many things; what I desire is that j she should excel in everything. -*We ought, I think, to be especially on our guard, that we be not deceived by I the cry of utility which we hear on every hand. True, in its largest sense, the useful may include all that is most desirable for the human ra,ce, but it is too often limited to merely providing for our physical wants and necessities. In this sense it excludes the love of the beautiful and the cultivation of all those sentiments which constitute the chief glory of man. Such views if carried out would paralyze or destroy all that is noblest and most beautiful in the human character; they would in fact reduce the race of man to the condition of two-legged beavers — industrious, but nothing more. animals ingenious, sagacious, Happily the Creator has given us instincts that render it impossible for any people to carry such a system of utilitarianism to its ultimate results, but it may easily be carried much farther than would be consistent with the highest interest or happiness of mankind. /*Dhose who pursue science and truth for their own sake, really do far more to promote the useful in the best sense of the word than those whose sole object begins and ends with utility. Does any one suppose that Sir Isaac Newton was influenced by 1 mere considerations of utility when he made his immortal discovery of the laws which govern the universe? • U 1 r\f\ t. -lUy '1C | fl aa one of those who believe that the importance of education in its truest and highest sense has never yet been overestimated. ; i*We should, my friends, I am convinced, commit a great mistake were we to i suppose that the influence of such an institution as we are founding to-day will be s limited to those only or chiefly who shall be educated within its halls. j contrary, it will extend to the whole community — to the entire country. On the The found- !ing of such an institution is indeed a distinct and emphatic annunciation to the : j world of our belief in the great importance of a high and liberal culture. It is a I declaration of eternal war against the realms of ignorance and darkness; it is a pro| clamation to all mankind that we for our part have faith in light and science and. | ' truth, and do not fear to follow them whithersoever they may lead u s . *In concluding, I would say that, although an alumnus of next to the oldest college in the United States, I do not on that account the less sincerely or less cordially wish a God-speed to this young institution, whose existence may be said to date from to-day. May its success be complete; may its career be long and glorious; may it prove to be a true and faithful foster-mother to those committed to its care; and may it be instrumental in diffusing among its children and others the light, not only of true learning and science, but, what is of far higher importance, of moral and religious truth. ^ T R E A S U R E R ' S STATEMENT. ^William Oanby Biddle, Treasurer of the Corporation, followed upon the pecuniary aspects of the enterprise, inviting a liberal response to the call for additional funds which would necessarily be made before the work could be complete. b e s i d e s the subscriptions previously made, amounting to about $65,000, in sums varying from $25^ to $1000, a special subscription has been started, during the ; past year, of sums of $1000 and upwards, now reaching $35,000, designed to reach an aggregate of $100,000. If this can be accomplished, through the liberality of those 100 - ld- blessed with large meafcs, and a general duplication made of the original subscrip- tions and new subscriptions obtained from all interested, according to their means, a stun will be realized which will enable the Managers to complete the buildings now commenced, and to furnish and equip them with every facility for the objects in view. A l t h o u g h this occasioh was not deemed appropriate to enlarge upon this subject, it was thought due to some now present at one of our meetings for the first time, that a statement should be made of the financial condition and prospects of the concern. THE CLOSE. "The importance of this occasion, as inaugurating a work of such magnitude, and the feeling that it can only prosper through the favor of Omnipotence, led the company assembled to appropriate a few moments to solemn silence, during which, though no voice was raised, many hearts were drawn into earnest prayer that the Divine blessing may rest upon Swarthmore College, not only during its incipient stafees, but throughout all the future that may be before i t . ^ of their auditors. The veteran Quaker teacher and preacher, Samuel M . Janney, naturally stressed "the immutable principles of truth and love"^ the superior value of "the treasures of literature and science" as compared with "the products of art and industry"^ and the superior value of "moral excellence and the "benign principles of Christianity" as compared with "the development of the intellect, though highly important." Dr. Magill's abounding enthusiasm and optimism, his championship of c o e d u c a tion, of the liberal financial support of education by Friends, and of "a liberal" rather than "a practical" education, foreshadowed the goals towards which he was to straggle during seventeen years as the second president. The first president's review of past progress; his defense of the use of the corner-stone as a receptable for sundry articles of future interest; his advocacy of co-education, of "a high grade of intellectual attainment", of the study of ^ c i e n c e , S c h e m a t i c s and language; his view of the mission of Swarthmore not to fit men and women for business, but for "life, with » all its possibilities; his definition of "a gi.ia.rded education" as being the training of the moral attributes of our n a t u r e ^ a n d the inculcation of the Quaker testimonies of "a free gospel ministry", international peace, obedience to conscience, "the Christian democracy of early Friends", and an altruistic regard for "the community at large"; '"Jhese familiar Swarthmore characteristics his faith and efforts helped to make familiar and enduring in the later life of the college. Dr. Thomas, together with his emphasis on the need of "a high and liberal culture"^ especially in America, struck one note which may have been prophetic of the ideal of "the honors system" of sixty years later. "In my opinion," he said, "what we Americans have most to fear is a dead level of mediocrity in the education of our people /C If-- In the I n t e l l i g e n c e ^ for 3rd. Month 30, 1866, ( Y o l ^ ^ . 6 4 ~ ) appeared the following" advertisement, which is indicative of one of Samuel Janney's preoccupations at this os time. "Boarding School Property For Sale. - The Sprirgdale Boarding School Properfe £ 9 ? Creek Meeting Bouse. Loudoun Co.,Ya«, is now offered for sale o^'ver advantageous terms, to any Suitable Friend who will open a Boarding School. It believed there is now a good opening for a school at this place,both Friends n X others being desirous to see one established. For particulars aoplv to if SarnieT v Janney, Lincoln, Loudon Co., Va." * V When this dangeaAwas clearly revealed in the college education of our people, gwarthmore's presidentVafr faculty set ahout, like educational Davids with their slings, to Qs^trt^ j % L f - U L> Now that the first building was being erected, and regular and heavy expenditures were being demanded, the problem of finance pressed insistently to the fore. The first president had been appointed in 5th. Month, 1865, as has been seen, largely for "the creation and promotion.of an increased interest in the concern leading to larger subscriptions to the stock. the treasurer 11 At the Board's meeting on 12th. Month 4 , 1865, a Y reported that he h a d ^ r e c e i v e d from Gerard H . Reese receive^, of suo- scriptions i M Baltimore Yearly Meeting $3500, with interest on the same ^$59.90), making a total of $3559.90; from Clement M . Biddle receiver of subscriptions in Philadelphia \ Yearly Meeting - Cash $46,638.54, also U . S . Bonds of 18&L (6's) being Amt of donation ! /Jjt — . j received by him - $10,000 - $56,638.54; from Samuel fillets r e c e i v e ^ of subscriptions j in Hew York Yearly Meeting, $33, 428.94, making a total amount received to date !* \ $93,627.38. The treasurer also reported at this meeting that he had^^paid on drafts of ( the finance committee for the property $21,445.96 i ! I to the committee on property 1,800.00 1 ! for salary 1,000.00 for sundry small drafts 442.01 - $24,687.97 (labor, printing books &c.) ^ L e a v i n g abalance on hand C^T- $68,939.41 William Canby Biddle was treasurer of the college from 12th. Month 2, 1862, until his resignation on account of ill health 9th. Month 7,1866. another term as treasurer from 1870 to 1873. He servdd I i n v e s t e d as follows - On interest at 6$ with Samuel Willets, " . Y . $33,428.94 Edward Hoopes, P h i l a . 25,000.00 U.S.Bonds S$sof 1881 10,000.00 Balance in Bank of ^.America 510.47 - $68,939.41 T f f h * - ^ " ^ ^ S i ^ r e p o r t was referred to three auditors (Edward Hoopes, John D.Hicks and G-erard H . Reese), who reported to the Board at its meeting the next day that they had found it correct. A Finance Committee (Edward Hoopes, William D . Parrish, Joseph Powell and I s a a c Stephens) had "been appointed "by the Board in 12th. Month, 1863; and a year later, this committee (with the exception of William D . Parrish, who had /oi died in the interval ) was reappointed and y i f t ; 1 j j ^ c t Q. [ ^ " / j ' \ Isaiah—3U—Williamsonts—GA ip^o fnii mxi prnhnhly .a 1 nr. i p+t-oT. -j c; Hrn-Pt. n-T t.Vio 1pt.t-.o-p J 1 f K ^ i t In Pr • Pc .t'fi "h' i7~ h«TV -r 11 I n — . — i t cent. t.n J V m l H . m . n ^ TiMih Knoi.. mn j . L . , V . Williamson Esteemed Friend \ I On behalf of Swarthmore College and of the large number of I young people now and prospectively enjoying its advantages, we desire to acknowledge i thy very liberal and timely contribution of Ten thousand dollars ($10,000) to ! its resources, is cause of great ©icouragement to those actively (Snga.ged in the work of building up this School, which we hope in time to make one of the best in the la,na, that those like thyself blessed with abundant means of doing good are. led to remember us and to add to the funds at our disposal. ^ A c c e p t , therefore, our Cordial thanks a.nd desires for thy Hfelfare a&& happiness. A """Subscribed by direction and on behalf of the Executive Committee of Swarthmore College EDWARD PARRISH I1 President of the College . wvv. 14S- 3L S ~J authorised "to draw on the Treasurer for the necessary current expenses of the Corporation." At the :;arae ti.-ie it was "instructed to procure a. Seal and assist the Treasurer in the issue of the certificate* of Stock." Six months later (5th. Month 12,1865), the A Finance Committee^ reported that, having procured a seal, they were prepared to issue certificates of stock; and they were "authorized upon application of the Treasurer to direct him in regard to the investment of any unemployed funds." At the Board's meeting in 12th. Month, 1865, a Finance Committee of three (William Dorsey, Edward Hoopes and Joseph Powell) was agaih appointed, "with authority II to draw on the Treasurer; and at thfe same meeting, the president was "requested to apodint a suitable committee to promote subscriptions to the stock, as suggested in /as his Her.ort, obtaining their consent & notifying them of their appointment." ' At the next .ner.ting of the Board on 5th. Month 10, 1866, "a proposition was made & approved to appropriate $250. for the exnenr.es connected with promotinr subscriptions and the finance committee is authorized to draw on the Treasurer for not exceeding that amount." The president -resented at the came meeting a report which included the following para.-raph in reference to finance: "In connection with the members of the committee to solicit subscriptions appointed by direction of the Board, he has been engaged in an effort to increase the subscriptions of 40 shares & upwards, & now reports, one of 200 shares, one of 80 shares & 3 of 40 shares , also one of 20 shares, one of 4 shares & 2 each of 2 shares, making in all $15,700 since the last meeting. The subject has been presented to numerous iuen of moans of whom subscriptions are expected." The rest of the president's Report to this meeting is omitted in the Board's minutes; but it probably stressed the financial thoughts presented in his ans have left estates to purposes of public utility, whose benevolent intentions have been inadequately carried out by those intrusted with the disposal of their bequests; and. it seems to be a. growing determination of the benevolent to give, during their lifetime, toward such C objects as present the;aselv s in the light of public benefactions, discriminating according to their own judgment, and themselves sharing in the pleasurable occupation of appropriating their means. iPPhe munificent donation of Matthew Vassar for the establishment of a Female College at poughkeepsie, Rev? York, already amounting to several hundred thousands of I It ollars — the recent offer of Ezra Cornell, of Ithaca, New York, of half a million • dollars and about 200 acres of land, for the establishment, with the aid of funds anproj printed to the State by the U.S. So-"-eminent, of a college to provide instruction in ^ffj. 1 II r How much Swarthr,ore's founders utilized an ill UP tr* t i o T a n * advocacy of their own ideal is indicated by the frequent references in the I S f - ^ J—i i US /// Continuation of Footnote N o . ^ on Intelligencer to that college. X For example, one month after the laying of Swarthmore's corner-stone the following "item" appeared (VoT^S^ p . 271)j "The Vassar Female College, poughkeepsie, N . Y . , numbers three hundred and fifty-three \and the remainder in n o a r l / equal lumbers from West. 3r scholars^£E553GX».» England, the Middle States, and the Nearly half a million of dollars, the gift of one person, has been expended , to $216 - * . ' T - , __ _ , ~ . . . ~ , n to $1,026.00; in 1869, to £3,042.30; in 1870 jj^uly), to $3,083.96; making the 1 totr-l, fro.r, IF65 1F65 to Jul;. otrl, fro.;; Jul;, , 18^0, the relatively large run (as compared with th- stock) y - > ^ — » » li » JJ < '* 2- Co y iis——s- The local cvnferencesj^stinralated "both donations and stock subscriptions; but during the last years of the l?5Q's the;/ were falling, as has teen seen above,into infregucncy and desuetude. In connection with p M l - d e l hia y«arlr M e e t i n g , on 5 t h . /If Month 1 3 , 1866 (five cnys after thf: corner-stone laying) a conference was held in R a c e Street Meeting-houre; but of this re have no a c c o u n t . A t the time cr Baltimore Yearly Meeting (10th. Monti .39 to 11th. M o n t h 1 , 1 8 6 5 ) , a. conference was h e l d , the following //S~ account of which appeared in the Intc11igeneor: 7PDuring the week of the late Yearly Meet in.' at Baltimore, a large and interesting meeting was held at Lombard Street Meeting-house, on the subject of Education, with special reference to the prospects of Swarthmore College. Remarks were made by Samuel V. J a n n e y , Henry H a y d o c k , JB£ min Howell, Edward P a r r i s h , Henry Hallowell, John Cox, A Benja- and others. ry aspects of the general subject were ably p r e s e n t e d . The great and jobvious advantage of a religio is b o d y , holding vital principles fitted to benefit all nankind, having an institution adapted to cultivate the intellectual powers and develope jthe talent of its m e m b e r s , so that in the midst of this reading/age it may be at least fairly represented in the world of letters, was presented, as a leading consideration. ^ D r a l preaching under the divine influence and direction is indeed a "reat instrurnentr 1 ity for .good, but it rerches comparatively f e ^ , while books and. r.ublications go everywhere and. silently, at all timer and in all p l a c e s , to mould the opinions and fix the or i n d o l e s of those to whose ca~acit" the- are addressed. f- Intelligencer, V o l . fer'ss^ p . 603. "Ie '"ant hooks esr.ec- ially for the young, — books which will inter; st w h i l e they inform the mind and improve the heart of those who must soon come upon the stage of active l i f e . ^ T h e throe kinds of enjoyment were presented to view: physical enjoyment, which :on and applied this wonderful agent to his purposes. As a result of this dis- covery arid application more than to any other cause, the humblest mechanic in our time may enjoy comfort and means of improvement, £*reater than those of kings and princes three hundred •.•tarn a g o . The discovery of the philosophical fact that a galvanic current passing round a pie -e of soft iron gave it the properties of a m a g n e t , was the first step toward the oerfection of those wonderful means of conirurricati >n by which events in the most distant communities and the thoughts of the most widely separated m e n are now spread w i t h limhtr.ing speed over the w o r l d . social influence of institutions of learning was forcibly presented by a v Friend who had graduated in Yale C o l l e g e . He said that wherever he travelled he found the name 'Yale' a passport to the friendly regard of any one who had ever enjoyed the • H9 -Ar- VG. ' privileges of that ancient College, and he hooed in the future Swarthmore would he a word of equal charm to its graduates, with the additional advantage that those knit together by memories of our College would be generally of the same social and religious training, and would include both sexes, and, in some instances, doubtless, those associated in the nearest relations of life. ^Although no effort was made by the officers of this meeting to obtain the names of subscribers to the fund for the erection, of the College, we .are informed, that considerable pecuniary results have already followed from it, and we earnestly wish that similar conferences might be held throughout the Society, till such interest should be awakened as would insure an ample fund for the completion and. endowment of Swarthmore C o l l e g e . * ! h ^ ^ ^ C ^ U S J L r r U ^ ^ I ^ X t L ^ The sentiment in behalf of local, and even family, schools among Friends persisted during all the years when Swarthmore College was coming slowly into being. nb is evident from an article in the Intelligencer, This signed by M . A . Calkins, of Farmington, 3T.Y., and entitled "A Mother's Thoughts on Education." Two of its paragraphs are as follows: "ftIt seems to me that we as a people suffer much loss from the neglect, so apparent among u s , of organizing and supporting suitable institutions where our children may be educated apart from the contaminating influences of our District Schools. I confess that I deeply feel our need of improvement in this matter, and I doubt not th't all -a.rents are with me who have the moral or spiritual interests of their children at heart. Till the love we bear our offspring, or the interest we have in society, or the duty we ore to both, allow us longer to stand inacIive with so vast a field of labor in view! « In the city, new life has sprung up; it is in the country, where friends are scattered P abroad t .greater distances from .-sell other, that we suffer. us? And is there no remedy for Must our children be sent hundreds of miles, lerhaps, fr.j . their homes, at an expense which but few amongst us can bear, or must they be doomed to the alternative ofj^./ 269 - Id /sue* Dr. Parrish was probably the author of the above account of the Baltimore conference; and in his diary under the date of 11 mo 4 . 1866, be makes the following reference to it and to a visit of exploration to Vassar College: was at Baltimore last week to address Friends in Conference on 3rd day evening of Y M week on Education & Swarthmore affairs. Will go this week, Margaret accompanying, to Po'keepsie to visit Vassar College stopping two days at ST. York go on 3rd & return in 6" day so as to miss no lecture at the College of Pharmacy, where we have a class of 140. - - 11 mo 14. Our visit to U . York was marred by my Margaret having sick headache almost 2 days out of 3 spent under Mary L . Parson's roof. all. She did not get to Po'keepsie at E ^ E d w a r ^ Hoopes, Helen L . jjjongstreth} & I spent one afternoon at Vassar & took tea with the 320 girls. President was away. Very cordially received by the facility Maria Mitchell lives at the observatory. & teachers. The She & her father sleep there & eat at the table of the matron or lady superintendent in the dining hall of the college. Maria M . is a person of admirable simplicity of character, very smart & quite agreeable. The Matron, Miss Lyman, also pleased us much. regard Vassar as coming up to their ideal. None of them seem to It seems to me they made a mistake in spending their money quite too freely & before appointing their professors - The institution is however a splendid monument to its founder - Oh for some princely Matthew Vassar among u s , though perhaps it is all right that Swarthmore should be brought forth through much labor & perseverance - Most good things a r e ^ 1 1 1 2 * 0 being thrown as it were into the very ar..is of temptntion, turned by the most Effectual means from the doors of society out into the allurements and. vanities of a n artful world, that they may gain their needed intellectual training? should we not, rrth«r, in vicinities where we are so scattered that schools cannot well be established u n d e r the immediate supervision of Monthly or Quarterly Meetings,, institute select or 'family schools? What though it should cost a little more time or money or painstaking, should we not be amply rewarded by seeing our dear young people growing uo in innocence and simplicity of spirit, ornaments to society, end preparing to fill the places of those worthies who are fast passing a".ayI It is certain that if re wish our children to be Friends, we must educate them as such; not to sectarianism — * to do~:ias or forms, — for these of themselves have not the life; yet we wo old have such examples set, and such influences surrounding them, as should bring into their view, and s rengthen in them, the pure simplicity of T r u t h , on which real Quakerism is builtr*" New York Yearly Meeting in M a y ^ 1366^also reflected this sentiment in favor of Fri.eri.doi schools nearer home than Swarthmore. At that m e e t i n g , Nine Partners Quarterly Meeting reported that "this meetin.- has under consideration the subject of establishing a Boarding School, to be located at O s w e g o , and to ash of the Yearly Meeting a proportion of the Yearly Meeting's School Fund for that -purpose." The Committee on the School F o n d , to which this request was referred, approved it a n d the Yearly Meeting so ordered; but the Committee thfl School T^iad- was apparently so influenced by the progress made at Swarthmore that it reported, to the Yearly Meeting its unreadiness to recommend a -proposal of the year before to establish a Boarding School for the entire Yearly M e e t i n g . Jhh^rjx^.. ^tt.jVUv^ S ^ j T i ^ i v v ^ v . ; aL L Swarthmore was again brought -prominently b e f o r e Friends, o n w i w ^ i s , 1 8 5 6 , when tile Philadelphia Friends' Social Lyceum h e l d the third of its annual "Reunions" on //7 the college property. The following notice of the event was inserted in the Intelligencer: TfThe members of Friends' Social Lyceum propose having their Third Annual 1 Reunion' at Swarthmore, near Westdale JStation, on the Vest Ch rter and. Philadelphia R a i l r o a d ,L on the 7 - z C p v . 200,215. "" Mb0 & % 7 I 16th of Sixth m o n t h , 1 3 6 5 . If unfavorable w i t h e r should prevent the excursion, it will take place on the succeeding Seventh-day, (6th month 2 3 d , ) at the same h o u r . /•Delegates hrve been invited from various Literary Associr tions,§na a general invitation is extended to Friends in the city and country. 4*The ca^r leave Thirty-First and rkf S t r e e t r , 'Vest Philadelphia, at 7 . 2 0 ^ ^ (Special Train,) 11 A . M . , and 2.If P.M.; returning, -ill leave Westdale for the city about ?.4C, 5.55, ar.i 8.05 P . M . Those residing along the line of the Baltimore Central and ',?ert Ohcrter Sailroad rill arrive and depart by the regular trains, — all of which will stop at ".Testdale Station on this d a y . ^Excursion tickets may be had of any of the Committee, or at the Depot previous to the departure of the trains, ft Fifty cents each; Children, half p r i c e . Corresponding rates from other points. /'Literary Exerciser, will be bel3 at 10 A . " , and 3 P . M . ^Clement M . middle, S*09 Commerce St., J . Morgan Cooper, 203 M a r k e t , Jacob M . Ellis, 325 W a l n u t , Chns. A . D i x o n , 715 M a r k e t , J o s . L . H a n c o c k , 33d above B a r i n g , Henry Bentley, 3 . E . c o r . Third and Chestnut, Henry C . H a w k i n s , 1024 Chestnut, Reb.T.Buckman, ff 45 IT. E i g h t h , Howard Gourlcy, 523 II. Seventh, Clemmons P a r r i s h , 800 A r c h , Alfred M o o r e , 331 1". Sixth, T.H.Speaknan, 26 1". S e v e n t h , J . M . T r u m a n , J r . 717 T a l l o w , Committee on Arrangements //f The Intelligencer for 5 t h . Month 3 0 , 1 8 6 6 , gave its usual generous space in its editorial notes to the following account of the occasion: f r i e n d s ' Social L y c e u m . The Third Annuel 'Reunion of thie Literary Association took place according to apr-ointment at Swarthmore on the 1 6 t h . inst. The day was bright and clear, and more than two thous- and perrons availed themselves of the opportunity thus afforded to spend it u n d e r the canopy of h e a v e n . The 9 o'clock (special) train -"rom Philadelphia was heavily freighted c with a previous cargo for the station" hear the above mentioned -place, to which they were ? ~ V o l . 2 3 , ?7~264 - 5." 3r3r9~"—6- quickly conveyed. e f y] y A s the company wound slowly up the ror a and over the hill through the grounds to the spot selected for the Literary exercises, many greetings were exchanged, and smiles went forth to eyes that smiled a g a i n , as the new comers were welcomed "by those who h a d previously a r r i v e d . ^ T h e audience quietly settled near the platform erected for the speakers. Those who obtained seats had the privilege of hearing much, that was calculated to instruct and inform; hut while the auditorium was u n b o u n d e d , the capacity of the human voice is limited, yet those who could not h e a r , could enjoy the varied pictures of beauty and interest which were everywhere presented to the eye. After the appointment of Samuel Martin of Kennet Square a s Chairman, a few introductory remarks were made b y Thomas H . Speakman. A n original poem was.; then read by. Hplliday J a c k s o n , an oration by T;Clr-rkson Taylor, an essay by Williaia Henry F a r q u h a r , of Sandy Spring, M d . , and an address by Henry H o w a r d , interspersed with recitations bp- some of our young friends. ^ T h e company then dispersed for the noon lunch, which was partaken of by the • : ' i rent groups, near the spring, by the W n a o^ the stream, or such other spot a? taste or convenience led them to select. One noteworthy feature of the occasion was the sim- licity which characterized this part of the day's p r o c e e d i n g s . hour or two was then soent in strolling through the woods or in lingering by the side of the peaceful stream, shaded with forest trees, and sentinelled in one t T place by rocks rising in rugged beauty many fee* overhead, decorated with the aartidgeb e r r y , f e m e and m o s s e s . The leafy canopy atove was tenanted with nature's own ausicisns, end ever and anon was heard the h i g h , clear, rinping notes of the wood-robin and the softer twitterin ;s of other less melodious b i r d s . Few with minds properly attuned could ramble over there scehes without feeling renewed veneration for Hi;::, who .'crowneth the year with goodness and . lakci: the little hills to rejoice on every side.' " A m o n g the exerciser of 1 h n afternoon session, was an address on Education — by Edward P & r r i s h , followed by essays and recitations. % n * The question, 'Which system of education is more effective, . — That which aims at a general knowledge of many subjects, or a thorough hno"'ledge of a. f ev ? • was then spiritedly and interestingly discussed. •Wliile it gives us pleasure to commend the good order and propriety observed, we hope that before another such occasion, the Lyceum will see the necessity of having a judicious committee of inspection, who shall be careful to admit no recitations antagcnistic to our principles and"festiiaonir-s. almo't cloudless sIlj' greatly contributed to the day's enjoyment, of which the paramount charm wat; the kindness and social interest which seemed to animate ever; h e a r t . As the "ay -g-ned, one carriage after another sight be seen slowly leaving the ground, and each retreating whistle of the locomotive was the signal that some friend had taken his departure. Ere nightfall the place which for several hours had blossomed \Ahfdr with human thoughts a,nd affections, 'was again left to the undistyi-bu^ed possession of its o -n na t i v e de n i z e n s . £ S u e h occasions bring u s in closer sympathy with each other, and cause us to feel that our and their happiness is increased by the p r o p e r exercise of the social af f ect ions .^f JXO The Intelligencer published also the essay read by William Henry Farquliar and the "He-iirhs" of Edward P a r r i s h . The former ma.de only one reference to the new college, as follows}7fSo, I think, it in^st ever b e . outward supply. The inward demand must precede the S o , at a time not far distant, shall a noble•and dignified structure, worthy of the wise and benevolent purposes to which it will be consecrated, rise up on the grounds where we stand, a lasting testimony of the deep interest felt by the Society of Friends in the ^c.use of education; or — the space left vacant, or covered only with los and narrow w a l l s , must tell tc the worl<2 a storv which we will not allow ourselves 1-L.n, X even to i m a g i n e . ^ y J jn t* t /Le^/CZu*. - - A- ^ A x J L ^ ^ l r y j ^ MTYYu* ^ ^-(TWV ^ ^ ^ - 119 * 8' .f T-lf- President Parrish was announced to read an "Essay on Education", but said that he should have preferred a less hackneyed subject. He did discourse, however, upon "the eternal war between ignorance and knowledge", illustrating it by references to the recent Civil War and various other events in the historic past, and using it to emphasize the need of "a liberal education." His concluding paragraph, which was the closest reference he made to Swarthmore College, was as follows: "My friends, we want that kind of education that will bring us into companionship with the great and good of all times. This will embellish our homes; this will lead us out of low and grovel- ling pursuits and desires; this will bring into the midst of the family circle a means of individual and domestic culture and development which will soon be felt in society at lar e s -" Q ^ r y ^ u L / 9 L (c The work of construction was pushed on through the summer and autumn of 1866, and on 11th. Month 10 of that year the following report of progress was made in /TU* the editorial columns of the Intelligencer: ^Swarthmore College. - We have numerous inquiries concerning the progress of the building and the prospect of an early organization of thJjachool in which so maiy of our subscribers are interested, and have made inquiries recently with a view to answering these. The masonry on the west wing of the College is so nearly completed as to justify the confident expectation that the roof will be upon it before the winter weather prevents out-door work. The carpenters can then proceed with their labors under cover, the floors can be laid, the stud partitions put u p , and the other inside work proceeded with early in the spring. The masons will proceed with the erection of the remaining walls, which are already erected to the line of the first joist, and there can be little doubt that the roof will be raised upon the whole building before this time next year. The French roof, which has been adopted as an improvement in the plans, gives an additional story, in which the older class of 139* pupils can be lodged; and it is believed that the Board of Managers will determine, at its next meeting, to open the Preparatory School in the west wing in the autumn of next year. Although this measure would be liable to some objections, it would, no doubt, give a more definite and positive direction to the interest already manifested in the enterprise, and attract toward it some who have stood aloof upon the plea that the plans of education and management were not sufficiently matured to enable them to judge intelligently of them. There is a feeling with some that the Institution is being erected upon an extravagant basis —- that too much money is being spent upon the building — • such should visit the grounds and examine the plans; they will find that while the building is substantially constructed, as it certainly should b e , to meet the views of all, it has no more expended upon it than would be considered essential to any structure of its size and objects. Upon the number of pupils it is capable of accommodating, must depend in great measure the cheapness of instruction and living of the pupils, and upon this must depend the adaptation of the Institution to the wants and requirements of the community. We learn that an effort is now being made to increase the means of the corporation by a general duplication of former subscriptions, and that upon the success of this will probably depend the ability of the Board to open the school next autumn, and at the same time to extend the building to completion. In closing this article, we need hardly urge upon all who would promote the spread of intelligence and liberal culture in the Society of Friends, and in the communities in which they predominate, to aid this enterprise to the extent of their surplus means.^ The Board of Managers had held a meeting on 9th. Month 7,1866, at which only seven members appeared. Subsequent to the meeting, five other members (Hugh Mcllvain, Harriet E . Stockly, Samuel Willets, John G . Haviland and Edward Merritt) signed a statement which was appended to the minutes, and which expressed their "full sanction and approval of the proceedings as recorded in the foregoing minutes, to the end that they may be Mfc. v / d rendered valid and binding as though a full quorum had been present at the said meeting." The transactions at this meeting included chiefly the receipt and approval of reports from the treasurer and auditors. The treasurer, William Canby Biddle, reported that he had received, between 3rd. Month 3 , 1864, and 9th. Month 1 , 1866, the sum of $82,370*00 in payment for stock, as follows: from Gerard H . Reese, Baltimore receiver, $3,500.00; from Clement M . Biddle, Philadelphia receiver, $49,620.00; from Samuel Willets, New York receiver, $29,250*00; also donations amounting to % 0 , 7 8 5 . 0 0 , and interest amounting to $7,477.41, making a total of $100,632.41. During the same period, he reported, there had been expended for real estate, $24,083.49; for organization, $2,557.18; for construction, $ 3 3 , 7 ^ . 0 0 ; making a total of $60,396*67, and leav- ing a balance of $40,235.74* The auditors, Isaac Stephens and Clement Biddle, reported the treasurer's account to be correct; and the treasurer then resigned his office, on account of "co»tinued ill health and contemplated absence from this country." The Board accepted the resignation, with expressions of regret and "appreciation of his faithfulness and efficiency in promoting the objects of our organization." Henry M . Laing was then "appointed Treasurer of the Corporation until the time of the annual appointment in the 12th. Month next." The new treasurer retained his office until 1870, when Williag C . Biddle was reappointed and served until 1373. The Board at its meeting in 9th. Month, 1866, also received the following I report from the President on"Jfthe progress of the various departments of the concern i j since our last meeting. The foundations of the entire building are laid & the West Wing has progressed to the laying of the second story joists. It is believed to be practicable to inclose the West Wing this season, but not the Center building and East Wing. "Water works are in course of construction & an abundant supply of water from the Creek will be discharged at the building site in a few days* - ^ h e Rail Road Company having extended the sideling {siding) on our front Henry M . Laing was head of the firm of Laing and Maginnis^ 30 North Third Street, Philadelphia, and was at the time, and for some years before and afterwards, Treasurer of the Association of Friends in Philadelphia for the Aid and Elevation of the Freedmen. «* 111 & built a new freight station & store house desire the privilege of widening the road alongside of the Bail Road to facilitate the turning and loading of wagons hauling coal and freight.* In response to the last two items in the report, a committee of three (Joseph Powell, Hugh Hcllvain and Edward Parrish) was ^authorized to enter into agreement with Waldron J . Cheyney & others interested securing & defining our rights and n duties arising out of damming Crum Creek for the erection of water works thereon ; and another committee of three (comprising the same members as in the first committee) was authorized "to grant to the West Chester and Philadelphia Hail Road such privileges as they may deem expedient for the purpose of widening the roadway not exceeding 16 feet on the Rail Road front of our property provided the R . R . Company will provide increased accommodations at the passenger station.* On 12th. Month 3 , 1866, the Board held a regular meeting the day before the annual meeting of the Corporation. firmed the minutes of 9th. Month 7. Twenty-two members attended this meeting and conThe new treasurer, Henry M . Laing, reported that since 9th. Month 13 he had received for subscriptions to the stock, from Gerard H . Reese, -v /l/l. Received for Baltimore, $1,500.00; from Clement ^ Biddle, Receiver for Philadelphia, $4,495.00 (plus $103.10 in donations); and from Samuel fillets, Receiver for Hew York, $4,654.02; making a total, with the former balance of $21,821.25 ($21,806.80 plus Interest $14.46) of $32,573.37. He had paid out, to the Construction Acct. $15,000.00, and to the Organization Acct. $1,000.00, leaving a Balance of $16,573.37. One minute of the meeting records that "the Board was much occupied with the subject of increasing the capital stock subscribed, which is referred to the Annual Meeting of the Contributors.* The minutes of this meeting have no further reference to the subject of finances, but are devoted chiefly to the report of the Building Committee, which was as followsj^PThe committee respectfully report that the building has progressed satisfactojv [ P f i l l f ] 277 - Id The right of building the dam having been left unsettled, the first committee referred to in this paragraph proceeded to secure it. Articles of agreement were therefore drawn u p , first, with John Ogden, which set forth thet J^whereas the said John Ogden by Indenture - dated the fifth day of July 1364, and Recorded at Media in Deed Book M H o . 2 page 554 &c granted and conveyed to Daniel Foulke, Clement Biddle and M . Fisher Longstreth, in trust for said College though not so expressed in said deed, a certain tract of land therein described situate in Springfield township, aforesaid, bounded westwsrdly by Crum Creek and northwardly by other lands of the said John Ogden of which the same was part; and by the original Articles of agreement made with Friends Educational Association since merged in said College it was stipulated and. agreed that said purchasers should have as part of their said purchase certain water privileges as hereinafter specified unon the remaining land of the said. John Ogden, but which said privileges were by mistake omitted from the said deed, and said original article of agreement has been mislaid. " H o w this agreement witnesseth that the said John Ogden in consideration of the .remises and in further consideration of the sum of one dollar to him in hand paid doth hereby erranx bargain sell release asid confirm unto the said Swarthmore A College their successors and assigns, the right liberty and privilege of damming and backing up the waters of the said Crura Creek through and upon the lands of the said John Ogden as far Northward as the same bounds upon and extends along the said Creek on either side. And it is agreed that the raid Swarthmore College shall pay to the said John Ogden at the rate of — — " Dollars per acre for all the ground, of the said John Ogden that shall be overflown at the ordinary stage of the water by the erection of the said dam. And it is further agreed that if the said daxa when erected shall make the water too deep for convenient crossing from his lands on one side to those or. the other, the said College shall cause the channel of the creek to be filled up at that point so as to preserve the said ford, taking the necessary materials from the adjacent landr. of the raid John Ogden if they can "be there had.* . . _ "f'ith owners of land alorw the Crura, was drawn tip the following sgreement: A ~ ^ T h i s agreement made the ' " — — daj^l3S6 between Mordecai L e w ' s , George L e » i s Surviving Administrator of the Estate o f R e e o e Lewis deceased Mary A . Lewis widow of T ssid3". Reece Lewis deed and G e o . 7. Miller guardian of George Lewis & Edith A . Lewis ninor children of the said X . Reece Le^'is deceased of the one p a r t , and Swarthmore College of the other p a r t . ff Whereas the raid Mordecai Reece Lewis were the owners of a certain lot of ground situate and bounding u p o n the "*eet side of Crum Creek in Kether Providence Township Delaware County and being also interested in the next mill power above on ssid Creek and in consideration that the raid S . C . w o u l d locate their College building on a certain tract of land on the Easterly side of said Creek in Springfield Township agreed in the life time of the raid J h Reece Lewis that the said College should have the right and privilege of damming u p upon said lot the raters of said Creek^fso that the head of said data should not extend further up than a certain rock on the Southerly or Easterly side thereof on land o" John Ogden with a projecting corner extending out of the bank and a hemlock spruce tree growing thereon about llf or 20 yard by the course of the creek Southward from the ford on the road crossing said Creek near !7allingrford M i l l s , and the said College has located its building on the tract a f o r e s a i d . ^Pf-Tow therefore it is hereby covenanted and agreed by the parties hereto of the first part and each of them to the extent of their and each of their right power and authority so to a g r e e , the said Mordecai Lewis & the heirs of ^ Reece Lewis being still the owners of the aforesaid l o t , that the said Swarthmore College shall have and enjoy to itself s u c c e s s o r & assigns the right liberty & privilege of damming and backing u p the waters of said Crum Creek to the height and extent hereinbefore mentioned and specified, and the said parties of the first part and each of them according to their several 277 - l b id respective powers & capacities do further covenant arid agree to make execute and sliver such further conveyance and assurance, and to sign such petitions acceptances of stice or other papers «nd to become parties to such legal proceedings the tg-id party f the second part may deem necessary for the fetter securing of the grant and privilege 3 foresaid. *" To complete the legal right to build the dam, the two following agreements ire found necessary: ^1855 Deed Moriecai Lewis &tju Eeece Lf-wis to James M . Price, C ITo 2 3th Mo 9th p 445 Court 56 A 106 P in Hether Providence same which James Hon*sn wife by Indenture dpted the 16th July 1853 Red in Deed Book B Ho 2 page 31 &c granted id convened to said Mordecai Lewis & J ! Reece Lewis in fee. Excepting & reserving unto ieiu the parties Of the first part hereto their heirs & assigns a Rectangular strip of land irt of the above described premises commencing at the H.E.Corner thereof in the said 'ua Creek thence Southwardly along the Northern line of the said premises Forty feet id Southwardly in breadth three feet containing nearly half a perch of land. ^ 1861 Deed James M . Price & wife to Waldron^J*. Cheyney I H o . 2 page 345 'th Mo 10th 26 acres (122 perches on Creek). * 186fc|- Deed Francis Lightfoot to Waldron J I Cheyney M H o . 2 p . 122 - 32 A lar. 30th 128 p . Same James M . price & wife by deed 2nd M o . 9th 1358 Deed Book No. 2 p . ?5$t&c granted & conveyed to f . Lightfoot. ^ This agreement made the day of 1866 between Swarthmore College ' Edw»rd Parrish Hugh lieIIvein and Joseph Powell, members of the Board of Managers of -id College and on behalf of Swarthmore College having competent authority herein, of le one part, and '"aldron J". Cheyney of the other part. **Whereas the said Swarthmore College holds a certain tract of land on the east Lele of Criffi Creek & partly bounding thereon in Springfield Del Co. purchased of John gden & others & the legal title to which is now vested in certain trustees but intended 27? - 1 c i be conveyed to the said College and the said '"aldronjj^ Cheyney holds a certain •act of land on the Westerly side of the said Crura Creek & bounding thereon opposite to le lands of the said College. And whereas the said College has acquired & procured >r itself successors and assigns from the said John Ogden and from Mordecai Lewis and le representatives of the estate J* Reece Lewis owners of the lands on both, sides of the lid Creek above those of the parties hereto the right and privilege of darning & backing > the waters of said Creek to a certain specified point. it is hereby mutually covenanted and agreed by and between the parties sreto for themselves their heirs successors & assigns that a dam shall be erected u^on id across the said Crum Creek at some point between the lands of the parties hereto, > be agreed upon by the parties hereto for the purpose of raising & backing up the tters of said Creek and making available the fall thereof to a height co-extensive with le grants made as aforesaid or that may hereafter made by the owners of the lands above; id the said dam shall be erected and maintained for a period of twenty years, wholly ; the cost of the party hereto of the first part, procuring the necessary materials :om eithgr side of the Creek in equal proportions if found convenient, excepting timber id stones other than stones or rocks found or uncovered in the progress of the work, id the said Swarthmore College shall have use and enjoy to themselves their successors id assigns ti-'o thirds of the water of said Creek flowing from the said dam and be deemed of 2/l ae ownerAthereof as to all other uses\advantages that may be derived therefrom and the r^thereof as to all other uses^r. aid 7/aldron X- Cheyney his heirs and assigns shall have and enjoy the remaining third of he water of said Creek flowing from said dam and be deemed the owner of l/3 thereof as o all other uses & advantages that may be derived therefrom; and from & forever after the xpiration of the aforesaid period of tventy years the cost of maintaining renewing & eeping in good order & repair the said dara shall be borne by the parties hereto jointly n the proportion of two thirds by the partv of the first part and. one third by the party i- f the second partj^-enul afti'J>" Liur IM ; ive"'jior, of tho o?„t 1frrcnb;»•ye.Jia ** This last agreement was apparently substituted for an incomplete agreement hich reads as. follows; 277 - Id ^Tnereas James M . Price by Indenture of Mortgage dated the ninth day of the nd Month 1853 and Recorded in the office for Recording Deeds &c at Media Delaware County n Mortgage Book L page 428 &c aid grant a Mortgage to Mordecai Lewis snd«JT Reece Lewis o secure the payment of the sum of $3000. A certain Messuage and tract of 25 acres and 20 perches of land in Nether Providence Delaware County therein particularly described ounded eastwardly by Crura Creek which farms the boundary between the same & lands of warthmore College, and the said Indenture of Mortgage has been duly assigned to George e.wis by assignment endorsed thereon dated 2nd Mo 2nd 1863 and intended now to be reorded. Aa.d the said Jr.me* II. Price by Indenture dated the tenth day the 7th Mo 1861 recorded at Media in Deed Book I N o . 2 page 345 &c granted and conveyed the said arr- ises subject to the said Mortgage & "Taldron jIT Cheyney, his heirs & assigns. And wh.--rea \e said "'aldron JjT" Cheyney and. the staid Swarthmore College are about to erect a dam .ton and across the said creek between their said properties That Thomas H . Speakmnn was the lawyer who drew up for the college the above greements would appear from the following letter: H . 7th St. 10th Mo 5 , 1866 s teemed Friend* I enclose the agreements. please have for one of the witnesses to ie signature of the opposite party, a person who will be always accessible, and he ;;d better be disinterested. If you will execute the agreements with Cheyney, I will attend to getting Ls signature if it is desired. Thruly thine K . th0s. iward parrish. ^ sf2akman. SHF 1-7 t ily as far as the erection of the walls of the West Wing, the foundations of the \entire building, and some portions of the first story of the Center building. The first line of joist is laid upon the whole and all the joist upon the West Wing and the entire roof of this wing is now being erected. •*The proposal to adopt the French or Mansard roof for the whole building • has been fully adopted and a perspective drawing of the building as thus modified is herewith submitted, the dome being now omitted and the flat portion of the roof made of gravel, it is believed that the expense of roofing will still fall below the original estimate. *The plan of the West Wing has been further modified by enlarging the class rooms^to fit them for the purposes of the preparatory department, which will be most appropriately organized in this wing as the first to be completed. *The suggestions of some of the female members of the Board have led to extending the kitchen department so as to allow of a housekeeper*s room and other conveniences in immediate proximity to the scullery, pantries,&c. A saving of expense will arise from the obvious change of the kitchen building to a one storied structure with a French roof yet giving the same accommodation as before* *The elevated Mansard roof of the Center buildihg gives an appropriate location for the water tanks which we propose to be two in number holding 15,000 gallons and supported by the corridor walls immediately under the roof, the towers in the rear of the return wihgs need not then be carried higher than the adjoining walls* ^The original estimate of the cost of inclosing the entire building as reported to the Board last year was $95,000, viz $40,000 for the Center building and $27,500 for each of the wings. The amount already expended is $47,605*70 which in- cludes more than two-thirds of the stone, more than one-half the masonry, nearly onehalf the bricks and besides the lumber already -used and required for inclosing the West Wing 47000 feet of floor boards of unusually fine quality. The lumber has cost much less than the estimated prices, the lime has also fallen below the original estimate and the sand has thus far been procured almost without expense from the excavation of the cellar. This excavation cost $2,236.50, the original estimate having been $3,000. These items founded on the experience of the present building season shows that the whole can probably be inclosed for $92,328. substantial dam and race have been built and the water wheel and pump erected and pipe laid to carry the water to the building but some of these items have not been paid for. see no reason to depart from the original estimate of the cost of pleting COBH the building after it is inclosed which was $60,000 additional, making the whole cost about $150,000. The proposal to complete the West Wing and such parts of the Center building as may be required for the preparatory department of the school by the first of the Tenth Month next has led to some estimates by our architects which show a probable cost of about $30,000 to fit the building for these uses. estimates have been made for furniture and apparatus for instruction and in estimating the money to be raised, the improvement of the grounds, the erection of laundry, steam or other heating apparatus and gas works mast not be overlooked-f The Board discussed this report, and then instructed the Building Committee M t o put the whole building under roof as soon as practicable,carrying on the inside work on the West Wing as their funds will allow." President Parrish was evidently desirous of completing the West Wing first and of starting the preparatory department in it before completing the whole building and opening the college department. minutes of this meeting state that "a report was made by the President. For the He suggested the opening of the preparatory department, if practicable, next Autumn |l86?j, dividing the West Wing so as to receive about 150 pupils, half of each sex, from whom college classes might be formed at the end of one or at most two years." The Board preferred, however, to make haste slowly, and decided that "the suggestion is considered premature considering the state of our finances." But the Board did act on one of the President's interesting and historically important suggestions, as follows: "The President and Advisory Committee propose Edward H . Magill for the position of Superintendent or Principal of the Preparatory Department upon consideration they are authorized to act in behalf of the Board when in their judgment the time has arrived to make such an appointment." \ Two moro yoaro were fxL-JAt+tir. ^liLGs to -olapiBe boforc^Dr. Magill's fdrmal |election\fas» this One further step was taken by the Board at this meeting looking towards the opening of the school and college and laying down a policy which has been followed substantially to the present time. The minutes record: "It is concluded that justice to those who aid in the erection of the college requires that their children should have preference^ in claiming admission to its privileges.". The next day, 12th. Month 4 , 1866, at 3 o'clock P.M., the third "Annual Meeting of the Contributors of Swarthmore College", or "the stockholders"^ or Corporation, was held in lace Street Meeting-house. The clerks of the Corporation, Edward Parrish and Edith W . Atlee, had given two notices of it in the Intelligencer «s usual; and the Board at its meeting on 12th. Month 3 , had appointed its clerks, Edward Parrish and Helen G . Longstreth, to prepare its annual report to the Corporation. The stockholders elected eight managers, whose term had expired, to serve for four y e a r s C h a r l e s T . Bunting^ of New York, in place of John G . Haviland^ T . Clarkson Taylor of Wilmington^ in place of Thomas H . Matthews^ Martha d. Mc Ilvain and Elizabeth W . Lippincott in place of Phebe M . Bunting and Mary L . Boberts* fy^^U. ^ ^ Martha Tyson's husband was very ill at the ti#e of this meeting, and died one month later. Her preoccupation with him was doubtless one of the reasons why she was not elected to the Board for\l866-^tt That she continued to promote her educational "concern" as best she could by pen is shown in an article on "Ackworth School", which she contributed to the Friends Intelligencer for 10th. Month 20 and 27, 1 8 6 6 ^ Introducing the article — Vol.Xffiypp. 584 aad 616. -gal. 3 V P V «5e^etfar-Month 15, 1066^. j ' U - ~ £ - " ~ was the following note: "The respectful allusion to Ackworth school, by Edward Parrish, in his excellent 'Essay on Education in the Society of Friends,' has led many Friends to desire further information concerning this denominational seminary of the Friends of England. With the view of presenting the rdaders of the Friends' Intelligencer with a concise account of Ackworth, the following simple article has been compiled. And a characteristic foot-note to her article reads as follows* "The patrons Of Ackworth never appear to have supposed that the school would become a self-supporting seminary, but in the most friendly and liberal manner contribute every year to make up deficiencies in the income, which is derived from various sources. 11 Benjamin Hallowell had not been a member of the Board since 12th. Month, 1863, and he was not elected at the meeting in 12th. Month, 1866. He had continued to serve as clerk of Baltimore Yearly Meeting and as the secretary of that meeting's very efficient "Standing Committee of the Indian Concern." This committee was to be asked by President-elect U . S . Grant, two years later, to nominate "suitable persons for Indian agents"; and Samuel M . Janney was nominated by it, and appointed by the President in April^ 1869, to the office of Superintendent of Indian Affairs. Meanwhile, in the spring of 1866V h e advertised in the Intelligencer T the sale of his Boarding School Property at Springdale, and devoted the rest of the year tojcompleting his *5istory of_ Friends**- in four volumes, the publication of the last two volumes of which was advertised in the Intelligencer for 12th. Month 2 9 , \2$ ^ 1 8 6 6 . / S a m u e l M . Janney was also much interested at this time in the establishment of First-day Schools, as evidenced by his article in the Intelligencer for 3rd. Month 9 , and 7th. Month 27, 1867 ( V o l ^ ^ p . 4 ) . In many numbers of the Intelligencer for 1867, appeared a long review by him of W . Robertson's Life and Discourses. business transacted by/the Corporation at its meeting in 12th. y/t Month/ 1866a had t % d o with the d i s c u s s i o n ^ the Managers' report and the completion of iJlcu->-j~ /vAjw^ck /•v^/ti-vw^. A**. the ftmd.^x JftAddresseik were made enforcing thetnrpofrtance of the early completion 1 • Vol. 33t T. 64. i,.C 2 Y u l ' g0 » 000 " and establishment of the College. - - - The meeting being occupied with the subject of increasing the subscriptions to the capital stock, duplications and new subscriptions were made by those present, amounting to 44 shares, and one Friend, who had before subscribed and paid for 40 shares, now offered to be one of twentyfeo raise the stun of $50,000. *The proposal of the Board to add to the Committee to solicit Subscriptions, of last year, was united with. That Committee is requested to add to its number, and enter with renewed energy upon the work of increasing the subscriptions to the capital The minutes contain the brief record^ "a report from the Board of Managers was read, and called forth much expression of unity and encouragement"; but the Intelligencer's account of the meeting reveals a discordant, or critical and cautionary, note as follows: 7I*An impression was alluded to, as being entertained by some, that this work was being carried on extravagantly, and on a scale not warranted by the necessities of the case; but it is the opinion of those who have the best opportunity of knowing that it TV is far otherwise. Considering the greatly enhanced prices of material and labor, the cost of construction is remarkably low, and when finished, the capacity of the building will, it is believed, be found below the requirements of society. It was the desire of the Board to have reached the conclusion at this time to open the preparatory department in the portion of the building now erected, next fall, but in view of their contracts to complete the walls of the whole structure, the funds in hand will not justify this, and it was resolved to postpone it, unless the results of this winter'sf^an^lass for subscriptions should make it practicable.*" The Managers' Beport was a repetition, in the main, of the reports of its committees on building and property; but it included the following paragraphs from a J? "supplementary report of the Property Committee prepared but not presented:^The lawn and i ^ L M f» play-grounds have been fitted for grass, which it is proposed to sow, with oats in the spring. No money has been expended with reference to laying out walks, planting trees and hedges, erecting summer-houses, and other improvements, which will necessarily be postponed till the more pressing work of building and furnishing the College is provided for. Nearly all the tillable land north of the railroad has been thoroughly cultivated during the past season, and over 1,500 bushels of corn obtained therefrom. for labor have been $1,171.61; taxes, $65.02. $678.45. The expenses The sales of corn and fodder have reached Nearly 1,000 "bushels of corn remain on hand, the proceeds of which, when sold and applied to the ground, will fit it for the contemplated planting. We have offers of a variety of valuable trees and shrubbery, to be donated to the Corporation as soon as we can properly dispose of them in ornamenting our grounds.** to the raising of more funds, the Managers* Report contained the following paragraphsJ/^In accordance with a suggestion a ^ the last annual meeting, our President obtained the consent of fifteen of our contributors, chiefly residents of Philadelphia, to co-operate in obtaining subscriptions, and during the early spring several meetings of this committee were held, and preparations made for calling on persons of means with that object. Some, when visited on the subject, were not yet Sufficiently interested to re- spond, but expressed a willingness to consider it, and to be called on again, others subscribed, and a few declined; but, owing to the multiplicity of business cares, few of the committee were able to give their time to the work, and the approach of summer found it not half accomplished. The efficient Chairman of the Committee HoopesJ was obliged to leave h6m e in the early summer, to seek health and strength in foreign travel, and since his returm the operations of the Committee have not been resumed. In the meantime the little volume entitled 'Education in the Society of Friends, with an account of the laying of the corner stone of Swarthmore College', has been circulated in the city and country, and by conversation and correspondence the interest has been ex- tended and increased, so that there is reason to believe that a resumption of active operations by the Committee, to which we would suggest adding the names of some of those interested in Philadelphia and the surrounding country, would be crowned with success. •^The difficulty of our President, or any other single individual, conducting such a canvass successfully is more and more apparent. It requires united and persistent labor on the part of persons of influence, as many as possible of whom should be thenar selves liberal subscribers. If such influence and labor could be secured on behalf of our effort, there can be no doubt that we should soon be able to offer to the young all the advantages which our College is designed to supply. A l t h o u g h the causes we have adverted to, and the engrossing nature of the building and other operations, the intense heat of the summer, and the general scattering of Friends in pursuit of health and recreation, have caused a cessation of the labor of soliciting subscriptions, and even prevented our President from calling upon some who have expressed a desire to subscribe, a considerable increase of the stock has occurred during the past year, and we believe the time has arrived for an earnest renewal of this essential part of the work. ^ '' '' last paragraph renewed'the financial appeal as follows; "Finally, we would appeal to our friends and colleagues promptly to duplicate former subscriptions, and to those blessed with abundance to add greatly-increased subscriptions toward bringing our capital to at least $200,000, the lowest sura that can possibly enable us to complete, furnish and fit for its purposes the entire structure, the bare walls of which are now about one-half finished."-< Jbftihe concluding note reads: "Letters pertaining to the business of the corporation or to organizing the school, should be addressed to Edward Parrish, President of the College, 800 Arch Street, Philadelphia." JH-j ft-• / T r tj i ^ ' ^ fhe P r a m a t m l ' a brief lepuiL lu the Doard on "tho organisation of tho school"- 284 - 1 There are in this Report some echoes of Dr. P&rrish's private thoughts as recorded in his diary uhder date of Il/l5/l866 as follows; "It is too much for one TV m a ^ to do, to canvass for subscriptions to Swarthmore. find perhaps 3 out, I go to see 4 or 5 in a day of the two others one may duplicate a former subscription! and another finds it easy to say to me a single individual, young & of no special influence, that fata ^ 1 " later (2/2?/67), he writes: "JfOnr Swarthmore Canvassing Commit- tee is now meeting weekly, with pretty good success. /are excellent additions to our number. Alan Wood & Franklin H.Wilson Each strikes a new vein. I went down day before yesterday to Chester, accompanied by T . H . Speakman, called on 9 people 8 subscribed in all about $700 several who we did not see are likely to come in if called on - A second visit to Chester^ somewhat increased the subscription. list with Bunting & Parker lumber merchants. - - - 4/23. time to canvassing for Swarthmore subscriptions. Co. N.J. yielded only $250. spectively, in the city. Left the Still devoting most of my A visit of 2 days to Gloucester Got 3 subscriptions today for $1000 $100 & $125 re- Have raised nearly $11,000 thus far this spring in Philadelphia & Delaware Co. P a , besides sowing seed for much yet to be gathered. 3X - How greatly he would have appreciated our automobiles and telephones I -31. There le one man, besides i-r^sifJ-T-t i-arrish, *»ho ? t m 3 p out in the records with especial prominence in connecter, with the early fin?r,clnl story of the college. This man was Srmruel "illete, of Uev; York. He was b o m in 1795, and was therefore sixty-five y» ars of age when he began his work for Swarthmore College early in IP61. 'Vith hie elder brother Amos, he had established in 1R15 the firm of A . & S. billets at l'o. ZOc r e-' rl Street, lie- Yorx City, and did not retire from active business until fiftyr t-o •ye vvvvvXIXJ1-<_ Qjuis^CtJZJ^ . A*t -^to. / v t x ^ U V Y /vw. 1 plans for organizing the household department of the school and college & report at future meeting." To this committee were appointed Eachel T . Jackson, Helen G". Longstreth, Martha G . Mc Ilvain, Phebe W . Foulke, Eliza. H . Bell and Ellen Riley. Throughout two generations this committee, called in later years the Household Committee and composed of devoted women members of the Board, has faithfully performed its essential tasks. At the next meeting of the Board, on 5th. Month 9 , 1867, the resignation of Susan H . Jones on account of ill health was accepted, and Elizabeth B . Smith of Baltimore was elected in her place. The following report was presented from the Commit- | tee on the Organization of the Household: ^ T h e y have given much thought and attention \ to the important subject committed to their charge. The arrangement of the details of housekeeping and the adoption of rules of conduct and intercourse for the large family in attendance on the preparatory school & the college must grow out of the necessities of the case as they arise, and will require the united wisdom of the faculty of instruction and those placed over the household. ^The present duties of this committee seem to be: 1st, To suggest conveniences to be provided for in the building, in which, especially as relates to the kitchen and its adjoining apartments, they have cooperated with the Building Committee ' 2nd, To indicate as the subject matures in their minds, the proper officers to be appointed to the care of the pupils while in their rooms, at their meals, & in social intercourse. ffi , ^ ^ Q f ^ W ^ T h e most important of these officers will be a matron who shall as far as possible supply the place of a mother to each of the inmates of the house, encouraging those who are depressed, affectionately reproving any who may be forward or indiscreet and advising with all in their difficulties. She should also be intrusted with the appointment and supervision of the domestic servants connected with the kitchen & dormitories, seeing that their duties are efficiently carried out. Either through a subordinate housekeeper or with her own hands, she should apportion & dispense the daily supplies and see that they are economically and properly cooked and served. Her apartments should be located in the wing appropriated to the girls and should be freely accessible to them for confidential intercourse and as a center of refined and cultivated society. &lri view of the great importance of such an officer, second to none in the Institution in influence upon all the pupils, especially upon the susceptible minds of the girls and younger boys, we have thought it wise to seek among those already well known to the Board as conscientiously bound to this work for one possessed of the re\ quisite moral & intellectual qualities, who would begin thus early to prepare herself fot its duties with earnestness & singleness of purpose which can alone "bring success. ••^Dhe thoughts of some of the committee having been directed toward our friend Helen G. Longstreth as well fitted for the duties we have sketched, she was spoken to on the subject some months since and though at first unprepared for an undertaking of so much responsibility we believe she has undergone such a preparation of mind as now to feel that the duty is laid upon her to enter upon the work should the best judgment of the Board approve of her appointment. No expense will be incurred by giving her the position of Matron at this time, the compensation which is regarded as of secondary importance^ by her would begin only with the opening of the School and its amount would be determined when we are better able to measure our resources. In view of all the circumstances therefore we are prepared to recommend that the Board should appoint her Matron at this meeting, leaving the organization of the household in her hands under the advice & with the cooperation and approval of the President and this Committee.-^ A t the conclusion of this report, the Board adopted the following minutes "The proposition of the Committee on Organization of the Household to appoint Helen G . Longstreth Matron was after deliberate consideration fully united with and she accordingly appointed." From the above outline of the duties of the "Matron", it is seen that her , position united those of\^S&e-^ean and JfaE^pusekeeper. In 1886, Elizabeth Powell Bond came to the college, and after four years asjrtlatron, the two positions were separated I MtL and she was appointed Dean, while another became housekeeper^ and ^.trons of the various halls of residence were appointed as these developed. A woman held the fllean's position from 1890 to 1913, when a man was appointed the Dean of the College and a woman the Dean of Women; in 1928, another man was found to be necessary to serve as Dean of Men. Helen Gregorowski Longstreth, who was appointed in 1867 the first Matron, J^if/Sj _ /fxf ^ X ^ ^ u v f c / entered upon her active duties at the college in the autumn of 1869 and served during one college year, until June, 1870, when she retired. ^Her middle name was 1 in honor of her uncle s wife, a Russian ladyJs She was the daughter of a Philadeljmia Quaker merchant, Samuel Longstreth, and his wife, Sarah Redwood Fisher. / H e r younger brother, Miers Fisher Longstreth, was for twenty years (1871-91) also a member of Swarthmore's Board. At the time of her appointment asTRatron, she was in the fifty-second year of her age, and had long been active in the Quaker circles of Philadelphia as one of the editors of Friends' Intellig e n c e r X a member of the Friends' Library and Book Association committees. After her retirement Swarthmore, she lived Society thirty years longer, and of devoted herself to the work of from the Charity Organization and the education the Negro freedmen. and others interested inspecting the progress of the building an excursion has been arranged for tomorrow morning by special t r a i n . " ^ (This excursion, if it occurredwon 5th. Month 10, was too early to include the T Friends attending Yearly Meeting in Philadelphia^ which beg^nj^ on 5th. Month 13; and there appears to be no extant account of i t . J p O n e month later, on 6th. Month 15,1867, the Friends' Social Lyceum held its fourth annual reunion on the college grounds. /H This reunion was duly announced in the Friends' Intelligencer of 6th. Month 8 , the train-service being stated in detail, and the caution given: ^ o prevent the overcrowding (and consequent risk^ attendant on the 9 o'clock (special) train, it is hoped that as many of our friends as possible will avail themselves of the 7.15 train." A further attraction at the end of the day (thirteen hours laterj) was announced as follows: "Friends not desirous of connecting with other roads on returning from the V*jvf grounds areas invited to remain the 85.M. train and enjoy moonlight ride to the city, arrangements withuntil the railroad have been made fora that purpose." ^ /S<*>7 The Intelligencer of 6th. Month 29, i968, gives the following editorial account of the reunion: ont^J® *fPThe Fourth Annual Reunion of Friends' Social Lyceum took place onjthe grounds of Swarthmore College, on the 15th inst, and was held to the satisfaction of the large concourse of Friends who assembled on the occasion. i^The day, though warm, was pleasjpt, and maiy from the city and adjoining counties, and some from New Jersey, Maryland and Delaware, participated, and exchanged the friendly greetings which the occasion was calculated to inspire. On® of the pleas- ant features of the scene was to observe so many in advanced life participating with the young in innocent relaxation and enjoyment. *0wing to the excellent arrangements of the Committee, every thing necessary for comfort and enjoyment was provided. Entire order prevailed throughout, and nothing occurred that we heard of to mar the pleasure of the d a y . ^ — " —.—— •- — . •"•• - • - — - - - — - ... - . . . . . .. - | | I - 4 — Vol. 8 4 / p . 217. Excursion tickets, procurable "at Parrish's Pharmacy, 800 Arch St., or of the Committee /of six] on Arrangements," cost 60^ for adults and 35rf for J ? children. Vol. B . 266. P - Z T p f F The President's report at the meeting of the Board on 5th. Month 9,1867, ^ Contained four more items besides that announcing the appointment of Edward H . J f e g i l l - ^ Tlin nrr- l/ 0 f these was stated in the minutes as follows;"2. With a view to the Board The "pleasure of the day" was slightly marred for a few individuals who lost "on Swarthmore grounds a Morocco Satchel, supposed to "belong to S . E . Moore" and /ra "a parasol and other articles"; but as these were advertised in the Intel1igeneer as procurable "at the Store of E . Parrish, Eighth and Arch," or "at 717 Willow Street", their owners were probably soon mollified. The literary exercises of the day included an essay by "S" on "Fashion," written (its author admits) in rather censorious and sarcastic vein, and contrasting ( u n f a v o r a b l y to the former) thej woman's bonnet and If* % dress of 1867 with the "plain" bonnet and dress of the Friends. Ann Preston also read a poem on "Progression", which stressed the importance of the Light Within, but celebrated also the recent introduction of gas-light in the city streets and the achievement of the trans-Atlantic cable. t— >i u Nothing appears toj^b* said of Swarthmore's progress at the reunion; but the minutes of the Board for 5th. Month 9 , 1867 give the following additional items in the President's report: Some improvements have suggested themselves in the plan of the building as it has progressed & the arrangement of the Kitchen, Storerooms and housekeeper's room is still under discussion by our Committee on Household. 3. The ground in front of the building as far as the Bail Road is already prepared & sown with Oats which is already above ground, that in the rear of the building is being prepared for Corn. 4 . ^ / T h e sum of $10,171 has been paid on account of subscriptions & donations since last report of which nearly $9,000 was subscribed previous to the beginning of 1867. The sum of $12,271 has been subscribed since last meeting. 5. The risk of fire incident to the exposed condition of the building has induced the employment of a watchman who remains during the night and on first days, superintending whatever is doing about the building or on the premises. We have also insured , , against fire to the amount of $20,000 for one year at $200•' * • At this same meeting of the Board, the Building Committee presented the fol- ma, ^ M ^ ? ^ ff / ^ ' 29tp- 1 The full "Programme" of the literary exercises was as follows: Morning Session, commencing at 10 A . M . Introductory Remarks Poem . . . Thos. H . Speakman. . Ann Preston, M.D. Essay, "Self Culture," Charles A . Dixon. Lecture, "Mind and Matter," Caleb S . Hallowell. Answer^ to the Question: "Does the solar system possess the elements of perpetuity?" . Declamation, "The Sleeping Sentinel." . . . John G. Moore. William 0 . Foulke. Afternoon Session, commencing at 2 o'clock, P.M. Exhibition of Plans of contemplated College Buildings, with explanatory remarks, by Edwareparrish. Reading, Stoddart's "Ode on Lincoln,". . Everetta McV. Moore, Address, The Founding of Pennsylvania. . John J . White. Essay, . Halliday Jackson Answer£ to Question, . . . . . . B . Franklin Betts. The following question will then be open for discussion: "Which system of education is more effective: that which aims at a general knowledge of many subjects, or a thorough knowledge of a few?" The sneakers are limited to ten minutes. lowing report: -"We failed in getting the West Extension and West Wing entirely roofed in last autumn, but had the roof finished in the flat part & had the mansard roof boarded & covered with felt on the slopes so as to keep out the weather, which enabled us to have the carpenter work progressing through the winter. We expected to have all the slate before this but were unable to get the "Peach Bottom slate" delivered until last week; they will be put in place immediately. We commenced the stone work as soon as the weather would permit in the fourth Month, which with the brick work is advancing satisfactorily. We have had the iron joist for the fireproof compartments delivered and are about contracting for the iron stairways. 3*The cost of the building to this date is as follows: $60,712.08 $2,336.56 «» Brot up Sand 200.00 Sundries 1,137.70 Lime 1,642.63 « t ' i » i Hardware 533.25 Excavating Stone 10,667.05 Stonework & c . 18^4.99 Lumber 9,721.36 Plans 1,100.00 Pay Roll 9,731.41 Bricks 5,298.08 Superintendent 1.160.00 $60,712.08 1 ' i » 1 ' i ' i « « Window Frames 1,855.45 Mill Work 512.60 Iron Work 342.23 Roofing 586.45 Insurance 200.00 Iron pipe for Water works 400.30 Approximate Total $66,280.06 "*The Committee do not see any reason why the building cannot be inclosed for the amount of the Estimate made last year. We would advise proceeding at once in getting the West Extension and West Wing ready for plastering if the Board deem the subscriptions sufficiently advanced to warrant it. ^Signed on behalf of the Committee Hugh Mc Ilvain, Edward Parrish, Edward Hoopes^S The Board, after considering this report and recommendation,decided "to authorize the Building Committee to proceed with the inside work, upon the part of the 5 ) / ft (a *] — (o tf ^ The only conference held in 1867 in behalf of Swarthmore was apparently, one J jfi in Philadelphia at the time of Yearly Meetingj but no account of this is extant. In 1868, on 1st. Month 8 and 9 , were held local conferences in Race Street and Green Street Meeting-houses, respectively." Evidently, the confefence-method was fading out. jfS President Parrish, at the end of 1866, said of it: ^pln the course of this work, members of the Board, and others interested, have attended conferences in nearly all the Monthly b Meetings within the compass of Philadelphia Yearly Meeting, numering fifty, obtaining A subsciiptions from Friends; besides addressing conferences in several sections of New York and Baltimore Yearly Meetings, and one at Farmington, within the limits of Gehesee Yearly Meeting. • ^ n all these they have found some to respond cordially to their appeals. The young, who, in many sections in the midst of indifference and apathy are impatient| ly thirsting for knowledge; parents who begin to appreciate the imperative duty they I ]owe to their rising families, to supply than with the highest possible culture and i • development; and lastly, the elders and fathers in the church, who in looking for a succession of standard-bearers, begin to suspect that to the neglect of the great interests of education under the guarded care of the Society, may be attributed much of the weakness which they deplore.* / f i la New York Yearly Meeting in 1867, "the subject of education was introduced by a report from Nine Partners Q^aarterly Meeting, in which a proposition was made to the Yearly Meeting to take under its care a school which had been recently established and that was now -under the supervision of the Quarterly Meeting. A joint committee was ap- pointed to take the whole subject of education into consideration and report thereon , next year." At the next Yearly Meeting, the New York records stated"fypThe reports (j^-v] * - Friends Intelligencer, \ "ft.154. This is a notice of the conference to be held 5th. Month 13,published in the issue for 5th. Mo.11,1867. ! - Ibid, 697. I i - s*feLucation in the Society of Friends**; p p . 49 - 50. . 4 - Friends Intelligencer, V o l . -84^ ft. 216.' 1 ? voi^&j]»|i6r~ Tyrsrft isfc z ^ z f Mi'tliM feubjact lof educating the children under our own care was dwelt upoh "by Friends present, and the concern of George Fox for the organization of schools, where children might "be instructed in 'every thing civil and useful in creation' was presented for consideration, showing that his "j^ind took a comprehensive view of the subject, embracing the idea of a college, as well as the preparatory schools, which latter are needed as feeders of the former.** Among the "Friends present" at this Yearly Meeting, were Samuel M . Janney, Deborah F . Wharton, Mary S. Lippincott and George Truman, who "largely participated in the exercises of the different meetings", and who doubtless emphasized the need of education and the desirability of aiding the Quaker college."On Fourth-day evehing", the records continue, "a Meeting was held to promote an- increase of interest in Swarthmore College. tions were received." It was quite an animated gathering, and a number of subscripThus, the "central school" was not permitted to be wholly eclipsed by the Quarterly Meeting schools locally so popular. ^Til j fett* ^ i fcuildiag iaalooodj -40 the extent of blie unappropriated moans, at their diuoioltlwiay*' — The eagerness of the Board to complete the "building and the impatience of their Quaker constituency to utilize it *re alike reflected in the following editorial !S% in the Intelligencer for 7th. Month 13, 1867. The strenuous efforts of President Parrish to complete the necessary funds by riding through the rural Quaker communities in search of them doubtless inspired the article, which reads as follows; "^Swarthmore College. - In reply to frequent inquiries as to when this Institution is likely to be opened for pupils, we are prepared to answer that the building committee are prevented from putting the inside work under contract on account of the a. deficiency of funds, and unless tl^yse are provided before the close of the present building season the school cannot be opened, as was anticipated, in the Ninth rhonth, 1868 "®£he friend upon whom the labor of soliciting subscriptions mainly devolvei has solicited appointments in various sections, being willing to hold conferences at any time which may be most convenient, and to inform all who will attend these of the objects, plans and present condition of the concern, but there has been as yet no movement in this direction the present summer. *He has spent some days in riding through different sections of the country, calling on Friends, but has found this method rather unproductive; those residing on farms live too remote from each other for a large number to be called upon in a day, and of those called on some are absent from home, some unprepared to decide upon a subscription at the time, and some desirous of shifting a burden which belongs to themselves upon the shoulders of others. " I n the meantime every day brings the fund already collected nearer its end, and although the recent subscriptions in the cities have been considerable, the uncertainty in regard to the time of opening the school increases as the season advances. *To the large number of persons having children to educate, and looking "fcoward this school as likely to meet their wants, this statement will appear rather discouraging^ C90 ••• ?•. ~~ 333r X but we would remind such that it is in their power to aid materially in removing this uncertainty; if every one so circumstanced will contribute to the extent of his ability this year, and having done so will open the way for labor among his neighbors, the necessary funds can be obtained in time to open Swarthmore at the time proposed. ^-We are aware that those most needing this school are not generally those who have most means accumulated, but there are few who have not something to spare, and it is by sacrificing something for an object in which we are interested that we can best demonstrate our sincerity in urging it upon others. ^iSo important is the completion of this school next summer, that we should esteem a failure to accomplish it a real cause of discouragement. Hundreds of children who have looked toward it are already growing past the age to avail themselves of it, and others who are younger are anticipating with confidence entering at the time named by the managers, conditioned only on the funds being contributed; the Society of Friands is, meanwhile, suffering for want of the influence and strength which such an Institurtion is calculated to bestow upon it. All that is wanted is faithfulness, liberality and a conscientious disposition among those blessed with means to make thenjkvailable for the good of others. Will not our friends forward their names to Edward Parrish, 800 Arch street, who is authorized to receive their subscriptions, and will correspond with them in regard to the concern.^ A i . '» This forthright appeal brought forth at least one response, which was published in tie Intelligencer for 7th. Month 2 7 , 1867, and prefaced by the following editor- ial note: "The following letter from a friend residing in the State of Hew York, seems to have been called forth by our recent Editorial in relation to the condition of the fund subscribed toward the erection of Swarthmore College. Though not written for publication, we take the liberty of inserting it as worthy the attention of our ("fheletter itself reads as follows: TfRenyected Friend: : Since our first meeting in Hew York, a little more than three years ago, I have desired an opportunity 1 "—Vol-,—24, Pp» 833«4'» /fi-y^A-rtp.jis-Df. ;X3S. 7Vfor a free interchange of sentiment upon the subject thej^ under discussion, the establishment of a literary institution under the supervision of Friends. ^ T h e general interest of that gathering upon the important subject of the proper education of the youth among us, with the more tangible proof of their sincerity, was to me as an awakening of our members from the lethargy that had caused their noblest powers and best interests so long to rest in a state of slumber. My heart beat as with new life, and my spirit was made to rejoice in being assured that Friends had at last been made sensible of the loss sustained by our Society, from the want of an educational institution at which their children could pursue all the branches taught in the most liberally endowed college. I had long realized that such was the case, and that unless we were willing to be more liberal, more conscientiously faithful in educating the rising generation, the future pillars of our church, more within ourselves and under the care of those who appreciate our peculiar testimonies, our numbers must continue to decrease, and w e , as a Society, be scarecely known among the nations. From the general expression and unity of sentiment of those present at the time, we could not doubt that ere this hundreds of our youth would be reaping the reward of that evening's labor. But although the object is not accomplished, yet it is encouraging to know that some are still laboring to forward the noble work, even under so many discouragements. we no Geo. Peabody's, no Moses Browifs among us? Have And in what could our men of large means invest their wealth that would bring a greater blessing to them while here, or yield a richer satisfaction when called ufion to give up their stewardship, than to provide for the guarded education of our youth, and the dissemination of our principles among others who might choose td be gathered intfc the same Institution? can say from experienee that the children of those differing from us in religious sentiment soon learn to love the simplicity and affectionate manners practiced in Friends' schools; and where the teachers conscientiously observe our peculiar testimonies, they voluntarily adopt them. While, on the other hand. Friends' children, if placed under the care of those who view these things as mere vague delusions s-neaki lightly of them, soon learn to consider them nonessentials, thus abandoning one after another, until all those hedges that have "been BO carefully placed around them are 1 broken down. that these externals can give grace to our children, but cannot many ; of us testify to their having been safeguards to us in the hour of temptation? I may I gratefully acknowledge it to have been so ih my younger days, ana am often made to rei joice that such restraints surrounded m e , until mature reflection taught me that fashion and vain compliments constitute neithetr true politeness nor the real enjoyment of life. With these convictions, I most ardently desire the prosperity of our undertaking, and cannot believe that, for the want of a little more ready means, Swarthmore College will be obliged much longer to keep its doors closed against those now so anxiously waiting C to receive its blessings. Let us search our own hearts and see whether it is avarice, covetousness or inability that causes us to withhold. -i*May those blessed with an abundance feel constrained to give; the concern living with them by night and by day, until the purse-strings break asunder, and they make an investment that shall yield a greater income than any other, because invested in doing good; not good to the present generation only, but generations yet unborn shall rise up and call them blessed. •*!{ the institution be properly conducted -under the supervision of a conscientious board of managers, aided by a corps of teachers feeling the responsibility resting upon them, may we not confidently expect to see the recipients return to the paternal roof with minds richly stored, able to hold converse with every department of nature, seeing the impress of the finger of Omnipotence upon all His works, pointing to the mysterious future where we are all to render our account for the improvement of time and talent? Then will they shine as stars of the first magnitude, and, with an eye directed to the Great Teacher, they will be fitted for usefulness in any sphere they may be called upon to fill; their whole being having been properly developed. took but one share at the time referred to, thou would gladly have J3S. ^c v | taken fifty, if consistent; neither have I seen the way clear until now to take any I more. And this will he but the widow's mite in comparison with what is needed; yet it jJ ! shall go with, 'Heaven bless the undertaking.' I have no means but what I have earned | in the schoolroom, yet I trust the remainder will supply my simple wants and the I demands affection may clainu^ ! ^ t s h a l l send by express two one hundred dollar Government Bonds, trusting 5 I they will get to thee in s&f yJSLJ How the college grounds and\^b*e still incompleted building impressed a nonQuaker observer who signed himself "Irikee Penn" is seen from the account which he wrote of "an Excursion on the West Chester and Philadelphia Railroad." His article was written for the Philadelphia Press, and extracts from it were published in the Friends' /6a Intelligencer for 9th. Month 7,1867. ^Swarthmore College. The part relating to Swarthmore was a.s follows; This edifice, now in course of erection, was named «Swarthmore^ after the manor on which George Fox resided in the latter years of his life, and it is particularly specified in the act of incorporation granted by the ) i Legislature that this name shall be retained so long as the building is used for edu- ! j cational purposes. The property bought by the association consists of 92 acres of land I \ fronting the railroad; it is a portiog of the old West estate. The building in which i ! the celebrated paintei? Benjamin West was born is to be seen, with its giant English i gable and hipped roof, at a short distance to the southeast of the college, and is still , in a good state of preservation. No change ih its original features has been made, 1 except such as may have resulted from the removal of the old-fashioned painted eaves. I The room in the northeast corner of this dwelling is pointed out to the visitor as the j spot where the great painter first saw the light of day; here was spent the childhood of Ii I him who gave to the world that renowned painting known as "Death on the Pale Horse,* i i which now forms such a prominent feature of that valuable collection of artistic gems \at the Academy of Fine Arts in Philadelphia. '"The of Swarthmore College is on high ground, a few hundred yards J 1 Vol. 2d P p .location 427 Z^M^izp fa • Lf-1 i from Westdale station, and commands a splendid view to the east and south. Viewed from the railroad, it will present, when completed, a truly grand and imposing appearance. The main building will consist of a central front of dressed granite, sixty feet wide, and five stories high, with connecting wings on both sides four stories ihigh. The whole length of the building will be three huixdred and eighty-six feet, with a depth of from ninety to one hundred and twenty feet. The building is to be covered by a Mansard roof, and the entire cost is estimated at nearly $200,000. sJThis structure is being erected by the Hicksite Friends, and the provisions made by its founders for the admission of pupils are exceedingly liberal. Those belong- ing to other religious denominations can send their children to this institution under certain mild and equitable conditions, while at the same time their religious convictions, whatever they may be, will be strictly respected. There has long been needed a school of the highest grade (such as this), free from the contaminating influences by which so many of our colleges are surrounded, and yet which shall be in perfecj4eeping with the progressive ideas of the age. ^ I n alluding to its location, the Delaware County American, an\| excellent and ably edited paper published at Media, says: *Ko more suitable place for the college could have been chosen. It combines all the advantages of secluded rural life with direct and frequent access to the city. The farm includes a romantic piece of woodland bordering on Crum creek, which, in one place is overhung by a rocky precipice not less than one hundred feet high, among the recesses of which grow a variety of mosses, wild flowers, and ferns. This property is skirted by Crum creek along its western boundary, and affords, by the rapid flow of its waters, both sights and sounds of beauty.' N e a r l y half a mile from Westdale station the cars pass over Crum creek bridge, which is 800 feet long, and 80 feet high from the water to the level of the iron track. It has recently been entirely rebuilt. Here a fine view is to be had of the windings of the creek. short distance beyond Crum creek, and just eleven miles from Chestnut street bridge, is Wallingford station, in the vicinity of which a large number of Philadelphians reside, who daily go in by the cars to attend to their respective vocations in the city; they find this a more economical plan of living, and a more healthy and pleasant one.* The next glimpses of the progress of the college come from the time preceding the annual meeting of the Corporation in 13th. Month, 1867. the following appeal appeared in the Intelligencer: One month before it was held, ^ S w a r t h m o r e College. A s the annual meeting of this corporation approaches, some subjects demand the attention of Friends which it will not be unseasonable to advert to at this time. The question as to whether the school shall be opened next autumn will now have to be met and definitely settled. In view of the large numbers who anticipate sending their children to this school, and the great disappointment and discouragement which delay would occasion to such and to all interested, it may be said that the solution of this question involves, to a certain extent, the su£cess of the enterprise in all its bearings. The building is now inclosed, and if not delayed for want of means, could be sufficiently completed in the nine months remaining before the opening of the next school year, the plan of instruction has been nearly digested and agreed upon, the Principal of the Preparatory Department and Matron have been appointed, and nothing is needed but sufficient funds to warrant the work being vigorously prosecuted. A very short time will elapse before the Board will have to decide upon the course they will pursue in this matter, and the decision will depend entirely upon the funds subscribed. Will not those who have accumulated mfcre than they need for themselves and families, see to it that this good work be not marred or unnecessarily postponed? Those who have the business chiefly ih hand find it very difficult to -1——gol^JPilm p, 560^ ism ^bb call personally upon mary who would doubtless respQnd favorably if solicited. Nothing encourages them in their arduous undertaking like liberal subscriptions voluntarily tendered.% /fc/^v—*^- X^r^y^-/ 7 To re-enforce this appeal, a listtof gifts made tola'colleges during the preceding year was published in the Intelligencer for 11th. Month 30, 1867. Including the gift of $760,000 from Ezra Cornell to Cornell University (by far the largest), the & jfc/Wv^T--tfvj- average for the^gi'colleges was about $98,000 and without it about $"^,000. This is a small sum in our eyes today, but to the Friends of 1867 it was their hearts' desire; and its interest even for us justifies its publication, as follows:^The past collegiate year has been one of unexampled liberality toward our higher educational institutions. Ou.r colleges, old and new, have received the donations of their generous friends in such amounts as to inspire them with new vigor, while adding to their means of usefulness. Some idea of the aggregate amount of these benefactions may be gathered from the fAllowing table, which we find in the Yale Courant, and believe to be trustworthy. In this list no account is made of the amount given, in the way of land grants, to the Agricultural Colleges. The handsome gift of Mr, Cornell was made in 1865, but is given below, as it was not applied until within the last year: Albion College, Albion, Mich Baldwin University, Berea, Ohio Beloit College, Beloit, Wis Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me College of New Jersey, Princeton Cornell University, N.Y Cornell College, Mount Vernon, Iowa . . . Cumberland University, Lebanon, Tenn Dartmouth College, Hanover, N.H Dickinson College, Carlisle, P a Hamilton College, Clinton, N.Y Hanover College, Hanover, Ind. Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass Keuyon College, Gambier, Ohio. . . . . Jjafayette College, Easton, P a r k c Kendree College, Lebanon, 111 ^Lawrence University, Appleton, Wis N.W.Christian University, Indianapolis Norwich University, Northfi^ld, Vt .. $25,000 103,000 18,000 27,000 20,000 760,000 25,000 35,000 35,000 100,000 94,000 25,000 400,000 35,000 90,000 20,000 20,000 35,000 16,000 i o (s | J i 5 Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio Otterbein University, Westerville, Ohio Rutgers'College, New Brunswick,N.J. Shurtleff College, Upper Alton, 111 Tufts College, Medford, Mass University of Mississippi,Oxford, Miss. ! University of Chicago, Chicago,111 Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Ind Washington University, St. Louis, Mo ; I Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn ; Western University, Pittsburg, P a ' Yale College, New Haven, Conn Total of 31 Colleges $34,000 30,000 50,000 80,000 300,000 25,000 100,000 40,000 100,000 98,000 95,000 206.000. $3,041,000 The fourth annual (meeting of the Corporation on 12th. Month 3 , 1867, was twice announced in the Intelligencer^ journal. but no account of it was published in that This appears to be a strange omission; but perhaps the wider distribution of the ^Minutes of the Proceedings** in pamphlet form was deeded to be sufficient^ or the large amount of space devoted by the Intelligencer to the organization of the Firstday School movement at this time may have crowded Swarthmore College temporarily from its pages. Indeed, the true explanation of the omission may have been the dark and difficult financial situation which confronted the College at that time. The day before the Corporation's meeting, the Managers met in regular meeting and adopted, first, a set of twelve By-Laws. A committee of four (Edward Parrish, T . Clarkson Taylor, Edith W . Atlee and Harriet E . Stockly) had been appointed on 12th. Mohth 4 , 1866, "to draft By Laws for the government of this Board." Five months later, the committee presented a draft which it had prepared; and on 12th. Month 2 , 1867, its draft was "again read, united with and adopted." Two years later, 12th. Mohth 7, 1869, a committee of six (William Dorsey, Edward Hoopes, Samuel Willets, Elizabeth B . Smith, Hannah W . Haydock and Edith W . Atlee) was appointed "to revise the By-Laws and propose wuch change as is necessary for the proper management of the Tr Voli 04, VjL 603, 617,- college. - A recess was then taken until 2.30 P.M., when the committee reported the following By-Laws for the government of the Board, in place of those now in forced These provided for four (instead of three as previously) s tat edpaee tings of the Board annually (on the first Third-day in the Fourth, Ninth and Twelfth Months, and on the adjournment of the annual meeting of the stockholders), and for special meetings to "be called by the Clerk, when requested by five members. 32 members were to form a quorum. Eleven of the The officers were to include a clerk, assistant clerk, treasurer and auditors, and the committees on finance, property, instruction and household.TPIn 1369, the s&ge officers were retained, bjit the/committees were re* riuAfVy duced to\©aa* - the Exe cut i v e ^Commi t tee £. /vB sign and issue certificates of stock; The treasurer and clerk were jointly to „ and the treasurer was to cooperate with the Finance Committee in investing the funds, and to report to the Board in 4th. and 12th. Months. The Finance Committee was restricted in 1867 to three members (but this restrio- tion was removed in 1869); and it was to draw all orders on the Treasurer for expenses authorized by minute of the Board, at least two of its members to sign the orders. The auditors were to audit the treasurer's accounts twice yearly, and in 1867 they were to audit the accounts of the various committees, and of the preparatory department and college when so instructed by the Board. In 1369, the Committees on Property, In- struction and Household were omitted from the By-Laws, but in 1867 their duties were defined as follows: The committee of three on property were to have charge of the real estate and the appointment and direction of those having care of the grounds; the committee of five on instruction (the President being ex officio a member) were to fix the fees for students and "advise with and direct the President as to the appointment of the Professors, Teachers, and others connected with Instruction, subject to the approval of the Board"; ajeommittee on the household, undefined in number but with the Matron asyex officio a- member, were to supervise the household and laundry, the . - The** were printed in an 8-page leaflet by Merrihew & Son,Printers,Ho. 243 Arch St.,%hila., 1867. «i - This was confided, in 1869, to the treasurer alone. appointment of domestics, and the purchase, care and repair of the furniture, "bedding and household linen, subject to the approval of the Board. Instead of these three committees, the By-Laws of 1369 provided for an Executive Committee of 16 members to have "general supervision of the college &c. during the recess of the Board of Managers and subject to its approval shall decide upon such appointments of Professors and Teachers as may become necessary?; to appoint other employees; and to "render the Faculty such aid as may be in their power in relation to Instruction and discipline and report their proceedings twice in the year to the Board of Managers." ^ T ^ M z The Faculty was to consist of "the President and other Professors of the College, with the Principal of the Preparatory Department and Matron"; it was to "hold regular meetings, arrange the course of study, determine the qualifications for admission into the several departments and classes, and for graduation, decide upon rules of order and determine all questions pertaining to the discipline or instruction." This last power was restricted in 1867 by the words, "submitted to them by the President or by the Board"; but in 1869, the right of the initiative was\giwe» to the Faculty, "subject to the approval of the Executive Committee." It was also to "report through the President to the Board at least twice in the year." The annual report of the Managers to the Stockholders was to be framed by the President and chairman ("the first named") of each standing committee, and to be submitted to the Board for approval at the meeting immediately preceding the annual meet- fit ing. Finally, the By-Laws might "be altered or amended at any meeting of the Board next preceding the annual meeting." . • With the progress in building and organizatioi^ made in 1867, there became more pressing such problems as the curriculum and discipline. Co+e&ucatioh had been decided ppon as a matter of Quaker principle from the beginning; but realizing that it fV During the years preceding 1930, the standing committees of the Board included the Executive,Finance and Audit,Trusts,Instruction,Buildihgs and Property,Household. Library, Observatory, and nominating. «<» ., X - After the merging of the Corporation in the Board and the cancellation of the stock,the Board's annual report to the stockholders was superseded by the President's annual report to the Board. was still a doubtful problem in the minds of most A m e r i c a n ^ tod of many Friends, the Friends' Social Lyceum invited William Henry Farquhar of Maryland, Benjamin Hallowell's brother-in-law, to deliver a lecture before it on 2nd. Month 12, 1867, on the subject of "The Education of Girls." Intelligencer^ Extracts from the lecture were published in the and they show that while the lecturer accepted fully the (quality of women with men, he denied that they were man's equivalent. He therefore deprecated giving the suffrage to women and a classical education to girls^ - as he had regretted to observe was the practice at Vassar; "the problems of existence, the great art of living (or science, as it well deserves to be called) will furnish the best lessons." If music is to be barred from Friends' school^then poetry must be stressed as a partial equivalent; and "at least three books of solid character" should b^read for every book of fiction. The careers of teacher, physician and preacher were destined to beTf come women's special field, and their education should be guided accordingly. The touch of conservatism ih the lecturer's ideas called forth diverse views from his Philadelphia auditors, the Intelligencer's accouht of the meeting concluding with the following paragraph: Jj*At the conclusion of the lecture some comments were made by those present, in which the idea was maintained that the education of the sexes should be in all respects equal, and that no partial culture would meet the requirements of woman's high calling. The great bane of female education is the idea that it should be directed to make women attractive, the preference being given to music and kindred ornamental pursuits, at the expense of those substantial, linguistic, mathematical and scientific studies which have been selected for young men as the result of long experi ience, to develop the intellect, improve the memory, and evoke the power of classifying ; ana expressing thought.^ Two months later, the advocates of an equal education for women had reprinted /Tot in the Intelligencer"the New York Tribune's on "The Education of Women." Sc- - V0I4 31, Vp. DC 39t ^ - ^ T J ^ i J 3 4 ^ y p . 90 - 9 1 . report of a lecture by O.B.Frothingham This was a virile argument in favor of the highest pos- 2SK- 0 3 I sible education of women, and the lecturer praised the educational system of Antioch, Oberlin and the University of Michigan's Normal School; "he also gave a glowing description of Vassar College, as striking the keynote of education for women in America." John Stuart Mill's powerful inaugural address at the University of St. Andrew, J7t Glasgow, in February, 1867, was published in extenso in eight numbers of the Intelligence^ and its cogent reasoning in behalf of the higher education of men and women alike doubtless fortified the founders of Swarthmore in their convictions. Physical education, too, was by no means neglected, the Intelligencer adding to the Swarthmore advocacy of it a forceful appeal in its behalf which had appeared in Jl2 the Philadelphia Public Ledger. A n unusually fine session of the Teachers' Institute of Chester County, Pennsylvania, #eld in West Chester, in Octobeiy 1867, was reported Hz fully in the Intelligencer for the behoof of Swarthmore's constituency. So^rtr^— / 7 4 The subject of proper discipline in schools was raised in the Intelligencer by a brief article signed "E.P."(Edward Parrish ?), which had been inspired by the J n 5 rules in force in the "Aimwell School, founded before 1800 by Anne Parrish. E. P . expresses his own theory of discipline in the following paragraph;^*It is painful to observe, even in schools under the care of Friends, how readiness in memorizing r lessons, oj^ facility in acquiring favorite branches of knowledge, is made the ground of preferences among the pupils. The smart s6holar too often enjoys the special favor of the teacher, though possessing, perhaps, less of the really commendable graces than some who are less apt at learning. Every loving parent must feel that this is wrong; the hindmost of the flock often claims the largest share of parental love. The very absence of that facility which is sometimes early developed, though by no means indicative of real superiority, is an incentive to affectionate care and encouragement on the part of the disciminating parent. So should it be in that larger sphere, outside the ; 1 - -Voir-34^ P p . 189, 205, 222, 238,253,271,286,302. 2 - Ibid. V o l . 0(k, p. 4 7 5 . 3 - > V o l * flfr, "Pp. 584, 600, 621, 638. A ^ o l t 3i> -pp. 51 ~5~2. 15 -"It is believed to have been the first established of the now numerous free schools in P e n n s y l v a n i a ^ ' J j ^ . bn I domestic circle, into which we are obliged to send our children for mental discipline and culture. Who can tell how much, of the injustice and unreasonableness of men and women is to be laid to the charge of this vicious school discipline? how much of the selfishness and unhallowed ambition of adult life was fostered into growth and activity at school?^ also quotes with approval the following "regulation" of the school referred to: "It is recommended that they (the teachers) endeavor to encourage the diffident, repress the forward and presumptuous, and bestow just and ample commendation on the diligent, attentive and orderly, however dull their capacity or slow their progress; and in an especial manner to endeavor to imbue the minds of the children with religious principles, which will be of far greater importance to them in more advanced /ri life than any other part of their education." ^-vC I tL 7 ~L ? At the meeting of the Board on 12th. Month 2 , 1867, besides the adoption of the By-Laws, reports were read from the President and the Treasurer. The minutes record: "The Beport of the President, embodying those of the several Committees on Building, Property, Household & Instruction, being read, was approved and directed to be so modified as to serve as an Annual Report to the Stockholders and forwarded to their meeting tomorrow." The President's report was summarized as follows: "1 - The whole amount subscribed and donated since last year's report (12 M 1866) is $ 3 0 , v i z . district $8,829. Prom the Philadelphia district $19,995. From the Baltimore district $250. From the New York From the West $1,200. This is exclusive of a conditional subscription designed to reach $50,000 in 20 subscriptions. Several thousand dollars of subscriptions prior to 1867 are still unpaid."^ The Corporation's minutes add at this point in the President's report the jCf.'il X^- Numerous echoes of these views on education will be found in the Managers' report to the Corporation at its meeting on 12th. Month 3, 1867. 2 - The Corporation*s minutes give this as $30,274, which is the correct addition. 3 - The Corporation's minutes report this as follows: "A subscription list was headed by a subscription of $5,000, to which two of like amount have been added, and four of $2,500 each, conditioned b j $50,000 being obtaihed in twenty subscriptions. (Continued on P . ±54-— a\L 0-_ ^3/H —i 3//-/ J 3 / H 1 6 4 — j^.ni^m ^Continuation of Footnotes Pagej^tS^ One of these amounts($5,000) has been paid, and is included in the above aggregate. Should we be able to make up the sum required, so as to secure these subscriptions, it will probably be by including several sums already subscribed and reported, though if not paid. The Corporation's minutei^BBy: "We regret that several thousand dollars subscribed previous to the present year, all in the Philadelphia and Baltimore districts, have not been paid, and that some shares on which one or more installments have been paid will be forfeited. All the unpaid subscriptions considered available amount to $14,000. The amount collected since last report is $36,590; now in the hands of the Treasurer » and receivers, bearing interest, $9,950.95. i s ^ following:JpThe labors of the stockholders' Cogjmittee to solicit subscriptions have been much retarded by sickness and other engagements, and the city of Philadelphia and surrounding country have not been thoroughly canvassed. Some who would be likely to subscribe have not been called on, and others, who have given it favorable consideration, have not yet determined upon the amount they will invest in our stock. *Our former experience is confirmed, that a single individual cannot advantageously carry on such a canvass. He must be introduced and seconded in his efforts by persons of influence in the several neighborhoods visited. Individuals disposed to aid in the work must first subscribe themselves, and then be willing to join in soliciting others with whom their example and personal influence will have weight. •*The plan of holding conferences, in which the whole subject can be presented, is strongly urged, as likely to produce in the future similar favorable results to those realized in the first opening of the canvass. *We recommend that conferences be held in every Friends' neighborhood throughout the limits of the three learly Meetings, and a general and united effort be made through local committees, judiciously selected, to call upon Friends and others favorably disposed, to raise at least another hundred thousand dollars, - a sum without which it will be out of our power to complete the building and open the school with its full number of students. W e are again reluctantly compelled to leave in uncertainty the time of opening the preparatory school; the funds collected and subscribed are not sufficient to waiv rant it. TThether we should decide to open with part of our building, and only half the full number of students, or with our whole establishment completed, and ready lor the easy and comfortable accommodation of its three hundred inmates, it is equally necessary to postpone the decision of the time of opening at least till our meeting in the Fourth month next, when the results of the winter's canvass for subscriptions will be known. • YCollege of Pharmacy. once. Mi /*£ Thus, he writes, frl am concerned in two building schemes at Swarthmore is increasingly heavy requiring $100,000 more money next year. is still undetermined whether it will be opened^ next fall. It Renewed energy has been thrown into the concern by the late Annual Meeting and we are going to have conferences all over the country throughout the Winter & Spring - I also want to build myself a Delaware Co home next year - have the 'refusal' of a lot from John Ogden &c., An award of damages from the City for property taken by extending Chestnut St for the 111 bridge has just been made $10,000 nearly, to be divided between Bro W ' S estate A m y - self say $4,500 each.SK Dr. Parrish's "Note" for 1 Mo 1.68 is devoted chiefly to an account of his children. "This New Year's day? he writes, "finds us again at Sarah Antrim's, 1015 Cherry boarders, but quite resolved to live another winter in a home of our own or at leaserin one of our son Tom's. In review of the year we have much to be tlmnkful for. Some things painful in retrospect. On the whole we have been greatly blessed." "Tom" was at that time living with his parents, and "doing a pretty good business; but his fiancee, Fanny, was "quite poorly, delicate & to say truth rather unfavorably situated, residing with her Grandparents (Mott) who are much from home, leaving her often alone for days, at Roadside." Fanny's mother, Elizabeth Mott Cavender, had died in 1865, leaving her an orphan still in her 'teens. Under these circumstances, The site he found, recommended,and purchased was "the old Moravian burying ground in the rear of 141 to 145 N . 10" St." ^"Note" of 12/10/67. 323 the young m pair were especially desirous of being m a r r i e d . 2 "Clem" h a d spent four months of 1366 "in European tour cost abotit $1200 - his health seemed to demand the }v change & I gave y p m the copy money on 2 0 0 0 'Parrish's P h a r m a c y ' p r i n t e d in the spring. (5" Mo ?) I am satisfied it was money well i n v e s t e d . He looks towards graduating in the College of P h a r m a c y in 3rd M o . N a t u r e has not done so m u c h for him a s for his brothers - physically - hence w e must do more." E d w a r d , his father's n a m e s a k e , "tall & robust", w a s then "a student of Trpy Polytechnic Institute - on a visit at h o m e for the h o l i d a y s , h e returns tomorrow w i t h our fond h o p e s for m s preservation — Frank still attends C S Hallowell's school - a good student & good b o y . stout. He grows tall & I have seldom k n o w n a m o r e loving nature or a m o r e happy o n e . Lizzie*^, dear little g i r l , grows apace"; she had h a d a long siege with chronic b r o n c h i t i s , but was cured, - "the most obvious instance of the currative power of cod liver oil I have ever seen." - - - " % de«|r M . |^Margaret| is not as active and well as she was a year a g o , though I hope & trust w e are yet destined to enjoy for y e a r s , in the f u t u r e , that companionship which has been the solace & comfort of our lives in the p a s t . W e grow nearer to each other each year that we take the joys & sorrows of life t o g e t h e r . I mp think we have b o t h deepened in religious experience during 1 8 6 7 . May we grow still more in the best nature in 1 3 6 8 J ^ ''Three weeks l a t e r , 1 / 2 5 . 6 8 , D r . P a r r i s h records that "after seven y e a r s ' service as Clerk of Philadelphia Mo M jiMonthly M e e t i n g j " , he was released at his own request, a n d was succeeded b y W m C B i d d l e . "J^Swarthraore,* he continues, '•"goes on apace in subscriptions - Large committees at w o r k , m e n & w o m e n , in P h i l a d ^ . exactly how to go to work we would soon get the m o n e y . The women take small subscrip- tions from the rich - though some of them are doing a great w o r k . Truman is an efficient n e w r e c r u i t . If all knew (George) He and I go over the country t o g e t h e r , w e have lately b e e n to Little Britain & Nottingham near the terminus of the Baltimore Central R . R . The marriage occurred in A p r i l , 1 8 6 8 . D r . P a r r i s h ' s "note" on the occasion is a s follows: "The death of Fanny's grandfather James M o t t , a few weeks b e f o r e threw a shade over the o c c a s i o n . They went to housekeeping at 44 N 20" S t , a wee bit of a h o u s e , which being put in elegant order & well furnished m a k e s a nice h o m e for them - Rent $400 a y e a r . " 323 - 1 The people who are thriving farmers, millers & c . don't know how to enjoy the luxury |of giving. Yet we hope the result of 4 days work will "bring say $1200. We have I appointed 6 conferences successively in Western Quarter "beginning 2" & ending 7" day, at the close of the 6 monthly meetings. I shall he away from two (on 2" & 4" days) on account of lectures at the College of Pharmacy. G . T . ^George Truman} is an instance of a preacher with a fervent spirit, great enthusiasm & high ideality, a good voice & presence, hut totally wanting in mental discipline & method. He would have been greatly improved by the systematic study of languages or science when y o u n g . He is very popular however. Pew people think very accurately or criticise what sounds good & sincere."^ Third Month 1 2 , 1S&8, D r . Parrish called an active day, and mentioned its several features as follows: Jf 11 A . M , the Building Committee met to revise the plans of Swarthmore College with reference to proceeding at once with the plastering - in session till near 4 p . M , determined the whole division Of the West Wing except some details of the closets in the rooms, & of the bath & wash rooms - We have come to an agreement more satisfactorily than I had anticipated. Hugh Mc Ilvain & I used to differ a good deal about the division of the dormitories, now we nearly a g r e e . Detained till almost 4 without dinner, except crackers & raw oysters."* The rest of this day w a s devoted to a meeting of the executive committee of the Nurses' H o m e , of which D r . Parrish was chairman; a meeting of a committee of the College of Pharmacy on moving & storing the college equipment; some business at his store; a nap at 1015 Cherry; tea with his wife and three brothers and their wives; a lecture at the Franklin Institute by S . Leeds on Ventilation ("the audience was very small. I acted as spokesman at the close in expression of the interest & instruction derived from this finely illustrated course of 4 lectures"); at 10 P . M . y waited on Wife home & stepped round to the Dental College to attend the Commencement Supper - a fine 4 3{\ L j j A il'iC't — 1 .1 , Am-ing the manuscripts preserved at Swsrthmore College, there are several drafts of a Constitution^ - one of them in the handwriting of Thomas H . S:;.e*!nnan^ which v/ere probrbl; intended for this A s s o c i a t i o n . The earliest of these called the new association "The Swarthniore Contr ibutorshiu of rhilade]phia" , end three others are entitled "Constitution of the Swarthraore Association of Philadelphia." Three of these have as their first article: "The object of this Association shall he - 1st To aid the funds of Swsrthraore College - 2nd To advance the cause of Education by investigating & discussing the Lest modes of ruor«l & intellectual improvement, 3rd To promote social intercourse and self-culture among its members." One of them saakes the first object to Le "To advance the cpuse of education by promoting subscriptions to the fluids of Swarthraore College and by fostering ar. increased and cooperative interest A L in the subject amon," parents and children." The members of the Association were to b e "those who subscribe to this Constitution or authorise their names to b e enrolled as such and contribute not less than twenty five cents monthly to the funds of the college; - all rlio may be members of any conmlttee to solicit, subscriptions to th«j f-.:nds of the college and all stockholders of the college; but the . .ertin & shall "be open to all members of the Society of Friends and persons who are in the habit of attending their meetings." The treasurer of the Association was to collect the monthly contributions and pay the.« over to tie Heee:!.ver or Treasurer of Srartliwore College at least once in 2 m o n t h s , or whenever they shall amount to one hundred d o l l a r s . Two of the drafts provided further that "when the _ayments by a iy one person shall amount to be obtained in the narae of such person." a certificate of stock may The additional proposal w a s m a d e , but r e j e c t e d , that "any less sums jless than $2Sj :a'y be consolidated and certificates obtained in the name of any person who mey be designated by covaaon consent of the members to receive them." The meetings were to b e h e l d in Ecce Street Meeting House "on the 1st & Srd fifth day evening in each month at may be held at Swarthnore." past 7 o'clock except 6 " , 7" & 8" Months "'hen they L5&?—H- t, xf pondent 1 . on the subject of Swarthmore College are given at too late a period to he of any practical benefit ."J ^ H f e / ^ >7 The earliest friends of the /college, too, were aging rapidly and striving to complete their still earlier tasks before the end. James Mott died on 1st. Month 26, 1868, ih the eightieth year of his age, when his wife, Lucretia, was seventyjj^wLvot 3 I f TP C s ^ s J & ^ J A r t t /L^ five.^Tfoo lattor livedjnearly a dozen years^ longo&» but these were filled with visits and messages to the monthly and yearly meetings of Friends and with long intervals of f(\% — (f. ^va-rv- *—«<- " (f/hJ^svvu-a*. illness. /"^Martha Tyson's husbfend had died in 1367 at the age of eighty, while she, in spite of sorrow and illness and the weight of seventy-three years continued to do what she could within the confines of her own home^ and city for the welfare of her m beloved Society and its College. i n the Intelligencer for 1st. Month 25, 1868, we find a long article signed with the familiar "T'J and dated "Baltimore, 1st. m o . 4 , 4.368." This article was entitled "Beraarks on the Yearly Meetings of the Society of Friends", and stressed the desirability of their having less crowded and hurried sessions. Referring to the last Yearly Meeting held in Baltimore in 10th. Month, 1867, Martha Tyson says: "No opportunity had presented for those concerned in the better education of our members to have a meeting, nor until the annual sessions were over had the friends and stockholders of Swarthmore College an interview for the comparison of their opinions." One month Pl1 '•"•• pi m .t-TrreTsrr), Martha T y s o n a de^- Scendant of Thomas Brown of Barking/v England\ and Philadelphia, sent a memorial of him ' r to the Intelligencer, in which she deprecates the period of "quietism" into which ^ L The ' Intelligencer of 4th. Month 18, 1868 (Vol.y3S> 105)^ announces the marriage of "Thomas C., eldest son of Edward and Margaret S . Parrish", and Fanny Calender, at the home of Lucretia Mott; If the beloved preacher could not go to the meeting, then the meeting would feo to the preacher/ She was perhaps the "M.T." who sent a striking paragraph on "Sorrow and Consolation" by "Christopher North" to the Intelligencer for 5th. Month 2 , 1868. - Vol. 2d t P p . 716 4-/^. „ O 1 #J JJNIAA <-— MOTT The following obituary notice appeared in the Philadelphia Post, January 27, 1868: S *~James Mott, one of the first of the Abolitionists, died in Brooklyn ; yesterday morning, at the residence of his son-in-law, George W . Lord. When about i a week ago he left this city, with his wife, Lucretia Mott, on a visit to M r . Lord, I j he was in his usual health, though feeble from a g e . j gears old next June. i family He would have been eighty His death was caused by a sudden attack of pneumonia. The were to have returned to Philadelphia last night, and due notice will be given i of the burial, which will probably take place at the Friends' ground, at Fairhill. •^No one, who is acquainted with the history of the anti-slavery movement, can be ignorant of the services and good character of M r . Mott. His friends cannot re- i member the time when he was not the sworn enemy of slavery, and for more than fifty : years he labored for its abolition. When the whole nation, North and South, was utterly indifferent to the rights of the colored m a n , James Mott stood among the first of those brave men who denounced slavery as the sum of all villainies. This is noth- ing now, but it was much then, when even in Boston to speak against slavery was almost to invite the attack of a m o b . So profound were Mr. Mott's convictions, that he would have nothing to do with the institution in any way, except as its foe. He began life in the cotton business, but abandoned it from conscientious motives. He had been, as long as we can remember, the President of the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society^and recently of the Pennsylvania Peace Society. We believe that he was born in Few York State. ^SNot only in regard to slavery, but in all things, was M r . Mott a reformer ! and a radical, and while his principles were absolute and his opinions uncompromising, ; his nature was singularly generous and humane. Charity was, not a duty to him, but a 155. 3 delight, and the b e n e v o l e n c e which in m o s t g o o d men has some touch of vanity or selfishness, always seemed in him p u r e , u n c o n s c i o u s , a n d d i s i n t e r e s t e d . was long a n d h a p p y , a n d u s e f u l to h i s f e l l o w - m e n . His life He had "been m a r r i e d fifty-seven y e a r s , a n d none of the many friends of James a n d L u c r e t i a M o t t need, to be told h o w m u c h that u n i o n m e a n t , or what sorrow comes with its end in this world."^ 156. Friends sank in the 18th. Century, and from which they were just recovering in her own time. One of her characteristic comments on this period, which shows the "breadth and liberality of her own spirit, is as follows j ^ A great and almost exclusive concern had commenced after the death of William Penn in 1718, in regard to those minor testimonies which, whilst they^considered them merely auxiliaries, yet felt themselves 1 called upon to maintain. These minor testimonies after the first converts to the i \ faith had passed away increased in importance in the estimation of their survivors, and V ? ^finally came to be regarded as amongst 'the weightier matters of the law.' Austere simplicity in dress, the use of the plain language, a regular attendance of meetings, /and a disregard of some conventional observances (things good enough in their several relations, but which, we mast admit, do not of themselves confer grace on those who practice them,) placed such friends in some meetings foremost in authority in matters of faith and discipline, and in certain instances led to testimonies of disownment for noiwconformity, which at this time could not be suffered to take place. Committees were likewise appointed to visit members of the Society, and bear a testimony against superfluity of every description. These committees were called in derision by the disaffected, 'Reformation Committees,' and the marks of their files, saws, and chisels, are still to be seen in the houses of old fanilies , where chests of drawers, clocks, and looking glasses, had, by their means been reduced to the desired standard. . . . ^tWe make no further comments on such proceedings, but may be allowed to rejoice that our lot has fallen on more genial times. ^ h e Friends who are now the representatives of the great original principle promulgated by George Fox and the testimonies which grew out of that principle, whilst they continue to advocate the simplicity which the truth sanctions, exercise forbearance to their youthful members, who, being Friends by birthright only, must be sometimes considered as unconvinced persons, and cherished until the time for convincement arrives. Friends now also give their attention to the advocacy of individual rights, 4§&* 13- £ % to extending the benefits of education to all classes, and to enlarging the 'metes and hounds,' of "benevolence. In the contenaplatioh of these grateful subjects, our hearts are filled with gratitude to the 'Giver of all good' that the efforts made to l jpreserve Quakerism in the times of which we have written did not prove its destruction, i ibut that it has survived them all, and still lives, - may we not say even in its genuine i ;brightness and purity? For these favors let u s adojjt the language of the apostle w h e n , ' on approaching Rome, 'the brethrem came to meet him as far as Appiiforum; whom, when j Paul saw, he thanked God, and took courage,' Let us also take courage, and hope for ; yet better days.^ Again, after Baltimore Yearly Meeting in 1368, she sent to the Intelligencer a statement of the discussion which had occurred in that meeting on the condition of the freedmen in the South. ^ J J U ^ J U L ^ l J U ^ c H Benjamin Hallowell, at the age of three score years and ten was still serving as clerk of Baltimore Yearly Meeting and devoting many laborious hours to the welfare /?2 of the Indians. two letters, In the autumn and winter of 1367 - 68, the Intelligencer 1, contained a long address, a report, a memorial, and an appeal on^sfarir behalf, besides a lengthy lecture on education to the Baltimore First-day School, and the notice of ^ M a n u a l for Young Friends.^ Intelligence^^ During the spring of 1868, he contributed to the a series of articles on "Some Thoughts in Relation to Friends' Testi- monies and Discipline," which were an expansion and "explanation" of his remarks in the ^Young Friends' Manual^ on the subject of music. The admissibility of music to Friends' homes caused a long and animated discussion at this time; and it is of much interest to note the liberal but conscientious view of it taken by this outstanding Frien^knd founder of Swarthmore College. In his <*Manual*> he had said: "Against Music in itselfj although individual members may have, Friends as a Society have no testimony." What - Vol IJ.\-S6s. iuus- P . 597. u Vol " > 1 *6"7 ^ p p . 4 3 0 - 2 ^ 4 2 5 - ^ , 4 3 4 ^ >595-9<| ; 6 6 5 - 4 * 7 6 3 , 7 9 3 - A U Vol y * * flP- 52 - f 4 , 68 - 71, 81 - g 4 , 97-101, 113 - / e ^ ' it&v 14- he had long deplored was the waste of time, sedentary habits, injurious companionship, the injurious results of places of inueioal diversion, and the expense, associated with music. But in this, as in all things else, he asserted the supremacy of "the Light Within" each individual soul. J^If a man think it best**, he wrote in one of these articles, J H o have any thing in his family, as a part of his family regulation, for the amusement and recreation of his children, and to attach them to their home and family circle, he certainly has a clear right to do so, under healthful regulation and restraint. There is no Discipline against it. There is no Discipline against a mus- ical instrument, whether it be a piano or a Jewsharp. Society interference in such case with the sacredness of home privileges and domestic arrangements, would be highly unjust, inquisitorial, and oppressive. Always, however, leaving the way open to concerned Friends to labor in Gospel love, to observe caution, moderation, and the limitations of Truth For myself, I do not desire music, or musical instruments. In my present state of experience, they would be rather an annoyance than a gratification to me; and I would advise all our members to abstain from them, believ^ing there are more improving and useful engagements in which they can employ their time. liberty - freedom - But I do love that which has been imparted to us by a wise and good Creator, and I desire that this should be accorded by our beloved Society to all its members, in the fullest degree short of intruding upon the just rights and privileges of others^The defense of this position led i*im into a long and searching analysis of Friendly testimonies in general and the fundamental basis on which they rested. Many /n of his correspondents, in private and public, opposed his views; but these appear to have been accepted by contemporary, as well as by later, Quakerism. His spiritual interpretation of Biblical language was further illustrated by his article on the mean- /? s ing pf prayer, and especially of prayer "in the name of Jesus Christ." Cf. the Intelligencer , Vol. -86, 3 , 13. 57, 86. 106. 123. 133. 136. 165. 171. Ibid, 756. ^ S r Samuel M . Janney, now sixty-seven years old, contributed to the Intelligencer, during the same months articles on Religion, Peace, and the Indians; and the next year he was to enter upon the strenuous office of Superintendent of Indian Affairs. Through- out 1868, his pen was busy in contributing to the Intelligencer articles on "Public 200 Morals"; "Lay-Preaching"; "Vital Religion and the Means of Promoting It"; •^Review of two books by William Tallack. and When the third and fourth volumes of his ^History of the Society of Friends'* appear ed^^Edward Parrish royiawod tlaom in the Intelligencer for 4th. Month 4 , 1868. 7 He attended Philadelphia Yearly Meeting the next month, and a paragraph quoted from one of his sermons : his fellow-leaders' views of Quaker "simplicity"? w e r e is typical of his own and - again referred, ^ the paragraph reads, ^ t o the important principles embraced in the Third Query, more parti\ cularly regarding simplicity of dress and language; that in our conversation we avoid !extravagant expressions, and the use of words which would bear a stronger inference < than the truth would warrant; and that in our attire we follow not the vain and changing fashions of the world, which often involve those who furnish the means for their . indulgence in perplexity and pecuniary embarrassment, but that, without being confined to a peculiar cut or color, we practice true simplicity, which does not preclude taste, i but is altogether at variance with extravagance. ** 1P He also used the opportunity of this visit to Philadelphia Yearly Meeting to advocate the support of higher education in general and of Swarthmore College in particular. The only reference to the subject and its discussion in the Yearly Meeting itself is the following: ^®The Answers to the Second Annual Query exhibited a total of thirty-nine schools under the care of Monthly and Preparative Meetings. Five of these schools are free to the members of their own meetings. The want of provision for the school education of the children in > h \ 9 V p p . 337-tt,353-5i~ 369-72, 467-4? 5 1 3 - &7" 58(^|J 7 2 5 - « 7 3 9 - 4 1 , 758,772^4,788-90, h ; n -_ Yol vol. a s , *p p . 1 i i /-3 ^ * 1 7 ) 4 9 7 - 5 0 2 , 522.This w a s soon a f t e r w a r d s p u b l i s h e d ih Tjamphlet form / / } / F r i e n d ^ P u b l i c k t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n , P h i l a d e l p h i a (Cf.the I n t e l l i g e n c e r " f o r 1 1 t h . / / Month 21, 1868rjro3rr- 35-, TP. 601. / -^Vol. 529-32 , 545-?/. 561-i.If. P p . 74 - p . J ^ I q I , 3b, 185. <0 - 'Minutes of the Women's Yearly Meeting, 5th. Month, 1868. ^ 155. 16 • some neighborhoods caused deep concern in the minds of many, and it was feared that unless there was an awakening a serious loss would be sustained. The large number of children being educated in public schools occasioned much exercise, and parents were exhorted to recall the feeling and counsel of our early Friends upon this subject, and the care manifested by them to provide suitable schools.^ The Intelligencer had announced"* that "a meeting on the subject ofwPi-T'fiWday 7 SchoolefsWlll be held on/Fiftiyday evehing of Yearly Meeting weekf at 8 'o'clock, tea. Race Street Meeting House J L ^ (The meeting, or conference, was duly held, and the Intelligencer gives the following account of it and of a series of local conferences preceding i t r ^Swarthmore College. At the Conference held in Third-day evening of Yearly Meeting week, a large number of Friends interested in Swarthmore College were addressed by Saimiel M , Janney, George Truman, T . Clarkson Taylor, Edward Parrish and others. The following report was read, and $1150 subscribed by those present: *'0n the 8th and 9th of First month last, Friends of Race St. and of Green St. Meetings in Philadelphia were invited to meet and consider the claims of our cause, and to appoint committees to aid in soliciting subscriptions. Although neither meeting was large, quite a number of Friends were enlisted in the work, and their efforts have already added considerably to the number of subscribers in the city. A meeting at Germantown Meeting-house,on First-day afternoon, Third month 1st, was also small, partly on account of unfavorable weather, but those present entered with zeal into its object, and $1200 was subscribed at the time. For the purposes of the committees canvassing the city of Philadelphia, a directory has been made, a limited number of copies of which have been printed, giving the names and addresses of Friends throughout the city; this list exhibits how great a labor will be involved even in calling upon all who are able to give. Add to this , 1 - - Vol .^flg^'^ .136, 153. 203 -04. hBSn—3rT 3 3I that m a ly when called upon are absent from h o m e , others require time to consider what may be their duty in the matter while others are indifferent to it, a n d it will be evident that the labor will necessarily be protracted through the current year before Friends generally in Philadelphia can be called u p O n . ^Notwithstanding the extreme inclemency of the w e a t h e r , a few conferences were held during the past winter in the countryr these were mostly attended by George Truman, Clement B i d d l e , Helen G . L o n g s t r e t h , a n d E d w a r d P a r r i s h . Friends in the several neighborhoods visited were earnestly invited to give of their means a n d influence in a i d of the great w o r k we have in h a n d . * A t West Nottingham, M d . , and Little B r i t a i n , Lancaster C o . , P a . , within the limits of Baltimore Yearly M e e t i n g , conferences were h e l d on the 17th and 18th of First m o n t h , resulting in subscriptions not yet fully reported, but probably amounting to less than $ 8 0 0 . From Second m o . ^ d to Second m o . 8 t h , inclusive, a series was held at the close of the several Monthly Meetings composing Western Quarterly M e e t i n g , six in n u m b e r . A t most of these encouragement was received, but a reluctance to subscribe was manifested on the part of many of those p r e s e n t . The subscription papers not h a v i n g been returned, we can only estimate a n aggregate result from these six conferences of $ 1 8 0 0 . ^ A t a Conference held at F a l M n g t o n , J u c k s C o . , a t the close of the Monthly Meeting on the 11th of Fourth m o n t h , although a committee was appointed at that meeting to raise funds for the establishment of a neighborhood school u n d e r the care of Friends, sufficient interest was awakened by the presentation of the claims of Swarthmore to induce subscriptions, chiefly from those not previously interested, amounting to $ 5 0 0 . f k Conference was held a t Newtown on the following d a y , at which some subscriptions were m a d e , but the list having been retained by a friend, to b e further circulated, the amount is not k n o w n . •^Since the Annual Meeting in the Twelfth m o n t h , the amount subscribed, including some previous conditional subscriptions, now made a b s o l u t e , has b e e n about $ 3 0 , 0 0 0 , 15§ i&r 3 3/ — / (Which, if promptly paid, will meet the reqiiirements of the Building Committee for several months to come, but falls far short of the sum required to assure the completion of the building. vigorous effort is now needed to push forward the work of subscription, so as to produce an additional sum of at least $60,000 during the current year. Confer- ences are in prospect in several sections which have already been the subject of correspondence, and the committee on the subject, which meets at Race St. Meeting-house on the 3d Sixth-day in each month, will be glad of the co-operation of Friends in their respective neighborhoods to call friends together at the close of their Monthly Meetings, or at other times considered more suitable, to discuss with them the general subject of education, with special reference to the work in hand. It interests equally all members of our Religious Society and all who affiliate with them, and it is hoped those who feel its importance will lessen the laborsof the Central committee by aiding in getting up such conferences wherever they will probably bring an increase of interest. As visits to Swarthmore have often been found useful in interesting our Friends in the work, it is proTV posed to fix one day in every month at which companies from various sections ca^ collect at the College for a day of recreation, and to see for themselves the grounds and building."^ 15&S—10- 3 We are not informed, how many of these proposed visits to the college grounds were actually made. The Friends' Social Lyceum probably made one as its "Fifth Annual Reunion on the Grounds of Swarthmore College" was duly announced in the 2-<4 ( M r Intelligencer for 6th. Month anth 5, b, 1868.~ 1868.~ \v Tx hh ee usual usual account account of or tthis m s retinion reunion is is not not given given us in the Quaker Journal.U ' j Jjl^Jl ^tCc^UJU. y ^ ^ ^ d n ^ ' O n 5th. Month 25 to 2 9 , New York Yearly Meeting occurred, and the cause of Swarthmore was presented at a public meeting in connection with it. Samuel M . Janney, Deborah F . Wharton and George Tinman attended this meeting also, which, a 2-/7 \ correspondent wrote to the Intelligencer. "was quite an animated gathering, and a number of subscriptions were received." Meanwhile, the Managers~of^h4^College had held the regular meetings prescribed in their By-Laws for 12th. Month 3 , 1867, and 4th. Month 7, 1868. At the former meeting, the treasurer and two clerks were re-elected and the six standing committees were continued as constituted during the preceding year. These were the Coi»- mitteeson Building, Finance, Auditing, Property, Household, and Instruction, the name of the Advisory Committee being changed at this meeting to the Committee on Instruction. At the meeting on 4th. Month 7, 1868, the Board accepted the Treasurer's report, which read as follows} j / 1867 j 12 mo 2 i s i t ; ^Report of H . M . Laing, Treasurer To :Balance as per last report 1868 1 mo 13 n Cash received of C. M . Biddle, Receiver 2,000.00 3 " 26 H • " 1,515.00 n 37 of the leading metropolis of science in America. Let our men of wealth contribute of their means, our scholars of their stores of knowledge, our men of talent of their intellectual powers, our business men of their energies, and all of their active interest and public spirit, and we shall see our fair city, as her population and wealth increase, grow also in the elements of true civilization ^tftilitarian pursuits are liable to absorb an undue share of the energies of our people; the struggle for wealth, for social position, and for political preferment, seem in danger of usurping the place of those higher aims of ambition which lead to the cultivation of science, literature and art. To counteract this tendency, the principle of association, the combination of many interested in a common pursuit, is the most obvious means; it fits exactly upon the republican system, and has the advantage of popularizing, while it promotes and encourages knowledge and skill/^ Another Philade ^ __ 3 interest in the new college by means of his pen was Thomas H . Speakman articles fcir the Friends' Intelligencer 1 ("T.H.sl1), who wrote a series of on "The Society of Friends." The twelfth x/dL article in this series was on Swarthmore College, and was in part as follows: considering, with a view to their removal, the many discouraging circumstances which attentl our present condition as a religious body, we must not do ourselves injustice by overlooking those of a more hopeful and encouraging nature. Among the bright features which our prospects now disclose, is the establishment of an educational institution, such as has been, ever since the separation, the crying want of our Society, *To other religious denominations, who have as their exponents a specially educated class, general education may be a matter of choice or fancy, but to us an advanced order of intellectual and moral culture generally is a necessity, if we would maintain our proper relative position and influence, and keep pace with the advancing spirit of the age. Other denominations, which have an ordained head to each congrega- —Intoliigcucer fui 10th. Month 10, 10C0 (9ol* 06, P p . 505 6.)^ j tion, may be compared to monarchies, bfit ours is a democracy, in which all are equal, i and whose well being, as in political governments, depends upon the general culture. is true that we have, in different localities, many good schools, - some under the care of particular and monthly meetings, and others kept by individual memb e r s ; and it is also true that very many localities are wholly without schools, other !than those under the control of the public authorities. In this state of affairs, and ^with the lukewarmness that so generally prevails among our members, a very large proportion of the many children requiring to be educated from home are sent to schools and colleges where they are surrounded by influences which almost inevitably alienate them from our Society, and the loss that they and we have thus sustained is almost incalculable. Our great want has been, and is, a school or college second in point of grade to no other in the land, that shall be recognized as a Society institution, and that shall be designed and calculated to give to the cause of education a new life and impetus among us; and where, at a moderate cost, all who teay wish to leave home, or who desire a higher course than that furnished by their local schools, may be accommodated and trained in accordance with the views of Friends, and under the moral influences so necessary to their future welfare. This want is now happily about to be supplied by Swarthrnire College. have great reason to be thankful that a plan of organization has been adopted for this institution so just and equitable, and in accordance with the mode of proceeding usual among Friends, and which at the same time secures the rights of all against those vicissitudes which experience has shown to be incident to religious organizations, and which, under other circumstances, have sometimes been the means of great wrong. &The most important question now connected with this enterprise is the means necessary for its early completion, so that there may not be, from that cause, any delay in opening the school for the accommodation of the many who are expecting, and some of aa*. 3 3 f | them probably waiting to avail themselves of it. j This communication is not intended i as an appeal for subscriptions; but the general subject of contributions to such an object affords occasion for many instructive thoughts and suggestions ^ subscription or a legacy towards the erection, equipment or endowment of Swarthmore College, is liable to no such uncertainties and unsatisfactory results. It may be regarded as an investment in a perpetual saving fund, of which the Society of Friends, as represented by the body of the stockholders of that institution, are the trustees; in trust for the education of our children and our children's children, and those of Friends generally, to the end of time, in the best manner, and under influences conducive to the formation of habits and views of life which will furnish the best guarantee for their well being, and of which the chances of fortune cannot deprive them. *The unerring instinct of popular sentiment around us attests the superiority of our plain and practical method of education. Wherever we have schools that are open to other than our own members, the spare accommodations are usually filled by them to overflowing; and this should awaken us to the great importance of seeing that our own educational advantages are such as to leave no occasion for any of our own youth to be sent elsewhere; and more than that, as a means of doing good, as well as of strength and pleasurable satisfaction to ourselves, which involves no sacrifice, we may well go further, and provide for others to the extent of which they may be willing to avail themselves in our educational institutions. Jj-But it is not only with reference to its educational advantages, as such, that Swarthmore College should receive the hearty encouragement and support of all Friends. As a means of creating a common bond of union among Friends of different sections, which will be rendered doubly effective in the next generation from the intimacies that will be there formed, and as a means of preserving and handing down the distinctive principles and testimonies which we hold, it will be invaluable to our Society. Whatever may befall many of our meetings, or even our religious organization, this is destined to remain, and must continue to shed abroad the beneficent influences of (Quakerism, for ages to come.^S Q^rj^jui^ ^ J % L £ The meeting of the Board of Managers on 9th. Month 1, 1868, was the O./a first one held "at the College Building." It was attended by only fifteen of its members, and its business transactions were few. One of these was a report by the auditors on the accounts of Clement M . Biddle, Receiver for the Philadelphia District. This was "read and accepted and ordered to be entered on our Minutes." It showed that he had received for the college, and had paid to the two treasurers, the stun of 2 p. '7 $103,147.64, within the space of years down to 5th. Month 1 , 1868. The Treasurer also "made a statement of his receipts & expenditures since last report showing a balance in his hands of $1,444.65." ^ The third and last item in the minutes of this meeting r e a d s j ^ T h e members of the Board & the few friends accompanying them spent some time in examining the grounds & building. The West Wing jln one of the rooms of which, the Board's meeting was , doubtless heldj is mostly plastered, partly with two coats, & the carpenters are actively engaged in erecting the partitions & otherwise preparing the way for the plastering of the East Wing & Center Building. : 1 pastering, the dining room nearly so. /V ; The kitchen building is ready for Concluded Edward Parrish Clerk> The next meeting of the Board was held at Race Street Meeting-House,"in the Monthly Meeting Room", at 10 o'clock A.M., on 12th. Month 1,1868, just preceding the meeting of the Corporation held at the same place o n the same day. There were present twenty-seven members, "several friends having been prevented by causes beyond their control." A letter of resignation was received from the venerable Benjamin Hallowell, which "on consideratioh" it was regretfully decided to accept. . 4 - Next, "in view of the 'V.XXVj JXV; A notace of this meeting in the Intelligencer for 8th.Month 29,1868(Voli#& > f>.408) signed by "Edward Parrish, Clerk",state* that "the train leaves the city at 2.30." Cf. infra, f Intelligencer. Voh\3§/-|. 606,616. relatively small number of stockh41ders in Baltimore Yearly Meeting it was determined to select an additional member from New York to fill the vacancy", and Daniel Underhill, of Jericho, Long Island, was appointed for Benjamin Hallowell's unexpired term. B. Rush Roberts, of Baltimore Yearly Meeting, then proposed that the Baltimore representation should be still farther "reduced to four, and that a female member from Philadelphia should take the place of one from Baltimore at the next annual election." This was agreed to; and at the ensuing stockhdlders' meeting, Elizabeth Worth of Philadelphia was elected for fo\ir years to take the place of Rebecca S . Turner of Baltimore, whose term of four years (six altogether) had just expired. Thus the original founders were one by one dropping out, even before the college was able to open its doors. The Treasurer's report, read and accepted, was as follows: 12 mo 2 , 6 7 . 1868 To Balance in hand at this date $9,950.95 5r ~~ Cash for Stock - Baltimore " " " " " " " » II " " $600 N . York 9,150 Philad® 21,654 " Donation " Interest from S . Willets 31,404. 1,026. 154.73 $42,535.68 Bjr " Cash for Construction a/c " " fh f " Organization a/c " Property Com. Cash in bank $35,000. 2,065.30 700.00 $42.535.68 $64.65 4 " hands of S . Willets 4.705.73 4,770.38- Phila 12/1.68 Signed Henry M . Laing, T r e a s A The audi tor ^pcfcortod the above report and balance on hand^tta. m m wet?- and irsvpcfeorto Joseph Powell, for the Property Committee, reported the following receipts and Jxpenditures: tfeSa. ^ j ^ec ( \ d 494 bushels Oats sold 2 $347.31 291 " Wheat sold 677.43 657 " Corn sold 705.92 2,500 " Corn fodder 150.00 Labor of hauling 30.40 j * P d . for labor $1,911.06 $1,254.81 Tax - School 18 » 30 Road 13.07 County 61.50 92.87 Blacksmith, Wheelwright, &c. &c 286.04 Manure from Railway stables 366.00 Hauling manure & loading on cars - Freight on W.C. R . R . 275.00 102.00 $2,376.72> *The R e p a t of the President,* the minutes of this meeting continue, "'•Was now read, approved and directed to be suitably modified & laid before the Stockholders' Meeting as the Report of this Board. "toPhe Board being exceedingly anxious that the School should be opened next o autumn, every member in attendance agreed to pay ten djjilars upon each share previously subscribed by him or her, payable before the first of 7 Month next, and the same was also guaranteed for all those absent except one, on condition that this proposition shall be adopted by the Stockholders' Meeting and generally entered into by the stockholders. A further payment of Ten Dollars upon each share of stock would assure the completion of the College building so as to open it next autumn. The Meeting then closed. Edward Parrish, C l e r k ^ It was with these accomplishments, needs and determination that the Managers attended the fifth annual meeting of the stockholders which immediately followed theirs at three o'clock in the afternoon of 12th. Month 1 , 1868. ^ - Intelligencer, Vol. - S g ^ p . 601, 616. This meeting first filled the vacancies in the Board "by electing William H . Macy of Hew York^- in place of 2-2-Q Samuel J . Underbill, recently deceased, of Rebecca S. Turner of Baltimore. and Elizabeth Worth of Philadelphia^ in place The other six members whose term had expired were reelected, as were also Edward Parrish and Edith W . Atlee as Clerks. After considering the report of the Board and its proposition for increasing the funds, the meeting approved the former and "united with" the latter, and "nearly all those present subscribed accordingly^" - that is, "a new contribution of ten dollars on each share of the stock." The minutes contain an Appendix (page 16), which gives a list of eighty shareholders, the number of their shares, and the additional amount subscribed by them. These shares numbered in all 1703, from onef(20 individ- uals) to 80 (Elwood Burdsall), 144 (Alan Wood), 200 (Biddle Hardware Co.), and 680 (Samuel Willets); and the new contributions amounted to $17,050. This must have been an encouraging start towards raising the remainder of the pre-opening fund; and the meeting took the further step of instructing the clerks "to address a circular to each stockholder, informing of this action, and soliciting a like subscription from all others holding stock." 7-0 - Barring the following months, the- He died at his residence, Jericho, Long Island, after "a sudden and rapid illness" (six weeks after attending the Board's meeting at Swarthmore), on 10th. Month 7 , 1368, in the 72nd. year of his age. The Corporations miiiute Memoriam-(P.15) calls him one of the wisest and best friends of the College, and records; "He was among the earliest, most active and deeply interested of our contributors and managers, and the last act of his life was to sigh a codicil to his will, bequeathing $5,000 to constitute the nucleus of an endowment fund of the College not to be used "until the building is completed." This fund has been devoted through subsequent years to "the Samuel J . Underhill Scholarship", awarded annually to a member of the Sophomore Class. 343 - 1 P r e s i d e n t Parrish. w r o t e the f o l l o w i n g "Bote" on these m e e t i n g s u n d e r date 12/1.68: /^At the m e e t i n g of the B . of M a n a g e r s of Swarthmore College w e had some discourse about m y p o s i t i o n , p r e s e n t salary & c . r I told the B o a r d that I w a n t e d entire candor as to m y course & m y p o s i t i o n a s P r e s i d e n t . I had b e c o m e so identified with Swarthmore that I looked u p o n it a s a p e r m a n e n t employment for m e . There was a general concurrence in t h i s , thoiigh rather b y silence than b y s p e e c h . - Some of ray best ideas h a v e come to m e w h i l e I h a v e b e e n speaking p u b l i c l y . h o w we could assure the opening of Swarthmore, A s w e w e r e considering j rose to a d d r e s s the B o a r d h a v i n g only the one idea that all general a s s e r t i o n s that w e cannot succeed w i t h o u t m o r e m o n e y , & c . fail to address themselves to individuals so a s to b r i n g forth fruits - each one thinks of all the rest & does not take the a s s e r t i o n & appeal to h i m s e l f . While speaking the very w o r d s seemed to come to m e w h i c h took immediately h o l d not only of all the m e m b e r s of the B o a r d but of those p r e s e n t at the Stockholders m e e t i n g , that w e should ask from every stockholder a definite sum a c c o r d i n g to the a m o u n t already subscribed. T e n dollars a share was settled u p o n as a b o u t enough to finish the b u i l d i n g & every m a n a g e r & most others present took that amount y i e l d i n g about $ 1 6 , 0 0 0 at o n c e , & it looks as if it m i g h t b e g e n e r a l . A t a m e e t i n g of the P h i l a d f stockholders several thousand were subscribed b e s i d e s what had b e e n entered at the A n n u a l M e e t i n g & a large committee of w o m e n entrusted w i t h the collection of the m e a n s of furnishing the h o u s e . Another New Year's. It is raining h a r d . I h a v e spent the a f t e r n o o n & p a r t of the evening over the circulars b e i n g addressed to the stockholders of Swarthmore a s k i n g $10 a share - I h a v e c o m p a r e d t h e different lists to try to g e t than right p r e v i o u s to malting a complete l i s t , thus f a r , of all the stockholders including N . Y . & B a l t . ^ /S-VAy-y/v**-* /W^TW^Aft ^-fifi'^ S II if Ihtelligencer published "extracts from the correspondence of Edward Parrish, President of Swarthmore College, in response to the recent appeal of the Board of Managers for an additional payment of ten dollars on each share of the stock. These responses came from Wilmington, Del., Bucks and Delaware Counties, Pa., and Burlington and Gloucester Counties, H.J."^ Among these extracts were the following:7iNhile I feel ^ deeply interested in the success of its completion, I do not feel in circumstances iat present to add anything more to the trifle already subscribed; I am a widow in quite 5 limited circumstances.* ' - - - - JtYou may depend upon the contribution on the amount of shares I hold as early as I can make it convenient^ - - - -^To mourn over the loss of the youth of our Society, and at the same time place them where they will be likely to lose their attachment to it, is like neglecting our friends in life, but nourning their loss when gone . . . . •'"Then let us $ray for the completion of Swarthmore before those who are so anxiously waiting for its doors to be opened are compelled to go elsewhere. Cornell University is holding out great inducements; and it is truly a noble institution!, but shall Friends send their sons there to have a gun put in their hand and be taught military tactics? so, let them not afterwards complain if they deem it a du"ty to place it on their shoulder and go to the battle-field. - ^IrTregard to the expense of the building, to which some object, do Friends consider that it is not like a family dwelling designed to last for one or two generations only, but a durable legacy to Society for all generations? Under such a con- sideration, it should be massive, of the best material, and sufficiently large for the noble purpose ihtended. Then we shall not soon be called upon for repairs orradditions.. ''But to the point. I find you solicit a contribution to your library. I have a few books in reserve, if acceptable; an entire set of 'Wilkes' Exploring Expedition,' first edition, and two volumes of 'lardner's Popular Lectures on Science and . Art.' They are ready to be forwarded at thy direction. on my one share; it is possible I may in Seventh month."^ M . - Vol. |>p. 762 -43; Vol. -86u Pp. 30 - 31. Tsn?* ; 4 ^ J3SLz, I would gladly forward the $10 One correspondent, declining to contribute more, stated the following reason: think Society has long suffered for want of greater facilities for obtain- ing a good common education; and an Institution where the great bulk of our members could be accommodated, either immediately or through teachers instructed therein, and thus the benefit of such an education be generally diffused, has been greatly needed; and it was with a view to such an institution that I made a snail subscription in the eaxly part of the concern, and for such a one sufficient fuhds have long since been obtained. concern as now in prospect seems a different affair, and if I am rightly informed, will be one of which the benefits can ojjly be enjoyed by a few of the wealthier members, which must increase rather than lessen the disparity in the literary attainments of Society. With these views, and without wishing to discourage those who are favored clearly to view the subject in a different light, I mist be excused from any further actioh at present."^ To this criticism, D r . Parrish replied as follows:y^Thy letter has been duly received, and notwithstanding the great number of communications to which I have to respond, I think it due to thee and to the Managers of Swarthmore that I should call thy attention to the fact that no change ih the character of the proposed school has taken place since we started, except perhaps that it has had a rather larger scope given to it in deference to the views of such as thyself. It was never designed to come in competition with neighborhood schools, but rather to promote and elevate these, by its influence upon the whole Society, through the well qualified teachers which it will aim to send into every neighborhood. T^The money subscribed has been well and economically spent upon the plot of ground and a plain and substantial building, not too large for the obvious requirements of the Society. Those who think enough money has been expended already to have finished and opened such a school as we need must have a very limited idea of the educational i fin.. demands of the Society; we continually find evidence that we have done wisely in laying out from the start for a large number to be well accommodated, and have every reason to believe that the large majority of the stockholders are well satisfied with the work thus far. Thy friend, E . PARRISH.* [' meeting also decided to try a{ The stockholders' again the method of "conferences" for increasing the fund, and reappointed the committee of the previous year for that purpose. It also arranged a conference to be held in Philadelphia on 12th. Month 18, 1$6$, "to consider the subject of opening the School next fall".; this action was taken, the Intelligencer'e notice of the meeting said, because many of the stockholders in Philadelphia and its vicinity were not present at the annual meeting. To take general charge of the conferences and subscriptions, the following committees were appointed: 2, "Committee of Stockholders, to Solicit Suhcriptions in Philadelphia^"" Edward Hoopes. William C. Biddle, Dillwyn Parrish, William Dorsey, Alan Wood, Joshua Lippincott, Thomas H . Speakman, Franklin S. Wilson, Joseph Wharton, Isaac H . Clothiey, Reeve L . Knight, Henry M . Laing, ^General Committee to appoint and attend Conferences, and assist in raising Local Committees and Associations to promote Subscriptions^ Philadelphia and Vicinity. Thomas H . Speakman, v ^ Clerk. Dillwyn Parrish, Lucretia Mott, George Truman, Martha Dodgson, Edward Hoopes, Helen G. Longstreth ,, „ 1 , - k j J l ^ k , fl. 649. 2. i V ' ^ M - i L S J Deborah F . Whartoft, Hugh M c l l m i n , Edward Parrish, Joseph Powell, Darby, P a . dd Clement Biddle, C h a ^ s f o r d , P a . Lydia Hall, West Chester, P a . T . Clarkson Taylor, Wilmington, Del. Henry T . Darlington, Doylestown, P a . Mahlon K . Taylor, Taylorsville, P a . Lewis A . Lukens, Conshohocken, David Ferris, Eancocas, N.J. Isaac Stephens, Trenton, N.J. William Parry, Cinnaminson, N.J. Edwin C^aft, Clarksboro^ N.J. Benjamin Bassett, Salem, N.J« Samuel Martin, Kennett Square, P a . Job H . Jackson, West Grove, P a . Lewis Walker, Norristown, P a . Levi Pownall, Christiana, P a . Thomas Garrigues, Kingsessing, Philadelphia. Priscilla T . Speakman, Dillworth»s Town, P a . Meet at Race Street Meeting House third 6th day in every month, at 11 o'clock, A.M. New York and Vicinity. Samuel Willets, Isaac H . Cock, Daniel Underhill, Caroline Underbill, Elwood Burdsall, Charles T . Bunting, Robert Willets, Eliza H . Bell, John D . Hicks. 3 ; Baltimore and Vicinity. Benjamin Hallowell, B . Rush Roberts, Gerard H . Reese, Elizabeth B . Smith, Rebecca. Turner, Ellen Riley."^ i I The President's report to the Board, which became the Board's report to the Corporation, on 12th. Month 1, 1868, is not recorded in the Board's minutes; but it is printed in the Minutes of the Stockholders' meeting, and is as follows:^To the Stockholders of Swarthmore College; S^The Board of Managers in presenting their Annual Report, can not but feel that the work of erecting and establishing Swarthmore College is still a formidable one. ^THE FINANCIAL ASPECTS of our enterprise indicate the necessity of a renewed effort to obtain the means needed to carry it forward. T h & funds subscribed, the past year, amoulit to about $38,000, of which sum nearly $29,000 was subscribed within the limits of the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting, and $9,000 in New York and its vicinity; the letter stan has been collected, and increased in the hands of our receiver in New York, by accumulation of interest. Nearly $25,000, mostly in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, inclusive of $2,345 subscribed previous to the year 1867, remains uncollected; it may be considered available, deducting a small, per centage for installments not collectable. Since the last Annual Report, conferences have been held in various localities, especially within the limits of Western and Bucks Quarterly Meetings, Pa., but with less pecuniary results than might have been anticipated in view of the success of the first general effort of this kind. Many iiew subscriptions have been obtained on these occa- sions, but they generally have not exceeded a single share from each individual. *jlls usual we have been liberally remembered by a few friands of large means, whose continued interest in the great work in which we are engaged has been cause of encouragement. ^ - Pp. 7 - 1 4 . ' / ^ y the Report of the Treasurer, we learn that the whole sum collected, the past year, has been $32,584.73, and that the cash in his hands and in those of the Receiver in New York, now amounts to $4,770.38. -^THE BUILDING. - The progress of the College building has been gradual, but will be very apparent as compared with its condition at the time of the last Annual Meeting, Nearly all the inside walls and partitions are covered with the first two coats of plaster, and the upper stories in the west wing and part of the dining room, with the white coat. ing. The floors are laid in the wings and in part of the centre build- The elevators are erected and in working order, and the gas pipes and waste pipes for water are located throughout the house. In this connection we should notice the liberal gift from the firm of Morris, Tasker & Co., of gas pipes, to the amount of $831.87. The work and all the materials have been paid for, gxcept about $5,000, and in summing up the whole cost of construction thus far, exclusive of this, we have an aggregate of $148,756. C a r e f u l estimates have been made of all the items necessary to finish the building inside, including water tanks, baths and plumbing, the arches, iron stairs and doors in the fire proof alcoves, and the paintihg of the whole house; these will cost about $43,000. This estimate does not include the porches over the front doors on the centre building and on the return wings. < W h e recently revised estimate of the cost of steam boiler and heating arrangements, laundry, gas works, and kitchen-range and appurtenances, is $27,000. Thus, to complete the building sufficiently for use, it will require a sum of $70,000, inclusive of the fuhds now on hand and collectable.^ ^THE FURNITURE. - The plan was proposed in the last Annual Report, - suggested simultaneously by several women interested in the College, - that the business of fur- nishing the household should be undertaken by a large volunteer committee of their own sex, acting under direction of the Household Committee of the Board of Managers, and a tag; small s-um has since been donated for that purpose and placed in the hands of the President of the College. Should this suggestion he approved at the present meeting i of the stockholders, the names of such as are willing to take part in it should be \ minuted, and a time fixed for their first meeting. j J^lt is recommended that this Furnishing Committee should confine their col- / lection of funds to their own sex, and that each contributor disposed to link her name j permanently with the College, should have the privilege of paying for the furnishing ; of one or more dormitories, parlors or dining tables. Estimates have been prepared of the expenses of furnishing the several parts of the house according to the prescribed models, which will be placed at the disposal of such committee, if appointed. It is the judgment of the Board that true economy will be promoted by the funds collected being placed in the hands of the household committee, rather than being expended by individual contributors. ^fcOOKS, SPECIMENS AND APPARATUS. - Before opening the College, it will be necessary to procure a stock of school-books and stationery, which ma.y or may not be charged to the pupils as hereafter determined; also books of reference, maps, globes, means of illustrating natural history, and philosophical and chemical apparatus. In these last items there is great room for large expenditures, and while we may properly guard at the outset against the purchase of useless, costly apparatus, we cannot meet the just expectations of the community without providing such as are necessary in advance of the opening of our school. A suitable provision should also be made for the gradual accumulation of facilities for instruction as the necessity for them arises. A safe place of storage has been provided in the College building for any contributions of books, specimens and apparatus donated to it, and the President, if notified of any intended contributions of the kind, will attend to their being forwarded and properly { The Minutes (p. 5) record that the following women volunteered at the meeting to act as members of the Furnishing Committee, and were given power to add to their number; Mary Jeanes, Susatv-Darlington, Susan M . Parrish, Mary H . Morgan, Sarah A . Taylor, Mary H . Child, Anne Cooper, Martha Dodgson, Hetty W . Thurston, Margaret S. Parrish, Sarah K . Gillingham, Sarah J . Ash, Anna T . Hallowell, Rebecca Webb. i3s4 cared for. j n It is proposed that a nucleus be at once formed for a library of standard historical, biographical, scientific and miscellaneous books, and friends possessing works of real value which have ceased to be useful to them, may aid us in forming that requisite of every College- — a good library. PROPERTY COMMITTEE report their expenditures for labor, manure, repairs, taxes, &c., amounting to $2,376.72, and their income from the sale of the products of the farm at $1911.06, a sum of $465.66 having thus been put upon the land with reference to getting the lawn into grass as soon as the necessities of the school require it. O R G A N I Z A T I O N . - No further steps have been taken toward the appointment of those to be concerned in the (juties of instruction, although the whole course of study and its proper division among a suitable number of professors and tutors has been the subject of careful revision since the last Annual Report. With a view to accommodating children of various ages and degrees of advancement, as impartially as possible, it is now proposed to add to the three classes in the Preparatory School, suggested last year, a Collegiate class who will be candidates for graduation in four years from entering. This will involve the appointment of professors previous to the opening of the school, who will participate in and direct the instructions of the Preparatory classes. The President of the College has been allotted the departments of Ethics and of Chemistry and general science. E d w . H . Magill, the Principal of the Preparatory School, will fill the Professorship of Ancient and Modern Languages in the College, and two additional Professors should be appointed to conduct the instruction in Mathematics and in English literature and history. ^ H E MODE OF ADMISSION TO THE SCHOOL. - Many inquiries having been made as to how this difficult point will be met at the opening, we have agreed to the following:When the Board shall determine the date of opening the school, let an early day be fixed at which applications for admission of pupils may be made, due and ample 3 if**-" notice being given by means of the public papers circulating in the neighborhoods in which the stockholders reside, and also by printed circulars distributed among the stockholders. A suitable book being opened, every applicant's name will be entered with the date, parentage and age, until the full number of each sex, capable of being accommodated is reached. The list will now be closed, and immediately on the opening of the school, the candidates will be examined for classification, a certain number of those most advanced being allotted to the College Class, and a suitable number to each of the three classes in the Preparatory school, according to proficiency in the several branches. We shall thus avoid the difficulties growing out of absolute standards for the several classes which, however practicable after the school has been well established, will be ill adapted to the conditions uider which we are compelled to open it. As we have already determined that the children and wards of stockholders should take precedence, these should constitute a separate list, all others waiting until a given date, when, if any vacancies remain, they may be entered, taking precedence according to the date of their application. It is recommended that none under twelve years of age be received, except at the discretion of the President and Principal of the Preparatory School. ^TIME OF OPENING THE SCHOOL. - No time can be fixed for opening Swarthmore until its financial problem is solved. took shape. Eight years have elapsed since this movement The children then of suitable age to enter such a school have already left their schooldays behind them, in the active pursuits of business and professional life. We, the Managers of the prospective institution, who are responsible for the success or failure of the trust imposed in us, have also grown older; some valued colleagues have passed away. Though we have all acquired much experience, most of us have lost somewhat of that energy which the years, as they pass, inevitably rob us of. And now, as we look at the imposing structure we have been instrumental in erecting throughout the last three years, we must all desire to see it soon finished and devoted to its beneficient objects. "^bur youth plead that Swarthmore may soon open its portals to candidates for that literal culture which is not elsewhere obtainable within the Religious Society to which they belong. Parents desire that these may not be longer debarred from the Jenefits of that public spirit which has devised and carried forward the great undertaking now so near its possible consummation. Those who have so freely invested their leans in the erection of this noble edifice, naturally desire to see it repaying that isury which blesses alike the giver and receiver. The scheme of instruction is already fell digested; two of the teachers and the Matron are appointed and only await the oppor5 tunity to devote themselves to their duties;" '. . On the adjournment of the Stockholders'' M e e t i n g j W l.^'cit^ Month 1 , 1368, ;he Managers held a meeting for the organization of the Board, and reappointed the clerks, treasurer, auditors, and committees on finance, property, building, instruction, and lousehold. The only changes made in these was the appointment of one of the new members, Clizabeth Worth, to the Household Committee. No further business was transacted, but the {anagers probably conferred informally, on this as on other occasions, about the following unpleasant circumstance. This was the problem which confronted the Board in the years 1867 - 69, of fhich a few bare hints are given in the minutes of the Board. — irt*^ rith Thomas Seabrook§\which it was ;hon taken to court.. / U i & ^ c U f c * * . /hj AvJAJ^ n,tl t. f "T f f1 It was a misunderstanding fas^iM**^^ A^&L T^L^. arbitration,ISut wao /Wfc^cfc- ( S ^ r C t . From a deposition made by Edward Parrish on March 30, 1869, we learn that the aisunderstanding arose in the spring of .1867. The deposition gives the following jersonal details:fj*Edward Parrish, affirmed, says: am a Druggist and Chemist. t— I carry on the business at 800 Arch Street. Amy A pamjbhlet printed for the court: "District Court June Term, 1868. No. 1401. Thomas Seabrooke vs. Swarthmore College. Depositions on the part of Plaintiff, taken before Richard M . Batturs, Notary Public, at his office, 207 South Fifth Street. Chapman Biddle Esq. Attorney for Plaintiff, A . Lewis Smith Esq. Attorney for Defendant^' , 32 Pages, Siddal Brother?, Printers, No. 213 South Fifth S t r e e t s Ws aged 46 years, 3r SflfLs I am connected with the Corporation of the Swarthmore College. of the stockholders of that Institution, and am one of its officers. Am one Am clerk of the Corporation, ard have an additional office of President of the College. I was connected with the Corporation as an officer in June, 1867, and have "been since that time so connected as an officer. 1864. I had been an officer from the acceptance of its charter in Have been, and still am, one of the members of the Building Committee of said College. The Building Committee was for the erection of the College building. were four of the corporation, besides myself, on the Building Committee. chairman, Edward. Hoopes, Ellwood Burdsall and Gerard H . Reese. There Hugh Mcllvaine, Hugh Mcllvaine is in the lumber business on Market and 34th Streets, West Philadelphia. I should think he is 50 years of age. Edward Hoopes is a Manufacturer of Screws and Bolts, Buttonwood Street belov/ Broad. He is about 48 years old. Elwood Burdsall is a Manufacturer of Iron Screws in the neighborhood of New York City, in the adjoining County of West Chester. Port Chester is the Post Office address. He is about 45 years old. H . Reese is a Grocer, in the City of Baltimore, about 45 years of age. Gerard The non-residents of the Building Committee were not in the habit of attending all the meetings of the Committee, perhaps they attended the meetings once in 3 or 4 months. The resident members of the Committee were generally in the habit of entering into contracts for building the College. The resident members of the Committee, engaged with Thomas Sea- brooke, the Plaintiff,tn purchase stone for the College Building. , - - ^There was a disagreement between Thomas Seabrooke and Swarthmore College in regard to the settlement of an unpaid balance. to give a receipt in full, as I understand it. pay him, or tender him a receipt. The disagreement arose out of a refusal I was not chairman and did not therefore The College owed him money in the spring of 1867, which they have not paid him, on account of his declining to receipt in full of his claim. The Committee did not offer at that time to pay Seabrooke the whole of his claim. The Committee have not at any time since, that I am aware of, offered to pay him the whole 3 amount he claims. Mr. Se&hrooke claimed at that time about $5600.- w I do not know what passed between him, and the chairman of the Committee, but the Committee proposed, at that time, to pay him about $3400.- in full of this claim. I do not know exactly how the proposition for arbitration originated., but I know that it became a subject of correspondence between Hugh Mcllvaine, the chairman of the Committee, and Chapman Biddle, representing Thomas Seabrooke.^ Hugh Mcllvaine's letter was made "Exhibit A" in the suit and reads as follows: ^Phila, 12,11,1867. Est'ed F'd Thine of yesterday has been received, Edward was correct in his supposition, this is the first I had from thee. We are p|r|ejfectly satisfied to leave our difficulty to an arbitration properly chosen, of those donversant with that kind of business, but if so left we wish the whole case put in their hands. We will have a claim against Thomas Seabrooke for damages in detaining our building a whole season during which wages rose on us 50 to 75 cents per day caused by his not delivering the stone in 1866, and also for extra work upon dimension stone which were but the rough stone out of the quarry without any pretence to dimension. Very lesp To Hugh Mcllvain Chapman Biddle 131 South 5th St. Chn of Building Comt for Swarthmore College.^ •""Question; - Do you know whether Hugh Mcllvaine consummated that offer to submit to arbitration, or whether it was afterwards done by some other member of the Coijimittee, and if so, by which member of the Committee? Answer: - It was done by Hugh Mcllvaine's consent; I do not know exactly how that was carried out; I don't no?/ remember. 3- 3 jJPBeing agreed upon, I was requested to speak to some one, as to the employment an arbitrator. If any consummation of the offer to arbitrate was made, it must have en verbal, and to the best of my recollection, in conversation between Chapman Biddle d myself; although what occurred in that connection, I do not how distinctly remember. Q u e s t i o n : - Do you recollect whether M r . Biddle refused to treat further with gh Mcllvaine in reference to the proposed arbitration, in the month of March, 1868, or t, and whether Mr. Biddle did, on behalf of Thomas Seabrooke, as a final offer, propose at Edward Farrish or Edward Hoopes, should, on the part of the Building Committee, Lect one of the arbitrators, he another, and the two arbitrators select a third competent rson, and that the whole matter in dispute should be referred to the three persons so Lected. It being understood that the original proposition of reference, except as modi- sd or disagreed to, should remain in force, and that neither party should select any v g ^ Dloyv or any one with whom any business relations then existed, or should have existed^, bhin the last five years prior thereto; and that that offer on the part of M r . Seabrooke, not accepted by 12 noon of the 4th day of April, 1868, in writing, was to be considered withdrawn? A n s w e r : - I recollected a disagreement between them, and I now recollect that . Biddle did decline as stated, to treat further with Hugh Mcllvaine. In a general way, Jelieve Mr. Biddle did submit the proposition to arbitrate, to Edward Hoopes and myself the part of the Building Committee. The proposition as modified, was agreed to, and it the offer should be accepted prior to the given date, and I believe the date mentioned correct. I think it likely that offer was accepted ih writing, but I have no data by to fixi the fact in my memory. I prestune I accepted it. jpaper marked 'Exhibit B.« shown -v n This is in my handwriting. It purports to be a note to Chapman Biddle, dated Sness.1 • This note was as follows; "Chapman Biddle, Our 'building Committee have no hesitation in accepting the last proposition of Thomas Seabrook as per thy note of 30" ult, which was duly received. We regret the implied want of confidence in our Chairman, which we think not justified by any thing which has occurred. Respectfully > Arch St. ' Edward Parrish 4 m o . 3 . 1868 on behalf of the Building Committee^ Swarthmore College." ITS—^ 4th m o . 3rd,1868, from me, in "behalf of the Building Committee, for the purpose of accepting the offer of M r . Biddle, for Thomas Seabrooke, to arbitrate. I recollect shortly afterwards, about April 11th, 1868, that M r . Biddle, on behalf of Seabrooke, Si named Stephen D . McCall^, as his arbitrator. the Committee a short time afterwards. Charles Conard, as their arbitrator. This was communicated to the chairmen of Shortly afterwards, the Committee selected That selection was communicated to M r . Seabrooke, or his Counsel: I don't know whether I did it, but I suopose I did. (Exhibit marked 'C' shown witness.! This paper is in my handwriting, and communicates, on behalf of the Committee, the name of Charles Conard, as arbitrator. ^Question: - Do you know to what Religious Denomination Charles Conard belongs? ^Answer: - I am pretty sure that he does not belong to a n y . *Q^iestionj - Do you know at what Church he attends? ^Answer: - I do not think he attends a n y . The two arbitrators, so selected, chose Charles Barker, as the third arbitrator. — — - - — 1 "Question: -—las—there a writing of submission - all. matters at variance between Thomas Seabrooke and Swapfiirnore College, arising out of S e a b r o ^ e ' s agreement^to furnish st^ne for the College, were referred to the th^ee ar- » bitrators x h o m you have named? Agreement was prilated^Cpr the court on a 4-page leaflextentitied "Paper Book"; it was as\follows: £— "It is agreed between Thomas Seabrdlsk and Swarthmore College, as follows,to wit: W f c A^rAA. jLrtjLr^as '• "Chapman Biddle (J The building Committee of Swarthmore College name as arbitrator, CHARLES CONARD 821 Marshall Street. Re spy Edward Parrish on behalf of building Com. Philadelphia 4mo 1 3 . 1868." 1. That all matters at variance between them/arising out of any agreement to furnish stone by the said Thomas Seabrook for theydollege building of Swarthmore College,\hall be referred to three a r b i t r a t o r s , Stepheii D. McCalla, Charles Conard and Charles Barker; said arbitrators shall be duly swornXpr affirmed by eac other or by couhsel. 2. T h \ admission of evidence adduced before said arbitrators shall be regu/ V lated by the ordinaryXJLegal rules of ^Vidence. / The parties may be represented by coun- sel. 3. The awarcK of said Arbitrators, or of any two of them, iii writing under their hands, shall be fina]\and /binding upon the parties, and from whi^h no appeal shall be taken; provided that the said award shall be delivered within fifteen daj^s after the Philadelphia, May 7\ 1868. hearing is closed. Thos. Seabroo . Attest, ( , Seal of ) ( Swarthmore) ( College y Edward Pari/ish, Clerk « . . . "Question: - [Paper filed in the C&ee shown to witnessJ Is that the submission t j the/arbitrators? / "Answer: - It is. Dated May 7th, 1868">vsigfned by Thomas Seabrooke and the deal of Swarthmore College attested by myself as clerkj/^pln pursuance of that submission the arbitrators met on the day of its date. Hugh Mcllvaine, Edward Hoopes, and myself were present on the part of the Committee and A . Lewis Smith as Counsel for the College; Thomas Seabrooke was also present with Chapman Biddle as his Counsel, and the three arbitrators. The ca.se of Seabrooke was then opened to those arbitrators, and witnesses were examined on his behalf. aotes, to May 26th, 1868. That meeting was adjourned, it appears by the The arbitrators were then present and the parties, or some af thejn. At that meetimg, further evidence was offered on the part of Seabrooke."•s Dr. Parrish then refers to numerous meetings of the arbitrators and witnesses -» 13& -J p May and. June, 1868, and continues: "Adjourned to July 2nd,at which time no meeting was held, on account of the dHath of Mr. Seabrooke's mother. What I am now saying is not matter j6f positive knowledge or recollection of myself, and I should doubt if I am right/In asserting as fact what Appears merely in the shape of notes, not signed or in grfy way authenticated, but believed\to be correct in the m a i n . "Question: - Who took the notes of the testimony' in the case whilst you were present at the several meetings? "Answerj\- A . Lewis Smith, Counsel for/Swarthmore College, took the notes in question. "Question:- ^)id you see anybody elge taking notes of the testimony that was / offered, at any of those meetings? "Answer: - No ohe tobk regular notes but our Counsel, and he furnished them for copy to the Counsel for Seal^ooke./and they were loaned to him almost invariably, at the adjournment of the meetings. "The next meeting appears\to have been held July 7th, 1868, at which witnesses were examined. That meeting Was adjourned to July 9th, at which witnesses were examined. The next meeting was held J"uly 13th, one arbitrator, M r . Conard.only being present, but it was agreed to take testjtfnony, as appears by n^tes of Counsel, and witnesses were accordingly examined. That meeting was adjourned to^a day in September to be fixed by the arbitrators, and yt was held September 14th, 1368, wlaen a witness was examined. That meeting was adi6urned to September 21st, no meeting being held, but was adjourned to October 5 t h / w h e n a meeting was held, and, Seabrooke's ca.s& having been concluded prior to that day, Mr. Smith opened the case for Swarthnore C o l l e g e \ b y the notes, Hugh Mcllvaine, Edwnrd/Parrish and Edward Hoopes were then present. A witness was, examined at that meet- ing./ That meeting adjourned to October 12th, at which witnesses w e r k examined. Now I r ^ e m b e r I was present at that meeting. nesses were examined. The next meeting was November 9\h, at which wit- This was adjourned to November 23y!jd, which was adjourned, on fin. I. scAj^^Jba*,*. '• \ I ^ account o-£ the absence b't: one or tile arblU/alurn, to Dec-ember 71sh, wliwn & meeting watk V M , . nnti c FL-'WLTN—P T"»P "T"lir*Tl "\u HaJ-ti ami jmi-rnnd fn TWoraVirns. fl meeting w n r , -Thio meeting wac adjourned,fry tho no too, to December - S - I B ^ * ! find the record of a meeting December 38th, at which a witness was examined. Adjourned to January 4th, 1889, and a meeting was then held and the same witness examined. That meeting appears to have adjourned to January 11th, 186^. I was present at the commencement of the meeting of January 4th, but did not remain long. •Question: - Do you believe that the meeting of January 4th, was adjourned to January 11th, 188^, in the same manner as the other meetings had been adjourned? ^Answer: - I have no knowledge on the subject, not h a v i n g been p r e s e n t . "^Question repeated: - "^Answer; - I have never been informed as to the circumstahces of that ad- Q u e s t i o n : - Do you mean, then, to say that you do not believe that there was, or was not a difference between this adjournment, and the preceeding ones? i "^Answer: - Not knowing what passed between those assembled, I infer that there was a difference. ^t^uestion: -Why do you draw such an inference without any knowledge? ^Answer: - I have no knowledge of what occurred, but I know that there was dissatisfaction, on the part of those representing Swarthmore College, with the departure, or rather departures, from the terms of the agreement of submission. Q u e s t i o n repeated: - Do you believe now that the meeting of January 4th, was adjourned to January 11th, in the same manner as other meetings had been adjourned? "^Answer; - I answer as before. My difficulty is lack of information as to ; what occurred then and there. i i ^Question:"^Answer: - Had you information in regard to all the previous adjournments? I do not know that I always had. I generally had. Q u e s t i o n ; - W h y , then, do you hesitate to state your belief in regard to ihe adjournment of the meeting of January 4th, 13692 •Answer; - Because I never inquired in previous cases, when I was absent, tor in this, as to the mode of determining the time and/>lace of the next meeting. I Lsually learned incidentally that the arbitrators would meet at such and such times. There .s a difference between knowing when the arbitrators were expected to meet again, and the :ircumstances which may have transpired at the close of the sittings. Q u e s t i o n repeated: *Answer: - I have nothing further to answer; if this is not clear, I cannot lake it more so. ^Question:- Did you learn incidentally, or otherwise, of the adjournment of ;he meeting of January 4th, 1869, to January 11th, 1869, prior to the latter date? Answer: - I have no recollection. Probably I was incidentally informed, or may have been present at the conclusion of that meeting; I rather think I w a s . *^uestion:- Do you believe that the meeting of January 4th, was adjourned to 'anuary 11th, 1869, differently from the previous meetings? *AnBwer: - I am in doubt, or rather, have no knowledge or belief on the ubject. ^Question: -Were you present at the meeting of January 11th, 1869? "^Answer: - No. I was not present at any meeting, January 11th. That this question and the dates January 4 and 11 were significant appears rom the following "Revocation": ;^To Stephen D . McCalla, Charles Conard and Charles Barke •^Yoxi are hereby jointly and severally notified that the reference or submision to you of matters at variance between Thomas Seabrook and Swarthmore College, by greement dated May 7, 1368, is countermanded, revoked and annulled, and your authority n the premises is wholly at an end. ^Philadelphia, 1st m o . 8 , 1869. Seal of ) Swarthmore) College.) Attest, Edward Parrish, Clerk. — a - ^ ^ ^•To Thomas Seabrook: *You are hereby notified that the reference or submission created in and by the agreement, bearing date Philadelphia, May 7th, 1868, of matters at variance between you and Swarthmore College, to Stephen D . McCalla, Charles Conard and Charles Barker, is countermanded, revoked and annulled, and the authority of the said arbitrators in the premises is wholly at an end. -^Philadelphia, 1st m o . 8th.,1869. ( Seal of ) ( Swarthmore) ( College ) Attest, ' M (/VVVUJ^A / / ^U^l^^ry, • ^rvCfevw^ . Edward Parrish, C l e r k ^ *Q,uestionj- Did you have exceptions to the Award of the arbitrators in this case prepared and filed, and did you affirm to the same? *Anawer: - I did, on behalf of the defendants; if that is what the Swarthmore College is called. ^Question:- Do you know the difference between Parties Plaintiff, and Parties Defendant, to an action? *Aoswer; - I think I do. "^Question:- Did the Committee of Swarthmore College agree to be bound by the of award of the before-mentioned arbitrators, or/any two of them, if made in writing under their hands, and did the Committee agree that no appeal should be taken to any such award; provided, that the award should be delivered within fifteen days after the hearing was closed? ^Answer;- The Committee did agree to the terms stated in the submission, in- cluding those mentioned in the question, which are only in part, Q u e s t i o n : -Has an award been made by the arbitrators, or of any two of them, in writing under their hands; and if so, in whose favor did they award, and what amount iid they so award? Answer: - A paper has been shown to me, purporting to be an award, but, as •W6- Ifr advised by Counsel, I do not consider it, as in a true and just sense, a n award. 3 I have not seen, that I now remember, any original paper signed by the arbitrators, but only a copy of a paper purporting to have been so signed."** It is evident from this account of the deposition that Dr. Parrish resented the method of the opposing counsel in pressing the same question repeatedly upon him; for at one point in the hearing, he said: "I decline to make any answer upon questions being constantly repeated, which I would not answer the first time the question is put to me. I am not so young nor, I hope, so indiscreet as to be ma.de the means of involving i the interests intrusted to me, in common with others, by any ill advised or improper^ answers " ^ / j ^ f a J L d s ^ r t A * ^ J^ 1 ' The order for the entry of the case in the District Court was directed to the June Term, 1368, and entered on the docket of that court as "No 1401 ( ^ B i d d l e ) , Thomas Seabrook v.Swarthmore College, A m . Ac.Case entered Jan. 21st, 1869, as per agreement filed dated May 7, 1368. Jan 22, 1869, award of arbitrators filed, who award that there is due from Swarthmore College to Thomas Seabrook the sum of $ 6 3 2 5 . T h e court accepted ipprovedj arbitrators' award,^and award,\ and on 2nd. Month 14, 1871, 1371, the Board "resolved that the and approved/arbitrators' Treasurer be authorized to borrow whatever money is necessary to pay off the judgnent of Thomas Seabrook against the College and give the necessary security." The treasurer accordingly borrowed $4,000 for this purpose and the claim was finally squared off. The first meeting of the Board in 1869 was held "at/the College building" on 1$/ 4th. Month 6 , at 3.30 P.M., 1 twenty-two members being present. The President presented the following report: */pBy the Treasurer's statement it appears that we have received since the Annual Meeting $15, 415 and have expended, chiefly upon the building & materials, on hand $18,387.43. Jfc- At ejmeeting of the Board on 5th. Month 10, 1872, it was reported that the Building Com»* mittee had expended from 5th. Month 25, 1366 to 6th. Month 4 , 1370, the sum of $257,179.97^ i J U X ^hul. ^ J ^ . . The Intelligencer notice of this was inserted three times (Vol.86>J>p.41,57,73), and ^ stated that the "cars leave station,31st and Chestnut streets at 2>80 P.M." i| -• » ST*"» If- The Intelligencer published a suimajy of this report (Vo3rsr34^Pj.04). ( ^ i?§ 11 **"The proposal to solicit a further contribution of Ten dollars a share u p o n all stock subscribed p r e v i o u s to the late A n n u a l M e e t i n g , h a s b e e n submitted to the stockholders as far as their correct P o s t O f f i c e a d d r e s s e s w e r e k n o w n ; replies have b e e n j received from a few declining to contribute f u r t h e r , m o r e h a v e acceded to the r e q u e s t , 1 but m u c h the largest number have not b e e n h e a r d f r o m . 233 ^ C o n f e r e n c e s h a v e b e e n h e l d w i t h considerable advantage in N e w Y o r k , Phil- % : adelphia, B a l t i m o r e & W i l m i n g t o n , D e l , a n d the local committee in P h i l a d e l p h i a has n o t been idle though the u n f a v o r a b l e season of the y e a r , the frail h e a l t h of several members of the committee and the n u m e r o u s engagements of others h a v e p r e v e n t e d so general a canvass a s w o u l d h a v e b e e n d e s i r a b l e . ' 2 A recent estimate of the a v a i l a b l e funds now subscribed sums u p $40,000; besides this about $ 1 , 5 0 0 h a s b e e n p l a c e d in a 'suspended l i s t ' p a r t of w h i c h w i l l , no doubt, be p a i d . A single subscription of $ 5 , 0 0 0 is not included b e c a u s e not a v a i l a b l e XZ6 until the a u t u m n . &The The u n s e t t l e d claims against the "Building Committee m a y reach $ 6 , 0 0 0 . progress of the B u i l d i n g during the p a s t four m o n t h s has b e e n slow in consequence of the u n f a v o r a b l e season of the y e a r , but the b u i l d i n g committee is now p r e pared to p r e s s forward the p l a s t e r i n g , carpenter w o r k , p l u m b i n g , h e a t i n g a p p a r a t u s a n d laundry a n d if the funds a r e in h a n d can finish the b u i l d i n g for occupancy b y the first of Ninth M o n t h n e x t . The W o m e n ' s Committee for f u r n i s h i n g the College h a s b e e n industrious- ly engaged in collecting m e a n s and in s e w i n g . They have p r e p a r e d a report of their oper- ations to b e p r e s e n t e d a t this m e e t i n g . ^"We may a n t i c i p a t e drafts from the general fund for p a r t of the expense of furnishing the house as also for the grading a n d p l a n t i n g of the grounds w h i c h w i t h the cost of finishing the b u i l d i n g m u s t exceed our p r e s e n t resources, so that we can not h o w I. safely determine u p o n opening the school in the T e n t h M o n t h n e x t . I w o u l d therefore ^ - I — The only reference to these conferences in the Intelligencer is the following notice ~ . 729,746): "Contributors to Swarthmore College a n d a l l who feel a n intercause of education a r e invited to m e e t at F r i e n d s ' M e e t i n g H o u s e , on —i P l a c e , N . Y . , o n F i f t h - d a y , F i r s t m o n t h , 2 8 t h , at 7g P . M . J j ^ j ^ C b f 1 • -1 TO ^ liftr 1 ^^Continuation of FootnoteiiNoS. on Page ' n -""^Ehe Annual Report will be resd, and other matters of interest connected with the opening of the College will be discussed, - a general attendance is desired." JC^ zlf*- tri xL- owktw A notice of\lrbs> meetinglfor 3rd.Month 12,1869, was published in the Intelligencer This is probably the arbitrators' award to Thomas Seabrooke, January 19,1869, of $6,325. 1S - 1L6 suggest an adjournment till Sixth Day, the 7" of Fifth Month next immediately preceeding Philadelphia Yearly Meeting. It is hoped we shall then have data upon which to determine ;he amount necessary & perhaps have that amount subscribed/**The Treasurer's reportjwas accepted as follows; *1868 12 m Dr. 1. To Balance • $4,770.38 j " Cash rec " " " " " " from Baltimore receiver New York " " Philadelphia " • Cr. By cash paid Construction a/c " " " Organization a/c 1969 4 "Jpth 1 $400. 1,290. 13.725. 15.415.00 $20,185.38 $17,000. 1.387.43 18.387.43 $ 1,797.95.®^ Balance in h a n d The a u d i t o r , Clement B i d d l e , reported that he had examined this account, con>- iared it with the Treasurer's vouchers, and found it correct. The original of the treasurer's report, dated "Philada 4th Mo 1st 1869", is ixtant, and the following items upon it are not recorded on the Board's minutes; j i Capital Stock Donations I Interest A c c t . Philada New York Baltimore $118,200. 51,699. 7,000. 176,899. philada New York 11,559.10 976.75 Philada New York 5,615.17 6.036.73 West Dale Property Construction A c c t . Organization A c c t . Cash in Bank 12,535.85 11.651.90 $201,086.75 25,283.49 165,756. 8,249.31 1.797.95&301.086.75 The Household Committee reported "s\ich attention to their duties as may aid hem for practical details in the opening of the C o l l e g e . A c t i n g in conjunction with the urnishing Committee appointed by the Stockholders $3,482.28 have been collected toward furnishing. As many persons volunteered with much interest to assist in the sewing during the winter $1,093.39 have "been expended for material all of which will he made up gratuitously." The Board received this last report with "a general expression of encouragement as to the labors of the Women's Committee." It "united with" the President's "suggestion in regard to adjournment, and the Finance Committee with the President were requested to prepare estimates of the expense of finishing and furnishing the College and of conducting it for one year and to report the same at the adjourned meeting." The Finance Committee with the Treasurer were also "requested to take the necessary means to 77 secure the collection, as far as possible, of all unpaid subscriptions. It is evident from the above minutes that, although some progress had been made during the preceding year, the first half of 1869^continuftc^the crisis in the^affairs of the college. In 3rd. Month, "a Friend in Central New York," in an open letter to President Parrish, said: "Then let us pray for the completion of Swarthmore." This drew from "H.J." the cricitiem that since "prayer" refers to "the language of the soul in its silent invocation to the Father of Spirits", the plea for "-orsyer" in behalf of Swarthmore College was vague and meaningless. en article for the Intelligencer, ny Thereupon, " N . B . ^ poughkeepsie," wrote defending "prayer" for Swarthmore. In this, he — said in partir^I certainly regard the expression, 'Let us pray for completion of Swarthmore,' &c, as appropriate and consistent. Is not that Institution intended as a benedic- tion - a practical testimonial of the interest its projectors feel in what they consider a good, and a most effective instrumentality in the education of the immortal mind? And inasmuch as it is a most fitting tribute of interest and affection to the youth of the Society and to others, and embraces a pfilatent's highest, holiest, and most engrossing " Intelligencer, Vol. - I M d , -Vear7H8€wP. ' •l-gs trust - the right education of his child - 14- Y why may we not regard it as much an altar raised to the Infinite, as was that of Jacob, in acknowledgment that 'God was with him in the way that he went?' -"The intellect, the affections, man's highest interests, and his most sacred devotional aspirations, are so connected and so dependent one upon another, that we may not attempt to dissever them. i*Are not the cultivation and enlargement of the intellect, the judgment and the reason, quite as important a duty as the training of the religious sentiments, and especially so, as the right direction and application of the latter are so directly dependent upon the enlightened condition of the former? The affirmative to this must follow, if we keep in mind a most conclusive principle - that the conscience will invariably follow the judgment, and secure its approval only by yielding to the dictation of the latter. ttThe object of Swarthmore College is to educate all the faculties of the child, and hence that they may all rejoice together; and is not this a work for which every lover of the race may and should reverently pray? Do not the intellectual, the spiritual, the divine attributes conferred upon man by the God of his being, and which connect him bo closely with the Father, claim our grateful acknowledgment, and may not the acceptable prayer ascend that the instrumentalities for the right advancement of these may more and more increase and be multiplied? And while the mental appeal is mad.e, may the open hand lend of its abundant means in the aid which is now invoked, that the work may go on to an early completion. In such a bequest we give something to posterity, the value of which, at present, we may not attempt to estimate. How true it is that its found- er and benefactor needs no other monument, at the hands of men, than that of Yassar Collegel #Let me, as ijiraw to the conclusion of a longer article than I intended, say, for those who are instant in season and out of season in their efforts for the completion and opening of Swarthmore, that they deserve every encouragement in their unselfish labor -ws £ of love; and. if the same unfaltering zeal can be brought to bear, in furtherance of this work, which blessed the Anti-Slavery engagement in the darkest hour of its eventful struggle with a pro-slavery Church and State, its completion is 'even at the doors.' I have a letter written in 1841,(and the writer has lived to see the slave's enfranchisement,) from a dear friend in New York city, expressing the exigency of the secred cause, and specifying, at that moment, an indispensable instrumentality, with the added assurance that 'his own efforts should be unfailing to collect the necessary outlay, though he should have to beg it in the fractional parts of a dollarl' His determination inspired others, and the work was accomplished, which, with other agencies, has ultimately brought its blessings on millionsI notice the Editorial in the last Intelligencer upon the progress of Swarthmore, and I would say to the Women's Committee named therein - 'Let your zeal be TV equal to the occasion, a^d your efforts will be blessed to yourselves, and to the children, whose educational interests are so closely interwoven with your own life and b e i n g . ^ ^ Utf Another correspondent, "X" of Philadelphia, confirmed this view in the words:' C I am not actively connected with our 'College' movement, having only contributed accord- ing to ability to its funds; but I have been an interested observer of its progress, from its inception in the minds of a few religiously concerned Friends, to its present state of advancement under the care of energetic and practical men and women. When I see the devo- tion, the energy, the persistence of those engaged in this cause, who are laboring purely for the good of the Society which embodies the principles they hold dear, I cannot but a consider it an earnest of its future management, and that our Society will be so alive to its true interest, as to finish and endow it without unnecessary delay. Philadelphia, 5th mu.;18G9>. , But the appropriateness of the appeal^was questioned by other correspondents rntil the editors of the Intelligencer wrote a two-column editorial on the subject, in l> 229'. — w - $ 4 1 2-ifj) Thich they said: ^ I n the re-perusal of the letter from Central New York, in reference ;o Swarthmore College, and also the comments of N.B. upon it, in a later No., our first Impressions have been confirmed - that they convey the earnest concern of the writers for ;he welfare of our young people, and that while these are receiving a literary education, ;hey should be shielded from influences at variance with 'the principles and testimonies' >f Friends. •^Regarding Swarthmore as an Institution pre-eminently designed to -protect our u ihildren at & critical period in life, when the worj^ is opening before them with its 'ashions and follies, its fascinations and allurements, they are anxious for its estab.ishment. In earnestness of feeling the language was used, 'Let us pray for the completion >f Swarthmore,' but we pres-ume not with the idea that the spirit of prayer is at our omiaand, nor with the least intent 'to lower the standard of a qualification to p r a y ^ * The theoretical subject of prayer was pursued in succeeding letters to the joaker journal, but the friends of the Quaker college added to their prayers for it energetic abor, on the principle that laborare est orare. The "Committee of Women to aid in fur- ishing Swarthmore College" met regularly and frequently in "Race Street Monthly Meeting O-fyj oom", as the notices of its secretary, Annie Cooper, in the Intelligencer announced. All women who are interested in the College" were invited to attendj'jpAs the time for openng the college approached, the committee inserted in the Intelligencer * fa ppeal: the following ^The Women's Committee having in charge the furnishing of the household departm- ent of the College already find themselves without sufficient means to complete the necessry purchases, and are compelled once more to appeal for contributions towards that ob- • ect. While there has been no extravagance in the purchases already made, and strict econmy be practised in the appropriation of the funds hereafter entrusted to them, sub- will Jtoi^-SSsPp. 264 -45. 122, 202, 265, 440. tan tial and articles are Month believed to be the cheapest in the end, and these can Af" /A - >•¥ol» D6, durable y&p. 457, 474 (9th. 18 and 25,1869), ; L f27o[ 369 - 1 W h a t was a p p a r e n t l y the first S w a r t h m o r e College Bulletin** w a s issued b y this c o m m i t t e e , a n d it reads as follows: Swarthmore N College Bulletin 6 Mo. 18th, 1869 The sum necessary to secure the opening of the College next A u t u m n h a v i n g b e e n N E A R L Y r e a c h e d , the Women's Committee charged w i t h the f u r n i s h i n g of the house h o l d , respectfully a s k a contribution to their fund from E?ERY O N E IN A T T E N D A N C E UPON TK2 IYCSCM &UJIJION. A R o o m is a p p r o p r i a t e d to this C o m m i t t e e , on the m a i n c o r r i d o r , where some of its m e m b e r s w i l l be in a t t e n d a n c e throughout the day to take the names of contributors w i l l i n g to donate sums from One Dollar to One H u n d r e d D o l l a r s , towards 1 fitting the b u i l d i ng for its future inmates. ?^ "The Lyceum H e - U n i o n " , referred to in this n o t i c e , was the Sixth A n n u a l R e u n i o n of the F r i e n d s ' Social L y c e u m w h i c h w a s h e l d at Swarthmore on 6 t h . M o n t h 18th 1869. The energy a n d enterprise of the W o m e n ' s Committee are w e l l illustrated by their taking t h ^ o p p o r t u n i t y of enlarging their f u n d s . f-x - Infra, p . 3rv only be secured b y the collection of m o r e m o n e y than lias yet b e e n s u b s c r i b e d . •^Contributions sent to either of the u n d e r s i g n e d will b e h a n d e d to the T r e a s u r e r , J a n e P . D o w n i n g , N o . 1613 Race S t . * 0 n behalf of the C o m m i t t e e . Elizabeth S . W o r t h , C o a t s v i l l e , P a . H e l e n G . L o n g s t r e t h , 110 S . 17th S t . , P h i l a d a . Margaret S. Parrish, 800 Arch St., Philada. Martha G . M c l i v a i n , 3 4 t h a n d M a r k e t S t s . , P h i l a d a . \ A n n a M . H o n p e r , 919 .tf^aVQttth St'., Philada. Elizabeth D o r s e y , G e r m a n t o w n , P h i l a d a . * Two months a f t e r the college w a s o p e n e d , the W o m e n ' s F u r n i s h i n g Committee w a s I ' uft still called/apon, as a p p e a r s from the f o l l o w i n g n o t i c e : "At the last a n n u a l m e e t i n g of the Stockholders of Swarthmore C o l l e g e , information w a s g i v e n that it w a s necessary to furnish rooms to accommodate one h u n d r e d a d d i t i o n a l p u p i l s . the W o m e n ' s Furnishihg Committee was c o n t i h u e d . T h e funds b e i n g e x h a u s t e d , They will h o l d their next m e e t i n g on T h i r d - d a y , First m o . 1 1 t h , at 3g o ' c l o c k , in the Monthly M e e t i n g R o o m , R a c e S t . Those interested a r e invited to a t t e n d a n d u s e their efforts to raise the a m o u n t r e q u i r e d . <7t ' , r- ' ' ~ ~ A n n i e C o o p e r , Sec." T h e Managers m e a n w h i l e , b e t w e e n their m e e t i n g s on 4 t h . M o n t h 6 a n d o t h . M o n t h ^ 7 , 1 3 6 9 , b e s t i r r e d themselves energetically to solve their financial p r o b l e m . TThen the meeting was held on the latter d a t e , - "at the College a t 2 P.M.," - twenty m e m b e r s w e r e present. Resignations w e r e received from E l i z a b e t h W . Lippincott a n d P h e b e W . F o u l k e ; and a t a subsequent m e e t i n g ( o t h . M o n t h 1 7 , 1 8 6 9 ) , A n n a M . Hopper a n d Elizabeth D o r s e y sere elected to fill the two vacancies for the u n e x p i r e d t e r m . The p r e s i d e n t the^*presented his r e p o r t , which was doubtless d e v o t e d to the allImportant financial q u e s t i o n , a l t h o u g h the m i n u t e s of the m e e t i n g m e r e l y state that " a report from the president w a s read," and do not quote it or m e n t i o n its s u b j e c t . The ninutes then continue: "The subject of p r o v i d i n g . t h e m e a n s f o r finishing and furnishing the Duilding b e i n g under c o n s i d e r a t i o n , o u r friend Samuel W i l l e t s made a n offer on behalf of f" - -Vol. 0 6 , B . 7 1 3 . 19lends in New York that, inclusive of Ten Thxnisand dollars already guaranteed from w York, they would contribute and pay $25,000 to finish the building, provided Friends other places would raise a like sum in new subscriptions, exclusive of all previous b s c r i p t i o n s '" C yUMi fr It may well be imagined with what gratification the Board received this geners offer from "Samuel Willets and the Friends in New York," who had once against stepped to the breachl But the minutes simply record: "The Board took a recess till 5 . P.M." can readily imagine also how eagerly the Philadelphia and Baltimore managers canvassed eir financial possibilities, as they walked to and fro that afternoon in May, during e "recess", on Swarthmore's campus within the shadow of Swarthmore's still uncompleted ildingi Sensing the approach of this crisis, some of the Managers evidently arranged have present on the occasion other Philadelphians whose means and inclination might ad them to help pass it safely. Two of the contributors mentioned below, namely, E.C • ight and F . A . Comly, were not members of the Board and were evidently among the ih^t xcursionists" who had come as invited guests. An account of this "Excursion to Swarth- re" was published in the Bucks Co. Intelligencer, and reprinted in the Friends' Intelli%U> fP ncer of 5th. Month 22, 1869. It was as follows: company of about thirty persons terested in the early completion of the new College at Swarthmore, in Delaware county, sited the building and the grounds of the institution on the afternoon of the 7th inst. e special object of the exclusion was to inspect the present conditioh of the work, and, possible, to decide finally upon the question of opening the preparatory department next 11. Soon after the arrival of the party at the College a meeting of the managers present s held in one of the rooms, when a general discussion of the enterprise took place. It s found that the amount of money a.t the command of the managers was yet insufficient to nish the work, as many of the subscribers had not yet responded to the proposition to add 0 for eachS y share of stock originally subscribed. P p . 185 T - V ' f - \ 7 > t) < ^ m ^ ^ k - jvrfkcfc-^e ^ L -CUM.,; ~ j ^ ' 3 7/-/ . o W W It appeared Jthat the most liberal subI , J- W I have not before reported officially the resignation of our valued colleague P r o f . Clement L . Smith, w h i c h takes' effect a t the conclusion of the p r e s e n t y e a r . shall part w i t h h i m w i t h m u c h r e g r e t . We A s a n a c c o m p l i s h e d s c h o l a r , a n amiable & con- scientious m a n , and an industrious & faithful t e a c h e r , he h a s steadily grown in the respect and esteem of those most nearly associated w i t h him in this w o r k ; and we b e l i e v e 1 that his influence in the organisation of our College will l o n g b e felt. *' JUa P r o f e s s o r Smithj^received the degree of A . M . at Haverford C o l l e g e , in 1 8 6 0 , and at H a r v a r d in 1863; he returned to H a v e r f o r d a s L i b r a r i a n in 1 8 6 3 - 6 5 , a n d received from it the degree of A . M y a n d , in 1 8 8 3 , L ^ L . D . ; after his y e a r at Swarthmore in 18697 0 , h e b e c a m e a tutor at H a r v a r d , 1 8 7 0 - 7 3 , A s s i s t a n t P r o f e s s o r of L a t i n , 1 8 7 3 - 1 9 0 4 , a n d Dean of various faculties at Harvard., 1 8 8 2 - 1 9 0 4 . R e t i r i n g this last y e a r from his long a n d u s e f u l academic c a r e e r , he died a t his home in C a m b r i d g e , M a s s . , July 1 , 1 9 0 9 . A n n a H a l l o w e l l , although a p p o i n t e d p r o f e s s o r of English L i t e r a t u r e and History in M a y , 1 8 6 9 , is not mentioned in the C a t a l o g u e for 1 8 6 9 - 7 0 , a s f i l l i n g that c h a i r , although the p r o f e s s o r s h i p is listed u n d e r "Resident O f f i c e r s " , in the "Department of Instruction", with two lines instead of h e r n a m e . She resigned in 1 8 6 9 , b e f o r e the Catalogue w a s p u b l i s h e d ; b u t no r e f e r e n c e to h e r resignation is to b e found in the m i n u t e s of the B o a r d . She a n d h e r sister Emily were daughters of M o r r i s L o n g s t r e t h a n d Hannah P e n r o s e H a l l o w e l l , Friends of P h i l a d e l p h i s , a n d distantly r e l a t e d to B e n j a m i n Hallowell. A t the time of their service at S w a r t h m o r e , A n n a w a s thirty-seven years of a g e , and E m i l y a. dozen years h e r j u n i o r . A letter from E m i l y to the a u t h o r of this b o o k , dated P h i l a d e l p h i a , J a n u a r y 2 5 , 1 9 3 1 , states that Anna.'s"connection w i t h Swarthmore ^ - She died in P h i l a d e l p h i a thirty-four y e a r s l a t e r , A p r i l 6 , 1 9 0 5 . 379 ege was, on account of illness, of very short duration, only a few weeks." After her rement from Swarthmore, Anna Hallowell devoted herself to civic affairs in Philadelphia was the first woman appointed to that city's Board of Education. PCMr»» 1935* Tour years earlier (February J,, 1931) » the college hoped to have her present at the first "Collection", held in the Clothier Memorial Auditorium. If she had been 0 able to accept the invitation,she would, as the only living survivor of the c o m e of tnI f e ^ i s in lS&.have bridged the gulf of two generations which haci elapsedsSce the xirst "Collection" was held in Parrish Hall. SB.* ci_t., pp. 13S-39. 380 srred always to conduct, to the performance of the day's duties to-day. I could hut L that I owed more to my mother and to her influence than to any teacher or professor jr whose instruction I had passed. Surely there is no influence in life more potent i a mother's, and no voice so long remembered as a mother's voice. Professor Magill's Swarthmore Address,6th.Month 18,1869 On the ISth. of June I869, the day when the board, meeting at the college Lding, decided to open the school the following October, the Friends' Social Lyceum of Ladelpnia held another reunion on the college grounds, This was the lyceum's sixth xal reunion, and the card advertising its "Swarthmore College Excursion" promised an jmination of the groundj& building and a day of enjoyment and recreation." The literary rcises of the occasion were held both morning and afternoon in the college building, and 3 participated in by "representatives from other Lyceums of a similar character", inkling those of Baltimore, Wilmington, Waterford, 7a., and Quakertown and Byberry, Pa., Ldes the Friends' Social Lyceum and the Whittier Reading Circle of Philadelphia. Among participants were Ellen Hough of Virginia, who read a poem, entitled "An Offering for rthmore", and Howard M. Jenkins of Wilmington, who made an address entitled "Is terism Dead?" The women's furnishing committee had issued, in anticipation of the excura, a "Swarthmore College Bulletin, 6 Mo. 12th, 1869", which reads as follows: The sum necessary to secure the opening of the College next Autumn having a nearly reached, the Women's Committee charged with the furnishing of the household, pectfully ask a contribution to their fund from every one in attendance upon the Lyceum aion. A Room is appropriated to this Committee, on the main corridor, where some of members will be in attendance throughout the day to take the names of contributors ling to donate sums from One Dollar to One Hundred Dollars, towards fitting the building its future inmates. The programme for the afternoon session at 2 P.M. scheduled as its first The Announcement and Programme of the meeting are preserved in a three-page leaflet in Swarthmore's archives. 3S0 - 1 im an address entitled "Swarthmore" by Bdward P a r r i s h , President of the College; but it i evidently decided that the opportunity would be a good one for publicly introducing fessor Magill to the college constituency, and he accordingly gave what appears to have n the first public address ever delivered in tne^college building. It was entitled, arthmore College: Course of Study, Discipline, etc.," and it fills nine columns of the ends' Intelligencer.^ As a kind of educational c h a r t , prospectus, or basic outline of new institution, as well as a reflection of the m o s t advanced educational ideas among ends at the time, this address is of much interest and importance. It reads as follows: In attempting to lay out a course of study for an entirely new institution likB rthmore, which shall unite all the advantages of old and long-tried systems w i t h whatever been proved to be excellent and desirable in the newer modern m e t h o d s , fitly combining wisdom of the past with the ever-advancing theories of the p r e s e n t , we are deeply imssed with the importance of the w o r k before u s , in view of the lasting influence which it likely to exert upon generations yet u n b o r n . For six years this institution has been w i n g , in the outward* time and l a b o r , energy and m o n e y have been freely but most wisely n t , and now that this preparatory work is so nearly accomplished, all minds are naturally ning their attention toward the organization of the College for which this great preation has been m a d e . The importance of right first steps is proverbial, and no one of can now estimate the V o l . X X V I , p p . 291-95* This is the only reference in the Intelligencer to the Reunion. influence for good o r for evil which those who are entrusted with the early organization of the college m a y , in its infancy, impress u p o n it. hands should be placed u p o n such a w o r k . Surely none hut prayerful That cardinal principle of Friends, to wait for the moving of the Spirit, to engage in no enterprise until we a r e sure that it is a work to be done, and that we are called to do it, had never more significance than here. **rhe complete organization of the College m u s t , like the construction of the b u i l d i n g , be a work of time. We cannot h o p e , at first, to do m o r e than determine its general outline, and give it the right direction. We shall doubtless learn much b y the experience of o t h e r s , but in a n enterprise like the p r e s e n t , the very first of the kind attempted among Friends on this continent, we mast draw largely for our most valuable and available knowledge ur>on our own experience. Our aim must b e h i g h , for we shall surely not rise above it; and if we fall below it, ours will be but the common lot of human effort. — dtThe minor details of the organization, and the practical application of our general principles to the daily work of the school-room, constitute the. m a c h i n e r y , so to speak, bjt which our results are to be produced; and a s the proper adjustment of this machinery appertains to the Faculty of the College, w h o , being left free as to p r o c e s s e s , are to be held rigidly responsible for results, p h y s i c a l , mental and m o r a l , a consideration of these details necessarily lies beyond my present scope, ^irst, thexTT"6-s to tne requisites for admission to the preparatory department of the College, it is believed that no child of ordinary intelligence who has reached the a g e of 12 years but will be capable of entering profitably upon our preliminary course, and hence no examination for admission will be required, and no standard of scholarship set u p . The time may come when we shall be in a condition to set up an absolute standard, and deem it advisable to do so, but at present it would be neither necessary nor desirable. The age of 12 years has b e e n adopted as the earliest period at v/hich parents would generally be willing to entrust their children to the influences i of a. large school, a n d d e p r i v e t h e m , for the time b e i n g , of the g u a r d e d influence of the home c i r c l e . My own decided impression is that it w o u l d b e b e t t e r for children to enter upon our coarse at an earlier rather than a t a later a g e ; and as it becomes more a n d mors generally u n d e r s t o o d that Swarthmpre m a y b e considered as a n o t h e r h o m e , that it h a s a father, deeply concerned for the highest w e l f a r e of a l l the c h i l d r e n , in the p e r s o n of the P r e s i d e n t , a n d a m o t h e r , w i t h h e r warm sympathy a n d most gentle a n d refining influence, in the p e r s o n of the M a t r o n , p a r e n t s will n o ^ longer feel that they a r e incurring a n y risk in sending their children from u n d e r their immediate influence even at a n earlier a g e . They will be the more inclined to this course on l e a r n i n g that the m o s t a m p l e provisions are m a d e for their children's h e a l t h and comfort; that their s t u d i e s , m a d e cheerful a n d attractive by intelligent a n d sympathetic t e a c h e r s , a r e properly a l t e r n a t e d w i t h agreeable and h e a l t h f u l exercises; that a wise a n d careful m o r a l supervision is constantly exercised over them in their hours of recreation as w e l l as those of study; in s h o r t , that their three-fold n a t u r e s are h a r m o n i o u s l y a n d symmetrically d e v e l o p e d . our preparatory cotH'se, extending e w e r a p e r i o d of three y e a r s , especial attention will b e p a i d to the essential b r a n c h e s w h i c h constitute a g o o d ordinary E n g l i s h education; for although it is the especial object of this course to p r e p a r e for the collegiate course to f o l l o w , all experience in similar institutions teaches that a large per centage of the pupils w i l l n e v e r get beyond i t . The w a n t s of this large class cannot properly be i g n o r e d , w h i l e at the same time we m u s t exercise a jealous care l e s t , in p r o viding for these to the detriment of those who will a v a i l themselves of the full course 3f s t u d y , w e p e r m i t our College to degenerate into a m e r e Ardinary or h i g h s c h o o l . Is the dax^ger against w h i c h F r i e n d s cannot b e too early f o r e w a r n e d . This I clearly f o r e s e e , to-day, that u n c e a s i n g v i g i l a n c e alone on the p a r t of those who control the p r e s e n t a n d shape the future of this i n s t i t u t i o n , w i l l save it from such a fate a n d m a k d it what its sarly founders d e s i g n e d , a C o l l e g e , in its curriculum a n d in the f a c i l i t i e s a f f o r d e d for Imparting the highest b r a n c h e s of k n o w l e d g e , second to none in the l a n d . I see a l r e a d y a tendency, not at all u n n a t u r a l , to compare it w i t h W e s t t t o w n S c h o o l , a n d the various lee, private boarding schools throughout the c o u n t r y . 3 SS F a r b e it from me to be guilty of the ingratitude of saying aught against the excellent school at W e s t t o v m , w h e r e two of the happiest years of m y life w e r e s p ^ t , now u n f o r t u n a t e l y restricted to the m e m b e r s of a portion of the Society of Friends; b u t ours is a school u p o n a n entirely different p l a n ; and we m u s t never rest satisfied u n t i l it claims a n h o n o r a b l e p l a c e in the rank of the colleges of the highest g r a d e , m o r e p r a c t i c a l , it is t r u e , and more in harmony w i t h the progressive spirit of the a g e , it is h o p e d , than t h e y , b u t a f f o r d i n g a culture no less thorough a n d c o m p r e h e n s i v e . A n objector recently stated that a f t e r piitting more than $200,000 into this b u i l d i n g , and the a p p a r a t u s n e c e s s a r y for opening a school, w e should not be a b l e to accommodate m o r e than a small fraction of the c h i l d r e n , even of the Society of F r i e n d s . made? That objection tells the w h o l e s t o r y . U n d e r what impression w a s it C l e a r l y , that the u l t i m a t e end a n d design of the institution was to educate child- ren of all g r a d e s of a c q u i r e m e n t , from the rudiments u p w a r d , g r a d u a t i n g , it m a y b e , a very select few of the b e s t scholars every y e a r . the statement that this is a College H o w l e t such objections be a n s w e r e d b y in fact a s v/ell as in n a m e , b u i l t for future generations a s w e l l as our own; that 1 0 0 y e a r s h e n c e this b u i l d i n g , if no unfortunate accident intervene (against w h i c h it is m o s t a m p l y p r o v i d e d ) , will be as substantial a n d c a s well calculated to answer the great p u r p o s e of its erection as it is to-day; that the scheme of introducing a p r e p a r a t o r y school w i t h i n these College walls is but transitional; the first step in the ladder of p r o g r e s s , a m e a n s of p r e p a r i n g the children to b e n e f i t b y the facilities w h i c h the College w i l l a f f o r d t h e m , a n d p r e p a r i n g the m i n d s of their parents as w e l l M erations, to go forward in this great educational movement in b e h a l f of coming gen- I r e p e a t , w i t h e m p h a s i s , S w a r t h m o r e m a s t n o t b e a l l o w e d to crystallize into a n ordinary h i g h s c h o o l , but it must •ultimately (whether we of. the p r e s e n t g e n e r a t i o n live to see it or n o t ) b e supplied with p u p i l s w e l l p r e p a r e d in the r u d i m e n t a r y branches of knowledge by various a c a d e m i e s a n d high schools throughout the c o u n t r y , w h i c h will serve a s feeders to it; and it m u s t itself stand o\it a b o v e them a l l , the crowning glory of our educational system, a shining jgoal, raising the standard of a l l the lower schools, b i d d i n g them come 183. 3 f ^ up h i g h e r . Thus shall its indirect influence h e felt "by thousands who never enter its w a l l s . Swarthmore m u s t come to t h i s , or u t t e r l y fail of its high i n t e n t . "^Object teaching a n d the study of t h i n g s , rather than or w o r d s destitute of interest b e c a u s e imperfectly u n d e r s t o o d , a n d the v a r i o u s m o d e r n a p p l i a n c e s for m a k i n g study p l e a s a n t a n d a t t r a c t i v e , w i l l receive especial a t t e n t i o n in the. y o u n g e r classes; and indeed throughout the entire course of s t u d y , c o l l e g i a t e and p r e p a r a t o r y , it will e v e r be the aim of the Faculty to impart sound k n o w l e d g e , a n d contribute to m e n t a l a n d m o r a l g r o w t h , rather than to m a k e a vain show of a given n u m b e r of pages or v o l u m e s m a s t e r e d . While we do not p r o f e s s to be converts to the theory that teaching should be done without b o o k s , we a r e nevertheless most firmly convinced that b o o k s m a y b e m a d e a h i n d r a n c e w h e r e they should be a h e l p , a n d that v e r y often they a r e the letter w h i c h k i l l e t h tn the h a n d s of teachers d e s t i t u t e of that spirit w h i c h m a k e t h a l i v e . services of teachers of a different c l a s s . Swarthmore has a right to the Those who enter u p o n duty h e r e must b e fully alive to the weighty respofasibilities which they a s s u m e , full of love for the special w o r k which they u n d e r t a k e to d o , enthusiasts in it, a n d capable of inspiring their own enthusiasm in the m i n d s of the y o u n g p e r s o n s committed to their c h a r g e . Those who h a v e liber- ally contributed of their m e a n s to the establishment of this i n s t i t u t i o n , and of their time, a n d t h o u g h t , a n d b e s t energies to the w i s e s t a n d most economical a p p l i c a t i o n of the means thus c o n t r i b u t e d , h a v e a right to d e m a n d that the institution shall offer to their children educational facilities second to none w h i c h the country a f f o r d s . T h o s e who en- list in the w o r k of satisfying this demand m a y be sure that it is no p l a c e for sitting down a n d folding idle h a n d s . They m u s t b e w i l l i n g , setting a s i d e other interests a n d duties, to p u t the best p a r t of their lives into the great w o r k . T h e n only can they hope to see the ripe fruit of their labors a n d their s a c r i f i c e s , b u t if they a r e faithful to the end the reward will b e g r e a t . • A d m i t t e d at the .age of 1 2 , the p u p i l m a y either enter at once u p o n a carefully prepared course of study, preparatory to our c o l l e g i a t e c o u r s e , g r a d u a t i n g a t the end of ^ 3 w seven y e a r s , three b e i n g set apart for the p r e p a r a t o r y s t u d i e s , a n d four for the College course; o r , w h e r e there is no intention to g r a d u a t e , a p a r t i a l course may he pursued during one or m o r e t e r m s , such studies b e i n g selected a s m a y meet the approbation of the F a c u l t y . ^ith reference to our full course of s t u d y , this is n e i t h e r the time nor the place to enter into detail; suffice it to say that we endeavor to a v o i d a, course too exclusively either theoretical or p r a c t i c a l ; b e l i e v i n g that in this a s in other things the truth is found in the g o l d e n m e a n b e t w e e n the two extremes; or r a t h e r , we endeavor so to direct the y o u n g m i n d in its eager search after k n o w l e d g e , (for the truest teaching is not impart ing k n o w l e d g e so m u c h as enabling the m i n d to obtain it f o r itself), that the various subjects of inquiry a r e d e v e l o p e d in their natural o r d e r , a n d theory a n d p r a c t i c e go h a n d in h a n d . O n e - h a l f the controversy w h i c h exists in the edu- cational w o r l d t o - d a y , as to m e t h o d s of i n s t r u c t i o n , a n d the relative importance of the various departments of h u m a n k n o w l e d g e , a r i s e s from a n u n f o r t u n a t e tendency to p r e p a r e exclusively for the special w o r k to which the life is to b e d e v o t e d , thus n a r r o w i n g a n d cramping the m i n d for the sake of a n abnormal development in a single d i r e c t i o n , training to their very utmost capacity one set of faculties at the expense of others equally important. We c a n n o t , it is t r u e , too h i g h l y estimate the value of special training, a n d of almost exclusive a t t e n t i o n to p a r t i c u l a r d e p a r t m e n t s , to ensure the highest degree of s u c c e s s , a n d to enable u s to do our part toward the increase of the sum of h u m a n k n o w l e d g e ; b u t unless we wish to b e c o m e m e r e m a c h i n e s of very p e r f e c t construction, a d a p t e d only to a single e n d , let this special training b e p r e c e d e d by a generous and liberal c u l t u r e , conducive to a h a r m o n i o u s a n d symmetrical development of the v a r i o u s faculties of the m i n d . —i P^juJ+JL" St^U^jOJ <#The p u p i l s of the "out of course' d e p a r t m e n t , consisting of such as c a n n o t , for any c a u s e , a v a i l themselves of the full b e n e f i t s w h i c h the College is intended to confer, w i l l recite in such of the various regular classes a s they m a y be qualified to inter; and. a l t h o u g h they m u s t lose the b e n e f i t of the regular a n d consecutive course of studies, w h i c h we deem b e s t fitted to prepare them for future u s e f u l n e s s , we yet hope to present to a l l s u c h , facilities far superior to those w h i c h they w o u l d enjoy in our jrdinary p r i v a t e b o a r d i n g schools; a n d if at any time after entering the i n s t i t u t i o n , through the influence of their instructors and the esprit du corps creating a new atmosphere a r o u n d them, they should, w i t h the approbation of their parents or g u a r d i a n s , change their p l a n s , a n d decide to take our full course of s t u d y , the services of the A c u i t y would always be cheerfully given to enable t h e m , by extra e x e r t i o n , to prepare themselves for admission to the regular classes in full s t a n d i n g . We trust that as the Institution m a k e s it^jinfluence more and more widely felt a m o n g F r i e n d s , the value of our -all course will be more a n d :uore generally r e c o g n i z e d , and that the number of those who snter for a short a n d imperfect course will steadily d i m i n i s h . N o r w i l l the great privi- leges which S w a r t h m o r e a f f o r d s be confined to the children of the w e a l t h y and those ih comfortable c i r c u m s t a n c e s . W e have every reason to b e l i e v e ^ t h a t , if the institution m e e t s the expectations of its f o u n d e r s , a m p l e endowments w i l l , in t i m e , be m a d e , to enable u s to educate a. large number of p u p i l s free of all p r e s e n t e x p e n s e , receiving from them loan notes without i n t e r e s t , to b e r e p a i d , w h e n they shall be a b l e to do so, in a f t e r l i f e . Those who Till avail themselves of this privilege w i l l b e likely to b e a t h o r o u g h , p r a c t i c a l , selfiependent class of y o u n g m e n and women to whom the advantages of S w a r t h m o r e w i l l be especially v a l u a b l e . Each $5000 left a s a permanent endowment w o u l d m a i n t a i n forever one p u p i l In the C o l l e g e , free of all e x p e n s e , even should the loan notes never b e r e p a i d , a n d we should have b u t little faith in the moral training of Swarthmore if we did not believe that they always w o u l d b e , to the uttermost f a r t h i n g , w h e n e v e r the circumstances of the recipient would allow i t . j^- ' C X ^ U . " " ( t ^ ^ X ^ S j O f what a v a i l will it b e for p a r e n t s to m a k e the sacrifice which they must to ? give their children a complete course of instruction at S w a r t h m o r e . T h e m e r c h a n t will tell you that h i s son w o u l d b e absent from home d u r i n g some of the most v a l u a b l e y e a r s of h i s life, when h e mi'ght b e a c q u i r i n g a k n o w l e d g e of the details of b u s i n e s s , which w o u l d l a y ^ M 7 the foundation of an independent fortune; the farmer will say that his b o y s w o u l d return to the paternal h e a r t h with ideas quite different from those which their fathers enter- tained, and totally u n f i t t e d for the a r d u o u s and now distasteful labors of the farm; the mechanic is confident that h i s son w o u l d return to h i m quite disqualified for earning h i s bread b y the sweat of his b r o w , and ready to take u p with any m e a n s w h i c h m a y offer of makinga l i v i n g without laboring w i t h his h a n d s ; a n d the w i v e s of these various classes will tell y o u , our daughters w o u l d return to u s with their h e a d s filled w i t h other views t h a n those which their mothers entertained b e f o r e them; a c c o m p l i s h e d l i n g u i s t s and chemists a n d mathematicians it may b e , familiar w i t h h i s t o r y , the laws of nations a n d the theory of ^government, b u t totally incapable of o r d e r i n g the homely a f f a i r s of the h o u s e h o l d w i t h which every wife-and rntbther should b e f a m i l i a r . N o w those who raise these objections a r e "honest a n d thoughtful men a n d w o m e n , who speak thus not in a f a u l t - f i n d i n g s p i r i t , but {because they are looking ; forward to w h a t they conceive to b e the h i g h e s t good for their children, a n d their objections cannot be lightly set aside as u n w o r t h y , but m u s t be m e t by plain and candid a n s w e r s . hoard u p wealth? W h a t , t h e n , is the a i m of our existence here? Is it to Is it not rather for the development of the noblest faculties of our being to their utmost c a p a c i t y , thereby f i t t i n g ourselves to do all the good p o s s i b l e to our fellow-men? '/That m a t t e r s it w h e t h e r w e follow the p a r t i c u l a r b u s i n e s s w h i c h our fathers followed or not? The m e r c h a n t ' s , farmer's or m e c h a n i c ' s son m a y b e c o m e a. profes- sional m a n if his tastes a n d inclinations p r o m p t in that d i r e c t i o n . If p r o p e r l y t a u g h t , he will a l w a y s respect the business or occupation of h i s f a t h e r , a n d , h o n o r i n g the nobility of l a b o r , will b e ready to engage in it h i m s e l f should circumstances require it; w h i l e , to whatever p u r s u i t he may b e c a l l e d , the k n o w l e d g e w i t h w h i c h his m i n d is stored will be a source of life-long p l e a s u r e a n d satisfaction; a n d the y o u n g w o m e n , qualified b y their thorough intellectual traihing for w h a t e v e r v o c a t i o n s the increased facilities for the occupation of women m a y open b e f o r e t h e m , will be ready to take their p l a c e s by the side of men as their equal a n d respected co-workers and c o u n s e l l o r s . To all p a r e n t s we w o u l d s a y , ^ 5 Si whatever else y o u give y o u r c h i l d r e n , do not fail to offer them a l l the educational advantages w h i c h y o u r circumstances w i l l p e r m i t . Never give them the h i t t e r o c c a s i o n to regret g o l d e n opportunities for k n o w l e d g e , lost a f t e r it is too late to retrieve the error. For what do y o u toil early a n d late hut to secure a competence for y o u r c h i l d r e n , and yet it w e r e far better to leave them w i t h a thorough education to b e g i n the w o r l d for themselves^ than loaded with wealth w i t h o u t that refining culture w h i c h liberal studies give. Do y o u seek y o u r children's truest happiness in this world; w o u l d y o u m a k e them the most u s e f u l m e m b e r s of society a n d a b l e s s i n g to the a g e in w h i c h they live; do y o u even value w e a l t h a n d p o s i t i o n for them in mature a g e - a l o w e r b u t not a n u n w o r t h y motive; in each and every case I w o u l d say e d u c a t e them t h o r o u g h l y , even at the expense of all y o u r worldly p o s s e s s i o n s if n e e d b e ; a n d if m o r e is n e e d e d , we h o p e that y o u may look to the endowment f u n d as a long and generous loan to do the r e s t . True h a p p i n e s s , the highest D e g r e e of u s e f u l n e s s , a n d h o n o r a b l e competence a n d an influential p o s i t i o n a m o n g their fellows, will all b e m o r e certainly secured to them by these means than b y any o t h e r , and y o u w i l l find education (not m e r e l y the rudimentary a n d a l l - e s s e n t i a l knowledge of the ordinary s c h o o l s , but the highest and best education w h i c h colleges can g i v e , ) a m o r e permanent investment than real e s t a t e , a n d m o r e p r o f i t a b l e than Government securities or first m o r t g a g e b o n d s of the P a c i f i c R a i l r o a d . , _ • -j ® T h e discipline of Swarthmore w i l l be that of influence rather than of authority. r O t h e r things b e i n g equal, we recognize the p r i n c i p l e that a s c h o o l , like a n a t i o n oyj" a f a m i l y , is a l w a y s best g o v e r n e d when it is g o v e r n e d l e a s t . T e m p o r a r y repression to check immediate w r o n g - d o i n g may sometimes b e essential in any form of government^ b u t he who imagines that a n y such means are actively r e f o r m a t o r y , or i n d e e d , of t h e m s e l v e s , of any permanent v a l u e , is self-deceived., a n d no one who relies u p o n them a s a m e a n s of discipline should b e entrusted with the m i s m a n a g e m e n t of y o u t h . The only really effectual a e s n s of governing y o u n g persons is by efficient m o r a l t r a i n i n g , instructing them h o w to govern themselves, a n d encouraging a n d trusting them to do i t . The habitual resort to any forci- ble m e a n s to repress w r o n g - d o i n g , or to a n odious system of espionage to prevent it, a r e qually at variance w i t h all sound v i e w s of g o v e r n m e n t , a n d always w e a k e n rather than trengthen the p o w e r of self-control of those over w h o m they are e x e r c i s e d . Trust young eople; he not suspicious of t h e m , a n d they will p r o v e , as a r u l e , that they a r e not unorthy of y o u r c o n f i d e n c e . The rare cases of a b u s e of confidence m u s t b e firmly m e t a s hey a r i s e , a n d treated with great c a r e , h a v i n g in v i e w first of all the restoration of lie offender, a n d s e c o n d , the general good of the s c h o o l . I a m a m r e that this is a n inver- ion of the doctrine as very often stated, but it is the truly Christian order; and no eacher lias a right in such a case to apply the doctrine of 'the greatest g o o d to the great3t number,' nor to m a k e one of h i s p u p i l s suffer a p e n a l t y for the b e n e f i t of h i s classites, h o w e v e r flagrant the offence m a y have b e e n ; indeed it usually h a p p e n s that the v e r y m r s e best calculated for the restoration of the offender is, for that very reason b e s t lapted to exercise a salutary influence u p o n the rest of the s c h o o l . P u p i l s who a r e taught ) govern themselves in the absence of the teacher are i n c o m p a r a b l y b e t t e r trained a n d disLplined than the faithful eye-servants of the rigid m a s t e r , w h o , in the p r e s e n c e of their sacher are m o d e l s of obedience and d o c i l i t y . W h e n I speak of force a s contrasted w i t h >ral m e a n s , it will be u n d e r s t o o d that I include a l l those petty subterfuges to w h i c h teachrs sometimes resort, a n d w h i c h a r e , in r e a l i t y , in view of their effect u p o n the m i n d of ie p u p i l , m u c h m o r e objectionable than the direct a n d straightforward a p p l i c a t i o n of jrporal p u n i s h m e n t as inflicted by a m a s t e r of the old r e g i m e . Every idea of antagonism stween teacher a n d p u p i l must b e b a n i s h e d from the s c h o o l - r o o m , and a feeling of confim c e must take its p l a c e , if w e would exercise a h e a l t h f u l influence o v e r the minds of ie y o u n g , a n d b e most successful in imparting k n o w l e d g e . No true teacher w i l l f a i l , w h e n 5 finds the discipline of h i s class unusually d i f f i c u l t , to subject h i m s e l f to the strictest self-examination, a n d he very often finds that the true origin of the difficulty lies l his own physical or m o r a l c o n d i t i o n . H e p r o m p t l y a p p l i e s the p r o p e r r e m e d y , a n d the Logged and retarded m a c h i n e r y of the school goes on a s smoothly a n d h a r m o n i o u s l y as e v e r . i 3W different the result j^f his own self-love h a d p r o m p t e d him to p l a c e the b l a m e u p o n h i s apils instead of where it rightfully b e l o n g e d . A n intelligent teacher who does not fail $onsible for results. You employ a aysician and judge of his work by the general results which h e p r o d u c e s , condemning or pproving according to his failures or successes; but with the compounding and portioning it the m e d i c i n e s , prescribing the diet of the patient and his general management as to ie details of the sick-room, the non-professional employer does not presume to interfere^ ), if teaching is to be regarded a s a p r o f e s s i o n , as it must be if the highest and b e s t ?suits are to be reached by those who en -age in this arduous and most responsible d u t y , ie non-professional employer, who understands the importance of the noble profession which 5 to exercise a life-long influence upon his children, will look saving the processes carefully to results, by which those results are obtained to him who has made them the >jects of special professional training and study, and has devoted his life to the work^®~ T h e topics s e l e c t e d ^ o i ^ t h i s ^ d d r e s s , as well as their treatment, are strongly miiniscent of the educational discussions of mid-Victorian d a y s . Its earnest plea for a illege education, as distinguished from that of a high school, was entirely necessary, id especially^(oe. even) in certain quarters of the Society of F r i e n d s . Swarthmore's found•s made much u s e of its contemporaries, Cornell and V a s s a r , for impressing this l e s s o n . rv j /C^x. (Q re^Intelligencer published two articles ' telling h o w , when all of the money raised for irnell"had b e e n exhausted in purchasing a site and in erecting one large edifice |for i Agricultural Collegej, and a heavy debt threatened to swallow up all that h a d been tcomplished" , Ezra Cornell had given nearly a million dollars, and h a d thus enabled the illege to offer a very broad system of education. :tober, 1 8 6 8 , the Intelligencer W h e n Cornell opened its doors in chronicled the fact with pleasure and with suggestive ^icipation of Quaker emulation. - VolSjg^ ftp. 5 4 1 , 5 5 8 . - Y o K ' ^ L - f t p . 544, V o l . S & A f i . 5 7 1 . j r ' if/ T h e educationa.1 ideal of m a n y "Friends still found fulfilment in "the practical and guarded education" of F r i e n d s ' p r e p a r a t o r y s c h o o l s , was illustrated h y the collection of funds w i t h i n P u r c h a s e Quarterly M e e t i n g , U . Y . , "for the erection of a Boarding-school (for both sexes) which will a c c o m m o d a t e 1 0 0 p u p i l s , whefre the youth m a y receive a thorough p r a c t i c a l education to fit them for the duties of life." This enter- prise w a s a n n o u n c e d in the Intelligencer for 1 1 t h . M o n t h 6 , 1869,^'at the v e r y time that Swarthmore w a s opening its d o o r s . One m o n t h l a t e r , the F r i e n d s of Genesee Y e a r l y M e e t i n g opened at East H a m b u r g , N . Y . , a school for "80 b o a r d e r s a n d the n e c e s s a r y a t t e n d a n t s , - - designed to give thorough instruction in the common a n d h i g h e r branches of an English I educatiorif^l/ c. P r o f e s s o r M a g i l l , a r d e n t l y a d v o c a t i n g a "liberal" instead of a "pratical" education for the majority of m e n and w o m e n as w e l l as for the training p r e l i m i n a r y to technical or professional c a r e e r s , sounded against- the note of d e t e r m i n a t i o n , which h a d seen so long and w a s still longer to b e sounded by Swarthmore's f o u n d e r s , that a genuine college should be established; a n d in this first a d d r e s s , h e even forecast the time when the p r e p a r a t o r y school w o u l d be entirely a b a n d o n e d . To help solve the financial p r o b l e m for p a r e n t s of small m e a n s , h e a d v o c a t e d /3 scholarship endowments; and he evidently p r e f e r r e d this m e t h o d of student assistance to the policy of p a y i n g students w a g e s for s e r v i c e s . r e n d e r e d . T h e latter p o l i c y , it is ;rue, was just b e i n g inaugurated at .Cornell, whejji M r . Cornell's statement that students it the college would be able to support themselves b y m a n u a l labor h a d called forth the first year 2,000 applications for a d m i s s i o n . Cornell's i n c o m e , h o w e v e r , was $ 7 6 , 7 4 4 , ;aabling it to pay instructors $ 3 8 , 0 0 0 and. to set u p f a m i n g a n d v a r i o u s k i n d s of engineer14 Lng and m e c h a n i c a l w o r k . B e s i d e s , P r o f e s s o r M a g i l l w a s evidently of the o p i n i o n that Bi 5 7 0b.e p o s t p o n e d u n t i l after school a n d college y e a r s , w h e n from the income fage-earning should i - I b i d , Vol; p . 618. 5 - A n endowment of $5,000,yielding $300 p e r a n n u m , s c a r c e l y f u l f i l s - now or ever,his enthusiastic p r o p h e c y that it "would m a i n t a i n forever one p u p i l ill the College,free of all expense"; but it is now a n d was a l w a y s a g r e a t h e l p . I - An article in the Intelligencer for 8 t h . M o n t h 1 4 , b i t t e r l y complained that Cornell h a d not a d e q u a t e l y p r o v i d e d tdT "the education of j > u £ d a u g h t e r s t s i d e by side with our sons'" ^ )f life-work should be repaid the scholarships enjoyed in student d a y s . The stress laid in the a d d r e s s u p o n the v i t a l importance of the college teachar, his training, a b i l i t y and c h a r a c t e r , was characteristic of P r o f e s s o r M a g i l l , but in idvanee of the a v e r a g e opinion in his t i m e . A letter to the Intelligencer from West Jhester, P a ^ . T h a d recently set a high standard for F r i e n d s ' a t t i t u d e towards teachers, in ;he following words: J f O u x Teachers should be the b e s t a n d m o s t v i r t u o u s men a n d w o m e n ;hat our Society can f u r n i s h , a n d their v o c a t i o n should b e h e l d as the m o s t h o n o r a b l e pursuit a m o n g u s . We a l l k n o w it is far m o r e important to teach the y o u n g , w h o s e lives a r e itill before them, a n d w h o s e h a b i t s a r e yet to f o r m , than to p r e a c h to those who are con'irmed in their modes of thought a n d action A n d , as t e a c h i n g , to b e thoroughly Lone, demands the exercise of t a l e n t , p e r s e v e r a n c e a n d p a t i e n c e , xn&^k than almost a n y ither b u s i n e s s , we should offer liberal inducements to those who a r e w i l l i n g to give t h e m . * O f all p e o p l e , w e F r i e n d s h a v e the least right to m a k e any difficulty over ;his. We object to a h i r e l i n g m i n i s t r y , a n d w e a r e r i g h t , for the gospel cannot be bought ir s o l d . It is a free g i f t . But human learning c a n . A n d they who labor in the fields of icholastic l i t e r a t u r e , who toil all d a y , a n d often through the still h o u r s of the night when others rest, who bear the weight a n d responsibility w h i c h p a r e n t s w i l l throw u p o n ;eachers, who lead p u r e lives a n d w a l k u p r i g h t l y b e f o r e the eyes of innocent little thildren, deserve the fullest a n d largest recompense w h i c h we can m a k e t h e m . "^They are entitled to a m p l e m a i n t e n a n c e , sufficient to p r o v i d e comfortably 'or them n o w , and to lay a s i d e for the years 'when the sound of the g r i n d i n g is low;' a n d is there is no doubt that continuotis m e n t a l labor is e x h a u s t i n g , no teacher should b e :ompelled by need to toil on a f t e r the v i g o r of life h a s p a s s e d . w e w e r e to devote to our school-houses a n d teachers one-quarter of the :um deemed necessary by other societies for the m a i n t e n a n c e of their churches and.clergylen, what a good influence w e m i g h t exercise over a l l in our b o r d e r s ; and h e r e i n we h o u l d find true e c o n o m y . , . . • - V o l . -85y f . 2 6 & * a i ( 6 t h . M o n t h 2 7 , 1 8 6 8 ) . " U ^ j U t X u . ^ q ^ ^ / "(?. " 4*And if we should h e so fortunate a s to m e e t w i t h those who a r e t r u e , cour;eous, faithful and p a t i e n t , whose h a b i t s are s i m p l e , a n d whose h e a r t s a r e in their w o r k , it them set their own p r i c e a n d k e e p them at any cost; honor and encourage t h e m , for their fice is noble; let them feel that they are conferring a b e n e f i t u p o n the community; regnize the full v a l u e of their services to the u t m o s t extent of our m e a n s , a n d we shall .ve such s c h o o l s , such t e a c h e r s , such c h i l d r e n , a n d such a Society a f t e r a w h i l e as the rid never yet s a w . * (lecture on "Unconscious T e a c h i n g a n d T e a c h e r s " , delivered b e f o r e the T e a c h e r s ' nth 2 7 , 1 3 5 9 , x - and it tried to sustain the thesis that "it is w i t h i n the p r o v i n c e of 1 teachers to form characters of m o r e enduring l o v e l i n e s s than the statues of P h i d i a s 1 P r a x i t i l e s , by b e i n g themselves, in good d e g r e e , w h a t the Great T e a c h e r w a s ; w o r k i n g .t their ideal of excellence by gentle touches a n d exalted c o n c e p t i o n s , and heroic patn c e , u n i t i r i n g m e e k n e s s a n d h u m i l i t y , in forming the characters of their pupils." T h e Intelligencer also p u b l i s h e d an editorial notice a n d two chapters of a cent b o o k entitled "In the S c h o o l - R o o m " , b y J o h n S . H a r t , P r i n c i p a l of the N e w Jersey n /1 ate N o r m a l School; two articles b y E l i z a b e t h S e d g w i c k on "Teaching"; a n d part of the la inaugural a d d r e s s of Charles J . S t i l l e , P r o v o s t of the U n i v e r s i t y of Pennsylvania,/ .ese a t t a c k e d the p r o b l e m of t e a c h i n g , stressing respectively the t r a i n i n g or p r a c t i s i n g the s t i d e n t , teaching the p r o p e r m e t h o d of s t u d y , a n d the enlargement of h i g h e r educaS on in P h i l a d e l p h i a a n d its v i c i h i t y . R e f e r r i n g to g i f t ^ of fifteen m i l l i o n dollars A m e r i c a n colleges w i t h i n the five y e a r s from 1863 to 1 8 6 8 , D r . Stille insisted that a n ericsn college e d u c a t i o n should b e p r i m a r i l y a training in c i t i z e n s h i p , and therefore o u l d be m u c h b r o a d e r than the study of G r e e k , l a t i n a n d M a t h e m a t i c s . Extracts w e r e 2-6 -u, veil also from the inaugural a d d r e s s of J a m e s A . F r o n d e , R e c t o r of S t . A n d r e w s * Univerty, w h i c h a n a l y z e d the educatiohal " r e v o l u t i o n " of 1 3 6 9 , cautioned against a hasty choice - y-ol I Sfe, p."~829^ V o l l - 3 5 , £ p . 243 - - V u y . §5, ® p . r-«5, 7 317,332. 507. ' _ . 113, 129. ' ~~ j 1lf> the intellectual or professional life as against manual labor, and advocated a >ader, more liberal education than the fathers had received. The method of teaching we.s being closely scrutinized at the time, as is dent from a long series of articles in the Intelligencer,in 1868 - 4ft69, ching" and the methods of Froebel and Pestalozzi. on "Object . The stress which Professor Magill d in his address on the teaching of thihgs, as well as of words and books, is a rection of much of this educational thinking. As a Friend, he took coeducation as a ter of course and did not regard it as "a question", even in the upper classes of the h school, the college, or the professional school. To re-enforce among Friends the al of higher education for women, the Intelligencer noted from time to time, preceding 5-2 rthmore's opening, the progress made in the higher education of girls in Paris, %.% 3^4 25 ord, and Cambridge, and the entrance of women into political office, the principalship high school^® the operation of telegraphs^ and the medi<£a? and dental professions^ death of Matthew Vassar, too, on June 23, 1868, was made another opportunity for exling the need of a college education for women and the generosity which provided for 3LO ' a half-million dollars and a farm of 200 acres. Taking up the subject of "discipline" in his address, Professor M&gill insisted the necessity of inculcating self-control as against external restraint and punishment, foreshadowed the system of student-government which was long afterwards introduced, desirability of teaching"religion" had been much stressed in recent months, and had nd expression among Friends in the rise of numerous First-day Schools; but in the Friends' ools, there had never been a sectarian or denominational teaching, or any proselyting og their many non-Quaker pupils. The new Friends' college continued this policy and WotiS&.fcp.96,433,440,449,465,481;Vol..206,216,235,253,263, 265. ated always to the primacy and supremacy of the Light Within. The ancient (Quaker an I Iff M . J S T y P ttf. «-3^-^ttl.2|5,P.64. P. 784. '' P. 48 Tfifr, P. 208 lA^) V$1.35, P. iB16.^ 1 |VoJyS5, 28£,304. il Jlbid, -y&3-re&, jp. 552. » « ; lit 3r94> injunction,"Hind, the Light", had recently received much emphasis in the Intelligencer, 9-s in the spoken word among Friends. Its spirit was adopted from the/tisw in the dis- cipline of the new school and college, and its words became, T 0 ^^/J4 college motto. " years later, the ( Professor Magill in his address emphasized self-control on the part of the instructors as the first essential for successfully disciplining the pupils at the same time he insisted on the independence and freedom of the faculty, when acting within their proper sphere, from managerial control. TMrt^^r a Pu.yi pars. These were the bans laid on the use of tobacco and of musical instruments. The question of the use of tobacco had been asked for many years (as it is still) by the "Queries" in all the meetings of Friends; and it had been recently raised by contributors to the Intelligencer. One of these sent for publication a vigorous denuncia- tion of "the weed", from both the physical or nervous and the moral point of view, which sV- had been written by the distinguished Philadelphia physician, Benjamin Hush. Henry Ward Beecher's objection to it on the ground of refinement had also been publishe^f^" as had been the discussion by the Ohio Methodist Conference of a proposal to bar candidates for the ministry because of its use. Dr. Magill in his Autobiography gives us the following glimpse of the first faculty's discussion of the question:Tftln our preliminary faculty meetings during this year, one of the subjects which caused much discussion was the decision to be made on the use of tobacco by the students. Although at first the members of our little faculty of six (only five of whom constituted the faculty proper in the beginning ) were not all of one mind about the advisability of prohibiting its use, we came in the end to the unanimous agreement that we must take a decided stand on the / v w i, J3 3- Cf. the Intelligencer for^L^*^ %.f"0) . ' ~ " ! ~~ , ^ ? 3 - Friends' Intfelllgencer. Vol. "Sft. jj> 153. /Lrft-^ ^ f C~ • - I W d . ^ i r i j ^ ^ . 259 - 60. V '{Urv^Ji— /v^tr J 'en this I n s t i t u t i o n on the 2 1 s t . Tenth M o n t h , 1 8 6 9 , h a v e issued the following P r o s p e c t u s : ' allege, P e n n s y l v a n i a ^ f o r its First School Y e a r , 1869-70." P r o s p e c t u s of Swarthmore Here f o l l o w s a list of the ficers a n d m a n a g e r s ; a n d then the p r o s p e c t u s c o n t i n u e d : ffNote to S u b s c r i b e r s . The u r g e n t sessities of the B u i l d i n g C o m m i t t e e , now compelled to complete the w o r k entrusted to fchem 8 7ol.\-S6, . 281. g c v ^ q . • • V ^ P P'' • p p . 3 1 3 ^ t f . rr-36-, pp. » / T h i s -flferosuectug* was also issued in the f o r m of a n identic p a m p h l e t of 8 pages* / w i t h a p i c t u r e of the b u i l d i n g a s f r o n t i s p i e c e ; p r i n t e d b y M e r r i h e w & S o n , p r i n t e r s 243 A r c h S t r e e t , P h i l a d e l p h i a , 1 8 6 9 . ' 398 - { T h e foilov;in, letter is evidence of the detailed correspondence in h i s own h a n d w i t h which D r . Parrish w a s o b l i g e d to follow u p h i s printed advertisement: Philadelphia 7 no 3 . 6 9 ** Seth L u k e n s j Kulpsville j ^ Est. Pr. i \ In order to secure the a d m i s s i o n of thy daughter at S w a r t h m o r e , \ thee should write m e a g a i n b e f o r e the 12" i n s t , stating h e r full n a m e , a g e , nearest 1 ! b i r t h d a y , thy own n a m e and w h e t h e r thee is a S t o c k h o l d e r p a i d u p , or n o t . j We do not enter a n y a p p l i c a n t s b e f o r e the 12" a n d there is a .Strong i p r o b a b i l i t y that the list will b e m a d e u p b y the fivening of that day j f thy friend i j EDWARD PARRISH . * Prospectus. T h i s letter w a s followed b y a n o t i c e , p a r t l y p r i n t e d a n d p a r t l y filled in by D r . P a r r i s h , which reads: j ^ T e m p o r a r y Office of S w a r t h m o r e C o l l e g e , 800 A r c h S t . , P h i l a d e l p h i a . ; P h i l a d e l p h i a , 7 M o . 13 1869 To Seth Lukens Kulpsville P a ithL j This is to inform thee that thy a p p l i c a t i o n for the a d m i s s i o n of M a r y L u k e n s | as a pupil in the College h a s b e e n duly received a n d entered on the l i s t . ? B e i n g the 14" in order u p o n the list of girls it is w i t h i n the limit as p r e - I viously fixed by the B o a r d of M a n a g e r s , and she is t h e r e f o r e a d m i t t e d a s a p u p i l . j VA-vw^ao. . A U A M [ijJf-t^. (^Ua., / Q EDWARD P A R I S H * i ' C L m v l i$ '-v ^ 3 7 ? of the H o u s e h o l d C o m m i t t e e , already engaged in the selection of f u r n i t u r e ; a n d of the Instruction C o m m i t t e e , to whom h a s b e e n entrusted the p r o c u r i n g of the n e c e s s a r y apparatus for instruction — highly i m p o r t a n t . m a k e the p r o m p t collection of outstanding subscriptions Some of these a r e of long s t a n d i n g , p a y m e n t h a v i n g b e e n delayed till the m o n e y should b e needed; others a r e m o r e recent; p a y m e n t of a l l is d e s i r e d before the first of 9th m o n t h . The Receivers are — Samuel W i l l e t s , 303 P e a r l S t . , New York; C l e m . M . B i d d l e , 509 Commerce S t . , P h i l a d a ; G e r a r d H . R e e s e , P r a t t Street,Baltimore. SWARTHMORE COLLEGE "*tThis Institution is c h a r t e r e d by the State of P e n n s y l v a n i a , w i t h a l l the rights a n d p r i v i l e g e s g r a n t e d to similar corporations in the U n i t e d S t a t e s . A m p l e Col- lege b u i l d i n g s h a v i n g b e e n erected b y c o n t r i b u t i o n s , chiefly from m e m b e r s of the Society of F r i e n d s , they are now about to b e completed a n d o p e n e d for the r e c e p t i o n of p u p i l s . ^ T h e location of the College is in Delaware C o . , P a . , directly on the P h i l adelphia a n d W e s t Chester R a i l r o a d , ten m i l e s from the depot at 31st a n d Chestnut S t r e e t ^ P h i l a d e l p h i a ; it is also a p p r o a c h e d by the Chester a n d Springfield r o a d , w h i c h intersects the e x t e n s i o n of the D e l a w a r e County T u r n p i k e w i t h i n h a l f a m i l e n o r t h of the p r e m ises. g r o u n d s , w h i c h include a b o u t 91 a c r e s , a r e b o u n d e d on the w e s t b y Crum C r e e k , from w h i c h , a n d from sprihgs a r i s i n g on the p r e m i s e s , a n a m p l e supply of w a t e r will b e furnished to the b u i l d i n g s . It is b e l i e v e d that no m o r e h e a l t h y neighborhood is to b e found; the site is elevated a n d the p r o s p e c t extensive a n d d i v e r s i f i e d . % o expense h a s b e e n snared in a d a p t i n g the College edifice to its p u r p o s e s ; t it is b u i l ^ of stone w i t h inside w a l l s of b r i c k , p r o v i d e d w i t h numerous flues for w a r m air a n d v e n t i l a t i o n . B e s i d e s the n e c e s s a r y c o l l e c t i n g a n d school r o o m s , it contains a L i b r a r y , M u s e u m a n d Chemical L a b o r a t o r y , a d a p t i n g it to the p u r p o s e s of a d v a n c e d education, a n d p a r l o r s , dining r o o m s , k i t c h e n , d o r m i t o r i e s , b a t h r o o m s , a n d every convenience for the comfort a n d h e a l t h of a l a r g e number of resident p u p i l s . B e s i d e s every p r e c a u t i o n to prevent fire a n d extinguish i t , if it should a c c i d e n t a l l y o r i g i n a t e , fire-proof a l c o v e s divide the structure into three distinct p a r t s , a n d in a d d i t i o n to four substantial w o o d e n stairways, there are two flights of iron stairs communicatitag w i t h each f l o o r . isev * T h e "building is constructed a n d the grounds are to h e laid out w i t h reference to the proper separation of the sexes, of each of which a n equal number w i l l be admitted, but they will recite in the same classes, dine at the same tables, and m i n g l e , under suitable supervision, in healthful recreation a n d social intercourse. L E G A L I Z A T I O N A N D S T U D I E S . - At the date of this announcement some vacancies remain in the corps of Professors and T e a c h e r s , w h i c h it is the intention of the Board 6f Managers to fill at their next m e e t i n g . •^President, Edward P a r r i s h . < A t present the Officers are as follows: M a t r o n . Helen G . L o n g s t r e t h . *Professor of E t h i c s . Chemistry and the physical Sciences. Edward P a r r i s h . P r o f e s s o r of Languages a n d P r i n c i p a l of the Preparatory D e p a r t m e n t . Edward H. Magill, A . M . P r o f e s s o r of R h e t o r i c . Literature and H i s t o r y . A n n a H a l l o w e l l . R e s i d e n t T e a c h e r s , Emily Hallowell a n d Susan J . C u n n i n g h a m . ^ I n addition to the resident Professors a n d Teachers, a corps of auxiliary Teachers and Lecturers will visit the Institution at intervals, and participate in the labors of instruction. ^he Institution will b e divided into two departments, the Preparatory School and the College, of which the former is adapted to prepare pupils for the l a t t e r . "^The entire course of Instructioh includes seven y e a r s , of which three are cotaprehended in the P r e p a r a t o r y , and four in the Collegiate c o u r s e . P u p i l s will be taken for a single terra, but cannot advantageously pursue the course of study for less than one y e a r . Those taking only the Preparatory course w i l l receive a n ordinary common school education, with an elementary knowledge of the Latin a n d French languages, of Chemistry a n d of one or more of the Natural Sciences. T h o s e graduating in the College must have read the leading Latin a u t h o r s , perfected themselves in French a n d in either the G r e e k or German language, as they m a y elect, and be proficient in the higher M a t h e m a t i c s , the methods of Physical and Natural Science, R h e t o r i c , L i t e r a t u r e , History a n d E t h i c s . f i t is the intention, at the opening, to classify all the p u p i l s who may enter onn H-'o / into four c l a s s e s , the m o s t a d v a n c e d of w h i c h w i l l constitute a F r e s h m a n class in the College, a n d the r e m a i n d e r , the three classes in the P r e p a r a t o r y S c h o o l , a r r a n g e d according to their advancement in the l e a d i n g studies p u r s u e d . the p u p i l s w i l l b e equally u n d e r the care of the P r o f e s s o r s of the College, a l t h o u g h the details of instruction in the P r e p a r a t o r y d e p a r t m e n t w i l l b e ehiefly under the direction of P r o f . M a g i l l . ^ T h e discipline w i l l b e m i l d , though firm; the inculcation of h i g h a n d honorable m o t i v e s among the p u p i l s a n d the m a i n t e n a n c e of m u t u a l confidence a n d a c c o r d b e t w e e n them and their teachers w i l l b e chiefly r e l i e d u p o n for the p r o m o t i o n of g o o d order a n d their m o r a l a n d educational d e v e l o p m e n t . A l t h o u g h no form of dress w i l l b e prescribed f o r p u p i l s , u n n e c e s s a r y trimmings and showy or expensive jewelry w i l l b e p r o h i b i t e d ; a n d p a r e n t s a r e earnestl^Lesired to aid the M a t r o n a n d F a c u l t y in controlling the p r e s e n t g r o w i n g tendency to extravagance and display in d r e s s . ^ T h e care of the family w i l l m a i n l y devolve u p o n the P r e s i d e n t a n d M a t r o n , who will counsel a n d a d v i s e w i t h those of the p u p i l s w h o m a y n e e d i t , a n d direct a n d regulate ? | their intercourse w i t h each o t h e r . A s s i s t e d b y the teachers a n d p r o f e s s o r s , a n d by sev- eral other m e m b e r s of the Society of F r i e n d s , w h o will occupy u s e f u l p o s i t i o n s in the household, i t is b e l i e v e d they w i l l b e enabled to secure to Swarthmore superior social advant a g e s , u n d e r influences favorable to religious g r o w t h a n d i m p r o v e m e n t . | -^Admission of Pttpils. — In order to secure to a l l Stockholders equal p r i v i I\ jleges in the a d m i s s i o n of p u p i l s , it h a s b e e n determined not to f i x a n y standard of qualI} Jifications a t the o p e n i n g , b u t to a d m i t a l l over twelve y e a r s of a g e w h o a p p l y , u n t i l the i ! s j necessary limit is r e a c h e d , g i v i n g the p r e f e r e n c e to the children a n d w a r d s of S t o c k h o l d e r s , i i jand if the numbeiof these a p p l y i n g w i t h i n the time fixed does not r e a c h the l i m i t , then | the children of m e m b e r s of the Society of F r i e n d s w i l l h a v e the p r e f e r e n c e o v e r o t h e r s . jThe burnber of p u p i l s to b e a d m i t t e d a t the o p e n i n g is seventy-five of each s e x . •^ifche books for e n t e r i n g the n a m e s of applicants w i l l b e o p e n e d on the twelfth S G t r ij-o '2—' day of S e v e n t h m o n t h , a n d closed on the s e c o n d day of E i g h t h m o n t h , 1 8 5 9 . Applicants must apply in p e r s o n or h y letter to E d w a r d P a r r i s h , P r e s i d e n t , 800 A r c h S t r e e t , Philadelphia, a n d m u s t state full n a m e , a g e a n d address of a p p l i c a n t , n a m e of p a r e n t or guardian, a n d w h e t h e r said a p p l i c a n t , p a r e n t or g u a r d i a n is a S t o c k h o l d e r in the C o l l e g e . ^ o n e w i l l h e considered a s S t o c k h o l d e r s who have, not a c t u a l l y p a i d for a t least one share of s t o c k . T h e p r i v i l e g e of Stockholders extends only to their own |children, a n d those legally or a c t u a l l y -under their g u a r d i a n s h i p . A s the number of a p p l i i !cants is e x p e c t e d to be m u c h g r e a t e r than the n u m b e r of students to b e r e c e i v e d , to pre- | ivent disappointment every S t o c k h o l d e r should p r e s e n t h i s request s p e c i f i c a l l y a n d w i t h o u t I any u n n e c e s s a r y d e l a y . | ^ T i m e of O p e n i n g . & c . — The u s u a l school y e a r w i l l b e u n a d v o i d a b l y shortfl j ened b y the delay necessary to allow of the c o m p l e t i o n of the b u i l d i n g s . T h e day fixed ii I for opening f o r the reception of p u p i l s is F i f t h ^ d a y , the 21st of T e n t h m o n t h , 1869.. ^ T h e first term w i l l consist of 14 w e e k s , a n d w i l l b e f o l l o w e d , a f t e r a n intermission of a few d a y s , by a second term of 2 0 w e e k s , b e g i n n i n g about the first of Second irfonth, 1 8 7 0 . T h e r e w i l l b e a v a c a t i o n of one w e e k during the Y e a r l y M e e t i n g in the F i f t h M o n t h . £ T h e p r i c e of B o a r d a n d T u i t i o n , including w a s h i n g , the u s e of b o o k s a n d a l l necessary e x p e n s e s , is f i x e d at $125 for the f i r s t t e r m , a n d $175 f o r the second t e r m , oj $300 for the 34 w e e k s . E a c h term p a y a b l e in a d v a n c e , In fixing the same moderate price for p u p i l s of all a g e s , a n d m a k i n g no extra charges f o r the h i g h e r b r a n c h e s , the B o a r d of M a n a g e r s h a v e h a d in view the u l t i m a t e object of raising the s t a n d a r d of educa^I tion at S w a r t h m o r e , a n d h o l d i n g out inducements to those w h o m a y b e c o m e its p u p i l s , to « avail themselves of its full C o l l e g i a t e course.* 5. T h e a c t i v e efforts of v a r i e d k i n d s m a d e in the summer of 1869 to a s s u r e the opening of the college d u r i n g the ensuing a u t u m n caused the eager interest of Friends to b e concentrated u p o n i t . caution were also s t r u c k . A m o n g the m a n y notes of c o n g r a t u l a t i o n , some of a n x i e t y a n d F o r e x a m p l e , a c o r r e s p o n d e n t of the Intelligencer.Elkana W o o d , 86&r L jj ^ wrote to it the followin^ao*£j^ ^ M a k i n g the h i g h p r o f e s s i o n the S o c i e t y of Friedds does of b e i n g l e d a n d guided b y the 14 Spirit of T r u t h " , I f e e l a concern v e r y impressively o n m y m i n d that care m a y b e exercised b y u s at this time of great p r e p a r a t i o n for giving the youth of Friends a n extended school education, lest a d e p e n d e n c e be p l a c e d on it to qualify for religious services, a n d a p r e f e r e n c e b e g i v e n to those w h o s e parents h a v e it iin their p o w e r to educate their offspring h i g h l y , to the neglect of those w h o s e limited ; circumstances will not allow it.--{ * A s I dare not do otherwise than faithfully g i v e this c a u t i o n , I h o p e it m a y be accepted b y m y f r i e n d s , w h o s e p r o s p e r i t y in every sense I sincerely d e s i r e . ^ This caution brought forth from a n o t h e r " c o n c e r n e d Friend" the f o l l o w i n g re- H sponse: "I feel a strong desire that the i n c r e a s e d efforts w h i c h a r e b e i n g m a d e in our Society for the right training of our children m a y b e b l e s s e d . . . . . It is indeed won- derful that b e c a u s e our early F r i e n d s bore their testimony against the necessity of a liberal education to qualify for gospel m i n i s t r y , that a n y should n o w conclude that liberal culture is d a n g e r o u s , a n d liable to lead the m i n d s o f our y o u n g Friends a w a y from the simple f a i t h of Q u a k e r i s m . . c , j n T h e a d j o u r n e d m e e t i n g of the B o a r d o n 8 t h . M o n t h 5 , 1 8 6 9 , w a s h e l d in R a c e Street M e e t i n g - h o u s e , with sixteen membe rs p r e s e n t s R e s p i t e the s u m m e r ' s j h e a t , the w o r k o f p r e p a r a t i o n h a d to b e p u s h e d o n . T h e P r e s i d e n t r e p o r t e d that the subscriptions a n d dona- tions h a d r e a c h e d , since the p r e c e d i n g m e e t i n g in J u n e , $2,500 "mostly p a i d in." He also reported that "65 girls & 59 b o y s , i n a l l 124" h a d been a d m i t t e d a s p u p i l s , a n d that " a number of o t h e r a p p l i c a t i o n s w e r e still b e i n g h e l d u n d e r advisement." T h i s h u m b e r evi- dently r e f e r r e d to resident pupils only; for a n o t h e r m i n u t e of this m e e t i n g records "the subject of receiving Day Scholars into the School b e i n g i n t r o d u c e d , w a s , a f t e r m u c h discussion p o s t p o n e d for further consideration a t the next meeting." *®The p r o s p e c t u s issued in 7 t h . M o n t h n a m e d only five m e m b e r s of the corps of instruction a n d the m a t r o n . % - Vol. B . 324. £ - V o l . gfc, "B. 344 A t this m e e t i n g , the B o a r d a p p o i n t e d Clement L . Smith as a resident p r o f e s s o r , a n d then p r o c e e d e d to enlarge the s t a f f , as p r o m i s e d in the p r o s p e c t u s , n o t exceeding t h r e e , 'pupil t e a c h e r s ' , "to reside in the C o l l e g e , w i t h o u t s a l a r i e s , g i v i n g their services as teachers in the p r e p a r a t o r y department b y w a y of compensation for instruction in the h i g h e r b r a n c h e s . * T h e P r e s i d e n t is also a u t h o r i z e d , w i t h the a p p r o v a l of the Instruction Comm i t t e e , to a p p o i n t a resident teacher of F r e n c h a t , not exceeding $500 a year & n o n resident teachers of D r a w i n g & P e n m a n s h i p . ^ T h e H o u s e h o l d Committee a l s o a d d e d to the staff the f o l l o w i n g "suitable assistants in t h e regulation of the Household" , namely: • ^ M a r t h a L e e , as H o u s e k e e p e r , w h o s e duties shall embrace the care of K i t c h e n , Dining room & a l l connected t h e r e w i t h , at a salary of $ 5 0 0 . ^ E l i z a b e t h 0 . M a c y , who w i l l h a v e the care of the G i r l s ' D o r m i t o r i e s , N u r s e r ^ , and. L a u n d r y , a t a salary of $ 2 5 0 . J^Anna L . K n i g h t , who w i l l h a v e the care of the B o y S ' D o r m i t o r i e s , at a salary of $ 1 5 0 . /"Hetty S a u n d e r s , who w i l l receive the Guests a n d h a v e the care of the R o o m s 3 on the first f l o o r , a t a salary of $150. *' t h e s e four a p p o i n t m e n t s to the h o u s e h o l d staff w e r e duly a p p r o v e d , a n d the President w a s "directed to enter into a w r i t t e n a g r e e m e n t w i t h each of them accordingly." It was also "agreed that the salaries of the p r o f e s s o r s & teachers a n d a l l officers emp l o y e d by the y e a r , shall be p a i d m o n t h l y , the salaries commencing on the first of T e n t h Month next." T h e Finance Committee in conjunction w i t h the T r e a s u r e r a n d Receiver* were "directed to r e p o r t , at o u r next m e e t i n g , a p l a n for the p a y m e n t of salaries a n d all o t h e r expenses of the school"; they were also "authorized to contract for the supply of c o a l , for the e n s u i n g y e a r , w h e n e v e r they m a y f i n d it expedient." T h e salary of the M a t r o n , whose duties h a d b e e n considerably reduced b y subsequent a p p o i n t m e n t s to the h o u s e h o l d staff, a n d who h a d not yet received a n y salary since h e r a p p o i n t m e n t m o r e than two y e a r s Q - This w a s apparently the " R e c e i v e r for P h i l a d e l p h i a , " Clement M . B i d d l e . 6 b e f o r e , w a s d i s c u s s e d a n d r e f e r r e d to a committee of f o u r (Anna M . H o p p e r , G e r a r d H . Reese, Martha G . Mcllvain and Elizabeth B . Smith). T h e H o u s e h o l d Committee also r e p o r t e d p r o g r e s s in the p u r c h a s e of f u r n i t u r e for the v a r i o u s p a r t s of tlje b u i l d i n g ; a n d the C h a i r m a n of the B u i l d i n g C o m m i t t e e , H u g h M c l l v a i n , p r e s e n t e d ^ , satisfactory report of the p r o g r e s s of the b u i l d i n g t o w a r d comp l e t i o n , a n d of the p r o p o s e d introduction of Steam H e a t i n g A p p a r a t u s & suitable Sas Works. He informed that contracts h a v e b e e n entered into for the p l u m b i n g a n d f o r the erection of stone p o r c h e s on the front a n d of Granite S t e p s a t the other entrances to the building. A l s o , that the L a u n d r y b u i l d i n g is in p r o c e s s of e r e c t i o n , w i t h suitable base- m e n t a c c o m m o d a t i o n s for the steam b o i l e r s & for the storage of f u e l . E x p r e s s i o n s of satisfaction & of a p p r e c i a t i o n of the a r d u o u s services of the 4 ; B u i l d i n g Committee w e r e m a d e by m e m b e r s present. *' T h e m i n u t e s of this m e e t i n g of the B o a r d w e r e the last signed b y E d w a r d P a r rish as C l e r k , Clement M . B i d d l e b e i n g a p p o i n t e d i n h i s s t e a d . T h e first m i n u t e s signed by E d w a r d P a r r i s h as " C l e r k protempore" w e r e those of 3 r d . M o n t h 1 , 1864; a n d a l l m i n u t e s during the subsequent five y e a r s b e a r his signature as C l e r k . A t the next m e e t i n g of the B o a r d , h e l d in R a c e Street M e e t i n g - h o u s e on 9 t h . Month 7 , 1 8 6 9 , w i t h twenty-four m e m b e r s p r e s e n t , the v a r i o u s m a t t e r s left over from the p r e c e d i n g m o n t h w e r e taken u p for s e t t l e m e n t . T h e C o m m i t t e e o n the salary of the M a t r o n reported: ^ T h a t in view of the responsibilities w h i c h w i l l a t t a c h to the office of M a t r o n of the C o l l e g e , or h e a d of the h o u s e h o l d , the individual who is to take the m o t h e r * s M a c e , in the care of those intrusted to h e r g u a r d i a n s h i p a n d influence; w e t h i n k the Board ought to a c k n o w l e d g e the importance of the s t a t i o n , a n d the eminent qualifications of the individual who has w i t h such u n a n i m i t y b e e n s e l e c t e d to fill it; b y v o t i n g a salary commensurate w i t h its dignity a n d i m p o r t a n c e . $1500 p e r a n n u m o r its e q u i v a l e n t . 5 Smith M a r t h a G . Mcllvain.- *" We t h e r e f o r e think it should b e fixed at Signed Gerard H . Reese, Anna M . Hopper Elisabeth B . 304 . rjb- Lf-0 lo T h e B o a r d ' s m i n u t e s continue: ^ T h e a b o v e report claimed the careful consideration of the b o a r d a n d w h i l e there was a u n a n i m o u s e x p r e s s i o n of a p p r e c i a t i o n of the services & w o r t h of our friend H e l e n G . L o n g s t r e t h , it w a s thought b e s t to f i x the salary of m a t r o n at ($1200) twelve h u n d r e d d o l l a r s p r . a n n u m c o m m e n c i n g 1 0 M o . 1st 1 8 6 9 . * T h e committee to p r o p o s e a p l a n for the p a y m e n t of salaries a n d a l l other expenses of the s c h o o l , recommended that the entire control o f , a n d responsibility f o r , the financial management of the college should b e v e s t e d in a committee of f i v e , to b e called the Committee on Finance a n d E c o n o m y . T h a t a l l m o n e y received from p u p i l s b e p a i d into the h a n d s of the Treasurer subject to their o r d e r , a n d it is not to b e p a i d o u t , except onN^S»» order signed by at least two m e m b e r s of said c o m m i t t e e , but they h a v e no a u t h o r i t y to draw for m o n e y r e c e i v e d in a n y other w a y , -unless a n a p p r o p r i a t i o n is m a d e b y the b o a r d for that p u r p o s e . salary n o t e x c e e d i n g That the committee b e a u t h o r i z e d to employ a c l e r k , at a p r . a n n u m , who shall reside a t the c o l l e g e , a n d u n d e r their d i r e c t i o n have charge of the b o o k - k e e p i n g , all p u r c h a s i n g , a n d settling of accounts. A l l purchases a r e to b e m a d e , p a y a b l e on the 1 0 t h . of the following m o n t h , a n d the clerk is to p r e s e n t on the 6 t h . of each m o n t h , to the c o m m i t t e e , a statement of such purchases (accompanied by the b i l l s ) g i v i n g in detail the amounts due for each of the following items: m e a t , m i l k & b u t t e r , g r o c e r i e s , p r o v i s i o n s , s a l a r i e s , w a g e s , f u e l , l i g h t , books & s t a t i o n e r y , farm a/cj l i b r a r y & a p p a r a t u s , repair of buildings,care of g r o u n d s , f u r n i t u r e , i n s u r a n c e , interest & incidental e x p e n s e s , a n d if same b e a p p r o v e d the committee will draw o n the T r e a s u r e r for the amount.*" T h e s e recommendations w e r e a p p r o v e d ^ a n d a n o m i n a t i n g committee p r o p o s e d ^ a s the Committee on Finance a n d E c o n o m y ^ W i l l i a m D o r s e y , E d w a r d H o o p e s , J o h n D . H i c k s , H u g h Mcllvain a n d J o s e p h P o w e l l . T h e y w e r e " a c c o r d i n g l y a p p o i n t e d , a n d a u t h o r i z e d to f i x » the salary of the c l e r k . T h e p r e s i d e n t reported a t this m e e t i n g the appointment of Clement L . S m i t h as resident p r o f d s s o r , at a salary of $ 1 , 0 0 0 p e r a n n u m , a n d of "two p u p i l teachers w i t h o u t salaries." He also stated that 1 5 0 p u p i l s h a d b e e n enrolled for the first t e r m , a n d •264—e- H~0*f suggested that h e he a u t h o r i z e d to receive a few a d d i t i o n a l ones; this suggestion w a s referred to the Committee on Finance a n d Economy "with p o w e r to admit m o r e if they think It best to do so." T h e subject of r e c e i v i n g day scholars w a s again considered and •referred to the Committee on F i n a n c e a n d E c o n o m y w i t h p o w e r to a d m i t a l i m i t e d number." The P r e s i d e n t also reported, that ^ s e v e r a l m e e t i n g s of our F a c u l t y h a v e b e e n leld & the necessary school furniture a n d b o o k s h a v e b e e n a g r e e d u p o n , and in p a r t o r d e r e d , il though the appropriation of $ 5 , 0 0 0 w i l l scarcely p a y for t h e s e , w e shall confine ourselves to this sum till further instructed." T h e H o u s e h o l d Committee "reported they h a d <=L contracted for the b e d - s t e a d s , m a t t r e s s e s , p i l l o w s , b u r e a u s & w a s h s t a n d s , a m o u n t i n g to ibout $ 1 1 , 0 0 0 . 0 0 ; of this sum six thousand dollars iB in h a n d s of the F u r n i s h i n g Committee, ;he r e m a i n i n g F i v e thousand w a s a p p r o p r i a t e d to the c o m m i t t e e , b y the b o a r d , some m o n t h s since. A s the furniture for the large r e c e p t i o n rooms a n d the B o y s & G i r l s parlors a r e yet to be p u r c h a s e d ; also the b l a n k e t s , b e d s p r e a d s , carpetd a n d dining room furniture ire yet to b e p r o v i d e d for; the committee w o u l d respectfully a s k for a further appropriati o n of ten thousand d o l l a r s . A s it will be desirable to have the c o l l e g e entirely pre- >ared for the reception of s t u d e n t s , on the 2 1 s t . of n e x t m o n t h , the committee would suggest the p r o p r i e t y of the O f f i c e r s and. some of the A s s i s t a n t s commencing their residence .n the college on the 7 t h . of next month.*" T h i s report was p r e s e n t e d by H e l e n G . L o n g s t r e t h , C l e r k , a n d w a s a p p r o v e d b y ;he B o a r d , w h i c h appropriated to the committee "Five thousand dollars from the funds on tand, a n d a further appropriation of F i v e thousand dollars is m a d e to b e paid out of the 'irst collections m a d e on account of new T h e P r e s i d e n t reported® subscriptions." that "the u n p a i d subscriptions w i t h i n the limits of >hila Y e a r l y Meeting a m o u h t to $ 2 3 , 1 8 0 , of w h i c h $ 1 7 , 1 3 0 is due from residents of this :ity; $2,090 of the w h o l e a m t . m a y b e p l a c e d on a suspended list a s difficult of c o l l e c t i o n ^ !o meet the immediate n e e d of m o r e m o n e y , "those p r e s e n t made the f o l l o w i n g n e w subscripiions: n: Edward Hoopes $500. Daniel Underbill $250. The original of this Report is extant a n d d i f f e r s somewhat in detail fronT the m i n u t e s . S64 Deborah F . Wharton Samuel W i l l e t s $100. $1,000, & Clement M . B i d d l e $250. Martha G . Mcllvain $100." T h e P r e s i d e n t also stated that "the a c c u m u l a t i o n of a f f a i r s connected w i t h the organization of the College m a k e s it i m p o s s i b l e f o r m e to devote the n e c e s s a r y attention to the collection of the m o n e y , due i t , a n d I request to b e r e l i e v e d of this hitherto onerous p a r t of m y duties"; but the B o a r d a p p e a r s to h a v e taken no a c t i o n on this request O n e m o n t h l a t e r , 1 0 t h . M o n t h 5 , 1 8 6 9 , the B o a r d m e t a g a i n , w i t h seventeen members p r e s e n t . T h e H o u s e h o l d C o m m i t t e e reported that "they h a v e b e e n a c t i v e l y engaged in purchasing furniture &c a n d expect to h a v e all the a r r a n g e m e n t s c o m p l e t e d in time for the opening of the college on the 21st." T h e B u i l d i n g Committee reported that "it w i l l b e impossible to finish the b u i l d i n g b y the time the college is a d v e r t i s e d to o p e n , but that they b e l i e v e they can h a v e it ready f o r the reception of scholars b y the 2 1 s t , a n d finish afterwards." T h e B o a r d a p p r o v e d this s u g g e s t i o n , b u t a u t h o r i z e d the p o s t p o n e m e n t of the opening if a b s o l u t e l y n e c e s s a r y . f A T h e number of students e n r o l l e d w a s r e p o r t e d b y the P r e s i d e n t to b e 1 5 9 , follows: "Boys 88 Girls 8 2 withdrawn 6 leaving withdrawn 5 , leaving as 82, 77." "Our f r i e n d H e l e n G . Longstreth," the m i n u t e s c o n t i n u e , " e x p e c t i n g to commence h e r duties as M a t r o n b e f o r e our next m e e t i n g , o f f e r e d h e r r e s i g n a t i o n a s a m e m b e r of the Board of M a n a g e r s , w h i c h w a s a c c e p t e d ; ^ b u t since h e r term w a s to expire a t the time of the corporation's m e e t i n g , two m o n t h s l a t e r , the B o a r d did not a p p o i n t h e r s u c c e s s o r . W i t h the coming of so m a n y y o u n g p e o p l e to the college , the B o a r d immediately took u p a consideration of the "holding of a E e l i g i o u s M e e t i n g " , a n d a committee of six (Hugh M c l l v a i n , J o s e p h Powell,• D e b o r a h F . W h a r t o n , Clement B i d d l e , H a r r i e t E . S t o c k l y , and E d i t h W . A t l e e ) w a s a p p o i n t e d "to g i v e the subject careful consideration a n d report to a the B o a r d whjyn prepared." A t the m e e t i n g of the B o a r d on 1 2 t h . M o n t h 7 , 1 8 6 9 , this coia2 - In the original r e p o r t , 150 (without d e t a i l s ) . ~ ' ooi - a m i t t e e , "not "being p r e p a r e d to m a k e a n y r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s w a s released from further consideration of the s u b j e c t . A t the same time the F a c u l t y of the College a r e encouraged to continue h o l d i n g the m e e t i n g for worship now b e i n g h e l d there." A t the B o a r d ' s m e e t i n g on 1 0 t h . M o n t h 5 , 1 8 6 9 , "a p r o p o s i t i o n w a s m a d e that a committee of five b e a p p o i n t e d to a s s i s t the P r e s i d e n t in m a k i n g suitable arrangements to celebrate the inauguration of the C o l l e g e , w h i c h w a s a p p r o v e d a n d the following stockholders w e r e a p p o i n t e d to constitute said committee: W 111 W Longstreth, W Hoopes, J o h n D . H i c k s & G e r a r d H . R e e s e , w i t h p o w e r to fill vacancies." 111 Sellers, Edward W h e n this m e e t i n g of the B o a r d a d j o u r n e d , it a g r e e d "to m e e t the evening p r e v i o u s to the I n a u g u r a t i o n , in this house at 7.30 P . M . " ; b u t it did not m e e t a g a i n u n t i l 1 2 t h . M o n t h 7 , 1 8 6 9 , at w h i c h time the P r e s i d e n t r e p o r t e d that the Inauguration h a d o c c u r r e d at the College on the 1 0 t h , of 1 1 t h . M o n t h p r e c e d i n g . ^ ^ ^ M e a n w h i l e , the Intelligencer of 1 0 t h , M o n t h 1 6 , 1 8 6 9 , p u b l i s h e d the f o l l o w i n g n o t i c e , dated 1 0 t h . M o n t h 12 a n d signed "Edward P a r r i s h Clerk": "Swarthmore C o l l e g e . P a r ents a n d others w h o have entered students for the first term a r e informed that for their a c c o m m o d a t i o n a train will leave the D e p o t at Thirty-fir^fe a n d Chestnut S t s . , P h i l a d e l p h i a , on F i f t h - d a y , the 2 1 s t inst., a t 9 o ' c l o c k A . M . No p u b l i c inauguration w i l l be h e l d on that day." B u t "Edward P a r r i s h , P r e s i d e n t " , w a s o b l i g e d to issue the following notice in the I n t e l l i g e n c e r of 1 0 t h . M o n t h 2 3 , 1869; "Swarthmore C o l l e g e . O w i n g to some of the con- tractors b e i n g p r e v e n t e d from f u l f i l l i n g their contracts ty the recent f r e s h e t , a n d other causes, the Committee have b e e n compelled to p o s t p o n e the opening of Swarthmore College till about the 1st of E l e v e n t h M o n t h , circular. Due n o t i c e will b e g i v e n of the p r e c i s e time b y In the m e a n t i m e , everything in the b u i l d i n g w i l l b e fully completed f o r the accommodation of its inmates." T h e "recent freshet" h a d o c c u r r e d on 1 0 t h . M o n t h 3 , a n d its severity is indicated by the following a c c o u n t w h i c h a p p e a r e d in the I n t e l l i g e n c e r of 1 0 t h . M o n t h 1 7 j 7 Jffimratanr % - u i \ W p . at flxl&^y. 536. fy- y V e t r f t S ^ . 528; c f . a l s o p . 5 9 2 . T h e f l o o d f o l l o w e d a n u n p r e c e d e n t e d drought in P h i l I / adelphia a n d its v i c i n i t y , d u r i n g A u g u s t a n d S e n t e m b e r (Cf.¥etr3S > 'fip. 5 4 3 - 4 ) . 409 - 1 LaundryXAigfot, Iloatt-Woto8». B a k e r y , Boiler-House a n d Ice-House Some of the details necessary for opening the college, especially so late in the year as November, are graphically portrayed in the report of the Building Committee irhich was presented to the hoard on 1 1 t h . Month 7 , 1 8 6 9 , and which reads as follows: * $ h e building committee report that immediately after the meeting in the Seventh nonth when they were directed to finish the b u i l d i n g , they immediately increased the dumber of workmen to accomplish if possible that object by Tenth month Twenty-first, and believe they would have been ready to have the School opened then had it not been for on&voidable circumstances which prevented their contractors from performing their part Df the contract^ as it was they were coiipelled with m u c h reluctance to postpone that Event nearly two weeks, for which they claim yout indulgence. ^Almost the first subject that claimed the attention of your committee were Heat and Light, and after mature reflection and the study of many plans they adonted the nachine made by the Springfield Gaslight Conraany represented by Gilbert, Barker a n d Co for the l a t t e r , which with its f i x t u r e s , burners and h o u s e , cost about Thirty-seven Hundred and Fifty Dollars (3750). <*The 'Board of Underwriters' permit these machines to be u s e d p r o v i d e d they are xnder ground and fifty feet from the b u i l d i n g , but your committee thought that for perfect safety and a feeling of security they had better place it one hundred and fifty f e e t , rhich having met with the decided approbation of the manufacturers they placed it at that distance, we believe the machine well made and as it is all of brass it will with care last mary y e a r s . J*Qn the subject of Heat they were more divided and it was not without much difficulty and after getting a number of estimates that they decided upon heating with S t e a m . Ml those wno estimated for heating with hot air furnaces placed eighteen heaters in the cellar. Although the cost would have been l e s s , and probably take less fuel to warm the building, we were fearful of fire in having so m a n y furnaces in the c e l l a r , and even if they were biiilt perfectly safe the idea of so many fires beneath the building might give a 409 - 1 ieling of insecurity to s o m e , that w o u l d w o r k to the disadvantage of the s c h o o l . S l a v i n g decided u p o n h e a t i n g with Steam they a s k e d f o r estimates for various rties to p e r f o r m the w o r k w h i c h w e r e received a n d v a r i e d from ah out T w e l v e T h o u s a n d to enty-two Thousand F i v e H u n d r e d D o l l a r s , the m a r g i n "being so w i d e w e thought best to a s k e advise of a consulting engineer, w h o s e judgment w a s that if w e p u r c h a s e d a l l the apparas and m a t e r i a l ourselves a t m a n u f a c t u r e r s p r i c e s a n d h a d the labor p e r f o r m e d u n d e r h i s rection the whole cost w o u l d not exceed T e n T h o u s a n d Dollars ( $ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ) , w h i c h a r r a n g e m e n t felt compelled to a d o p t , although it w o u l d n e c e s s a r i l y put m u c h m o r e labor u p o n your nmittee. ^ H a v i n g decided to heat with Steam it rendered an a d d i t i o n a l b u i l d i n g n e c e s s a r y i as we k n e w w e load to h a v e one for a L a u n d r y w e thought best to b u i l d one large enough to swer f4r B o i l e r H o u s e , L a u n d r y a n d B a k e r y , w h i c h w e l o c a t e d n o r t h of the K i t c h e n and fty feet t h e r e f r o m , (being also on the other side of the right of way 2/7ths of which Long to the I n g e r s o l s , w h i c h has not as y e t b e e n a c q u i r e d by the C o l l e g e ^ to be out of iger of fire or explosions, and also to g i v e u s room f o r a Scullery a n a covered way u n : which to load or unload m a r k e t i n g & c coming to the h o u s e ; our only regret is that it . .1 necessitate a g r e a t e r outlay of m o n e y we f e a r than the b o a r d e x p e c t e d . W e h a v e had all the Springs c o l l e c t e d , into one pipe and carried down to the lp near the dam from w h e n c e it is thrown u p into the ma.in tank h o l d i n g 9500 g a l l o n s - in > dome of the b u i l d i n g , from w h e n c e it is distributed into the three o t h e r s , one in each the extreme ends of the return w i n g s , h o l d i n g each 1 6 0 0 g a l l o n s , a n d one in the L a u n d r y ldin -, h o l d i n g 1000 g a l l o n s . # W e h a v e also h a d placed in v a r i o u s p a r t s of the building large Stop-cocks to w e r for fire p l u g s . iry The springs we believe w i l l give u s a full supply of water for cul- & house purposes even in the dryest of times; but your committee fear they will n o t suficient for the boiler a n d laundry a n d think it best now w h i l e the springs a r e low to e a well dug immediately north of the Boiler H o u s e to supply them, w h i c h can be p u m p e d o the tank by the Steam p u m p u s e d to supply the B o i l e r , this is r e n d e r e d necessary b y r /« <" 409 - 1 ome of the manufacturers on Crum Creek above u s making the water so impure by running heir refuse dye stuff, and Soda ash into the creek as sometimes to spoil it for either alinary, washing or bathing p u r p o s e s . ^ T h e above causes render it necessary to b u i l d an ice dam and h o u s e , which your ommittee recommend should b e built on the run n e a r the farm h o u s e . # W e have received from the Treasurer the sum of $220,200.00 tiich with amount paid by Finance committee amounting to 3.756.00 $223,956.00 ie expenditure of which in their judgment should be divided as follows: P a i d for Insurance $2,023.60 Farm Account 200.00 H e a t i n g , Ventilating,Gas Works & c 7,791.61 Wa.ter Works,Grading and other out door work 4,500.00 Laundry Building,Boiler House & Baker;'- 4,000.00 To College Building (proper) 204,475.41 Balance in the hands of committee 965.38 $223,956.00 SE lof the 3d. ixist. seems to have extended o v e r the w h o l e c o u n t r y , a n d h a s occasioned m u c h damage. In W a s h i n g t o n "bridges w e r e w a s h e d a w a y a n d h o u s e s f l o o d e d . case a l l a l o n g the P o t o m a c . to C a l l o w h i l l , w e r e f l o o d e d . T h e same w a s the In P h i l a d e l p h i a a l l the b u i l d i n g s on 2 3 d S t r e e t , from M a r k e t M a n y of the occupants w e r e taken out in b o a t s . rose nineteen f e e t , doing m u c h d a m a g e . The Lehigh T h e Schuylkill w a s also v e r y h i g h . I n B a l t i m o r e there h a s b e e n m u c h loss to the railroads a n d other p r o p e r t y . A l o n g the line of the Erie and New Y o r k Central railroads the storm w a s very s e v e r e , a n d p r o p e r t y was m u c h d a m a g e d . In New Y o r k city nearly ^ i v e inches of rain f e l l . Communication between Philadelphia and Baltimore w a s entirely s u s p e n d e d , a s w a s the case on m a ly other r a i l r o a d s . At Brattleboro, V t . , several lives w e r e l o s t , some shops b e i n g f l o a t e d from their fo-nndati o - n a ( j * i 7 p F i n a l l y , on 1 1 t h . M o n t h 8 , 1 8 6 9 , the c o l l e g e w a s " o p e n e d " . D r . M a g i l l , writ- ing nearly forty y e a r s l a t e r , g i v e s some of the details as follows: ^¥"We had h o p e d to open the college in S e p t e m b e r , about the u s u a l time f o r o p e n i n g a f t e r the summer v a c a t i o n , but w h e n the time came the roof w a s n o t f i n i s h e d on the m a i n b u i l d i n g , w h i c h h a s since been a p p r o p r i a t e l y called P a r r i s h H a l l , a f t e r the first p r e s i d e n t . V a r i o u s inside arrange- ments also were incomplete; in p a r t i c u l a r , the central h a l l , w h i c h w a s to be u s e d a s a study-room for the p r e p a r a t o r y s c h o o l , was n o t yet e q u i p p e d w i t h seats a n d d e s k s . T h e de- lay h a d b e e n caused b y a p o s t p o n e m e n t of the w o r k in the s u m m e r , the funds collected b e i n g e x h a u s t e d , a n d a n a d d i t i o n a l supply h a v i n g to b e r a i s e d b y subscription; for the cautious Friends d i d not w i s h to incumber the p r o p e r t y w i t h a M o r t g a g e . W e issued a c i r c u l a r , a copy of w h i c h is p r e s e r v e d in the room now c a l l e d 'Friends H i s t o r i c a l L i b r a r y , ' but then known as 'The A n s o n L a p h a m R e p o s i t o r y , ' from the n a m e of its f o u n d e r . that our opening did not occur u n t i l early in N o v e m b e r . T h i s circular shows E v e n to do t h a t , our cautious attitude during the years of b u i l d i n g the college h a d to b e a b a n d o n e d , a n d a small mortgage w a s e x e c u t e d u p o n the p r o p e r t y . procedure to be later e x p l a i n e d . 2T - T h i s w a s l o n g since liquidated b y an u n d e s i r a b l e ^'f"/ * % i x t g - f i v e Years in the L j f e of a Teacher,=* 1 9 0 7 , p p . 141 - jtyj". 4ie -3r T h e "circular" notice of the o p e n i n g , p r o m i s e d "by D r . F a r r i s h on 10th M o n t h 2 3 , 1 8 6 9 , was duly issued b y h i m one week later and reads as follows: ^Swarthmore ^ f College CIRCULAR T h e postponement of the opening of the C o l l e g e , a n n o u n c e d on the Sixteenth inst., w a s reluctantly concluded u p o n in c o n s e q u e n c e of delays in completing the apparatus for h e a t i n g a n d lighting the b u i l d i n g , w h i c h w e r e quite b e y o n d the control of the Building C o m m i t t e e . These w e r e d u e , in p a r t , to the h e a v y freshets which p r o d u c e d s\ic.h disastrous effects early in the p r e s e n t m o n t h . * No one could have regretted the p o s t p o n e m e n t more than the Building Committee a n d Officers of the C o l l e g e , but in v i e w of the responsibility of b r i n g i n g so large a number of residents into the b u i l d i n g w i t h o u t the certainty of h a v i n g it well warmed a n d lighted in a d v a n c e , they b e l i e v e d it their duty to direct the issue of the late Circular p o s t p o n i n g the o p e n i n g . The progress of the w o r k during the past two w e e k s has b e e n such that we a r e now enabled to announce that the Students w i l l b e received on S e c o n d - d a y , the 8th of 11th m o n t h . A s this postponement reduces the l e n g t h of the first t e r m , those who claim it will have a n equitable reduction from $ 1 2 5 , the sum b e f o r e a n n o u n c e d . This p a y m e n t m u s t be in a d v a n c e of the o p e n i n g . n answer to numerous i n q u i r i e s , it should be stated that as Students could not select their own rooms w i t h o u t ihjustice to o t h e r s , the O f f i c e r s of the h o h s e h o l d will allot suitable lodgings to e a c h , h a v i n g regard to a g e and fitness; the selection of room-mates w i l l , h o w e v e r , b e left m a i n l y to the Students t h e m s e l v e s , a n d their parents or g u a r d i a n s , who a r e r e q u e s t e d at once to indicate by note any p r e f e r e n c e s they m a y h a v e in this p a r t i c u l a r 410 - 1 •iPDhe Inauguration M e e t i n g w i l l "be h e l d on F o u r t h - d a y , the 1 0 t h of E l e v e n t h m o n t h , is 3 o ' c l o c k , P . M . , to be a t t e n d e d by the Board of Managers a n d such of the friends of the College as the;/ m a y i n v i t e , a n d by the p a r e n t s a n d n e a r relatives of the S t u d e n t s . I Special T r a i n will leave the D e p o t , at 31st a n d Chestnut S t s . , P h i l a d e l p h i a , at 1.45 P.M., on the arrival of the Express T r a i n from N e w Y o r k . * T h e regular Rail R o a d T r a i n s leave P h i l a d e l p h i a at 7.45 a n d 1 1 . 0 0 A . M . , and 2.30, 4 . 1 5 , a n d 6.15 P . M . ^ T r u n k s and other packages m a y be forwarded by E x p r e s s , p r e - p a i d , direct to Swarthmore C o l l e g e , via West Chester a n d P h i l a d e l p h i a R a i l R o a d . L e t t e r s should be iirected to O a k d a l e , P a . , or to the care of the u n d e r s i g n e d , EDWARD P A R R I S H , President N o . 800 Arch Street, Philadelphia* P h i l a d a . , 10th M o n t h 3 0 t h , 1869 S04- 6- //-/ i r *1lfhen the time f o r opening c a m e , the f a c u l t y , w h o m I h a v e a l r e a d y n a m e d , w e r e ill p r e s e n t , ready to receive a n d classify the s t u d e n t s , a n d to b e g i n w o r k . J^Phe first task before u s w a s to e x a m i n e a n d m a k e a p a r t i a l classification f the a p p l i c a n t s , about one h u n d r e d a n d twenty-five o r one h u n d r e d a n d thirty in n u m b e r , n the b e g i n n i n g w e could not reject a n y , but m u s t determine their p l a c e s in c l a s s , a n d ecord their n a m e s . W e soon found that v e r y few of the n u m b e r p r e s e n t e d w e r e p r o p e r l y ualified to enter a college c l a s s , a n d y e t in the b e g i n n i n g w e h a d h o p e d to enter a large umber a s F r e s h m e n , a s these w o u l d n e c e s s a r i l y f o r m the entire college p r o p e r for the irst y e a r . O f the few w h o entered this first F r e s h m a n c l a s s , several d r o p p e d out in the ourse of four y e a r s , a n d in 1 8 7 3 , or four y e a r s l a t e r , b u t six - five y o u n g w o m e n a n d ne y o u n g m a n - w e r e ready to receive a d e g r e e . ent, will b e m a d e clear a s we p r o c e e d . T h e causes for t h i s , if n o t self-evi- The w h o l e n u m b e r who p r e s e n t e d themselves w e r e egistered in the p r e s i d e n t ' s o f f i c e , to b e c l a s s i f i e d l a t e r . he classification w e r e in w r i t i n g . A l l the examinations for T h e n came the great l a b o r , w i t h our small f a c u l t y , f making a tentative c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , first into f r e s h m a n a n d p r e p a r a t o r y students; a n d h e n the l a t t e r were to b e divided into three c l a s s e s , A , B , a n d C . E a c h of these w a s furt- her divided into two or three s e c t i o n s , a s qualifications seemed to r e q u i r e . Cornell h i v e r s i t y h a d opened the p r e v i o u s y e a r , a n d one d i f f i c u l t y was encountered there w h i c h w e iscaped, small college though w e w e r e . One y o u n g m a n , who h a d b e e n a t e a m s t e r , came into h e p r e l i m i n a r y e x a m i n a t i o n , and w h e n questioned said that he could n e i t h e r read nor w r i t e , h e n asked w h y he came to college, he quoted the w o r d s of E z r a C o r n e l l , the f o u n d e r , w h o a d s a i d , ' I w o u l d found a literary i n s t i t u t i o n w h e r e a n y p e r s o n m a y receive instruction n any subject,' a n d he a d d e d , ' I w o u l d like to l e a r n to read aiid w r i t e . ' r as p r o m p t l y advised tc --•*--- - — "*Our prelin O f course he - _ a y w a s d e v o t e d to distributing the b o o k s r e q u i r e d . fcations o c c u p i e d three days; a n o t h e r T h e s e w e r e a t first f u r n i s h e d at the o p e n s e of the c o l l e g e , without charge for u s e , to be returned to the b o o k - r o o m w h e n d o n e ith. This u n u s u a l p r a c t i c e w a s not c o n t i n u e d m a n y y e a r s ; b u t it r e q u i r e d some time efore p a r e n t s a m o n g Friends w e r e satisfied to incur the expense of f u r n i s h i n g b o o k s , •so^ Jspecially w h e n the college required studies w h i c h they d i d not d e s i r e . T h e y seemed to think that if w e required certain studies w e should f u r n i s h , a t our own e x p e n s e , the lecessary b o o k s . I recall v i v i d l y , at this m o m e n t , the a p p e a r a n c e of our chemical labors itory, so c a l l e d , just b a c k of what w a s later c a l l e d the c o l l e c t i n g - r o o m , when that first rear c l o s e d , in 1 8 7 0 , Students w e r e told to r e t u r n their b o o k s to this r o o m , then e m p t y , m d to p u t them on the floor on the w e s t s i d e . B y the time the students h a d left f o r the summer v a c a t i o n , the west side of this room was f i l l e d n e a r l y to the c e i l i n g w i t h b o o k s , lot regularly p i l e d b u t thrown in p e l l - m e l l , a n d the p i l e sloped down toward the floor on ;he east s i d e . O f course the destruction of h o o k s thus t r e a t e d w a s g r e a t ; the difficulty ras that they w e r e u n d e r s t o o d to b e college p r o p e r t y , a n d not to b e l o n g to those who u s e d ;hem. N o t m a n y years p a s s e d b e f o r e b o o k s w e r e supplied a s n e e d e d , b u t for their u s e there ras a regular c h a r g e . T h i s rather trivial m a t t e r g i v e s §ome idea of the countless details - (/*> r ... / , f n B ARITHMETIC. 1. D e f i n e the expressions 2. F i n d the greatest common divisor of 730 a n d 1 2 4 1 . 3. F i n d the least common m u l t i p l e of 2 4 , 3 0 a n d 3 6 . 4. W h a t is a f r a c t i o n , a n d how m a n y k i n d s of fractions a r e there? 5. W h a t a r e the terms of a f r a c t i o n c a l l e d , a n d w h a t is expressed b y each? 6. What is the effect u p o n a f r a c t i o n of £±diving the denominator? 2 A d d i t i o n , S u b t r a h e n d , P r o d u c t , D i v i d e n d a n d Quotient* /3 7. 3 $ + 1 7/8 — 8. Tfs \ W r i t e the decimals four h u n d r e d t h s a n d n i n e t y - s i x m i l l i o n t h s . 9. 15 * 17 X 1 0 . 1 - 1 2 5 = 1/S ><. *18 = -4- 6 - what? f r?-, S [ 7 / W j j / fi/W^ what? what? GEOGRAPHY. 1. Name the five largest cities in the w o r l d . 2. W h a t a n d where is the h i g h e s t m o u n t a i n range? 3. W h a t a n d w h e r e is the longest river? 4. W h e r e is the N i l e , a n d in w h a t d i r e c t i o n do y o u sail in a s c e n d i n g it? 5. B o u n d the U n i t e d States a n d give the c a p i t a l . 6. W h i c h is the smallest 7. W h a t countries does the M e d i t e r r a n e a n 8. W h e r e is Cape Horn? 9. T h r o u g h w h a t European countries does the p a r a l l e l of P h i l a d e l p h i a pass? continent? separate? 1 0 . N a m e the three largest p e n i n s u l a s on the coast of the U n i t e d S t a t e s . ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 1. What p a r t s of speech m o d i f y nouns? 2. Decline m a n . 3. Compare.'little a n d tell what p a r t of speech it is, J^^ «04 4. W h a t is a pronoun? 5. W h a t are the p r i n c i p a l p a r t s in the conjugation of a verb? 6. What is an auxiliary? 7. Give the p r i n c i p a l p a r t s of the verb to l a y . 8. p a r s e the v e r b in the sentence 'I a m going to s c h o o l . ' 9. A r e a d v e r b s compared? 1 0 . D e f i n e a conjunction a n d a p r e p o s i t i o n . A ARITHMETIC. 1. F i n d the greatest c o m m o n divisor of 4 / 5 , 5/6 a n d 7 / 8 . 2. F i n d the least common m u l t i p l e of 2 / 3 . 3 / l Q a n d 4 / 1 5 . 3. W h a t is the effect of changing the decimal p o i n t one p l a c e to the right? A l s o , one place to the left? 4. M u l t i p l y one m i l l i o n b y one m i l l i o n t h , w r i t t e n as a d e c i m a l . 5. Divide the a b o v e . 6. F i n d 1 2 | p e r c e n t of 1 6 / 2 5 . 7. W h a t p r i n c i p a l w i l l in 6 y e a r s a n d 6 m o n t h s , a t 6 p e r c e n t , a m o u n t to $604.65? 8. F i n d the square root of 4 4 1 0 0 . 9. Find the cube root of 1 3 8 2 4 . 1 0 . 48 f t . 10* X 8 f t . 9 1 = what? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1. W h a t two p l a c e s in the U n i t e d States w e r e first p e r m a n e n t l y s e t t l e d b y the English? 2. W h a t w a s the resilt of the F r e n c h a n d I n d i a n war? 3. What w a s the Stamp Act? 4. W h a t w a s the result of the A m e r i c a n Revolution? 5. W h e n a n d where w a s the D e c l a r a t i o n of Independence signed? 6. Name the 13 original S t a t e s . 804 Lb) i Name the P r e s i d e n t s o f the U n i t e d States ih the o r d e r of their s u c c e s s i o n . . W h a t caused the Great R e b e l l i o n ; during w h o s e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n did it "break out; h o w l o n g did it last; a n d w h a t w a s its result? . W h a t great event took p l a c e J a n . 1 s t , 1863? GEOGRAPHY. . O v e r w h a t waters w o u l d yo i sail in g o i n g from L i v e r p o o l to San Francisco? . What causes the ebb a n d flow of the tides? . W h a t is a w a t e r - s h e d . . What is a river basin? . W h a t is the p r o p o r t i o n of l a n d a n d w a t e r on the surface of the g l o b e . . What territory of the U n i t e d S t a t e s l i e s n e a r e s t Asia? . Describe the next to(largest river in the w o r l d . . W h i c h is the l a r g e s t Bnpire? . W h i c h is the m o s t p o p u l o u s Empire? 0 . W h a t countries b o r d e r on the Mediterranean? ENGLISH GRAMMAR. . W h a t is the difference b e t w e e n a vowel a n d a consonant? . Give the p r i n c i p a l p a r t s of the verb ^ o lie in b i t h its m e a n i n g s . . What are p a s s i v e v e r b s , and h o w a r e they formed? . Give a sentence containing a v e r b in the subjunctive m o d e . orrect the f o l l o w i n g e x a m p l e s , a n d e x p l a i n why they a r e incorrect in their p r e s e n t orm: . Who is there? Me. . Every one m u s t judge of their own f e e l i n g s . I do not like those k i n d of t h i n g s . * -201. -• 1 L . 8. The p r o p r i e t y of such p r o c e e d i n g s a r e d o u b t f u l . 9. H e reads just like I d o . 1 0 . T h e y b e i n g a b s e n t the m e e t i n g a d j o u r n e d . b Parse being absent. LATIN. 1. T r a n s l a t e "Cyrus omnium suorum militurn n o m i n a m e m o r i a tenebat. Mithridates autem, 4, r e x P o n t i , duarum et v i g i n t i g e n t i u m , quae sub regno ejus e r a n t , l i n g u a s ity^ d i d i c e r a t , ut cum o m n i b u s , quibus i m p e r a b a t , sine interprete l o q u i p o s s e t . 2. D e c l i n e m i l l turn, n o m i n a . duarum a n d o m n i b u s . 3. Conjugate t e n e b a t , g i v i n g the First P e r s o n Singular of each tense of the Indicative M o d ® 4. Give the p r i n c i p a l P a r t s of d i d i c e r a t . l o q u i a n d p o s s e t . 5. What is the construction of g e n t i u m , r e g n o , q u i b u s a n d interprete? 6. Give the rule r e q u i r i n g p o s s e t to b e in the s u b j u n c t i v e . 7. Inflect the P r e s e n t Indicative of p o s s e t . 1. T r a n s l a t e "Le l a b o u r e u r p o r t e le p o i d s d u j o u r , S*expose a la p l u i e , a u s o l e i l , ecax P r \ inv e n t s , p o u r p r e p a r e r p a r son travail l a m o i s s o n qui r e m p l i r a ses g r e n i e r s a fcautomne. 2. Give the P r e s e n t Infinitive a n d the P r e s e n t a n d P a s t P a r t i c i p l e s of the three italicized v e r b s in this p a s s a g e . 3. Inflect the same verbs in the t e n s e in w h i c h they are found i n this p a s s a g e . Translate into F r e n c h , 4. W e b a t h e every d a y . W e are entirely devoted to the service of o u r c o u n t r y . 6. A r e y o u a c q u a i n t e d w i t h him? 7. P r i d e a n d v a n i t y a r e often the source of m a n y m i s f o r t u n e s . 8. A l e x a n d e r died at the age of t h i r t y - t h r e e . 9. Synonymous terms a r e w o r d s w h i c h h a v e nearly the same signification." The "circular"to w h i c h D r . Magill refers a s h a v i n g given a n account of the opening a.id a s - h a v i n g b e e n issued by "us" w a s a p a m p h l e t of sixteen p a g e s entitled '^Proceedingsjan the Inauguration of Swarthmore ^College, E l e v e n t h M o n t h 1 0 t h , 1869," It was chiefly a reprint of the ^ S u p p l e m e n t to F r i e n d s ' I n t e l l i g e n c e r ^ , w h i c h w a s spoken " - of in the following editorial n o t e in the Intelligencer of 1 1 t h . M o n t h 2 0 , 1869*. • ^ S w a r t h m o r e College o p e n e d on S e c o n d - d a y , 8 t h i n s t . , u n d e r favorable a u s p i c e s , About 180 students were entered for the first S e s s i o n , a n d on F o u r t h - d a y a f t e r n o o n , the 1 0 t h inst., the p a r e n t s of m a n y of the c h i l d r e n , a n d the friends of the I n s t i t u t i o n , a t t e n d e d the Inaugural C e r e m o n i e s . W e h a d p u r p o s e d to p u b l i s h in the p r e s e n t n u m b e r the address of the P r e s i d e n t a n d some other interesting p a r t i c u l a r s connected w i t h this important event, b u t on further consideration h a v e c o n c l u d e d to d e f e r it t i l l n e x t w e e k , when w e hope to f u r n i s h the full p a r t i c u l a r s in a supplement to the Intelligencer^ T h e ^Supplement*'" is not b o u n d u p w i t h the n e x t number of the I n t e l l i g e n c e r , but it is p r e s e r v e d in separate form in a leaflet of eight pages u n i f o r m in size w i t h the I n t e l l i g e n c e r ^ p a g e s . The p a m p h l e t is doubtless the "report of the proceedings" which the B o a r d of M a n a g e r s at its n e x t m e e t i n g (l2th. M o n t h 7 , 1 8 6 9 ) d i r e c t e d a committee of four (Edward P a r r i s h , Clement B i d d l e , E d i t h W . A t l e e a n d H a n n a h W . Haydock)-*ftsr rtippnintir'ri to p r e p a r e for p u b l i c a t i o n . ^Inauguration of T h e ^ S u p p l e m e n t s reads in full a s follows: Swarthmore College <*The general interest m a n i f e s t e d in this e v e n t , w h i c h o c c u r r e d on the 10th instant, h a s induced u s to devote a supplementary sheet to a description of the proceedj ings, a n d to the publication of the Inaugural A d d r e s s a n d other communications made bjr Ij j Friends in a t t e n d a n c e , as far a s these could b e compiled from m e m o r y . I | '"The day was f i n e , a n d the company collected n u m b e r e d a b o u t 800: a general j invitation could not b e given w i t h o u t drawing together a larger n u m b e r than could be | a c c o m m o d a t e d in the L e c t u r e H a l l . ^ - I It w a s p r i n t e d in P h i l a d e l p h i a b y M e r r i h e w & Son,' P r i n t e r s , N o . 2 4 3 A r c h V o l . -SS^ f . 6 0 2 . j s m ? Street,1869i jIAJ^ C d a A - ^ c T J £ 0 1 1 C ' r P r e v i o u s to the a s s e m b l i n g o f the c o m p a n y a t 3 o ' c l o c k , P . M . , a n i n t e r e s t i n g ceremony w a s w i t n e s s e d on t h e g r o u n d s n e a r the east end. of the b u i l d i n g , d e s i g n e d to commemorate the e v e n t . T w o o a k t r e e s , r a i s e d f r o m a c o r n s "by our l a m e n t e d f r i e n d J a m e s si Mott, w e r e p l a n t e d , b y the a i d of h i s b e l o v e d w i f e a n d h e r son^| T h o m a s M o t t . W h i l e they were b e i n g p l a c e d in the g r o u n d , G e o r g e T r u m a n m a d e some a p p r o p r i a t e e x p l a n a t i o n s , a n d suggested that a s , h e r e a f t e r , they i n t e r l o c k their b o u g h s , they w i l l suggest t h e b e a u t i f u l blending of the l i v e s of J a m e s a n d L u c r e t i a M o t t . T h e h a p p y effect of p e r p e t u a t i n g thel^memories of early l i f e b y t h e p l a n t i n g of t r e e s , w h i c h , a s they g r o w , b e a u t i f u l l y typify the p r o g r e s s of our l i v e s , w h i l e t h e y s e r v e to r e c a l l , a s in this c a s e , events calculated to g i v e d i r e c t i o n to a n d to m a k e their impress u p o n o u r c h a r a c t e r s , w a s h a p p i l y referred t o . ^his i n t e r e s t i n g scene w a s p h o t o g r a p h e d in a r e m a r k a b l y a c c u r a t e group b y Henry M . P h i l l i p s , of P h i l a d e l p h i a , a f t e r w h i c h t h o s e who h a d come f r o m d i s t a n t p l a c e s p a r took of r e f r e s h m e n t s in t h e d i n i n g - r o o m of the C o l l e g e . c o m p a n y of eight of t h e s t u d e n t s h a d b e e n d e t a i l e d to h a v e care of t h e seating of the a u d i e n c e in the L e c t u r e H a l l , w h i c h , a s the h o u r drew n e a r , w a s c o m p l e t e l y filled, a n d y e t s c a r c e l y a n y o n e w a s u n d u l y c r o w d e d or o b l i g e d to a t a n d . T h e centre o f the m a i n h a l l w a s o c c u p i e d b y the s t u d e n t s , a b o u t 1 7 0 i n n u m b e r , a n d t h e a m p l e p l a t f o r m b y the m a n a g e r s , t e a c h e r s a n d l e a d i n g f r i e n d s of the C o l l e g e , a n d b y some of the m o r e v e n e r a b l e of those a s s e m b l e d . Z&a.MirurUU^ ^ S a m u e l W i l l e t s , of N e w Y o r k , p r e s i d e d , a n d t h e p r o c e e d i n g s w e r e r e m a r k a b l y orderly and dignified. It wa^s the i n t e n t i o n to read a t the m e e t i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g l e t t e r * received b y the P r e s i d e n t , b u t the t i m e not b e i n g s u f f i c i e n t , its p u b l i c a t i o n w a s d i r e c t e d i instead. i [Mward P a r r i s h , P r e s i d e n t of S w a r t h m o r e C o l l e g e . * | S a n d y S o r i n g , M d . , 1 0 t h m o n t h 16,186a —• jQg^ ^ ^ j -'PhOGlC onlrvit-rflpf? ffipre rpmnvpri w h a n Snmr»mH.n «a fflpn w e e hnjlt on t h o i r o i t o , but 1 -^T^f"" a n t e d n o a r b y jto toke t h e i r p l a o o o tan t ^ / ^"""^Jrr p a m p h l e t of ^Proceedings"* b e g i n s a s f o l l o w s : " E a r l y in t h e a f t e r n o o n , o n F o u r t h - d a y , 418 - 1 jjContinuation of foot-note No. 1 on Page 418^ the 10th of Eleventh month, 1869, a company of ahout eight hundred, friends of the College, assembled to witness its inauguration. It had been opened for the students two days previously. "An elevated spot east of the building had been selected for the planting of trees, designed to commemorate the event. Here the company assembled, and our aged friend Lucretia Mott, assisted by her son, Thomas Mott, placed in the ground two oaks, which had been raised from acorns by the late James Mott, and were contributed for the purpose, and to serve as fitting memorials of his interest in the cause of education and in the erection of this College." The "Proceedings" from this point are identical with the "Supplement", except for three passages as noted below J. Dr. Edward H. Magill, in a note dated 11th mo. 19th, 1886, writes of these oak trees as follows: "The Swarthmore Oak is situated about 70 yards almost due East from the South last corner of the East Wing of the Main College Building. The acorn from which it grew was brought from Swarthmore, England, by James Mott - It was first planted in his garden in Philadelphia, and from there transplanted, by the hand of his wife, Lucretia Mott, in this place, in the presence of a large assembly of Friends who had assembled to witness the ceremony - Two were thus planted, but the other - some 10 yards to the West-South West of this - was transplanted, by a mistake of the gardner, to another part of the grounds and on being returned to its place, two years later, it died - It is proposed that this Survivor be known in the history of the College as "The Swarthmore Oak" - I was pres» ent at the original planting here in 1869.* £ • This oak-tree was removed when Somerville Hall was built over its location; two others were planted nearby on Founders' Day, 1919, but one of these died a decade later, leaving only "The Lucretia Mott Oak" still standing. 304, 14 C •""My D e a r Friend.;- J was in Philadelphia w h e n thy k i n d letter of the 10th inst. came to our office, inviting me to attend the opening of Swarthmore School on the 21st; and I did not receive it till to-day, c "^Having been absent from home the greater part of the last three months on business connected with the Indians, the gratification will be denied m e of being present on the interesting occasion to which thy letter refers; an occasion rendered m o r e interesting, from its being the consummation of what has b e e n so long desired, attained through | untiring preseverance and l a b o r . M y best wishes are w i t h y o u a n d i t . It cannot b u t b e a success; the same patient industry, and financial l i b e r a l i t y , w h i c h have gradually and successfully caused it to grow to its present imposing dimensions, as the inanimate body, will impart to it vitality and intellect, till it becomes a living existence of wide-spreading g o o d , shedding its illuminations a n d b e n i g n influences far around it, through a long series of generations yet to c o m e . ^ **It will have difficulties to contend with; these w e a r e bound to expect, a n d must be prepared f o r . Ho far-renowned institution of learning is ever founded without them; they seem indispensable, like the storm to the o a k , to impart stability a n d permanency to its foundations. B u t , w i t h that Light which is Friends' Guiding Star, a n d that Strength which is always vouchsafed to the sincere advocates of the T r u e , the B e a u t i f u l . and the G o o d , which embrace the whole circle of S c i e n c e , and constitute the great ob- jects of the Instit\ition, the Directors and friends of the College will successfully triumph over them a l l . ^ ^ W i t h m y whole heart I can s a y , m a y your labors be crowned with the blessing c of the everlasting Father, sanctifying them to the lasting benefit of the previous childpre^i ren who m a y b e , from time to t i m e , inmates of the Institution. Thy sincere f r i e n d , ,0- M BEKJ. HALLOWELL, o / a y^jqC^fr ! U m Jt ! < , Samuel M . Janney and Edward H . Magillyhad-boon the correspondents whose l e t t e r s W e s e read at the Lading of the Corner-stone on 5th.Month 1 0 , 1866, a n d Professors Edwa d Parrish and^Joseph Thomas made the main addresses ^ r w J\ A J O C ^ A " . • cjll. \_JCJL jF.'t'f- hi . V < the call of the p r e s i d i n g o f f i c e r , H u g h M c l l v a i n , C h a i r m a n of the Building C o m m i t t e e , now stepped f o r w a r d a n d laid the k e y of the front d o o r of the C o l l e g e , and a large p i l e of receipted h i l l s u p o n the d e s k , stating that the b u i l d i n g , though not in all p a r t i c u l a r s c o m p l e t e d , is now fit for o c c u p a n c y . T h e sum e x p e n d e d u p o n it h a s been $ 2 0 5 , 4 3 0 , receipts for w h i c h w e r e h a n d e d to the B o a r d of M a n a g e r s . A f t e r stating the dimensions a n d general characteristics of the b u i l d i n g , w i t h w h i c h the readers of the I n t e l l i g e n c e r , a r e a l r e a d y f a m i l i a r , h e concluded b y resigning it to the B o a r d of ll Managers. " ^ S a m u e l W i l l e t s , on b e h a l f of the M a n a g e r s a n d Stockholders of the C o l l e g e , thanked the B u i l d i n g Committee for their faithfulness a n d e f f i c i e n c y , remarking u p o n the j rigid economy p r a c t i c e d by the Committee w i t h o u t s a c r i f i c i n g the completeness or the permanence of the b u i l d i n g . H e then transferred the k e y to the P r e s i d e n t selected to h a v e charge of the b u i l d i n g and its i n m a t e s , a n d w i t h m u c h feeling e x h o r t e d h i m a n d a l l those associated w i t h h i m to a faithful discharge of the r e s p o n s i b l e trust reposed in them b y the Board of M a n a g e r s . ^ ^ ^ ^ Qj^ru^a*^ 2/j ^ E d w a r d P a r r i s h , P r e s i d e n t of the C o l l e g e , then r e a d the f o l l o w i n g Inaugural Address * Sffl>TJfllJHflT. ASSiffiS^ •"""With thankful h e a r t s , as w i t h cordial c o n g r a t u l a t i o n s , we h a v e m e t to inaugurate a new era in our w o r k - to take a n o t h e r important step in the p r o g r e s s of Swarthmore C o l l e g e . c '"The event we celebrate m a y seem a small item in the vast sum of h u m a n a f f a i r s w h i c h the p r e s e n t revolution of the earth will b r i n g to l i g h t , yet to m o s t of those here collected, a n d to m a n y w h o s e sympathies a r e w i t h u s , though they a r e necessarily a b s e n t , it is very far from u n i m p o r t a n t . T h i s day culmihaltes a l o n g a n d a r d u o u s labor w h i c h , under the skilful g u i d a n c e of the Chairman of the B u i l d i n g C o m m i t t e e , has p r o d u c e d a n edifice not second in completeness a n d p e r m a n e n c e to a n y heretofore e r e c t e d ih o u r country for the p u r p o s e s of e d u c a t i o n . If* f - The p a m p h l e t includes the f o l l o w i n g p a r a g r a p h : "The entire l e n g t h o f the b u i l d i n g -£64 Continuation of footnote N o . 1 on P a g eA 3 0 4 yr-tt- _j j^j is 348 f e e t , w i t h return w i n g s of 92 feet each; it consists of a center b u i l d i n g 60 feet wide by 110 feet 8 inches d e e p , on either side of w h i c h a r e fire-proof a l c o v e s containing iron s t a i r s , a n d wings extending from either side of t h e s e , e a c h 1 0 0 feet b y 44 feet wide; the return w i n g s a r e also 44 feet w i d e , w i t h towers A n the inner flanks 11 feet in the c l e a r . T h e k i t c h e n b u i l d i n g in the rear is 6 0 feet deep b y 4 4 feet w i d e . ample laundry b u i l d i n g h a s also "Jjeen e r e c t e d , though n o t y e t f i n i s h e d . An T h e entire struc- ture is h e a t e d by steam from b o i l e r s l o c a t e d in the Isasement of the l a u n d r y , a n d is lighted by gas from a reservoir l o c a t e d 150 feet from the n e a r e s t p o i n t of the building." ^"*Some of y o u will recur w i t h emotions of p l e a s u r e to the m e e t i n g convened^ on this spot on the 10th of Fifth m o n t h , 1 8 6 6 , just three y e a r s a n d a h a l f gone "by,when we hopefully a n d p r a y e r f u l l y l a i d the corner-stone of this s t r u c t u r e . T h e n this vast pile was only seen in the imagination of the architect a n d of the committee entrusted with its erection; now it is a substantial h o u s e , combining apartments for education a n d for living - a school and a h o m e comely to l o o k u p o n , commodious a n d comfortable; from its situation a n d appointments a fit residence for a large n u m b e r of y o u t h w h o s e p h y s i c a l and m e n t a l characteristics will b e h o u r l y influenced by their s u r r o u n d i n g s , c. * L e t m e h e r e , in j u s t i c e , say of our friend H u g h M c l l v a i n , who h a s just resigned the k e y to the B o a r d of M a n a g e r s who a p p o i n t e d h i m , that no one could h a v e g i v e n m o r e intelligence thought a n d energy to the noble w o r k of c o n s t r u c t i o n w i t h a v i e w to his owiWcomfc/rt, than h e a n d his w o r t h y a n d efficient c o l l e a g u e , E d w a r d H o o p e s , have given g r a t u i t A u s l y to serve their friends a n d to secure a fitting h o m e for the future students of Swarthmore C o l l e g e . T o this let m e add a further r e m a r k , m a d e a d v i s e d l y , that in the erection of this b u i l d i n g , strict economy h a s b e e n combined w i t h neatness and great p e r m a n e n c e , showing that these rare a n d desirable qualities m a y b e secured bjr untiring v i g i l a n c e a n d a conscientious a t t e n t i o n to d e t a i l , even on the p a r t of committees entrusted w i t h large sums for p u r p o s e s of p u b l i c u t i l i t y . ^ '•VThe retrospect of the n i n e years w h i c h h a v e elapsed since the m e e t i n g h e l d in B a l t i m o r e , T e n t h m o n t h 2 d , 1 8 6 0 , in w h i c h it w a s first p r o p o s e d to erect a n e w Institution of L e a r n i n g u n d e r the care of F r i e n d s , d e s i g n e d to equal the b e s t colleges in the l a n d , is i n d e e d full of interest to u s a l l . Not only h a v e w e learned m u c h in the p r o - gress of the w o r k , but our friendships h a v e b e e n cemented b y frequent intercourse a n d b y varied e x p e r i e n c e , so that w e h a v e b e c o m e remarkably k n i t together in singleness of pui>p o s e a n d in h a r m o n i o u s a c t i o n . W e h a v e h a d p e r i o d s of d i s c o u r a g e m e n t , h a v e encountered some opposition a n d m u c h i n d i f f e r e n c e , a n d h a v e h a d to a s s u m e a g a i n a n d a g a i n the thankless task of soliciting peouniary a i d , b u t the w o r k has g o n e forward s t e a d i l y , till now 304- it approaches the p e r i o d w e h a v e so l o n g a n d a n x i o u s l y l o o k e d f o r , w h e n the sound of the trowel a n d h a m m e r is to give p l a c e to that of h u m a n s p e e c h , b u s y w i t h the w o r k of I instruction, a n d oftentimes m a d e eloquent w i t h the great truths of science a n d r e l i g i o n . |We ought to fee reverently thankful that w e have b e e n p e r m i t t e d to carry on such a w o r k , j | and to see it so far completed as already to p r o m i s e a n abundant r e w a r d . T h e common lot j of m e n , d e v o t e d to narrow a n d selfish i n t e r e s t s , has no enjoyments to compare w i t h those j which flow from being a s s o c i a t e d w i t h others in h a r m o n i o u s labors for a n y great p u r p o s e ! i of public b e n e f i c e n c e . "*A p e c u l i a r i t y of this o r g a n i z a t i o n , a s contrasted w i t h m o s t others for like | p u r p o s e s , is the a s s o c i a t i o n of w o m e n equally w i t h m e n i n its origin a n d m a n a g e m e n t . To i the w o m e n of the h o u s e h o l d a n d f u r n i s h i n g committees w e a r e especially indebted for such ^admirable p r o v i s i o n for the comfort of all the inmates of this h o u s e , that it is b e l i e v e d very few who shall reside in it w i l l b e l e s s f a v o r a b l y circumstanced than in the homes they h a v e l e f t . I n e e d not name those ladies to w h o m this commendation m o s t especially .applies; suffice it that they h a v e the thanks of a l l interested in the future of Swarthmore j 0 o l l e e e [ fjU C * I t w i l l be e x p e c t e d that in the l i m i t e d t i m e a l l o t t e d to m e f o r this dis- course I should speak b r i e f l y of the educational p o l i c y and other l e a d i n g characteristics of this c o l l e g e . T h e question w i l l b e a s k e d , Is it indeed a college or a. b o a r d i n g - s c h o o l in the common a c c e p t a t i o n of the terms? I r e p l y , it is designed to embrace all the ad- | vanced b r a n c h e s of k n o w l e d g e taught in the c o l l e g e s , b u t , like e v e r y t h i n g telse that is valuable, it m u s t h a v e time to grow a n d d e v e l o p , f "*The c o m p a n i o n oaks w e h a v e j u s t t r a n s f e r r e d to o u r lawn w e r e a few years a g o i deposited as a c o r n s by the hands of a dear friend now g o n e to his r e w a r d . Some of these I children m a y live to see them m a j e s t i c sylvan g i a n t s , d e s t i n e d to spread their b r o a d 1 branches over successive g e n e r a t i o n s of students w h o w i l l frequent these grounds long 1 1 iafter the builders of this h o u s e a r e f o t g o t t e n . S04——18, * Scty the seed p l a n t e d b y B e n j a m i n H a l l o w e l l , M a r t h a E . Tyson a n d their asso- S ciate^, in 1 8 6 0 , has grown to this e x t e n t , that we h a v e h e r e in this goodly h o m e 180 j young p e o p l e mostly eager to a c q u i r e a n e d u c a t i o n , a n d have p r o v i d e d a fit corps of professors a n d teachers who w i l l give them the a d v a n t a g e s of their own liberal culture and large e x p e r i e n c e . W h o shall tell w h a t the steady growth of h a l f a century shall bring forth in the enlargement of the sphere a n d the improvement of the facilities of the College? ^•""We h a v e n o t , h o w e v e r , p o s t p o n e d the f o r m a t i o n of a College C l a s s , b u t from j ; the m a t e r i a l before us h a v e a l r e a d y succeeded in organizing the g r a d u a t i n g class of 1 8 7 3 . * l t w o u l d h a r d l y b e expected that u n d e r the circumstances in w h i c h this ini stitution h a s b e e n established there should b e a restrictive p o l i c y a d o p t e d in the re) ception of its first s t u d e n t s . i M a n y h a v e subscribed for its erection w i t h a view to : the education of children not y e t sufficiently a d v a n c e d in age o r in p r e p a r a t i o n to enter j a college class; others are obliged b y refetricted m e a n s to forego the a d v a n t a g e s of • liberal education - a f e w , p e r h a p s , as yet fail to a p p r e c i a t e these a d v a n t a g e s . i The wants of a l l w i l l b e met now in its first o p e n i n g , a n d a large m a j o r i t y of the students : already classified a r e in the three classes of the p r e p a r a t o r y s c h o o l . Those enter- ing the lowest of these classes at this time w i t h the intention of a c q u i r i n g the diploma of the C o l l e g e , w i l l p u r s u e a continuous seven y e a r s ' course of t r a i n i n g , d e s i g n e d to develop their intellectual capacities a n d to fill their minds w i t h objects of interest and instruction - designed to fit them for the varied duties of p u b l i c a n d p r i v a t e l i f e , a n d for elevated and refined social a n d intellectual c enjoyments. S c i e n c e , covering a l l classified k n o w l e d g e , only a l l o w s the m a s t e r y of one portion of its vast domain b y insisting that the r e m a i n d e r should b e a t least p a r t i a l l y | a c q u i r e d , so that education cannot b e thorough if it is o n e - s i d e d . 1 N o m a n h a s a uower- jful intellectual g r a s ^ , who does not include a w i d e a n d comprehensive v i e w of a c q u i r e d |knowledge. To some this w i d e view is alj» i n t u i t i v e , but b y most m e n it is only g a i n e d H^^H" SO as the result of p a t i e n t labor a n d of w e l l - d i r e c t e d a p p l i c a t i o n , in early l i f e . To supply a n opportunity for such l a b o r , a n d give it p r o p e r guidance a n d d i r e c t i o n , is the object of such institutions as t h i s . ^ * I n the construction of this great building a f t e r the p l a n s w e r e m a t u r e d , each department of the labor w a s p a r c e l l e d out a n d d e t a i l e d . To one m a s t e r w o r k m a n w a s a l l o t t e d the quarrying of the s t o n e , to another the l a y i n g of this in m a s s i v e w a l l s ; one made b r i c k , a n d another b u i l t them into inside p a r t i t i o n s a n d chimneys; then came the r o o f e r s , the c a r p e n t e r s , the p l a s t e r e r s , the p a i n t e r s a n d g l a z i e r s , the p l u m b e r s , a n d , l a s t l y , o u r skilful a n d energetic e n g i n e e r , who w a r m e d and l i g h t e d the h o u s e . So in the scheme of education w e now p r o j e c t , w e shall n e e d a division of labor; a n d no one w o r k m a n can be spared without rendering the whole c incomplete. "*Six lines of study run through our w h o l e course; - these I m e n t i o n , not in any a s s u m e d order of p r e c e d e n c e or i m p o r t a n c e , b u t each as filling a n equal a n d necessary place in the general p l a n ; - M a t h e m a t i c s , N a t u r a l a n d P h y s i c a l S c i e n c e s , L a n g u a g e , H i s t o r y a n d G e o g r a p h y , L i t e r a t u r e , Intellectual a n d M o r a l P h i l o s o p h y . * "*Por instruction in M a t h e m a t i c s , a m p l e p r o v i s i o n has b e e n m a d e "hoth in the organisation of the P r e p a r a t o r y School a n d of the C o l l e g e . A s t r o n o m y , its crowning branch of S c i e n c e , can only b e a d e q u a t e l y taught to a d v a n c e d classes a n d b y the u s e of apparatus n o t yet s u p p l i e d , b u t w h i c h , we doubt n o t , w i l l b e p r o c u r e d w h e n there are students p r o p e r l y p r e p a r e d to explore the regions of s p a c e . D u r i n g the p r e s e n t session w e expect to enjoy the p r e s e n c e , for a l i m i t e d t i m e , of the eminent P r o f e s s o r of A s t r o n o m y in Vassar C o l l e g e , M a r i a M i t c h e l l , who w i l l give a short course of lectures to our s t u d e n t s . "•Natural History and C h e m i s t r y , w h i c h go h a n d in h a n d w i t h the M o d e m Science of P h y s i c s in interpreting the p h e n o m e n a a n d forms of the m a t e r i a l u n i v e r s e , h a v e recently taken a m u c h higher p l a c e than formerly in c o l l e g i a t e i n s t r u c t i o n . A more enlightened appreciatioh of the true relations of g e n e r a a n d species has m a d e B o t a n y , Mineralogy,Comparative A n a t o m y , P h y s i o l o g y and k i n d r e d b r a n c h e s exceedingly v a l u a b l e , as teaching h a b i t s of accurate observation a n d c o m p a r i s o n , w h i l e p r e p a r i n g the student to appreciate a n d understand the material w o r l d _ w i t h w h i c h w e a r e s u r r o u n d e d . * • C h e m i s t r y , a p a r t from innumerable p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s , has its uses as a n incentive t o , and discipline o f , the powers of invention a n d t h o u g h t . There is scarcely an art p u r s u e d a s the result of our a d v a n c e d civilization but is p r o m o t e d b y chemical 7 knowledge. The f a r m e r , the m a n u f a c t u r e r , the m e r c h a n t , a n e ^ l a w y e r a n d the p h y s i c i a n is each a i d e d in h i s calling, b e s i d e b e i n g g r e a t l y elevated in his conceptions of the p e r fection of Nature's l a w s , b y this science of experiment and a n a l y s i s . £ ••The sciences of observation a n d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a r e b e s t a d a p t e d to pupils in the P r e p a r a t o r y S c h o o l , a n d of these B o t a n y , a s p e r t a i n i n g to objects everywhere accessible, w i l l claim a prominent p l a c e ; our surrounding h i l l - s i d e s w i l l furnish in season a great variety of s p e c i m e n s , and their collection a n d p r e s e r v a t i o n w h o l e s o m e recreation from m o r e sedentary e m p l o y m e n t s . A course o n Z o o l o g y , b y a n enthusiastic a n d competent l e c t u r e r , w i l l occupy a p o r t i o n of the time a l l o t t e d to N a t u r a l H i s t o r y , d u r i n g the next session. C """In a t t e m p t i n g to impart instruction in Chemistry a n d P h y s i c s , a s p a r t of an Elementary Course of E d u c a t i o n , great care is required not to decrease their value as means of developing habits of scientific a c c u r a c y . T h e y cannot b e p r o f i t a b l y p r e s e n t e d as studies -until their wonderful n u m e r i c a l relations can b e fully a p p r e c i a t e d , nor can they take a h i g h p l a c e in E d u c a t i o n u n l e s s taught p r a c t i c a l l y . H e n c e our p l a n s include a laboratory for Chemical A n a l y s i s a n d for the p r a c t i c e of P h o t o g r a p h y - a m o d e r n art of such great u t i l i t y , and so a d m i r a b l y a d a p t e d to furnish y o u n g p e o p l e w i t h congenial emp l o y m e n t , that f o r its introduction w e shall only a w a i t the m e a n s to p u r c h a s e the n e c e s s a r y apparatus. c "*To our less a d v a n c e d c l a s s e s , I p r o p o s e to g i v e instruction of a k i n d pe- culiarly a d a p t e d as a preparation for systematic scientific s t u d y . It w i l l consist of a description of the p r o p e r t i e s , s o u r c e s , a n d u s e s of familiar t h i n g s , organic and inorganic, natural a n d a r t i f i c i a l . To the student w h o should fail thereafter to p r o s e c u t e the classified or scientific study of Chemistry a n d N a t u r a l H i s t o r y , this will at least 3Q4 Sir- i ^ £ £ive a k n o w l e d g e of m a n y p o i n t s in connection w i t h objects surrounding h i m , imparting Interest to them throughout his l i f e . H e r e , m e n t i o n should b e m a d e of the n e c e s s i t y , in such a college a s this, of cabinets of N a t u r a l H i s t o r y , so extensive as to enable teachers fully to illustrate their l e c t u r e s , a n d to present to the eye of the s t u d e n t , types of :reation in its varied f o r m s . T o w a r d this end w e h a v e a l r e a d y some c o n t r i b u t i o n s , not pet a r r a n g e d ih our m u s e u m , embracing m i n e r a l s , s h e l l s , a n d specimens illustrative of Jeology, B o t a n y , a n d other departments of N a t u r a l S c i e n c e . A collection of 4 0 0 specimens f >f the b i r d s , q u a d r u p e d s , a n d retiles of C h e s t e r C o u n t y , Pa.., p r e p a r e d b y our friend A )r. E z r a M i c h e n e r , h a s b e e n secured to the C o l l e g e , through the l i b e r a l i t y of Edward ioopes, - a n o t h e r a d d e d to the numerous obligations u n d e r w h i c h h e h a s p l a c e d u s . ^ I n s t r u c t i o n in the g m c i e n t a n d m o d e r n languages is e s t e e m e d a n important p a r t >f our c o u r s e . In studying,the symbols by w h i c h the m i n d of m a n in a l l a g e s has a t t e m p t e d ;o communicate w i t h its f e l l o w s , w e study the m i n d itself in its v a r i o u s stages of devel>pment. A s the geologist examines fossils deposited vast a g e s ago u p o n the surface of )ur p l a n e t , so the p h i l o l o g i s t labors over the obscure tracks of Iranian thought r e v e a l e d Ln fossil w o r d s ; d e a d in themselves a s to any a p p a r e n t u t i l i t y , b u t full of vitality is illustrating the progress of the m i n d of m a n . It h a s b e e n well said that he who thoroughly m a s t e r s a new l a n g u a g e , thereby a c q u i r e s twice the ma.stery of h i s o w n , a n d throughout the rest of h i s l i f e , in u s i n g the n o b l e g i f t of s p e e c h , w h i c h m o s t distinguishes is from the l o w e r a n i m a l s , he is, to say the l e a s t , a r i c h e r a n d m o r e cultivated m a n for rnving in his y o u t h enjoyed this p r i v i l e g e , c. "*>To combine obvious u t i l i t y , a s m u c h a s m a y b e , w i t h the m e n t a l drill w h i c h the study of language a f f o r d s , we h a v e p a r t i a l l y r e p l a c e d the so-called dead languages w i t h those of n a t i o n s with w h i c h w e are in frequent i n t e r c o u r s e , a n d w h i c h a r e largely represented on the A m e r i c a n c o n t i n e n t . O f the m o d e r n l a n g u a g e s , the student m a y p u r s u e F r e n c h and German; of the a n c i e n t , Greek, and L a t i n . The last m e n t i o n e d , u n i v e r s a l l y recognized as an indispensable requisite to a thorough k n o w l e d g e of our own t o n g u e , is required 3S4 88 tf-x-1 during a p a r t of our course; tiue rest a r e , u n d e r certain R e s t r i c t i o n s , e l e c t i v e . * * T h e studies of History sfnd of E n g l i s h Litergraire a r e p e c u l i a r l y appropriate ; to a system of a d v a n c e d e d u c a t i o n , and w i l l extend throughout our seven yeai*£ course. History traces the development of m a n k i n d , from the earliest p e r i o d of w h i c h we have any account, step by step, to its p r e s e n t condition; p o i n t s to individuals, n a t i o n s , a n d events, a s landmarks on the long road; a n d especially p r e s e n t s the manifest overruling of a P r o v i d e n c e , w h o , for his own g o o d p u r p o s e , evolves results u n l o o k e d for by finite v i s i o n . It w i l l readily b e seen that y e a r s of careful i n v e s t i g a t i o n w o u l d b e required for a subject so u n i v e r s a l . The teacher can only serve as a g u i d e , p a u s i n g a t the important stop- ping-places, calling a t t e n t i o n to the p e r i o d s that h a v e most a f f e c t e d the w o r l d ' s p r o g r e s s , . and, above a l l , exciting a n interest a n d spirit of r e s e a r c h , that in a f t e r y e a r s , with toore time a t command than can b e g i v e n in the m o s t e x t e n d e d collegiate c o u r s e , w i l l lead to a comprehensive v i e w of the h i s t o r y of the r a c e . < * T h e Geography of a country b e i n g so closely connected w i t h its h i s t o r y , the student w i l l a l w a y s be required to study a n d recite w i t h m a p s , w h i c h are quite as essential as t e x t - b o o k s . A n d now that the a r t s of engraving a n d p h o t o g r a p h y b r i n g u s into immediate relation w i t h other c o u n t r i e s , w e h o p e , by the thoughtful kindness of f r i e n d s , to h a v e portfolios of views and portraits to i l l u s t r a t e each s u b j e c t , h e i g h t e n i n g thereby the impression p r o d u c e d . ^ Ls. / • / r i/— "*The study of the ^Literature of our own l a n g u a g e will claim the a t t e n t i o n of the s t u d e n t , not only as a means of intellectual g r o w t h , b u t also as a refining influence upon the taste a n d imagination. T h r o u g h the art p r e s e r v a t i v e of all a r t s , we are p l a c e d in communication w i t h highly-gifted m i n d s of o u r own a n d p a s t eras; a n d if w e have the requisite taste a n d cultivation, m a y w a n d e r w i t h p o e t s a n d p h i l o s o p h e r s through the E l y s i a n groves w h i c h their genius a n d cultivation have enabled them to create; we m a y , at small cost, e m b e l l i s h our common-place lives w i t h the companionship of the great and g o o d , and fill up the intervals of toil w i t h p u r e a n d p r o f i t a b l e intellectual e n j o y m e n t s . The ele- vating p u r s u i t s of literature are too m u c h ignored b y m a n y p a r e n t s grown old in the toil and. bustle of life; the children of many of these will bring back w i t h them from Swarthmore, a fund of literary w e a l t h , w i t h which to adorn and refresh thejr h o m e s . *"*In the midst of the flood of l i t e r a t u r e , good and b a d , which the newspaper and magazine are ever distributing, it is fitting that Education, w h i c h , in this country, teaches all to read, should in its m o r e advanced stages, furnish the taste and discrimination necessary to distinguish that which is worthless or p e r n i c i o u s , from that ;which is wholesome a n d improving, *"*The department of Intellectual a n a Moral P h i l o s o p h y , w h i c h is approached ; w i t h great deference in a n Institution but just stepping into the ranks of advanced edu c a t i o n , will be appropriately p r e c e d e d in the several classes now organized by such iivstructions, in the elements of morality as are appropriate to the m e n t a l development of each. Swarthmore College w o u l d , p e r h a p s , never have been built but for the dee^-seated ;conviction in the minds of its founders that intellectual culture is only valuable as it is joined with influences calculated to mould the character into forms of purity and truth. The Society of Friends chiefly a i m s , by its system of training, to develop the innate germs of truth and goodness implanted by the Creator in every s o u l . A s these are cultivated and g r o w , their effect is to choke out the weeds which would otherwise mar and deface the garden of the h e a r t , preventing the perfect development of that fruit which is to nourish uo the soul unto eternal l i f e . T o this outlineTTf /our system of training, I might add m u c h w h i c h , p e r h a p s , needs to he s a i d . If time a l l o w e d , I should speak of the opportunities which w e already p o s s e s s , and others which are in p r o s p e c t , for every one entrusted to our care to enjoy, naturally and spontaneously, wholesome exercise, free play of the m u s c l e s , and plenty of fresh a i r , essential to the complete success of a n y educational s y s t e m , r (^A^ajrv^x. Zraj^^tcvS^J " I n concluding thes-e remarks, an allusion to myself and the position I occupy as the head of this Institution will b$ in p l a c e . If I have labored without ceas- ing, a n d , as some m a y have thought, too zealously, in the great work of creating this 3G4 34 It . a College, it has "been from a constant sense of duty to the cause of sound education, and from a sincere love of the principles which underlie the movement, and since the judgnent of my nearest friends and this Board of Managers has accorded with m y own conviction that I am to he yet further devoted to it, I h a v e , with the sympathy and support of my companion in life, accepted the cares, responsibilities and privations involved in a residence here, which, albeit, are not without their compensations, in congenial pursuits and the society of cultivated and refined associates; and trusting to the guidance and support of the overruling Providence, who shapes our destinies and rules our hearts, if we give ourselves to serve his cause, I accept this k e y , ready at any time to yield it to a successor when it shall appear that I am incompetent or unworthy to hold it. ^Tolon D . Hicks, of New Y o r k , being introduced, spoke as follows! ••FRIENDS, CONTRIBUTORS, AND PATRONS OF SWARTHMORE COLLEGE; I have been re- quested to speak in behalf of the managers and contributors of New York - that we might join in the general rejoicing that we must all feel this day in the opening of this college. The hopes we have long cherished, and the expectations which inspire u s , should « f^nd today their appropriate expression. ^ JHlty friends, in making this request of m e , certainly could not have been influenced in the choice by any special qualification that I possess for the service, being one of the youngest of the Board of Managers, and but little practiced in speaking. It nevertheless is perhaps fitting that a representative voice from the more youthful class should be h e a r d . A s such, and claiming your kind indulgence, I will venture to make a few brief remarks. ^••'It is but proper that we should acknowledge,on this occasion, the uniform courtesy and spirit of co-operation which our Pennsylvania friends have extended towards us of New Y o r k . I might say, in perfect truth, that we have known', in the establishment of this college, no State limits, or local prejudices, to mar our progress, and as we have •v--"- begun, I trust we shall continue. ^ ' ^-.Tr-v— .^L^ ' f": S04 i-. ' —36, I' The general claims of education, its indispensability, and the urgent demands of our age, have been so often and ably stated, that any further remarks from cie would seem unnecessary, yet, as we view things from the stand-point of our individuality, we are sometimes constrained to offer them, at the risk of their seeming superfluity. C *Tn adding this college to the list of hundreds already established in our country, we but recognize a common need, and the number of pupils that are here to-day amply attest that we have not provided for a demand that did not exist, but we have furnished in Swarthmore a college with certain distinctive peculiarities. Besides the general matter of education, according to the most approved methods of the times, we have superadded a system for the joint education of the sexes, carrying out the principle we have long recognized in our Society of equal rights, not for all m e n , but for all men and women. We not only propose to give them equal opportunities for culture, but equal rewards and honors, as a measure for their attainments. the natural order of our lives. In this joint education we will but imitate Observation abundantly teaches us that the greatest happiness, the highest moral and social attainments, are produced by the joint influence of the two sexes. Acting and reacting on each other, a healthful stimulus will be felt that will not only facilitate study and aid in government, but tend to preserve the home influence. We hope in so doing to prepare the mind of the students of Swarthmore with a more correct idea of social life, so that when they leave the college and go out into the world, they will do it under circumstances more favorable for their best interests than could have been had their education been separate. We undertake this peculiarity of our scheme of instruction with confident expectations of the best results. C -*0ur college, associated ty name with Friends, and established by them and those in sympathy with their views, might be expected to be sectarian in its character, and in one sense it may be so; but in another, a broader and more correct one, we trust it will not b e . We have no creed, no confession of faith, or formalism in worship. We propose far as practicable, to influence the students in the recognition of general principles of so S©4 26* ^-f- 3 j if well-doing; that each individual is sovereign in his responsibility to the higher law >f his Creator, manifested in his own heart, f r o m the dictates of which spring all the Christian virtues; leaving all questions of theology for individual judgment, and dis:laiming the right of any to dictate, f * T h i s we claim to be too broad for sectarianism, and we trust the students of Swarthmore will leave its walls impressed with principles which all their after-knowledge m d reflection will only deepen and confirm, but never contradict. We will endeavor to establish principles and leave the application to individual minds, knowing well that In their application they must needs assume diversity of forms, from the fact that our reliefs are :.iore a matter of inheritance, and a result of surrounding influences, than ?„ny distinct creation of our own. c *There is happily a growing recognition of the intimate connection between luman thought and human society. Give the right impulse to the one, and the other follows, 3.s a natural sequence. ^ * H o w far these anticipations shall be realized, and the minds of the students irakened to a love of knowledge, and trained by the best methods for its acquisition, will Largely depend on the President, professors , and their assistahts. In the selection of the President the managers have chosen one of middle age in life, neither wanting in the ripening influence of time nor crystallized by the conservatism of age - a man of the times. We trust he and his assistants will meet the wants of the d a y . '"•^We do not doubt they are all influenced by the best intentions, but success will depend more on how scrupulously they become students of the situation, and careful observers of the phenomena of daily experience. When we consider the ever-widening fields of knowledge, the new secrets that nature is constantly revealing to those who patiently and diligently seek her truths, added to all that has preceded it, the responsibility of instructors becomds manifest - for at most our education must be now, more than ever before, but a guide, a start to future attainments - and our school days must be considered BQ4 25V , , . more as ail apprenticeship to the labors of after life. C * T h e wants we are providing for now will exist in the future no less than the present. May Swarthmore become the foster mother to thousands who will seek her halls, is the hope that inspires us to-day, and looking down the vista of coming years, we also 7 hope it may he said, we huilded better than we k n e w . & k t the close of this address!, W m . Dorsey, a member of the Board of Managers, who has been prominently connected with the organization from its origin, made an extemporaneous address, in which he gave the moral and religious aspect of Swarthmore College, c stating that the pure teachings of Jesus Christ must be the basis of its religious training - that a character to be perfectly developed must be formed on the pattern laid down in the New Testament. With this groundwork, the mission of the College could not fail to be blessed, and those who shall leave its walls will carry with them an influence for good wherever their lot mavj>e cast. , , ) h "1 l u c r e t i a Mott expressed her deep interest in the College, and her hope that fi. it would never degenerate into a m^re sectarian school, but that its teachings would be so • comprehensive and free from theological b i a s , that those who receive them will be prepared *3r— The pamphlet gives the following report of William Dorsey's remarks (probably revised by himself): "He commenced by saying that it was with no ordinary emotion that he viewed the result of the labors of the past eight years, in this building, 5early completed, and already tenanted by so many of the class for whom it was erected; and in continuation,spoke nearly, as follows: 'I desire to say that this College had its origin in a deeply settled conviction that it wfis essential to the preservation of our Society relations, that our youth should be enabled to obtain an education according to the demands of the advanced civilization of the age under the guarded religious care of friends. *During the past thirty years, while we have been deliberating as a Society upon this great " necessity, many of our youth, who have sought to obtain in various institutions of learning which surround us the education we were unable to supply, have gone from us not to return, and have thus been lost to us in an associated capacity. Now we have a College under our own control, the diploma of which, we hope, will some day be equal to those of the best institutions of learning in the land. l Allusion has been made by the last speaker to the subject of theology. It is true we do not recognize it as a branch of education,technically speaking,and although it may be said we have no written creed like unto the sects, we have a"*"belief, a deep, abiding faith,based up<3n the Divine precepts and holy life of the Son of God, in their pure and simple integrity,without the manipulations of m a n . We believe that building upon this foundation can alone perfect the human character, and hope by this means t9 send from these walls all those committed to our care so trained that they shall be known in the world as honest men and womeib, bearing the fruits of purity and h o l i n e s s , , £364- to recognize good wherever found. I The voice of Truth is so plain, and so universally applicable, that all may hear it in their own tongue in which they were h o r n . She also referred to the skepticism which sometimes grows out of the study of Science when unaccompanied by religious faith, and feelingly recited the following lines of Cowper: . . . Sever yet did philosophic tube That brings the planets home into the eye Of observation, and discovers, else Hot visible, His family of world?, Discover Him that rules them; such a veil Hangs over mortal eyes, blind from the b i r t h , And dark in things divine. Full often, too, Our wayward intellect, the more we learn Of Nature, overlooks her Author more; From instrumental causes proud to draw Conclusions retrograde and mad mistake. But if His word once teach u s , shoot a ray Through all the heart's dark chambers and reveal Truths undiscovered but by that holy light, Then all is p l a i n . Philosophy, baptized In the pure fountain^ of eternal love, Has eyes indeed; and viewing all she sees As meant to indicate a God to m a n , > students should withdraw at this stage of the meeting. Before doing so they w e r e addressed by Samuel Willets, nearly as follows: »I have been much interested in beholding the countenances of the students now before m e , and hope they will act well their p a r t , that they m a y by industry and attention prepared to discharge the important and responsible duties of the family, the neighborhood and the State, which duties will soon devolve upon them. And I hope that in their intercourse with each other, and with the professors and teachers, their actions may be marked by love and kindness toward a l l , and that they will render prompt and cheerful compliance with all the rules and regulations of this Institution, thereby making their residence here pleasant and agreeable to themselves and to those who have charge of them. And to the President, Professors and Teachers - I hope that you will administer the affairs of this College with great firmness, tempered by kindness and love, - remembering 3©4 J-/- | that the mercy-seat was to cover the judg&ent seat to an hair's b r e a d t h . ""^Friends, no?/ let us retire in silence to our own minds, and see if we cannot feel grateful to the Author of all good for the progress we have been able to m a k e , and to crave assistance to finish the work.' time of reverent silence followed, in which W m . Dorsey appeared in prayer, iA devoutly imploring the Divine blessing upon the College and all its officers and students. •^[n dismissing the students, the Chairman said: "'And now, 0 Father! We pray i \ that the blessing of Heaven may rest upon this Institution; on its President, on the I | Professors and Teachers, on its household, and upon us a l l . Ainen.* \ | <**The coriroany remaining were asked to consider the financial necessities of the i | College, which are still great, - the funds heretofore subscribed being barely sufficient I to fit the building for u s e , leaving much of the furniture yet to be provided for, and the i | grounds to be planted. A gymnasium, chemical laboratory, library, museum of natural his- f tory and the a r t s , astronomical observatory,and other necessities of an institution of | liberal learning, - all remain to be supplied by the contributions of those who have means • to devote to objects of public beneficence. | ' n "The Study of Language"; but D r . Parrish's appreciation offhlm-a-na #'Ttofoooor Joseph Fhomas was reflected in the emphasis he laid on languages, history, literature and philosophy. John D . Hicks, the "younger" representative from Hew York, struck the keynote 3f full co-education, for which Swarthmore has always stood, and stated in explicit terms the noiv-sectarian character of the college, coupled with its mission to develop principles >f tight conduct. Lucretia Mott, with "ruling motive strong in death", «aesi characteris- tically repudiated for the college all man-made theology and enthroned the search for and L— -[ Intelligencer. V o l . -SSv J>. 795. 2 - |Vol. 3k, p p . 248, 249. ©4 obedience to the Eternal T r u t h ^ thus supplementing Benjamin Hallowell's strong appeal in his letter for reliance upon the Light W i t h i n . The venerable chairman of the B o a r d , Samuel '.fillets, gave practical illustration of this last Quaker principle by closing the general exercises with a period of "Quaker Silence." The following letter 'from John G . Haviland to his m o t h e r , Esther Underhill Haviland, gives the contemporary impression of the Inauguration by a Friend and prosperous business-man of New Y o r k City who attended iti Swarthmore o p e n i n g , t h 11 To Month 1 0 t h 1869 Mother J. G. H. ^ S t a r t e d at 9 4 5 from 354 Broadway and took tieket for P h i l a 10 am train from Courtland St on Ferry Boat met a M r Braddock Wife son and two Daughters starting on a winters tour through the south He is a retired D . G ^ M ^ c l ^ n t ^ . i v i n g on his income which is large has let his house for the w i n t e r . they took the same train to P h i l , a n d then on s o u t h . Also met M r Stuart, the Banker Mr Fairchild importer & M r in the Cuba which sails this P M . S e of P h i l a all going out Ed Merritt & John Willetts were the only ones for besides myself on this B o a t . In forward car found Saml W i l l e t t s . Robert Willetts & wife John D Hicks & wife & son Chas Height & wife Hannah Haydoclc^ Trimble Lydia Lockwood Chas Bunting Wm H Macy Josiah Macy J r four hours brought u s to West P h i l a & some others a pleasant ride of .about JfqrA^LreAu^ra^. U (At T r e n t o n E x Gov W a r d of New JerLey joined L ^ ) a short w a l k of one block brought us to the West Chester R R Depot where w e found a Special Train of five cars awaiting u s . The cars were soon filled with a very goodly looking John G . Haviland was born 1 2 t h . Month 2 5 , 1 8 2 9 , a n d died 9 t h . Month 5 , 1 8 8 2 . A t the time he wrote the l e t t e r , he was in the wholesale dry-goods firm of H a v i l a n d , Lindsay & C o . , 80 - 82 Chambers S t . , New Y o r k C i t y . His mother lived in Chappaqua, N . Y . 304 - OS • H-hf company, and about two we started and after a half hours slow riding we arrived at West Sale where were collected a large company of Parents Schllars & Interested ones from the )epot to the College they have a board walk for two abreast which was more than filled Ltnadiately after our arrival the Faculty proceded to the East of the College about two lundred feet and there planted two oak trees the gift of Lucretia Mott and She assisted in lolding them for setting out.- After which George Truman gave us a speech upon the propagation of the two oaks, that are now about ten feet h i g h . The acorns were planted by rames and Lucretia in their grounds and raised for this special presentation. .dent E d d Parrish Dilwin Parrish S a m 1 The pres- Willetts and other leading men with hats off were ;aken in a group by the oaks in several different positions by an artist in a Photograph !he New Yorkers were then called in to lunch which was served up in the Dining room it conV listed of several kinds of cold meats an abundance of good bread butter coffee milk and crean uid also good water which they have a plentiful supply of after doing full justice to ;ables we next adjourned to the School room directly above the large dining room. There rere collected the 180 a£r children each seated in a. chair at their desks and as it is prolosed to seat them a boy and girl alternately. The Faculty were seated at and about the lesk on the platform with some other leading men and women, Saml Willetts. was chosen chairan of the meeting;. 1 On his left sat Ed* parrish and on his right Lucretia Mott W.H.Macy iannah Haydock Gov Ward W o o d Wm Dorsey & some twenty others were on the platform, the lide seats and the galery were full. S.W with a few remarks commenced proceedings by cal- ling on the Chairman of the building committee to report, Hugh Mcllvane then took a stand fcpon the platform and after a few remarks on the near completion of the building, he passed * the key ofcer to the Chairman which was gracefully accepted. jletness^of the building as regards H M c l . then spoke of the com- fire and gass the heat is by steam aid the Boiler rith the gass &ouse some one hundred feet from the main building. He stated the amount that lad been expended up to this time was two hundred and five thousand (205,000) some hundreds )f dollars and then passed over the rect^- vouchers for the same a n d then withdrew. The £64- I chairman then called on the President for his address which was a very appropriate and well delivered one. the key was then given him with a few pertinent remarks to which he replied in acceptance very happily. scribers of New Y o r k . John D . Hicks was then called to speak for the sub- His address was a good one and very well delivered. In both addres- ses Hugh Mcllvane and Edward Hoopes were spoken of in the highest terms for the efficient aid they had both given to the work of building the long to be remembered Swarthmore. It was stated by Dorsey that competent builders had estimated the cost of the y^uilding at over $300,000 and he wished us all to know that to complete the college and furnish it will need about $100,000 more money, so that the work of collecting must continue with unabated zeal for some time to come Lubretia Mott next had the floor she quoted from her favourite Poet Cowper some few verses, made a few remarks took her seat and W ™ D 0 r s e y followed with a prayer. The chairman then gave a standing prayer for the success of the college, the separate endowment of the requisite qualifications for the President the Professors Teachers and Schollars, which was most grand and impressing, The scholars then left the room in their usual order. After which an attempt was -made to get subscriptions a few hundred was called out when the time for the special train having arrived the gathering broke up and some hundreds left for the five P M special for P h i l a at seven took train for Chesnut Hill with John R Price spent the night,at six next morning took a look at his place of nine acres a fine place also drove through some beautiful places nearby at 8 took train and home at well pleased with the days doings.*" It would appear from the paragraph in the above account devoted to the special session at the erid(and its'financial appeal, that it was a grave misfortune to have the audience hurry away to catch "a train for the city", as has happened^on innumerable later but less important occasions. The Board immediately resumed its financial task, doubtless reflecting with a sigh^upon«a small portion at least of the ten million dollars which George Peabody-, whose death occurred on 1 1 t h . Month 4 , 1859, had bestowed ujSon the cause of education and the p o o r . But although it would have welcomed la.rge gifts for the new college, it endorsed the following appeal which appeared in the Intelligencer in the notice of George Feabody's death and benefactions:' JfLet none as they read the abo^e narration of munificent charities, so worthy the donor who had it in his power to bestow them, be tempted to despise the benevolence rhich flows with equal generosity from less abundant coffers. The scriptural record of the widow's mites, should encourage the humblest to contribute, however small it may appear to them, their share for the alleviation of suffering and want, and for the promotion of good, [jet the rich hand forth of their abundance, and let not the 'two miles' be withheld. So shall all who give 'in the name of a disciple'. even though it be but 'a cup of cold vater,' receive 'a disciple's reward.'* C $ The following notice^inserted in the Intelligencer for 11th. Month 2 7 , 1869: 'Swarthmore College. To make the necessary preparations for the Second Term of Swarth- Qore College, it is indispensable that all moneys due it be promptly p a i d . 'Friends would greatly facilitate this matter and aid the Managers by forwarding, it an early day, the amount of all subscriptions remaining -unpaid. HENRY M . LAING, Treasurer, 30 North Third St., Fhilada." The Board also believed that an increase in the number of pupils would increase Lts financial resources, and began soon afterwards (1st. Month 8, 1870) to advertise for ipolicants for the school's second term, and for the payment of their dues. The following u .s a typical notice:/ "Those desiring to enter students on the opening of the second term, rill please address the undersigned at once, as the number to be received is limited. In >rder to be properly classified, students should be at the College punctually on the lornihg of Third-day, 1st of Second month. Swarthmore College. 12th m o . 50th, 1863. . " EDWARD PARRISH, Oakdale, P a . The two terms of the college year included forty-two weeks, thus leaving ten ^TSV/.! r, J^r^-i . - V o l ^ S V ^ p . 586 -$7 (Cf. a l B o t e S J ^ S s ^ B . 334). ! - j A W U - a ^ f f l . 618. * ' i 26, p p . 713, 793, 810, 826. jUr-^; 304 weeks for "the long vacation." 25. . IJ- lj-'O Westtown School, the report of which to Fourth and Arch Streets Yearly Meeting for 1869 is preserved among the Swarthmore papers, had a Summer Term, thus eliminating all lo#g vacations; but during that term the number of pupils was only 147 (72 boys and 75 girls), as against 218 (129 boys and 89 girls) for the Winter Term. The Haverfofd College Report for 1869 mentions for that institu- tion "two vacations, one of three weeks succeeding the Winter Term, and one of nine 10 weeks following the Summer Term."' While Friends of both branches still clung to short and infrequent holidays for their boarding-schools, they made a distinction in favor of their colleges, as is evident from the above facts and from an article reprinted in the Intelligencer from the Boston Transcript, which was doubtless approved by the editors ?< and ,which reads as follows;' ^®Long School Holidays are now exciting attention in land as well as in this country. Eng"* The Spectator recently said that school holidays 'have increased, are increasing, and ought to be diminished.' This brought out a correspondent who ventured to suggest that however reasonable may be dissatisfaction with the present state of things, there is one important consideration to which writers have hardly done justice. It is the effect of the vacations upon the teachers. The writer says: ^ ^ I t is, for the boys' sake, of the very greatest importance that the masters should teach with freshness of mind and in good spirits; and yet these are constantly endangered by the monotony of school-life. There are other callings, no doubt, which in- volve much more monotonous employment than that of the teacher, but those who follow them have not so delicate a task as working on the mind and character of the young. Schoolteaching is a thing quite by itself. In i ^ m e c h a n i c a l regularity it is like many humble occupations, and yet it differs from them all in this, that the quality of the work turned out depends almofct entirely On the personality of the worker. If a master could be made into a machine for putting knowledge into boys as a printer becomes a machine for putting words into type, you might apply the most strictly economical rules and get as much work out J® "Jf - Haverford had this year an average of 52 students. V o l . -SS^ p . 624. - 441 - f him as possible; but this cannot b e , and as soon as you have extracted more than a. very oderate amount, you will find that the work suffers in quality as much as it gains in uantity. ^Teachers are accused of being ^ialf-times.Jfr» I fepr statistics would not bear * A— his out, and I am inclined to think the boys in England ore injured rather by their asters working too much than too little. I agree that a great distinction should be rawn between day-schools and boarding-schools, but in the latter, at all events, we ought o have a liberal allowance of holidays. Many large boarding-schools are in the country, here the masters are almost cut off from social intercourse. The consequence is that heir occupation has a very narrowing and often a very depressing effect upon them. In ome schools there is no regular break between the beginning of February and the end of oly, and during the last half of this period the masters find their work much more trying lan during the first half. > The boys seem to them less easy to teach, and they seem to ae boys far more irritable. The more liberal view of vacations was adopted, for the sake of both instructors ad students, by the founders of Swarthmore College, who provided for about thirteen eeks' vacation; anct\iabout tin .yftftg 1900, vacations (Christmas, spring and summer) were ctended to include about eighteen weeks each y e a r . College Discipline It was a source of much regret at the Inauguration exercises that Martha E.Tyson >uld not be present, or that a letter from her could not be read. Like the other origi- stor of the college, Benjamin Hallowell, she had written a letter for the occasion; but le following correspondence explains thrt (although not exactly why) it was neither read : the exercises nor published subsequently. Her first letter was written two days before 72 le Inauguration; and three days after it, she wrote again, as follows: I - The original of this letter is in the possession of Henry C . Parrish: see infra, p . - 441- j? - j~Martha Tyson's CriticisnTj Idward Parrish ^ D e a r Friend - By the kindness of William Dorsey, we have rec'd the papers ;iving the details of the Inauguration of Swarthmore College, which we read with interest, : I greatly regret that it was not in my power to witness the ceremonies & listen to the iutno^Lring good, from those who sjioke on the occasion. Thy address & that of thy coadjutor J D Hicks, are excellent & leave us nothing ;o desire in their w a y , & I doubt not thejothers alluded to in the account were equally to ;he p o i n t . I wish there had been a little more time allowed, - the ceremonies were not luite complete without something from Baltimore Yearly Meeting, by the voice of some of .ts members then present. On enquiring how such a thing had happened I learned that there ras no time for it - Supposing such to have been the case, the inconvenience which will lereafter be experienced should the reunions of the Friends of Swarthmore be held, fit ;his season of the y e a r , offers a. weighty argument in favor of a change in this respect to 73 i season when the days r.re longer. There is another subject to which I regret to call ;hy attention, because of the many pressing cares which surround thy position, as President >f a College - but as thou ark. aware of the great importance I attach to the establishment, [ believe thou wilt excuse the liberty I take. 74 After E . B . Smith had gone on with her daughter, I learned from a friend inter- ested in the cause, that the intercourse between the pupils of the different sexes was almost constant - that they ate all their meals together - walked together in the corridorsh a good deal more of similar promiscuous intercourse. On my daughter's return, I made lse of the first private opportunity which occurred, to ask her if the report were not a. Fabrication, & learned that it was all true - an assertion I was pained to h e a r , believing that if the practice is continued, in direct violation of the ideas of propriety which Influence the people, that no good can be hoped for from such a system. I have been told that letters Day"is addressed the President 72, - the "Founders' now tocelebrated about oftheSwarthmore 28th. of College October.on the occasion of the - Elizabeth Brooke Smith, of Baltimore, a daughter of Martha Tyson, and s member of the Board of Managers, 1867-70, 1871-72. 74 441 - £ nauguration would be published in the Friends Intelligencer - please do not have mine of h e 8th printed, - not because I would recall any of the sentiments it contains, but I .0 not wish it to be made public. very respectfully thy friend, Martha E.Tyson Saltimore 11th month 13th 1869. D r . Parrish evidently respected the last request in Martha Tyson's letter, for .t was not published, in the Intelligencer's Supplement, or in any other account of the Intugnation. Our lack of it is especially deplorable because of the critical note struck .n the second letter, which would doubtless have been far more than counterbalanced by ;he praise in her first one. To advancing age and to the influence exerted by her laughter and her friend, Ellen Riley, we may attribute a conservatism which was not at all :haracteristic of the marked liberality and fearlessness of her m i n d . That her criticism ?as disturbing, though not convincing, to President Parrish and the Swarthmore faculty, 75 Is evident from the following letter: 75 - The original of this letter is in the possession of Henry C . Parrish: see infra, p . a, Swarthm6re College 11 m 1 9 . 1869 My Dear Friend Martha E Tyson In the midst of inaiqy cares and engagements thy letter of the 13" came to m e and cast a shade over a day of much activity & success - Our great School is moving on most s a t i s f a c t o r i l y notwithstanding ©very thing is new and untried - I have shown thy letter to m y Colleagues and we have one of like import, as to its main topics from Ellen Siley to our Matron - We cannot help feeling surprized that thy daughter if sharing thy feelings on the subject did not ffixpress it to u s while here, among us,- 4he %e£weea-eeheel-heuf the older & more Conservative Institutions whose officers have watched its operation ire i-egiaaiag-te- introducft.*f it gradually instead of the old method of fixclusiveness In regard to the Inauguration, what thou saist about the time allowed for ;he Ceremonies is very true. We could not lengthen the afternoon and if the morning had seen fixed upon those coming from New York & Baltimore could not have reached the College without starting the da.y before irTsing from no one offering That Baltimore was not heard from was an oversight as in the case of New Y o r k . Thy very A c c e p t a b l e Letter received just time fcnough beforehand, to b e put in the programme was omitted with jne from Benj Hallowell, when we found there would be no time to add that feature to the proceedings, I had however compiled them both for the printer before receiving thy last Ijji feeld thine in reserve in the hands of the Editors of the Intelligencer, in the A tiope that further reflection will induce thee to allow its publication in the pamphlet ne shall issue. With kind remembrances to thy family Thy friend 441-5 The divergence of view in regard to the discipline of the college, revealed in this correspondence, was quite deep-seated in those mid-Victorian days, especially in the realm of coeducation; and its persistence was soon to lead to President Parrish's resignation. An anonymous newspaper article, published after his death, gives the following explanation of the differing view-points: ^ P h i l a d e l p h i a has rarely lost a citizen of purer£ character or more varied attainments than Edward Parrish. As a philanthropist his record is abundantly verified in his heroic yet peaceful death. A s a teacher of science he had few superiors. Familiar and easy in style, attractive and not unfrequently eloquent, he secured and held the attention of his he rers and pupils. As an organizer of rare ability, his connection with Swarthmore College furnishes an example, and the college sustained a loss by his resignation, which it will continue to feel that it is difficult to replace. A s its president he endeavored to illustrate in the methods of teaching ana discipline the highest type of a gifted Christian teacher * B u t , like many other scholars, and leaders, he found a want of appreciation of the true principle of government, and a disposition to introduce into the college the system of New England, for which he saw the Quqker element of the Middle States was not adapted; he preferred to retire from the post he filled with such satisfaction to the public, and such honor to the college. ^ S i s genius saw that the rigid, system of the puritans was inconsistent with the more gentle system of Penn; and, failing to see the college grow into a- perfect exhibition of the peaceable principles of the Society of Friends, as he intended it should, he quietly retired from its service to his domestic business relations in Philadelphia. His earnest sympathetic nature, however, could not resist the call of the government tp be the exponent of the same pacific policy toward the Indians, and it was in the fulfilment of this mission, which even the savages were able to appreciate and honor, that he sacrificed his life. 441 - 6 president Parrish M m s e t f e , writing in his diary under the dates of 12/24.70 and l/l.72, gives a very intimate and confidential account of the growing rift in the faculty as to the proper discipline of the school and college. Professor Magill, the principal of the preparatory School, had had nineteen years' experience f in New England schools and coll egejjj and, of especial significance, eight years of admiring intimacy w i t h that Spartanj^head-master of the Boston Latin School, D r . Francis Gardner. At the beginning of tise Swarthmore's second y e a r , September, 1870, writes D r . Parrish, "jfthere came a new professor selected by P r o f . Magill for his fitness to control the boys in their dormitories and halls & taken 'round to our Committees & Members of the Board who were all pleased with him & took him on Prof M's very strong 1% recommendation - P r o f . Phillips,' an excellent Latin & German scholar & teacher who has been for 8 years in Friends' School at Providence R I & as experience here abundantly shows, has formed, his ideas of discipline on that model - He has a gift for managing boys, undoutbtedly, albeit having a rather low estimate of human nature, & perhaps too much disposition to indulge in suspicions on a very small foundation for them, he has succeeded in shaking my faith sometimes in those whose characters experience has shown us all were rather misjudged."^ Thus it was that, again and in different guise, the Puritan and the Quaker ideals clashed, and led this time to the exile of its first Quaker president from the Quaker college, ^ •M^ylL fc 7T~I ' / L ^ u i l * L _ ) w ^ l l tJuji U ^ _ U f ^ *JL (U-*iajJLj L This was William B . Phillips, A . M . , who was professor of Greek and German in Swarthmore from 1870 Jo 1872. 201 •• g? The College and its preparatory department, having been formally opened on 11th. "onth 10, 1863, the Board began its report to the Corporation's sixth Annual Meeting, held in Race Street Meeting House on 12th. Month 7, 1869, with the following^ It of thanksgiving: "To the Stockholders. The Board of Managers respectfully report that, in view of the laborious and responsible task we have been so long engaged in, we have cause to be thankful that we have, at length, been able to open the College and. to see it in successful operation." Since the expenditures upon the college at the end of 1869 had amounted to more than $246,000, with an additional prospective expenditure of $28,000, the Board requested the Corporation to increase the authorized capital stock to $300,000. This request was complied with, and the President and Board again assumed the unending task of procuring the funds necessary for the maintenance and expansion of the institution. With this financial burden, went others which are faintly shadowed forth in 1Q I the following paragraphs of the President's report: ^ T h e r e are many difficulties incident to beginning a large school, against which we have necessarily had to contend during the I four weeks that have elapsed since the opening, yet the faculty have been a g r e e a b l y d i s appointed in the progress made by the several classes in their studies and by the order and discipline which already prevails throughout. This lias been much promoted by the influence of the sexes upon each other, by which many of the disadvantages usual in boardI ing school life are prevented. The students, mho are measurably thrown together in the intervals of their studies and recitations, conduct themselves sensibly and rationally, with a just appreciation of their proper relations to each other. Although, by division of labor among the Professors, teachers and officers of the household, all the students are under constant supervision, the wholesome public sentiment which prevails among the I large majority has so influenceg^he discipline and order that instances have been rare in • 334 which the direct exercise of authority has heen either necessary or desirable. bo V - V - i When, however, it has been required, promptness and decision have always secured ready obedience and respect. The discipline of the school h a s , indeed, steadily improved since it wa-S opened, and, it is confidently believed, will already compare favorably with that of any institution of the kind with which we are acquainted. ^ W e have, up to this date, seven applications for admission at the opening of next term, and one for a day scholar to be admitted at once. ^ T h e necessity of a gymnasium for boys has been very apparent, especially on ; those days when the weather or the softness of the grounds around the building have pre| vented the usual out-door sports. ! ifSo large a number of young men and boys should not be kept without abundant means of physical exercise. A few hundred dollars wo\xld enable u s to fit un a tempor- n ary gymnasium at once, and it would be highly appreciated by the students. I i ^ e have not felt justified ih the present state of our finances in making pro- l vision for the arrangement of a library, of which we already have a nucleus by donatiohs. j The want of miscellaneous reading matter is much felt among the students and teachers, j We have need of cases for minerals, birds and other specimens of Natural History, which i we already own, a n d , as y e t , have no apparatus for the illustration of lectures on Chem| istry and the Natural and Physical Sciences, except a few pieces presented to us by our s I friends. * A s soon as the building shall be completed and furnished, the Board design directing their energies toward making more ample provision for extended courses of instruction in all the departments included in our curriculum. This will involve not only t | the supply of specimens and apparatus, but the appointment of additional professors and - In "the large second-story room in the laundry building", which could be used, w h e n " 1$0-teachers.'* a separate gymnasium is provided, "as a work-shop in which the students may practice appropriate handicrafts by the aid of the Steam Engine on the floor below"I 444 Chapter V . The Bequest to Posterity With such tasks and plans and hopes, Swarthmore College entered upon the first generation of its career. Its bequest from the founders included some truly noteworthy educational ideals, some of them well thought through, others still somewhat nebulous, and all of them still to be realized in the dust and toil of everyday application. A Religious "Concern" First and foremost, the college had sprung from a religious "concern". In D r . Parrish's first appeal in its b e h a l f ^ in 1860, he recalled the ancient custom of the Society of Friends to support only those projects which arise out of a deeply religioxxs impulse, from which alone flow adequate zeal and unselfishness. D r . Magill expressed the hope that none but prayerful hands should be placed upon the work, and that it should await the moving of the Spirit to assure the workers that there was really this task to be done and that they were called upon to do it. Benjamin Hallowell and Martha Tyson repeatedly invoked for the project implicit obedience to the Divine guidance as revealed by the Light Within, through which alone human harmony and success could be achieved and maintained. Through it, the founders believed that the intellectual would not be unduly exalted at the expense of the moral and religious faculties, but that the mind, soul and body would be developed into a harmonious whole. Higher Education for All They stressed the two-fold principle that the individual should be developed to the utmost extent of his powers, a n d that he should join with his fellow-Friends in serving society. They cherished the hope that the new college would some time realize fully "that beautiful principle of Christian equality which would give to every child born into the Society an education commensurate with his powers, and at the expense of the whol a r Martha Tyson was especially concerned that the children of the poor and of the farming group of Friends - which was then predominant in the Society and in the country at large - should be afforded, the best educational opportunities at moderate expense; 445 and she advocated a permanent fund to aid promising young people to obtain teachertraining. D r . Magill, before the college opened, advocated the establishment of scholar- ships for this purpose and depreca.ted the Cornell plan of paying wages to students for services rendered, preferring that wage-earning should be postponed u n t i l after college years, when from the enhanced income of life-work should be repaid the scholarships^enjoyed in college days. When the college was o p e n e d , its charge for board and tuition ("including w a s h i n g . , the use of b o o k s , and all necessary expenses") was fixed at $3$0 for the college-yeai ofSjEhlxty four weeks; a n d this moderate charge was ma.de the same for the higher as well as the lower school, in the hope that all the students would be induced to continue their studies through college. The lack of a school for higher education in the "liberal" branch of the Society was a prime reason for their founding such a. school which should combine advanced intellectual training, w i t h a "guarded" education. A ^ G u a r d e d ^ Education This "guarded" education was by no means to be limited, they said, to enforcing the "plainness of speech, deportment and apparel" prescribed in the traditional Disci/trt Street, p l i n e ^ Martha Tyson wrote strongly against the exaltation of "the m i n o r testimonies" of the early friends, and especially of the Friends in the middle,"auietistic" period of their h i s t o r y , into "the weightier matters of the l a w " . Austere simplicity in dress, the u s e of the "plain" language, a. regular attendance u p o n m e e t i n g s , a disregard, of some conventional observances, she considered to be "good enough in their several relations, 1 but not capable in themselves of conferring grace upon those who practise them." Samuel M . Janney plead for "simplicity", rather than "plainness"^ and interpreted simplicity of language to mean the avoidance of extravagant expressions and the u s e of words which would bear a stronger inference than the truth would warrant; while simplicity in attire would m e a n the refusal to follow the vain and changing fashions of the w o r l d , which often - Martha Tyson's wedding-gowns w e r e illustrative of this philosophy of dress. See supra, p . -frwrb^. 446 .nvolve those who furnish trie means for their indulgence in perplexity and pecuniary mbarrassment, and^should prescribe clothing of no peculiar cut or color, hut the avoidance 'f extravagance and the opportunity for the exercise of good t a s t e . The Report of 1854 dvocated rules for the school which should include "simplicity of dress and address, .nd moderate expenditure", thus permitting "more ample resources with which to do good"; m d it strongly deprecated the too prevalent emphasis laid by Friends u p o n "attendance of leetings and a n adherence to plainness of dress a n d address w h i c h , instead of being looked Lpon as the result of religion, are made so important a part of the test of b e i n g a Friend ;hrt they have come to be regarded by m a ly as b e i n g themselves religious principles* - 4.he distinguishing characteristics upon which our religion is basely" Observing these .iberal ideas, the Managers agreed in 1864 that "any restrictions u p o n the pupils in the latter of dress should have reference to obviating unfavorable distinctions among them"; rhile plainness in speech and other particulars was tacitly left to the good sense a n d 8a, ixample of the instructors. Quakerism's "Testimonies" What the founders particularly desired to guard against was the current "innova;ions upon the beauty and simplicity of fundamental Quaker beliefs"; a n d what they particularly desired to preserve and promote was their body of "precious testimonies which are »oo often trampled under foot." This menace came chiefly, they b e l i e v e d , from "the Ignorance, prejudice and hostility to Friends' principles and testimonies too usually "ound in the ill-equipped teachers p r o v i d e d in the public schools", and from neglect a n d Indifference in the established colleges. eryv A m o n g the current "innovations" which they 3ingled out were the grj^ing habit of reading "light literature", and the growth of militarism ih schools and colleges. The flood of fiction which the success of Scott and Dickens released in the form 3f inferior n o v e l s \ w a s sensed as a peril by the founders, who warned against the "increase L- The liberality of this policy m a y be the m o r e appreciated from the fact that one well-known Friends' school prescribed at the end of the century that the width of the girl p u p i l s ' sleeves should be no greater than that of a specified edition of the Biblel 447 of publications calculated to excite the imagination and cherish false views of life"; and they denounced them as "deleterious to that purity of thought and action which the Christian religion leads unto" and as unfitting "the mind for the contemplation of those sublime truths which are recorded in the Holy Scriptures". The text-books ordinarily used in school were considered "in several important particulars not in accordance with » our principles; and the instructors and graduates of the new college, it was hoped, would not only write congenial text-books for studfints, but also that "in the midst of this reading age" they would fairly represent Quakerism in the world of letters. The Menace of Militarism ik The menace of militarism in education was also particularly o m i n o u s ^ Martha / Tyson reminded Friends oh the §ve of the Civil Far that the test which the Revolutionary War had imposed upon Quakerism had been withstood by leaders who had been trained in peace-principles by the Friends' schools in Philadelphia. In 1862, the founders of the new school gave the t a m i n g that "the war spirit had penetrated almost every institution m in the land; the Public Schools are used as means of promoting the love of military glory, and are increasingly engaged in teaching military drill to their pupils." A n d as late as 1863-69,. one supporter of Swarthmore wrote; "Cornell University is holding out great inducements^ and it is truly a noble institution^ but shall Friends send their sons there to have a gun put in their hand and be taught military tactics? If so, let them not afterwards complain if they deem it a duty to place it on their shoulder and go to the battlefield." To guard the Quaker testimony for peace was one of the earliest and most enduring motives of the founders of the Quaker college, and they confidently looked forward to its ultimate triumph through an education which should make it one of the fundamentals of civilization. On June 21, 1864, when the artillery of Grant and the Array of the Potomac were Jjombarding the outlying defenses of Richmond, a meeting of Friends on Swarthmore's new campus, two years before the corner-stone of the first building was laid, applauded an appeal to the instructors of the future that as they showed the gigantic bones of 585 ire-historic monsters which marked, an era of our earth unfit for human tread, they hou.d inspire their students with the possibility that "war, the Mastodon, one day will lark an era too." The Training of Preachers The possible training of preachers in the new college, to which most other colleges a d set their hands, was a source of grave anxiety in the minds of Swarthmore's Quaker lonstituents. It was part of their conception of a "guarded education" that it should be 'ree from religious dogmas, and that it should not be based on the theory that intellectual :ulture is essential to the clearest spiritual enlightenment, or|to preparation for a •eligious ministry in which every one who is moved by the Spirit of God should participate. ?o allay this anxiety, the founders fully admitted the existence of the danger, and Martha ?yson, herself a gifted minister, frankly acknowledged that she had "often been touched >y the appeals of the illiterate and unlearned far more than by the eloquence of rare and :ultured minds." But she pleaded with both Baltimore and Philadelphia Yearly Meetings ;o realize that because the early Friends bore a testimony against the necessity of a .iberal education to qualify for gospel ministry, it should not be concluded that liberal ;ulture was an obstacle to it, or liable to lead the minds of young Friends away from the simple Quaker faith. On the contrary, she reminded them that the learning of Penn, Barclay, =enington, Stubbs and others who so nobly and effectually contributed to the dissemination >f the views of George Fox had enhanced their usefulness^ and that so far from inducing Ln them a spirit of pride, their intellectual acquirements had served to humble them in a sense of their own u n w o r t h i n e s s . ^ O t h e r s stressed the same thought, and insisted that in the infancy of the Society of Friends the student of Oxforo and Edinburgh, side by side pith the cobbler of Drayton, had founded and promoted Quakerism; and still others reminded Friends that while "the popular notion excludes the idea of incorporating divine things srith a system of culture and advancement in learning, Friends believe that the separation af secular and religious things is an error, and that there is n o ^ true education which is aot religious? The Board's Addtess of 1863 declared accordingly that it was desired to 449 establish an institution in which the beauty and simplicity of a Christian profession may be so blended with scientific instruction as completely to interweave them into the moral and m e n t a l fabric, fitting the p u p i l ih some measure to associate the beauty and harmony of the external creation with the tenderness and love of the Creator in his spiritual manifestations. Wo n-S e ctar iani sm A t the same time, it was one of the founders* chief desires that the new college should be non-sectarian. The Report of 1854 recommended that, while preference should be ftvioL. — t ^ j r + s ^ ) given to Friends' children, others should be admitted on equal terras^ andtthe children of Friends have been in a relatively small m i n o r i t y ^ from the fery first, the faculty 1ms included n o n - F r i e n d s , who have usually largely outnumbered the Friends, and three of the seven presidents have been non-members. The Board of M a n a g e r s , it is true, was required by the charter until it was changed at the end of the first generation, to include only Friends. But otherwise in letter a n a in spirit the personnel and management have been non-sectarian. Creeds and articles of faith have been entirely ignored; their place was taken by a recognition of the Light "Hfi thin - the intuitive sense of right and wrong implanted by the Creator in every rational soul . ^ P r o s e l y t i n g was never tolerated, and it was publicly rejected, at the corner-stone laying: by President P a r r i s h , who said that the founders of Quakerism were among the foremost advocates of the widest civil and religious liberty for every-one, and that while Friends have sometimes advocated their views with considerable zeal, they have not aimed, to proselyte to their own peculiar forms and organization. John D.Hicks, a l s o , representing the Board at the inaugural exercises, declared that each individual is sovereign in his responsibility to the higher lav of his Creator, manifested in his own h e a r t , from the dictates of which spring all the Christian virtues; and that all questions of theology and the application of principles would be left to the matured judgment of Swarthnore's students. A n o t h e r m e m b e r of the B o a r d , William D o r s e y , evidently felt that this was too wide a. latitudinarianism; for he took an opportunity on the same occasion to link Quakerism definitely with Christianity,declaring 450 that its ""belief, a deep, abiding faith, is based on the Divine precepts and holy- life of the Son of God, in their pure and simple of rnan." integrity, without the manipulations But he did not advocate applying the test of Christianity to any phase of the college life; and in the practise of two generations, Jew and Gentile, Catholic^A^. Protestant, Confucianist and Shintoist have stood on equal footing within the college walls. \ L The spread of the principles of Quakerism, however, and the preservatiori^hough •atiorMw* not the increase of membership in the Society of Friends, were definitely in the minds of the founders, and were skilfully used by them in support of the proposed college. Their report in 1861 pointed out the danger lest, in the absence of a liberal education of Friends' children under circumstances fsvoi-able to the maintenance of Quaker principles and testimonies, the Society jjould be gradually absorbed by other religions denominations. Benjamin Hallowell expressed the hope at the same time that "the Institution, if established, inay be an instrument of good to the precious youth of our Society for centuries." D r . Farrish was glad to observe that "the elders and fathers in the church", in looking for a succession of standard-bearers, were beginning to "suspect that to the neglect of the great interests of education under the guarded care of the Society may be attributed much of the weakness which they deplore." The Reunion of Quakerism One cause of this weakness was due, Dr. Parrish believed, to the Separation of 1827-28, which he at least had come to regard, forty years afterwards, as a "terrible rending of the Society"; and he dared to hope that the new generation of students would subject th~t Reparation to "the light of impartial criticism, with a sincere desire to learn the lessons which it teaches and to seek out the cause of the declension and disi\jfc»ity which have been so fatal to the right progress and influence of the Society." An actual Reunion, he did not venture to prophesy, seventy years ago, even as a fruit of the college of his dreamsl Mutual understanding, friendship and cooperation among at least the ^liberal Friends of all sections of the country were prophesied as one of its probable results. "Whatever may befall many of our meetings," wrote an enthusiast in 1868, "or even our religious organization, Swarthmore College is destined to remain, and must continue to shed abroad the beneficent influences of Quakerism for ages to come." Social Reforms The founders had a wider vision than even the higher education of young people, whether Quaker or non-Quaker. The political, economic, moral and religious problems of the mid-Nineteenth Century, weighed heavily upon their hearts, and they aspired through the faculty and alumni of the college to render aid in their solution. Presi- dent parrish, indeed, in his corner-stone address, defined a "guarded education" to mean such training of the individual's moral attributes as would result in an altruistic regard for "the community at large", and the championship of "a free gospel ministry", international peace, and "the Christian democracy of the early Friends." An editorial in the Friends' Intelligencer in 1862 (probably by D r . Parrish also) declared that for rendering such ambitious service, thorough intellectual training is essential: /^These clear and practical views of Christian truth*, he wrote, *CBJI only be properly maintain- ed and propagated in an inquiring and progressive age by well disciplined and cultivated minds. Vainly shall we seek to build upon the learning of a Barclay, the humane and Christian polity of a P e n n , the clear reasoning of a Dymond, or the integrity in thought and diction of a Woolman, unless we are prepared to meet the issues of our own teeming and eventful age with something of the moral s.nd intellectual power which gave preeminence to these and other worthy champions of a pure morality and a high Christian standard." This reaction against the "Quietism" and "innocuous desuetude" which marked the middle period of Quakerism had been both a cause and a result of the "Separation of 1827-28"; and Martha Tyson ana her associates in founding Swarthmore College, forty years later, gave strong emphasis to their faith that the new institution would afford renewed impulse 452 towards socially useful careers and enlarged abilities for carrying them to success. Local Day Schools, or a Central Boarding School ? The warmly debated question as to the advantages of local day-schools and even family schools, as compared with those of a central boarding-school, was answered by the founders, who believed that there was room for both, and a need for educational experiments of varied kinds. But ih order to overcome the local prejudices of "Friends generally", and to persuade them to support something beyond^a ^ree^school in every r> Friends' community, they were obliged to use tact and discretion, and to urge primarily the responsibility of meetings and members towards orphaned children and others who had no homes or liome^ schools. They also appealed to pride in local schools by advocating in the new college the training of teachers who could make the local schools worthy of their sponsors and capable of competing successfully with the public schools. It would seem, indeed, that it was this argument chiefly which overcame or transmuted local pride and prejudice^. The Training of Teachers Not only for the sake of the local schools, but also for the sake of prospective teachers, and especially the young women of the Society, was teacher-training stressed. In the Women's Yearly Meeting of Philadelphia, in 1858, after its committee on education hadXetreeofd the need of teacher-training, the concern was brought forth that "in the training of our daughters there be an especial reference to their future usefulness in life - that their school education be ample to fit them for any business that may devolve upon them - that so they may be capable of maintaining themselves in some useful calling, as it is feared that, for want of this, many young women have been induced to enter into unsuitable marriage connexions, often involving themselves and others in perplexity and wretchedness." In accordance with this strong and. widespread desire for teacher- training, D r . Parrish promised in his corner-stone address that "instruction in the art of teaching will be a desideratum^ and in the future^a model school will probably be 453 opened, to facilitate this important practical branch." V Liberal Culture o^j a Trades School? The most warmly debated question which the founders had to answer was: Shall the new institution be a trades school, a high school, or a college? The "country Friends" had a naturally strong desire that training in farming should be emphasized in the curriculum; and Benjamin Hallowell in his Address of 1860 yielded to this desire at least to the extent of suggesting that a farm of 100 acres or more should be connected with the college so that, "by a little tact" on the part of the faculty, farming, the making of farm implements, etc., "may be made a most important and healthful part of their [[the s t u d e n t s ^ recreation, and a rational and useful employment of their waste energies, affording all necessary physical exercise, with equal and perhaps superior benefit to the health of the m i n d , and the corporeal systems, to that produced by the ordinary [' Gymnastic games." The ^Joint Address* of 1860 advocated courses in "Agricultural Chenv- j istry and to some extent the arts of Agriculture and Horticulture - , so that Friends' children might be made acquainted with - - - how to bud a tree, to train and trim grapevines and flowers, and thus occupy their leisure time and waste energies in a healthy, rational and useful employment." , The demand for skilled housekeepers was also recognized in the ""yjoint A d d r e s s ^ which stated: "It is desirable that such of the girls as do not already know h o w , should be instructed in the best ray to make bread, butter, cake, and every kind of plain cooking and household employment. Under judicious, cheerful and concerned direction and training, this could be made by turns amongst the girls an important and useful part of their recreation and amusement." Business, too, asserted its claims. One Friend wrote:J^It has been the immemor- ial tradition of the Society of Friends that Seats of Learning, or institutions for the cultivation of what are called ^elegant studies^, as a r t , criticism, languages, philo5 l eophy and literature, can have no place in a scheme of practical Christian education for their children. L Our practice has been to fit our sons for business, and. our daughters 454 fdr the hurahle economics of the household. It is well to remember that the care of the family, the supply of its material wants, is a. primary duty; and the applause which our Society has won from the best nart of m e n , for sobriety, honesty and thrift in the common business of life, justifies our high appreciation of this obligation." D r . Parrish met this strong appeal in his corner-stone address by declaringi^It is a false idea of education which limits it to any one class of studies or degrades it to a mere utilitarian basis. Nothing is deserving the name'which does not enlarge man's nature and fit him for the enjoyment of elevating thoughts and ideas out of the range of business. - - - We claim a higher mission for Swarthmore College than that of fitting men and women for business: it should fit them for life with all its possibilities. May those who shell hereafter guide its destinies be inspired with a love of learning for its own sake, and for the inestimable advantages it is capable of conferring;- and may they never cease to couple in their system of training the highest intellectual culture with the development of the moral and religious elements of character."* Besides this idealistic reply to the materialistic objection, D r . Parrish argued that "there is no honorable pursuit in life for which a, man is not better fitted by tha,t accumulation of knowledge, that power of classifying facts and ideas and of deducing principles from them, which it is the object of a. liberal education to impart." professor Joseph Thomas, also, at the corner-stone laying, said.'^We ought, I think, to be especially on our guard that we be not deceived by the cry of utility which we hear on every h a n d . True, in its largest sense, the useful may include all that is most desirable for the human race, but it is too often limited to merely providing for our physical wants and Necessities. - - - Those who pursue science and truth for their own sake, really do far Tiore to promote the useful in the best sense of the word than those whose sole object begins and ends with utility.*^)To illustrate thisthe p o iQuery, n t , D r "Do . Thomas the * Friends' "Disciplines" included for many years their referred children tofreely partake of learning to fit them for business?" 455 scientific work of Sir Isaac Newton; and in farther illustration of it, a proponent of Swarthmore College at the Baltimore conference in 1866 referred to the circumstances under which steam come to be applied to the mechanic arts. "JfThe philosophei*", he said, ^first investigated its properties as affected by the various conditions of temperature and pressure, and taught these from the lecturer's desk., before the mechanic seized u p o n and applied this wonderful agent to his purposes. As a result of this discovery and application more than to any other cause, the humblest mechanic in our time may enjoy comfort and means of improvement greater than those of kings and princes three hundred years a g o . The discovery of the philosophical fact that a galvanic current passing round a piece of soft iron gave it the properties of a magnet, was the first step toward the perfection of those wonderful means of communication by which events in the most distant communities and the thoughts of the most widely separated men are now spread with lightning speed over the world.*A High—School, or a College? Rejecting, then, the appeal that the new institution should be primarily a school for manual training, business training, or any other art used in everyday life, or in the making of a living, the founders still faced the question, Should it be a high school or a college? They had to meet and overcome the conviction widely held among Friends, as among most other Americans at the time, that a high-school education was sufficient for everyone who was not planning to enter one of the "learned" professions; and that the best training even for these was not in colleges or professional schools, but in the offices of lawyers, physicians, etc., where practice could accompany theory. For the vast majority of young people whose path in life would not lie among such activities, a high—school education they regarded as adequate for every need, and as consistent with democratic simplicity and avoidance of frills and shams. A s early as March, 1861, D r . F a r r i s h informed Benjamin Hallowell thatj^many of cj our Friends from the Country seem to have an i^ea^ that we are going to have a common This was probably Benjamin Hallowell. 456 | boarding School in which the ordinary grammar school studies will be pursued in the • ordinary way, while others suppose that the idea was to establish a Normal School and College. I find that some who would be likely to be large Contributors to a high . school feel little or no interest in any other, while there are certainly many friends, . especially in the country, who are very fearful of the influence of a liberal education ; & even fear it may in some undefined way weaken the force of Friends' principles & testi- m o n i e s . " jjPOne of these critics inquired; "What if we do not give to the world chemists, astronomers, statesmen and poets? do more?" If we give honest, useful men and women, do we not Another declined to contribute further to the funds of the college on the ground that its benefits could only be enjoyed by a few of the wealthier members, "which must increase rather than lessen the disparity in the literary attainments of the Society." During the years of discussion that followed, this divergence of view was strongly emphasized and it did lead, as D r . Parrish feared, to the loss of some financial support. But the founders adhered steadfastly to their ideal of a school for "the higher learning." tf + The writer of a noteworthy article in the Intelligencer for June 1 5 , 1861, finely expressed this ideal and pointed out that, although Friends are rarely found in the almshouse, the penitentiary, the hospital, and homes for the inebriate, the friendless and the infirm, they are also usually absent from legislative halls, the judges' bench, the professor* s chair, and the loftier walks of literature, science and a r t . This, it was suggested, was due to a "practical system of school education, borne out by a guarded and seclusive social training." Another defender of higher education pleaded for the development of "true, noble, dignified, honorable and large men," as its proper purpose; and he insisted that business, trades, professions, government, law, the domestic, social and religious relations," with all their duties and enjoyments", should be made a part of a comprehensive education embracing all of life. ' ^ The raising of the standard of education, during recent years, among The article was signed "L". of Lucretia M o t t . sentiments and phraseology are strongly indicative /vuw.- 457 other religious organizations and. in the community at large was also emphasised. A Preparatory Department T h u s , a t every point, the objections to the original plan of "an institution in S which an education may be obtained equal to that furnished by the best college^ in the Land" were met one by one and convincingly answered. But thi founders recognized that certain hard realities must be reckoned with and could be only gradually overcome. They therefore yielded to the demand for "a high school" by incorporating "a preparatory department" within their college. Replying to D r . Parrish's request for advice in the dilemma, in March, 1861, 3enjamin Hallowell wrote that a good preparation for college work was essential among Triends, and that this could be acquired only when "well educated and efficient Friend ;eachers" were supplied to the local Friends^ schools. Until this were accomplished, "it Ls hardly to be supposed there will be one hundred young persons of each sex prepared to m t e r a finishing school." Teacher-training, then, was one essential function of the new :ollege; and meanwhile, the college itself wo\ild need to supply preliminary training for jrospective college students. "Theni^as s-ood Schools, under Teachers educated in the In- r i ititution multiply in Friends' settlements, and that natural improvement I o c c u r s ! in 'riends private Boarding Schools consequent upon such a n Institution as we have in v i e w , ,he necessity for preparatory Classes in the Institution will diminish, and one difficulty then mentioned will beautifully solve itself." While making this concession, however, Benjamin Hallowell and Martha Tyson ad.ered steadfastly to their ideal of an institution which "must, from its commencement, ossess facilities for pursuing a liberal and extensive course of study to such as desire o do so, equal to that of the best Institutions of learning in our Country, in which ifferent Professors, each deeply interested in his particular branch of knowledge, would mpart their enthusiasm to the students, and awaken a corresponding ardour, the combined ffect of which would be an impress most favorable for the healthy development of the ind and heart." This refusal to establish only a high school, or only a teacher-training institu- 458 tion, and. the plan to set up a genuine college, which should give a higher training to w everyone, teachers included, and should provide a preparatory department\whioh (should be laid down as soon as the secondary Friends' schools could adequately prepare their pupils for the college, were accepted by the builders of Swarthmore and fully realized within a score of years after the college was opened. D r . Parrish explained and advocated this plan in numerous editorials in the tL + Intelligencer, beginning with 1862, and stressed its provisions in his corner-stone ad- dress in 1 8 6 6 ^ and his inaugural address in 1869; the first Board of Managers incorporated it in their reports beginning with 1863; Professor Magill, although he was chosen principal of the preparatory department in 1867 and fully approved of its inclusion, heartily espoused the ideal of a genuine college and strove valiantly throughout his administration as president to realize the ideal. The preparatory department, although it had practical disadvantages which w e r e felt increasingly as the college grew, filled a pressing need at the start. Dr.Parrish's 7 report to the bAard in 1866 stated that a course of instruction forXfrho preparatory 4epartaoirt had been carefully arranged with the view of preparing students "to enter the college in due course, there to acquire a thorough and liberal mental culture, while those who may be compelled to leave at the close of the preparatory course will carry with them 3 ground-work for that self-education which should be the aim of all."^pin the same y e a r , the board stated its intention to "open the preparatory department as soon as the condition of the treasury and the progress of the building will allow, and to postpone the formation of the College classes till at least a year after that time." It announced,too, that steps had been "taken towards securing the services of an experienced practical teacher to open this department," and in M a y , 1867, Edward H . Magill was appointed to the position of p r i n c i p a l . ^ T h e opening of the school had to be postponed for two and a half rears after this; and when it occurred, 173 pupils were admitted to the preparatory department and 26 to the freshman class of the college. ^ Supra, PPSupra, p p . S48 and passim. ,382,08-Sr A t the end. of 1889-90, the number 459 of college students had increased to 163, and the number of the preparatory department had decreased to 80. The latter department was then discontinued, the preparation for admission to the college "being left to the numerous good Friends' schools which had developed^ in the meantime. For a dozen years longer, however, the college admitted "sub-collegiate" or "unclassified" students, or those classified as taking "irregular and partial courses." When the number of these had decreased to twenty (as compared with 187 college students), in 1902, the last vestige of the "preparatory department" was abolished. A Critical Era, 1850-1869 The bequest of the founders is given additional significance by the character of the era in which their work was done. To have started the college at all was praiseworthy; to have started it at the time when they undertook the task was noteworthy. The two de- cades of the 1850's and 1860's in the United States were difficult and ominous from many points of view. The question of the extension or abolition of slavery; the crisis of the continued union or secession of the States; the long-drawn-out agony of the Civil War; the angry, menacing problems of reconstructing the defeated South and of adapting the victorious North and West to an economic revolution, created an era full of political, industrial, social and moral dynamite which made caution and practical wisdom imperative if disaster were to be avoided. Fortunately, the founders of the college had a suffi- ciency of these virtues, together with a modicum of the spirit of adventure and of confidence in "the things which are most excellent"; and thus endowed, they were able to ride out the s t o r ^ a n d to bring the ship of their desire into port. Voluntary Cooperation versus State and Church Control With the rugged individualism which was characteristic of theniX-tiw relied upon the voluntary co&peration of individuals, and rejected both state^aid and the support of the organized Society of Friends. The good fortune of the college in being free of state control and partisan politics, throughout its entire career, meeds no argument; and it was fortunate, also, that its founders did not rely upon the aid of the Yearly Meetings in giving it birth) or subject it to their official control. Both in Philadel- phia and in New York, as has been seen, "way did not open" for the Yearly Meetings to give their organized support to the project in the early Sixties; and to Jisve waited for 460 their aid would doubtless have deferred its undertaking to the Greek calends; while their official control throughout its existence would have subjected it to the hesitant and often reactionary policies which have blighted most "denominational" colleges. A Stock-Holding Corporation On the other h a n d , the pressing need of funds and the inability to procure an adequate endowment for many years le^.d to the plan of creating a joint stock company or corporation of individual share-holders, which might have resulted in a. restriction of its educational progress. B u t , fortunately, the chief and almost only function of the corpor- ation was to elect a board of managers, to whom wa,s given almost entire control. It was never intended to declare dividends on the stock owned by the share-holders; and within forty years, the corporation was extinguished and the shares of stock retired, or vested, in the boarc. and its trustees. The Board of Managers The constitution, by-laws, and charter under which the college was launched^ and lias sailed ever since with but little change, were characterized by a liberality which has made growth and expansion easy. Perhaps their most striking features were the com- Iplete equality of men and women in the organization, and the "Cjuaker" method of voting. number of managers has always been thirty-two, and one-half of these have plrryr been women. Not only was equal opportunity and influence thus accorded to women, in they&ffaajo of the college, but the method of voting in the corporation and the board was also brought into line with Quaker theory and practice. The "sense of the meeting" has been found, not by number of shares of stock owned by the voters, or even by a majority vote. Wealth, experience, idealism, devoted service, and ±Jse. "concerns" for eduoptional and other social reforms, have all found their proper place in theVoonroh 4For/merabers of the board, and in the regard paid to their counsel. The Board and the Faculty That factor of so much importance, and so much controversy, in modern college education, namely, the relation between board and faculty, was faced by the founders two years before the college opened. It was then provided that the faculty should determine all questions pertaining to college discipline and instruction, but that they should act only on the proposals made to them by the president or the b o a r d . Two years later, the right of the initiative was conceded to the f a c u l t y , "subject to the approval of the executive committee", and on the basis of a semi-annual report through the president to the b o a r d . 1 The two "spheres of action" were outlined in Professor M a g i l l s address in June, 1 8 6 9 , as follows: "As in the case of the arrangement of the details of the course of study - - - , so with regard to the practical application of general principles to the details of school and college discipline, the Faculty must assume the responsibility, being left free as to processes, and held rigidly responsible for results" ; and h e based this conclusion on the premise that teaching, like the practice of m e d i c i n e , is a profession, wh^rhCis not to b e interfered with by "the non-professional employer." The relation between the president and the b o a r d , and between the president and the faculty, was faintly outlined in a by-law of the board in 1867, which prescribed that a committee of five members of the b o a r d , with the president as ex officio m e m b e r , should advise with and direct the president on the appointment of instructors a n d s t a f f , subject to the approval of the b o a r d . But the details of the respective functions of L e the president, f a c u l t y , and b o a r d , as well a s of flhrfreiheit, were left to later experience. The College Location Pounded as the college w a s , by members of the three Yearly Meetings of Baltim o r e , Philadelphia and New Y o r k , which were then widely separated in time, and at an era when sectional differences and prejudices prevailed in the country at large, it was a fortunate circumstance that Philadelphia was the center, both geographically and numerically, of the "J^beral" F r i e n d s . This fact was recognized as the logical one to J/^'jtrJu determine the location of the college; and the spokesman of^bbefmany very hrlpfnl Nnii Ynl'1 Friends, in his address on Inauguration D a y , 1 8 6 9 , expressed their satisfaction as follows: "It is but proper that we should a c k n o w l e d g e , on this occasion, the uniform courtesy and spirit of cooperation which our Pennsylvania Friends have extended towards u s of F e w York. I might say, in perfect truth that we have known in the establishment of this 462 it* college, no State limits, or local prejudices, to mar our progress." Benjamin Hallo we ll^as earl/ as rhis Address*of 1860 said: "As affording the most convenient access locat to all six of our Yearly Meetings, a location at a suitable distance from some station 8 on the Phil ' and Harrisburg Railroad jj;he "Main Line" of the Pennsylvania RailroadJ, would anpear to us desirable." * ? ^ ^ ' v „ NHaverford College had pre-empted this\vimiaijijt4: j 464 the dining-room, to h e in the central building. Fojir years later, the board considered its committee's proposal for a central^building to DiCrroBiyKMtojfc 400 students, together with smaller houses in which the students might live as separate farailies'^Xe^wS^* "disciplineand culture out of school" might be facilitated. These smaller houses were warmly urged for other reasons, among which was stressed the greater danger and d e s t r u c t i v e s ss ox a fire in one large building; bat the overhead expense of separate dormitories and diningrooms evidently determined the board to return to the plan of I860 for one large building with two w i n g s , president p a r r i s h , in his corner-stone address in 1 8 6 4 , gave a n enthus- iastic description of the proposed structure which would "constitute a remarkably enduring monument to the far-seeing liberality of its founders"; ana another enthusiast in 1869, commenting on the expense of the completed building, reminded Friends that "it is not like a family dwelling designed to last for one or two generations only, but a durable legacy I the "the |Society all ofgenerations." Even toafter great for fire" lg$l, trie plan of one large building was adhered to; and it lias only been gradually, in recent years, that tfe^Jscore of additional buildings 4k, AjbU^nJ^L have oeen a d d e d . These have become necessary, in spite of^fee limitation in the number of students to 500; and if future expansion in numbers should be decided u p o n , it appears probable that the plan of 1 3 6 4 ^ — which resembles the "college" plan of England's universities - may yet triumph. lings and Equipment Furnishings "The formidable work of providing the extensive build.ing, now ^ D e c e m b e r , 1867ft just half-finished, with furniture and all the requisites for the comfortable accommodation of its inmates", was confided^to a large committee of women. These devoted Friends had a strenuous ta.sk in deciding u p o n , selecting, and procuring the funds necessary, for Arv thejrpurcha.se of the furniture and furnishings of varied kinds for the sleeping-apartments, I. — p a r l o r s , dining-room, kitchen and laundry; and they set a standard, not only of devoted service, but of simplicity and durability which w a s perhaps too faithfully followed during Liany subsequent y e a r s . The board recommended that they should confine their collection 465 of funds for the purpose "to their own sex"; and suggested that they night find it helpful for "each contributor disposed to link her name permanently with the College to he given the privilege of paying for the furnishing of one or more dormitories, parlors or dining tables." The women evidently did not act upon the latter suggestion, and the college was spared such hospital-like labels for its various precincts. The furnishing-task was accomplished with great difficulty in procuring sufficient funds; but the board admitted that it could not meet "the just expectations of the community" unless it should undertake the further task of providing "a stock of school-books and stationery, which may or may not be charged to the pupils as hereafter determined; also books of reference, maps, globes, means of illustrating natural history, and philosophical £ and chemical apparatus." It realized that there was "great room for large expenditures", in providing such equipment; and it tried to limit them to what was "necessary and suitable." It also annealed, in 1868, for individual contributions, and notified prospective donors that "a safe place of storage has been provided in the College building for any contributions of books, specimens and apparatus donated to it, and the President, if notified of a ly intended contributions of the kind, will attend to their being forwarded and properly cared for." Modest contributions followed this appeal, end the college began its career with at least the nucleus of a library*— that "heart" of every college. Comparable in importance with the ideals of the founders was their solution of the preliminary financial problem. They realized, of course, that this was a sine qua n o n . As Benjamin Hallowell said of it at the outset, "If we fail h e r e , all discussion of other points, so far as the Institution is concerned, would be useless, and might be injurious, as the discussion of abstrac — • s- j Hf-l c tions too frequently are." Its difficulty was enhanced, of course, by the uncertain- ties and high prices caused by the Civil War and its aftermath. Starting in 1854 with the modest estimate of $50,000 as the sum necessary to finance the college, on the eve of the Civil War, in 1860, this estimate was increased to $150,000; and when the college opened nine years later, more than $200,000 had been spent on the first building and its furnishings. How to procure this sum, under the difficult circumstances, with out m p y / p r evious experience in money-raising and with the desire and necessity of foregoing the corporate aid of the Society of Friends, was a hard problem to solve. The ways and means resorted to includea^first^the preparation and distribution of "Addresses". done in 1853, 1854, 1860 and 1 8 6 3 . This was Next^the holding of conferences among the members of Baltimore, Philadelphia and New York Yearly Meetings was relied upon to bring out „ latent enthusiasm and cooperation. • I860, and lasted until ) % 4» These conferences began in Baltimore in October, ,^ | \Thoy- wore both local (in the MonthlyjMeeting localities) and general (Yearly Meeting and inter-Yearly Meeting).-in scopes During the years 1861 and 1862, at least sixty local and ten general conferences were held, with the result that the sum of $50,000 originally desired was subscribed. The oanforonoe meth- during 1863, about twenty of them being held that y e a r , at the end of which subscriptions had amounted to about $75,000 and the number of subscribers to about seven hundred. We do not hear so much of conferences in 1864; and by the end of that year, the subscriptions did not reach quite $100,000. To follow up the work during intervals between conferences, an executive committee met monthly in Philadelphia, and tried to keep in touch with the various localities by means of correspondents appointed in each monthly or quarterly meeting. The members of the committee and the correspondents divided among them the names of all Friends, called upon them, distributed copies of the "Addresses", and procured signatures to subscription-blanks. To bind these scattered forces together, "The Friends' Union Boarding School Association" was agreed upon at a conference in New York in June, 1862; a, constitution was adopted for this in Philadelphia in the following December, and its name was changed to "The Friends' Educational Association"; and when the charter was procured in 5" \rame into wiEit. May, 1864, the "Corporation of Swarthmore College" Although at least three general and five local conferences were held in 1865, it was realized that a more effective method than this should he tried for raising money It was found also that not even the Board of Managers, elected first in December, 1862, could be chiefly relied upon to push this task. Hence, just after the close of the Civil War, a President was chosen (May, 1865) and the financial burden was placed primarily upon his shoulders. Many claims for charity, due to unemployment and hospital needs had been met by the Friends during .the war; and after its close, the freedmen and Indians gained a large share of their care and resources. But it is fortunate that Swarthmore College got started in the decade of the 1860's, and was not struggling at least for birth in the hard times of the 1870's. The new presidents in the role of collector, utilized the press,\hi0 poa^ and his presence in many a local meeting of Friends, and even became a kind of circuitrider through the country districts, visiting on horse-back the homes of possible subscribers. His efforts were generously seconded by such men as Samuel Willets and Edward Hoopes, who increased their own subscriptions from time to time on condition that others would do likewise. After the campus was purchased, "excursions" were or- ganized to reveal its beauties^and "the laying of the corner-stone" (May,1866) and f the "inauguration" ceremonies (November, 1869) were utilized to arouse enthusiasm and procure money; while the beneficent gifts to education made by Vassar, Cornell and Feabody were used to point the appropriate moral. The winter of 1868-69 brought a severe crisis in the financial problem, and \JUXtV it looked for a time as if in spite of theVfeime and money already expended upon the project it might have to be abandoned. But thanks to the sustained enthusiasm and renewed vigor of conferences, committees, the Board, the president, and inviduals 466 endowed with wealth, generosity and shrewd business sense, the crisis was safely passed. As evidence of the enthusiastic determination of the founders in those "difficult days of small things" may b e cited the organization of a "Friends^ Association - - - in A i d of Swarthmore College", which provided that its members should contribute "not less than twenty-five cents monthly to the funds of the college"I The first building was completed and furnished and the college finally opened in November, 1869; but at once the task was assumed bf collecting for pressing needs a further sum of $100,000. Like all educational institutions of no profit-making purpose, and of altruistic r£le and of vigorous growth, Swarthmore has continued to need and successfully to procure increasing fund?,until its endowment has now (1934) reached the sum of six and a half million dollars."^ J u t like the continual presence of the poor in a progressive society, the financial problem is the constant, inevitable and stimulating companion of successful colleges. A Small College The desire of the founders that their college should be a small one was determined not only by financial difficulties, by the proximity of the University of Pennsylvania which opened its doors to thousands, and by the relatively small constituency of the Society of Friends whom it was designed primarily to serve, but also by what they deemed desirable and even necessary in a college education. The moral and religious influence of a small number of instructors among a small number of students, and the personal contact by which the intellectual as well as the other elements of strong character may be developed, they believed could best b e secured in a small college. of 200, ih 1 8 5 4 , was increased ten years later to 3 0 0 . The original estimate Facilities were provided at the opening of the college in 1869 for 400, but only 170 entered. The limit of 400 was not reached until — I*L ; and even when the facilities were considerably enlarged, the maximum of 500 was adopted, and the attempt to approximate that number has persisted in the face of steadily increasing pressure for admission. 467 CofBducation w The plan of 1B54 provided for the education of an equal number of boys and girls, but was deficient in some vital elements of co-education. The plan of 1860 and all subsequent years was to provide for complete co-education, and to offer equal educational facilities to both sexes. Quaker circle itself. This radical step was not taken without criticism within the For example, Benjamin Hallowell's brother-in-law, in a lecture to Philadelphia Friends in 1867, while fully accepting the "equality" of women with m e n , denied that they were "equivalent". He therefore deprecated giving the suffrage to women and a classical education to girls. Some of his auditors, however, at the conclusion of his lecture, maintained that the education of the sexes should be in all respects "equal", although of course not "uniform" for any two individuals. Woman's high celling, they argued, demanded no partial culture, such as was currently attempted in the teaching of "music and kindred ornamental pursuits", but a genuine training in "those substantial, linguistic, mathematical and scientific studies which have been selected for young men as the result of long experience, to develop the intellect, improve the memory, and evoke the power of classifying and expressing thought." This advocacy of an equal education for both sexes in an institution shared in common had been a. fundamental Quaker principle from the days of the organization of the Society at Swarthmore H a l l , and had been applied in the church as well as the school by George F o x , Margaret Fell and their compeers. D r . Parrish and his fellow-founders of Swarthmore College accepted it in its entirety, and thus gave to the college one of its most distinctive characteristics. President Parrish, in his corner-stone address announced that while one wing of the building and parts of the campus would be separately allotted to each, the two sexes in approximately equal numbers would be educated together, sharing equally the assembly-room, dining-room, library, class-rooms, and participating together in the college activities,^under "suitable supervision'^ healthful recreation in*many sports" and in social intercourse. Professor Magill, in his corner-stone letter, said: "I see in this work the in- 468 ception of a movement which is to prove, what has never yet been fully proven, although tried to some extent, that it is feasible and. desirable to give to woman equal educational facilities with m a n , not in the earlier stages of education merely, hut to carry them together, pari passu y to the heights of literature and science, and to prepare them alike to use to the best advantage, to themselves and the world, the talents with which they are endowed." He deemed this experiment to b e peculiarly appropriate for the Friends, and regarded it as making the opgning of Swarthmore "one of the greatest educational works yet undertaken, not by Friends alone, but in this country." The c o e d u c a t i o n a l ideal of the founders has been maintained in its integrity; and even in numbers of the two sexes, a remarkably approximately equality lias been maintained. It was part of this ideal that a. college education should, be supplied in the setting of the home, and that family, or at least intimately friendly and dignified relations could be realized even among several hundred students and teachers. D r . Parrish expressed this ideal in his report of 1867 and elsewhere. "We mean," he said, "that our College shall possess the peculiar features which give character to Friends' schools, without in the least degenerating into carelessness or want of refinement^ dispensing with the artificial manners of fashionable seminaries, we shall aim to preserve a tone of decorum in the intercourse of teachers with pupils, and of pupils among each other, which will commend itself to the approval of all who appreciate the relation of manners to c h a r a c t e r ^ - of true politeness to a. just sense of moral obligations." For the boys and girls in the preparatory department, the new principal, Professor Sfegill, envisaged a. more parental attitude. In his address of June, 1869, he saidj]J!tro child, of ordinary intelligence who has reached the age of 12 years but will be capable of entering profitably upon our preliminary course. - - - The age of 12 years has been adopted as the earliest period, at which parents would generally be willing to entrust their children to the influences of a large school, and deprive them, for the time being, of the home circle. - - - As it becomes more and more generally understood, that Swarthmore may be considered as another home, that it has a father, deeply concerned for the highest wel- 469 fare of all the children, in the person of the President, and a mother,with her warm sympathy and most gentle and refining influence, in the person of the Matron, parents will no longer feel that they are incurring aiy risk in sending their children from under their immediate influence even at an earlier age." A s the preparatory department gradually diminished and disappeared, and only students from seventeen years and upwards were admitted, the college naturally lost much of this paternal atmosphere; but genuine friendliness has been consciously maintained, as an essential ideal of the college, as of the Society of Friends itself. College Discipline The problem of discipline might appear at first eight to be of even greater difficulty in a. coeducational, college than in separate colleges for men and women. The founders of Swarthmore were not unaware of the difficulties relating to moral, physical and mental discipline encountered in the men's colleges of their time; but they were convinced that the problem could be solved, better end even more easily, in the c o e d u c a t i o n a l college which alone they believed to be justified among Friends. Baltimore Yearly Meeting's joint committee' s R e p o r t * of 1854 struck the keynote of this ideal of discipline by saying that all rules of government should be "under the precious influence of love" ; and that their sanction should b e found, in a growing knowledge of right and wrong, of the "hideousness and misery that lie concealed behind the enticing front of error and vice, while behind the coarse and uninviting veil of virtue there are transcendent beauty and loveliness, and the adornings of plainness, simplicity, gentleness, quietness and meekness, and everything that tends to happiness in this life, and to everlasting bliss in the world to come." This expression of the founders' ideal of discipline was probably that of B e n j a men Hallowell, who emphasized and illustrated it by reference to rules of "plainness" in his ^Address* of 1850. In this, he exalted "the Spirit of Truth" in each individual, inas; *lotdBjl that inner conviction and principle - the fruits of this Spirit - must b e LJJ«UV^(vVArVJL. skkJiAjLtJ^. \ 472 of a salooft and. the sub rosa sale of alcoholic liquors in Swarthmore borough, and the college was exceptionally free from taint of alcoholism.J^The prohibition of the use of tobacco, which the first facultv somewhat disunitedly agreed upon for students and instractors alike, became decidedly irksome to the non-Quaker instructors and administrative officers who came to the college in increasing strength and numbers, although its observance by them was left entirely to their good sense and. loyalty. The increasing age of the students and the rise of a different standard of morals made it increasingly difficult to enforce the rule against the use of tobacco; and it was finally abrogated (with certain limitations) among both men and women students. The Ideal for Instructors The standard which the founders cherished for the selection of instructors was certainly a very h i g h , and perhaps a too idealistic,one. A thorough training in some branch of the higher learning; mastery of their resoective specialties; a single-hea.rted pursuit of their profession; a pure and subdued spirit; a >nowledge of their own hearts; T perfect self-govenment.; an acquaintance with the springs of action in the Mouthful company A * around them; a conscientious observance and advocacy of at least the fundamental Quaker "testimonies"; such were the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s which it was hoped to find in the chosen instructors. Even the "three-fold vow" of the college professor which has become familiar although, alas, far from fully realized in recent years, namely, to be a. good teacher, a pioneer in the advancement of knowledge, and a useful servant of the public in other civic as well as educational affairs, was at least dimly sensed by some of the founders. John D . Hicks, of New York, for example, said in his address on Inauguration D a y s ^ I n the selection of the President the managers have chosen one of middle age in life, neither wanting in the ripening influence of time nor crystallized by the conservation of age - a. man of the times. - Supra, p . We trust he and his assistants will meet the wants of the day. We do 473 at doubt they are all influenced hy the best intentions; but success will depend more on aw scrupulously they become students of the situation, and careful observer:?, of the phenoena of daily experience. When we consider the ever-widening fields of knowledge, the new screts that nature is constantly revealing to those who patiently and diligently seek her ruths, added to all that lias preceded it, the responsibility of instructors becomes m i f est." > f • Salaries Vfche responsibility of the college authorities and constituency towards the teacher 3s not wholly overlooked. One exponent of this responsibility declared that as "our sachers should be the best and most virtuous men and women that our Society can furnish," > "their vocation should be held as the most honorable pursuit among us; - - - and as caching, to be thoroughly done, demands the exercise of talent, perseverance and patience, >re than almost any other business, we should offer liberal inducements to those who are ill in • to give them." These inducements appear to have been, then as now, chiefly of a non-pecuniary Lnd. Starting with an annual salary for the president of "Two thousand dollars and travel-p f Lng expenses", the salaries ranged down to $1200. for the oatron, $1,000. for ploessors, M V c^uu-. TtLUr '50. for instructors, and "two pupil teachers without salaiy."^ fee days of the founders jre the days of small things, of the simrole life, when the dollar went further and human w >nts e r e not so far-reaching. The price of board and lodging at the college, for in- a ;ructors as for students, was much less also, both actually and relatively, th^n it is lere or elsewhere today. The founders, too, and the Friends to whose financial support >r the college they appealed, were making financial sacrifices for it themselves, and tey confidently expected, the instructors to bear their share of the burden. Vacations For both financial and educational reasons, they rejected the argument that vacaEven the should Massachusetts Board of Education,in whichsopost .ons in Horace England Mann,as werte tooSecretary prolongedof and be greatly diminished in America, that he did his ®poch-iaakiri work for education,received an annuel salary of from $100C- to $1500. At the same time, teachers' salaries in the public schools rangea as low as $135 for men and $65 for women, although in many districts the school year did not extend beyond two or three months. 474 ;eachers should not he "half-timers"; and they gave to Swarthmore's teachers and students ;he inestimable boon, and one of the chief compensations for small salaries, of about m e - J o f the year for holidays and the long vacation. "Leaves of a b s e n c e " ^ e r e not envisaged by the founders, and it was not until the administration of President Aydelotte Ln the second half of the second generation that they were placed upon a systematic and Liberal b a s i s . The modern system of pensions was also beyond their vision, although one 5f their idealists declared that "they who labor in the fields of scholastic literature, "ho toil all day and often through the still hours of the night when others rest, who bear the weight and responsibility which parents will throw upon teachers, - - - are entitled to ample maintenance, sufficient to provide comfortably for them n o w , and to lay aside for the years 'when the sound of the grinding is low'; and as there is no doubt that continuous nental labor is exhausting, no teacher should be compelled by need to toil on after the (rigor of life has passed." This earl;, precursor of Andrew Carnegie and the pension- system established forty years later at Swarthmore, evidently realized that "retiring allowances" should be advantageous for the college and its students as veil as for the teacher. Terms of Admission ^cnj^^iA/ Although the founders adooted the policy of the open door for all students qualified to do the work, the board adopted in 1866 the following minute: "{t is the unan- imous judgment of the Board that jjstice to those who aid in the erection of the College requires that their children and wards should have preference in claiming admission to its privileges." This preference was extended to the children of Friends who were not stock-holders; and it has continued, to be granted, "other things being equal". to the children of Friends, and has also been extended to include the children of the alumni. Tisgpjboar stated that the preference shown to the children of "those who aid in the erection of the college" was the more important at the beginning because few applicants could be excluded from the preparatory department on the ground of want of preparation. f The founders do not appear to have raised the question of the "color line." TheJVegroes were still too close fo slavery and too absorbed in the economic aspects of freedom to cherish college ambitions; while the tide of Orientals had not yet started towards the American college. 7 475 Che "prospectus" of 18G9 stated that seventy-five pupils of each sex would he admitted at the opening; hut 171 were admitted for the first terra, and 188 for the second term, sr 199 in a l l . Of these, 106 w e r e hoys and 93 were g i r l s , including 11 hoys and 15 girls in the "Freshman C l a s s / p T h e charge for hoard and tuition was fixed at $350 for the year fk»r of fortyf w e e k s , including "both college a n d preparatory courses; and the charge for day pupils was $2.00, including "dinner at the tables with the resident students." Both charges included "the use of books not taken out of the b u i l d i n g " , and no extras, except for stationery and for chemicals used in the laboratory. Although these charges have been in- creased three-fold, they are still moderate as compared with those of other colleges; and the Quaker desire for "democracy" as well as for economy was expressed during many years by a uniform charge, regardless of location of rooms in the dormitories. The age of twelve years wa.s fixed as the minimumjbut no other qualifications were required in the admission of pupils, "in order to secure to all Stockholders equal privileges." The first faculty determined the classification of the pupils on their arrival, on the basis of written examinations, first into freshman and preparatory students, then into three classes (with seven subdivisions) of preparatory pupils. A r i t h m e t i c , geography, English grammar and the j/istory of the United States were the subjects on which the preparatory pupils were examined; and Latin and French were added for admission to the freshman class. The Curriculum Such were the simple beginnings of a curriculum which the founders determined should be "equal to that furnished by the best colleges in the land." president Parrish stressed this ide: 1 in his corner-stone speech in I 8 6 0 , and Professor Magill» though principal of the preparatory department, heartily endorsed it in his address of 1 8 6 9 , in which he said: ^Swarthmore must not b e allowed to crystallize into a n ordinary h i g h school, but it must ultimately (whether we of the present generation live to see it or n o t ) be supplied with pupils well prepared in the rudimentary branches of knowledge by various academies and high schools throughout the country, which will serve as feeders to it; and it must itself stand 476 out above them a l l , the crowning glory of our educational system, a shining goal, raising the standard of all the lower schools, bidding them come up higher. direct influence be felt by thousands, who never enter its walls. Thus shall its inSwarthmore must come to this, or utterly fail of its high intent." Physical Sciences The strong interest of Benjamin Hallowell and D r . Parrish in the physical sciences prevented the pew college from conforming to the age-old curriculum of "Latin, Greek and Mathematics", and caused it to include, in its ideal at least, all the sciences so well characterized in President Parrish*s inauguration address. Even for the preparatory department, he outlined in his report of 1867 "a good common school education, besides an acquaintance with the elements of the sciences of botany,.comparative anatomy, human physiology, physics and chemistry, the Latin and French languages, and the practical branches of mensuration and surveying." For the college curriculum, his inauguration address singled out mathematics, astronomy, natural history (including botany, zottlogy, mineralogy, comparative anatomy, physiology and "kindred branches"), chemistry, physics, and photography. The Humanities But the strong literary and humanitarian interests of Martha Tyson end others of the founders, were shared by D r . Parrish and his colleagues, and the curriculum includ.ed K Greej^, Latin, French and German, geography, history and English literature (extending "throughout our seven years' course"), intellectual and moral philosophy, training. and physical It must be conceded that this ideal curriculum of the college was extensive and well-balanced, except for the omission of some of the social sciences, such as the fine arts, economics, politics and international relations, which the end of the century was to Remand as essential in a modern, American college education. Parrish appears to have been skeptical of the benefits of some forms of "philosophy" , for in a n article in 1868, he wrote: "The work of our day is to promote spiritualism against materialism, which, in science, now takes the name of Positive Philosophy and Psychology , and in the church the more orthodox form of Ritualism." On the other h a n d , he so warmly commended in a public address in 1861, "Herbert Spencer's work" Ion Education?"?^ tha„ ais auditors started a. run on Philadelphia's book-stores for itj (See supra ur^S^f 477 Physical Training The stress laid on physical training hy the Quaker founders at so early an era as 1860 is somewhat noteworthy. While conceding the value of the "calisthenics" and "light gymnastics" then so much in vogue, for counteracting the effects of excessive confinement and exhausting study, D r . Parrish and his colleagues regarded as far superior "healthful outdoor walking, running, swimming, skating ana playing, - the spontaneous exercise of the young in youthful sports." They determined to acquire a campus which should supply opportunities for these, and rejoiced in the superlative excellence of Swarthmore! s campus for them. At the same time, they endeavored from the first,: to acquire a gymnasium which should supply facilities for exercise and games in stormy weather; and the^physiology and hygiene. Organized athletics, intra.-nrural and inter- collegiate snorts, athletic fields, coaches, etc., were "beyond the means, if not the vision, of the founders. The Faculty The first corps of instructors was wholly inadequate, of coiirse, for fulfilling the curriculum outlined for the college. For the first year, there was only one college class (a small one), and the efforts of the instructors were concentrated chiefly upon the p u p i l V y S the preparatory department. They worked consciously and determinedly.how- ever, to prepare these adequately for the college courses; and desperate efforts were made from the first to procure a staff commensurate with the work which the college was determined to perform. President Parrish failed to acquire the much-desired services of Professor Maria Mitchell and Dr. Joseph Thomas; hut the instructors whom he did procure were, on the whole, wisely selected. PrffTi dont ra.rgioi^acted as professor of ^Ithic.s and of (^hemistry and ^ptural ^cience; Principal Magill as professor of the Latin and French ^angusgesand ^literature; Clement L . Smith as professor of the Greek and German languages and |iiteratures, and as ^ctinr professor of ^ t h e m a t i c s ; and Anna. Hpllowell as professor $>f ^istory and English ^literature. Six other women served as teachers of English ^ r a n c h e s , ^athematics, penmanship and poteny, English ^anguage and ^literature and I^istory, jfoc&l j,ulture and Reading, French and English ^ranches; these were Emily Hallowell, Susan J . 478 Cunningham, Susan 1 . Janr.ey, Maria L . Sa.nford, Elizabeth G. Macy, and Elizabeth W . Cabeen. Two other women (Virginia L . Dolby and Annie C. Green) w e r e ^ s s i s t a n t ye^chers; .and Arm Preston, M.D. , Adrian G . Hbell, P h . B . and M.D., and J . A . Congdon were noilsident |(ecturers on physiology and^{ygiene, and ^fntural ^istory, and res: manship, respectively. essor of pen- In this sm&lljkorps of fifteen, almost all of whom were obliged to occupy a settee^ rather than a professorial chair, it seems odd that penmanship was supplied with both a "teacher" and a "professorj|iya^^^J«jisTr JrL., neat and even "elegant" hand-writing. (Tae first college C a t a l o g u e * " a l s o rather proudly' justified this emphasis by announcing that "the cultivation of the eye and hand by regular and systematic training in penmanship, receives due attention under the direction of teachers having that department exclusively in charge.". Methods of Teaching Although the tasks confided by the founders to the first professors appear to us as impossibly multifarious end as demanding almost the encyclopaedic knowledge and versatility of a Pico del1a. Mirandola, their ideals of methods of teaching were suprieing& 1$ up^the vaunted standards of today. Laboratory work for the physical sciences was regarded as a sine qua, non^ - as soon as laboratories could be procured. A n editorial, probably by Dr. Parrish, in the Intelligencer for 1352 asserted th?t "the science of our times cannot be taught by the crude systems which grew up before railroads or telegraphs, $or can the minu be trained for the work of our wonderfully progressive age and country by the unthinking process of memorizing facts." Learning was exalted from the very first over teaching. "Mere telling is not teaching", said the Report of 1854; "learning and thinking are far more important. The mind's ability to aid itself in the acquisition of knowledge is the great end at which a judicious instructor will aim. It may be emphatically asserted that every individual who is dducated at all is self-educated. His teachers, like his dictionary and other books, are merel" aids to his own efforts." The lecture-system was to be accompanied, therefore, 479 "by "conversation " upon all the subjects embraced in the plan of education; and the lecturers' assistants were to emphasize and elucidate the lectures by class discussion and individual examinations. D r . Parrish deprecated the "forcing-system now £l360^Jso common in our city schools", as disastrous to health of both bod;'" and m i n d , and advocated a "moderate " p a c e . In his R e p o r t of 1865, he applied this to the preparatory department as well as to the 5 college, and said: "We believe th' 1 no greater error grows out of the ambition of parents and teachers to produce the appearance of an extended education, without its reality, than the crowding of a multiplicity of different studies upon the immature mind." This system of cramming the. young with what they cannot assimilate and must soon forget, he insisted^ must be supplanted by a training which should, not so much furnish the mind with stores of knowledge as would develop its powers and form habits of thought thrt would render the knowledge afterwards acquired subservient to its best and highest u s e s . Professor Magill, in his address of June, 1869, promised that it would ever be the aim of the faculty to stress things, rather than words ill understood, and. to impart sound knowledge which would contribute to mental and moral growth, rather than to make a vain show of a given number of pages or volumes mastered.. He rejected the theory that teaching should be done without books, but admitted that ooks may be made a hindrance where they should be made a help, and that very often they are the letter which killeth in the hands of teachers destitute of that spirit which raaketh alive. On the other h a n d , while admitting that special training is necessary for success in every-<3ay life and for increasing the sum of human knowledge, he pointed to the danger that it might narrow and cramp the mind for the sake of an abnormal development in a single direction, and argued that a generous and liberal culture must precede special training, if the mind is to be harmoniously developed instead of becoming a mere machine. Parents in those days felt that even text-books should not be supplied at their expense, lb' especially if the college required subjects which they considered impractical; and D r . Magill amusingly describes in his autobiography the method, of distributing and reclaiming books which was adopted during the brief period when free text-books were in vogue at Swarthmore. (Supra, p . ) 480 Mind the Light Underlying all the specific methods of teaching which the founders advocated and throughout every phase of college life, was their insistence that "influences and not precepts educate the child." Hence their constant injunction to teachers and students alike w a s , "Mind the Light". This light cones to every one, they were convinced, from a divine source, with it the infallible guidance of divine Truth. "Truth for authority, not authority for truth", was the watchword often uttered by Lucretia M o t t . The continued effort of Swarthmore, said Benjamin Hallowell, must be "to impart Truth, and not teach for doctrines the coimnandments of men." Light, ever more Light; Truth, V aAmXV divine Truth: such are the\loyaltias which its founders would have Swarthmore emblazon / u. *j^pon its seal and impress upon its heart; for they firmly believed that out/a heart so guided and inspired must come all the successful issues of sdwclife. A v e et Vale Having reviewed the story of the origin, founding, building and opening of L\f Swarthmore College, we of this generation may grateful^concede to the m e n and women of the 1850's and 1860's that they builded better than they k n e w . Their difficulties appear- ±s ed to them immense, their weakness^ seemed deplorable, a n d their failures manifold. But the strength upon which they chiefly relied was Infinite, and the portion of it vouchsafed to them was sufficient to enable them to overcome their difficulties, buttress their weaknesses, and make even their failures contribute to success. Four score years later, in this different age, we dedicate ourselves anew to carrying on the task they bequeathed u s , trusting in that same Infinite source of strength and light and guidance. we bid a fervent Hail and F-rewell. To them flJMfr S?' m rlt. ' • I •m M ' •* •fflMB Mfiav. sSEs. casm ' •* 1 WILLIAM I. HULL ' — %•• H I S T O R Y OF SWARTHMORE COLLEGE VOL, 1