El Salvador:
Universities
Under Siege

S w arth m ore’sn ew
p er form ing a rts center.

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PHOTOGRAPH BY J. MARTIN NATVIG

Big and ugly?
See page 12

SWARTHMORE
COLLEGE BULLETIN • NOVEMBER 1990

2
Universities Under Siege
In El Salvador there is an extraordinary vision o f the role o f the
university in society— a vision that thrusts education into the
middle o f a nation’s struggle fo r social justice.
B y Barry S chwartz

8

After the Revolution
Replacing communism with market economies has created a
whole new set o f challenges fo r the people o f Eastern Europe.
By F rederic L. P ryor

12
Big and Ugly?

PHOTOGRAPH BY J. MARTIN NATVIG

Editor:
Maralyn Orbison Gillespie ’49
Managing Editor:
Jeffrey B. Lott
Assistant Managing Editor:
Kate Downing
Copy and Class Notes Editor:
Rebecca Aim
Assistant Copy Editor:
Ann D. Geer
Designer: Bob Wood
Cover: Though bombed and strafed
by government forces just a year ago,
the. University of El Salvador has
reopened. The devastation, shown
here in the engineeiing administra­
tion building, serves as a profound
backdrop for the education of young
Salvadorans. Photo by Cindy Karp.
The Swarthmore College Bulletin (ISSN
0888-2126), o f which this is volume
LXXXVIII, number 2, is published in
September, November, December, Febru­
ary, May, and August by Swarthmore
College, Swarthmore, PA 19081-1397.
Second class postpge paid at Swarthmore,
PA, and additional mailing offices. Post­
master: Send address changes to Swarth­
more College Bulletin, 500 College
Avenue, Swarthmore, PA 19081-1397.

Swarthmore’s new performing arts center has sparked much
comment. An art historian enlarges our perspective.
By T. K aori K itao

13
A Portfolio
“My camera work is alchemical, creating a visual poetry o f heart,
idea, and spirit, ” writes photographer Bruce Cratsley.
B y B ruce C ratsley ’66

20
The Summer of ’42
It used to be that parents picked the colleges to which they sent
their children. Paul Mangelsdorf rejoices in his own father’s
choice fo r him in the summer o f 1942wSwarthmore.
B y Paul M angelsdorf, J r . ’49

-------fl
DEPARTMENTS
24 The College
27 Class Notes
30 Deaths
42 Alumni Connections
50 Recent Books by Alumni
56 Alumni Council

Universities
under siege
by B arry S ch w artz
P rofessor o f
P sych ology

1

In El Salvador higher education
is at the center o f a violent struggle
fo r social justice . Teachers
battle to teach— and sometimes die

SWARTHMORL COLLEGE BULLETIN

uring the week of May 14, while government to withdraw its support of a
Swarthmore students and faculty repressive Salvadoran regime that had been
were frantically taking and grad­ guilty for more than 10 years of terrorizing,
ing exams, I visited El Salvador torturing, and murdering its own people.
as part of a delegation from Delaware
Having worked with this refugee family
County. All of the people in the delegation for more than three years, we decided that
were members of religious institutions that it was time to visit El Salvador and examine
had formed a coalition to provide sanctuary the economic, political, and social life of the
to a family from El Salvador. The family country firsthand. The idea was to speak to
had been forced to flee political persecution as many different constituencies as we pos­
and death threats from the Salvadoran mili­ sibly could—the government, the military,
tary more than four years earlier. They were various popular organizations that opposed
just one family among thousands now taking the government, and perhaps representatives
refuge from their government in the United of the FMLN (Farabundo Marti National
States, and we were just one sanctuary Liberation Front), a coalition guerrilla force
coalition among hundreds who were pro­ that had been waging a war against the
viding assistance to refugees and urging our government for a decade. So in the fall of

D

1989, we planned a trip. We would go in
January 1990.
We bought our tickets and arranged our
interviews. Then in November the FMLN
guerrillas launched an offensive in San Sal­
vador. Fighting lasted for more than a week
as the guerrillas took over significant parts
of the city. It was during this time that the
Salvadoran military entered the campus of
the Central American University (UCA)
and murdered six Jesuit priests, their cook,
and her daughter. After the hostilities
stopped, many of the popular groups with
whom we were going to meet were forced
underground by the military. People were
threatened, and offices were destroyed.
Going now was out of the question. The trip
was postponed indefinitely.
Miraculously, things in El Salvador very
quickly returned to their pre-offensive char­
acter. The trip was on again, this time for
mid-May. In the interval between Novem­
ber and May, a group of faculty members at
Swarthmore had responded to the murder
of the Jesuits by initiating two projects. The
first, a translation project, was intended to
produce one or two volumes of selected
works of the murdered priests translated in­
to English. The second, an exchange project,
was intended to establish a sister relationship
between Swarthmore and the UCA, with
faculty from each institution visiting the
other on a regular basis {see box, page 7). As
a member of this faculty group, I now had
a second mission to add to my mission as
part of the delegation: to visit the UCA and
find out as much as I could about what
conditions were like there now and how we
at Swarthmore could be most helpful to the
UCA faculty and students. At the same
time, I hoped to visit and find out about the
University of El Salvador (UES), the coun­
try’s major public university.
Our delegation arrived in El Salvador on
May 14 and spent five days meeting with
representatives of more than 15 different
organizations. We visited both the University
of El Salvador and the Central American
University. I discovered that people at these
institutions have a vision of university edu­
cation that is significantly different from our
own American view. It is a vision that
brings great hardship to them.
The national university is analogous per­
haps to Temple University in size, in strucThree times since 1972 the military has closed
E l Salvador’s national university— most re­
cently after a bloody N ovem ber 1989 guerrilla
uprising. W hen it reopened this fall, a m ural
declared, “The University o f E l Salvador will
never die!”

NOVEMBER 1990

3

ture, and in clientele. Its main branch, in the
capital, has 30,000 students. It charges no
tuition and thus serves the poorest segment
of Salvadoran society that is able to obtain
appropriate preparatory education. It offers
programs leading to degrees in more than 20
different areas (for example, law, medicine,
engineering, agriculture, business, psychol­
ogy, economics, nursing, and the like).
I said that we visited the university, but
actually that’s not quite accurate. We visited
a small office across the street from the
university. That was as close to the campus
as we could get because the university had
been closed by the military since November.
In this office we met with the rector of the
university and other officials. The rector
informed us that since the November guer­
rilla offensive, the campus had been closed
and occupied by the military police. It had
been closed because of government allega­
tions that the university was a hotbed of
guerrilla activity and propaganda. And it
had been closed because fighting had actu­
ally occurred in the streets surrounding the
university during the offensive. Indeed, the
government had fired mortars and rockets at
the university, doing a greal deal of damage,
while the conflict was at its most intense.

¡¡¡¡¡| llllil ¿mm

When the university stopped being just a "trade” school, the

ccording to the rector, the military
By 1988 the university was operating
took over the university for the with armed guards at each entrance, and all
first time in 1972. University vehicles and pedestrians were subjected to
i authorities were detained and searches. Over 100 official political arrests
then deported to Nicaragua (at theoftime
university people occurred in 1989, with
under the rule of right-wing dictator Anas- unofficial detentions far higher. In addition,
tasio Somoza). The remaining university six members of the university community
employees were then fired, and the univer­ were assassinated in 1989, and many student
sity was closed for a year. When it reopened, leaders and university authorities received
all of its authorities were appointed by the death threats. Deans had their houses
government, in direct violation of the uni­ bombed, and a vice rector was shot while
versity’s constitutional right to administra­ riding in his car.
tive autonomy.
Then came the offensive. When the guer­
Conditions remained like this until 1978, rillas occupied the university, it was strafed,
when some measure of autonomy was re­ firebombed, and rocketed by the military.
turned to the university. But then guerrilla Much further destruction was done. The
uprisings in 1980 brought the close of its university was again closed. Though the of­
doors again. This time the military also fensive lasted only about a week, the univer­
destroyed virtually every piece of equipment sity remained closed. A full reopening was
on the campus and severely damaged many promised for the end of June. (Current
buildings. The rector of the university was reports are that it has reopened, but it has
gunned down by members of a death squad, been so decimated that it is not clear how
and the university stayed closed until 1984. well it will be able to function.)
When the university was allowed to reopen
Why has all this military hostility been
again in 1984, it was a shell of its former self. directed at the university? The rector told us
Much of its infrastructure was destroyed, that for years the UES basically taught
and many of its best faculty members had people trades and professions. Then, in the
been forced to flee the country. Nevertheless, early 1960s, the university introduced a
it did function, in the face of constant general liberal arts component into the cur­
military intimidation and efforts to replace riculum. It was intended to teach all univer­
the constitutionally elected governing body sity students about what is called the
of the university with people whom the “national reality.” This general-education
military controlled.
component began to radicalize the students.

A

Top: Students continue to work in the shell o f
a U ES building destroyed by mortar fire.
Above: Obdulio Losano Lopez tends a rose
garden he planted where his wife, daughter,
and six Jesuit scholars were gunned down.
Left This portrait o f A rchbishop Oscar
Romero, killed while saying mass in 1980, was
torched by an arm y flam ethrow er at the UCA.

PHOTOS BY CINDY KARP

NOVEMBER 1990

The adversarial relations between the mili­
tary and the university began when the
university stopped being just a trade school.
In teaching a general curriculum, it became
a part of what the rector called the “social
projection.” The idea was that students must
be active in the community at the same time
that they are studying in the classroom.
There was a degree requirement of 500
hours of community service. And this com­
munity service was not just charitable work.
It was integrally connected to what went on
in the classroom. In the classroom there was
an ongoing project that compared the the­
ories students studied in their texts with the
realities they encountered in their commu­
nity work. When theory and«reality didn’t
match (as they frequently didn’t, especially,
for example, in development economics),
the theories were altered. This was how the
faculty put the university in contact with the
national reality.
The rector gave us a concrete example.
Medical education used to be high-quality,
high-tech, U.S.-style. This training had al­
most no relevance to the national reality,
since the country in general lacked the
facilities, and the people in general lacked
the money, to get the kind of care that
training like this made possible. So doctors
kept getting trained, and infant mortality,
mothers’ death in childbirth, serious malnu­
trition, and death from infectious diseases
kept increasing. By focusing on relating
classroom teaching to the national reality,
the UES changed medical education. There
developed a focus on prevention—on sani­
tation and nutrition and prenatal care. There
was training in folk medicine, since most
people couldn’t afford prescription drugs.
The result was lowered infant mortality, less
illness in childbirth, less infectious disease,
more use of natural remedies. All of this
reflected a lining up of the national univer­
sity with the national reality.
This constant confronting of theory with
reality, and the forced exposure of students
and faculty to the poorest sectors of Salva­
doran society, radicalized the institution.
The UES came to be regarded by the gov­
ernment as a guerrilla breeding ground and
stronghold, and the conflicts began. How­
ever, we were assured by the rector that the
UES has never supported the guerrillas. The
university has been advocating negotiations
between the government and the guerrillas
from the beginning, but in 1980 such talk
was viewed as support for the guerrillas and
led to persecution and aggression. One
reason for this is that sections of the rightwing ARENA party (which is now in
power), as well as sections of the military,
have steadfastly opposed negotiations.

We met next with the university’s director
of international relations, whose wife, a
leader of the Salvadoran women’s move­
ment, was killed in the offensive. He told us
that the university had received significant
financial aid from various European nations,
including France (for medical education),
Italy (for engineering), Spain (for agron­
omy), and Holland (for central administra­
tion). In addition, it has had direct links with
10 universities in Canada and with the
Canadian government. Only the U.S. has
been singularly unforthcoming. The U.S.
Embassy has consistently refused to meet
with university representatives and has
blocked the allocation of congressionally
approved funds for university reconstruc­
tion. It has reliably characterized the univer­
sity in the same pro-guerrilla terms in which
the Salvadoran army characterizes it. The
U.S. has chosen instead to provide funds to
a string of small private universities that
sprang up to provide the narrow technical
training—without concern for the national
reality—that the UES was no longer willing
to provide. In addition, because these uni­
versities are private, they are not accessible
to 85 percent of the students who attend the
UES but can’t afford to pay tuition.
According to the rector, what the univer­
sity community wants is for the university to
have autonomy with sufficient funding for it
to remain free. The government response is
a new proposed law that would end the
university’s autonomy and start requiring
students to pay their own way. This, of
course, would destroy the university as it is
currently constituted. What few progressive
faculty members remain at the university
would be driven away by fear, and only
students from the middle and upper classes
would be able to afford to attend.
wo things were especially striking
to me about what these university
leaders had to tell us. First, they
had an extraordinarily different
vision of the role of the university in society
from the one I’m used to. Their view was
that the university simply had to get involved
in the social life and social problems of the
country. Dispassionate scholarly analysis—
judicious, measured evaluation of all sides
of an issue with action left to others—was
irresponsible. The university had to be a
social actor. In the U.S. a view like this
would be regarded by most academics as a
deformation of the proper mission of the
university. At Swarthmore, for example, we
tell ourselves that we’re supposed to provide
the best education possible, and we hope
that somehow our students will put that

T

education to use in the service of social
justice.
Second, the Salvadoran educators were
extraordinarily matter-of-fact in describing
their ordeal at the hands of the government.
The campus is closed, people have been
assassinated, buildings have been destroyed,
the military is occupying and harassing
them, but still they teach. They find an
empty room and they teach. And they
continue to send students out into the com­
munity. Two thousand students a year have
been getting degrees in more than 20 differ­
ent professions since 1984 in a “university in
exile.” This has been done in the face of
substantial interference by the Salvadoran
government. This has been done at enor­
mous personal risk to individual faculty
members and students. This has been done
with no help from the United States. They
told us this last bit matter-of-factly as well.
“How could it be any different,” their tone
of voice said. “You know as well as we do
that your government thinks we’re the
enemy.” They left, and left me mortified.
The UES has close historical ties to the
Central American University, the UCA,
because it was the transformation of the
UES that brought the UCA into existence.
Founded in 1965 by Jesuits with the help of
loans from the Inter-American Develop­
ment Bank, it was intended to provide a

refuge from the radical masses for the chil­
dren of the Salvadoran upper middle class.
While the Jesuits ran 'the university, more
than 90 percent of the faculty members
were laypeople. And virtually all the stu­
dents who attended were interested only in
becoming professionals.
Almost from its inception, however, there
was a transformation of the UCA from
within. A consensus formed among the
Jesuits that faith could not be separated
from work for justice. The UCA began
working for justice by supporting agrarian
reform projects. These projects never came
to fruition, but supporting them cost the
UCA financial support from the Salvadoran
government.
But its commitment to the pursuit of
social justice continued undeterred. In the
mid-1970s Father Igna­
cio Ellacuria came to the
UCA as rector. A promi­
nent liberation
theologian, El­
lacuria pushed
forcefully to have the uni­
versity serve the needs
of El Salvador’s popular
majority. A
human-rights
institute,
directed

by Father Segundo Montes Mozo, was
established. Its focus was on documenting
human-rights abuses and educating people
as to what their human rights were. An
information center, which published a
weekly report called Proceso, was also es­
tablished. Its focus was to document and
analyze the national reality. A public-opin­
ion institute, headed by psychologist Father
Ignacio Martin-Baro, was also established.
It did polling, again to try to document the
national reality. And finally, the Pastoral
Center was established, headed by Father
Jon Sobrino. All of the key people in
running these various centers, except So­
brino, were now dead. They had been
brutally murdered by the army in the early
morning hours of November 16. Sobrino
was spared only because he was out of the
country at the time.
Our visit to the UCA began at the Pastoral
Center. The Pastoral Center is the part of the
university that depends most on the Jesuits.
It is where students study theology and
“religious and moral sciences.” The very
phrase “religious and moral sciences” cap­
tures as well as anything the essential differ­
ence between the UCA and universities in
the U.S. Imagine any reputable university in
the U.S. claiming to offer a science of
morals. For most “enlightened” people in
the U.S., “science” and “morality” represent

HOTOS BY 0.1NDY KAR

striking contrast
exists between
the public national
university and the
private Jesuit univer­
sity. The UES (right)
looks like— and was—
a war zone. The UCA
(left) reminds visitors
of a beautiful Califor­
nia campus.
Yet liberalism and
social action have
been under attack at
both institutions, and
both have seen their
share of bloodshed.

R

SWARTHMORL COLLEGE BULLETIN

ss¡3 i

mutually exclusive categories. Morality is a
matter of opinion, while science is a matter
of facts. At the UCA the faculty thinks that
it is possible to develop facts about morality.
The faculty thinks that the facts of the
national reality have clear-cut moral impli­
cations and that these implications point to
social policies that will aid the popular
majority.

Faculty Exchange
We want to develop an ongoing relation­
ship with the UCA. To this end, we invited
Charles Beirne, S.J., for a two-day visit to
Swarthmore in April of this year. Fr. Beirne,
then academic vice president of the Univer­
The murders at the Central American Uni­
sity of Santa Clara, became in August vice
versity (UCA) in El Salvador last November
rector for academic affairs at the UCA,
had particular meaning for some members
filling the position formerly occupied by
r at least some of the faculty of the Faculty Seminar on Central America Martin-Baro. While here, in addition to
members think that it is possible at Swarthmore College. One of the publica­ giving public addresses, he talked with the
to develop facts about morality. tions of the UCA, Estudios Centroameri­ president and provost, faculty and student
Most of the 180 faculty members canos (edited by Ignacio Ellacuria, the mur­ groups, a group of professors and adminis­
rector of the UCA), has been over the
who are not Jesuits are much more dered
conser­
trators from Philadelphia-area universities,
vative than the Jesuits are. They want to years a major source of information and and the press. Extended conversations with
pursue their scholarly specialties, train stu­ analysis that has guided members of the him laid the foundation for our relationship
dents in the professions, and stay out of seminar in their process of self-education on with the UCA. Beirne proposed that a
politics. And the students are even more Central America. In addition, a few of us Swarthmore faculty member could go to the
conservative than the faculty. More than 50 use works by some of the murdered profes­ UCA to give an intensive course to UCA
percent of them voted for the right-wing sors and their colleagues in our courses. In faculty members and that a UCA faculty
ARENA party in the last national elections. order to express solidarity with our col­ member could come here for a brief period,
And the students’ parents are more conser­ leagues at the UCA and to make the thought both to speak about Salvadoran issues and
of the murdered professors more readily
to engage in his or her own research. During
vative still.
Despite this reluctance to get involved on available in the U.S., members of the Faculty the current academic year, we will initiate
the part of most of the UCA community, the Seminar have engaged in three ongoing this pilot project with one faculty member
Jesuit leaders have been committed to the projects.
going in each direction. In the future we
project of consciousness-raising and social
hope to increase the numbers of professors
Translation Project
transformation. They have tried to make the
Three of the murdered professors-Slgna- in exchange with Swarthmore, and, more
faculty as well as the students conscious of cio Ellacuria (philosopher, theologian), Ig­ ambitiously, we want to develop a consor­
the national reality. They have imposed nacio Martín-Baró (social psychologist), and tium of Philadelphia-area universities and
Please turn to page 54
Segundo Montes (sociologist)—wrote pro- colleges to participate in these exchanges—
lifically, but few of their works are available and eventually have a broader exchange
in English. A group of us, in collaboration with a similar consortium of universities in
with Dr. Adrianne Aron of the Committee Central America.
With the provost’s support, two meetings
for Health Rights in Central America (a
U.S. organization of psychologists that have been held with local colleagues from
worked with Martín-Baró), are engaged in several universities to work on this project.
a project to publish English translations of The next step will be to construct a consor­
some of their works. We have proposed a tium. To lay the foundation for this, we
two-volume collection to Georgetown Uni­ organized a committee with representatives
versity Press, which is now evaluating the from seven local colleges and universities
proposal. The first volume, tentatively en­ and planned a fall conference.
titled Towards a Society That Serves Its Fall Conference
This conference commemorated the anni­
People: The Thought o f El Salvador’s Mur­
dered Jesuits, aims to present a portrait of versary of the professors’ deaths on Novem­
the scope, quality, and unity of the Jesuits’ ber 16 and 17. It focused on the thought of
work. It will contain essays by Ellacuria on the three Jesuits whose works we are pre­
the meaning of liberation, the “preferential paring for translation. The speakers included
option for the poor,” and the social role of a number of Salvadoran scholars, former
the university; by Montes on human rights students and colleagues of the Jesuits, and
and the social structures and political forces some North Americans who participated in
in El Salvador; and by Martín-Baró on the research projects with them. This conference
psychological effects of violence, psycho­ was unique in its focus on the scholarly
logical dimensions of religious responses to contribution of Central American intellec­
conflict, and the “psychology of liberation.” tuals rather than on their personal reflections
The second volume, tentatively entitled Psy­ or political analyses. It served as a tribute to
chology and Politics: Martin-Barb’s Psy­ our murdered colleagues and introduced
chology o f Liberation, aims to reach a broad important thinking to our community.
— Hugh Lacey
audience of psychologists.
Professor o f Philosophy

Three projects link
Swarthm ore facu lty group
to Salvadoran colleagues

O

NOVEMBER 1990

7

J. MARTIN NATVIG

ow that there is but one Ger­ the same country, a poster featured a pho­
many, I wonder what happened tograph of Vaclav Klaus, the minister of
to the East German Communist finance, who was shown wearing a tie
Party Central Committee func­ bearing a small portrait of Adam Smith. In
tionary I met last spring. His politicalHungary
world the election posters were even
had crumbled in a matter of months, and he more daring. One had two photographs side
was pessimistic about the future of his by side: the first was Leonid Brezhnev
party—which had renamed itself the Party kissing Erich Honecker—the former East
of Democratic Socialism. “The biggest mis­ German communist boss—on the mouth at
take we made,” he lamented, “was in think­ some airport reception; the second showed
ing that we had made a revolution. After 40 a young couple sitting on a park bench,
years the people still think in the same way chastely smooching. The legend read, “The
choice is yours. Vote Young Democrats.”
that they did before.”
East German political parties lacked such
While I am not sure that he was entirely
correct, it is certainly true that from his point a light touch. Instead one saw posters of a
of view, the “revolution” may never have grinning West German Chancellor Helmut
Kohl with the words, “In the
19th century, only one man could
unify Germany; his name was
Bismarck. In the 20th century,
only one man can unify Ger­
many; his name is Kohl.”
Bulgaria had relatively few pos­
ters; most of the political activi­
ties were carried on in rallies or
happened. He was facing a new world of on television. But I accidentally stumbled
markets and money, of private property and across a monarchist rally for King Simeon
democracy—and of deep uncertainty about (the former monarch, who now lives in
the future. No one can predict that future, Spain, left the country in 1946) with a
but during a 10-week visit to four Eastern demonstrator carrying a poster of Simeon
European countries last spring, I examined declaring that he’d like to be the constitu­
some of the problems that the sweeping tional monarch of Bulgaria following the
model of King Hassan of Morocco. When
changes there had wrought.
When I planned my research trip more I saw that proclamation, he lost my vote.
The conversations I had often bordered
than a year ago, I had no inkling of the
transformation that would occur in that on the bizarre. Once the chairman of a
region by the time I got there. Political and Czechoslovakian collective farm spent 15
economic changes made my original re­ minutes telling me why Ronald Reagan was
search plan impossible, but my sponsor, the one of the world’s great political figures. He
National Council for Soviet and East Euro­ was particularly impressed with Reagan’s
pean Studies, gave me free rein to investigate “Evil Empire” speech, a sentiment I never
expected to hear in that country.
any other problem that interested me.
In Bulgaria I had a group interview with
My trip covered Bulgaria, Czechoslo­
vakia, East Germany, and Hungary, where the leaders of a collective farm. When they
I talked with more than 100 specialists on began to argue furiously among them­
agriculture, including a number of collective selves—almost becoming violent—I asked
farm chairmen. In contrast with what I them to calm down, noting that Bulgaria
found on previous trips to the region, our had the highest murder rate in Europe. The
conversations were open and frank. For the farm chairman immediately asked me how
first time, people talked freely and had little I knew that since it was a state secret, and
hesitation about expressing their opinions. I I said that it had been published in a United
Nations report on the causes of death in
certainly got an earful.
The most obvious changes in the political Europe. Then one of the other farm leaders
climate could be seen in the election posters. chimed in, “But that doesn’t include the
In Czechoslovakia I saw one poster with a pope,” a surprising reference to the failed
picture looking down on the balding Lenin assassination attempt by an agent of the
with the legend “Beware of Skinheads.” In Bulgarian secret police.

N

the Revolution
Can Eastern
Europe
fulfill the
new promise
o f capitalism?

by Frederic L. Pryor

J. MARTIN NATVIG

Professor o f Economics

In contrast to his previous
visits there, this spring
Professor Frederic Pryor (left)
fo u n d people in Eastern E urope
to be open a n d fra n k , expressing
opinions without hesitation.
NOVEMBER 1990

9

In the economy two words are heard
everywhere: “privatization” and “marketization.” Both of these processes are easy to
talk about but much harder to introduce.
Several interesting schemes have been pro­
posed to privatize state-owned industry. In
Czechoslovakia the finance minister has
proposed giving each citizen a “wealth
voucher” with which such property could
be purchased, since the total amount of
savings is far less than the value of assets that
will be sold by the state. Others have pro­
posed letting the citizens use vouchers to bid
at auction for such property. Poland plans a
modified version of this voucher scheme.
But in the other two countries I visited, the
voucher system was undiscussable.

was reported in a Soviet newspaper that told
of the plight of an agricultural engineer who
had leased a greenhouse. He had been
unable to take advantage of seasonal de­
mand because the farm had turned the
greenhouse over to him four months later
than the contract specified, and under Soviet
law he had no legal redress. The entrepre­
neur was an agricultural engineer, but a state
official forced him to use a particular tech­
nology that he felt was inappropriate. In the
contract the farm agreed to supply a particu­
lar input, but they delivered another. And
although the contract followed guidelines
set down by the government, the farm
forced him to renegotiate it when they
decided he was making too high a profit.
Finally, when his profits still continued
1 four countries I visited have above a limit the farm felt socially desirable,
taken steps toward returning the it canceled the lease completely. Clearly a
land brought into the collective market cannot function where property
i farms to its original owners or rights are weakened by such interference.
their heirs. Some severe political fights have
Strong property rights thus require a legal
arisen, however, over the dates at which environment in which contracts can be en­
such land claims will be recognized and forced quickly and expeditiously. East Ger­
over recognition of land reforms made im­ many has been able to take advantage of its
mediately following World War II. Indeed, situation simply by accepting West German
the Hungarian government may fall because law on a variety of commercial and eco­
the majority party, Democratic Forum, is in nomic issues. But other countries must create
a coalition with the Smallholders Party, such a legal structure from scratch.
which wants to return all land to its owners
Marketization is equally difficult. Poland
as of January 1947. The big winners under and East Germany have tried “shock ther­
this plan would be urban dwellers, since apy,” also known to economists as the “big
most former landowners have left agricul­ bang” approach. In Poland almost all price
ture. Roughly 50 percent of those currently controls were removed on January 1, 1990,
working in agriculture would remain land­ including limits on the foreign-exchange
less if this plan were implemented.
rate. Prices shot up and then, after April,
Many farms and industrial firms would began to level off. Although production by
like to sell shares to foreigners so that they state and cooperative enterprises fell, much
can obtain funds to renew their equipment. of this was unwanted production. With the
This, of course, is opposed by those who are major burden of adjustment borne by price
alarmed at the prospect of selling off their changes that began to reflect scarcities, many
national heritage. But the latter do not parts of the private sector—except for agri­
specify how badly-needed capital stock culture—have been booming.
might be renewed.
The East German big bang was different.
Privatization alone is no solution; prop­ Price controls were released at the time of
erty rights must also be strengthened so that the currency union with West Germany,
government officials cannot interfere with and prices headed toward the West German
the new enterprises. Although yearly pro­ levels. Because prices didn’t reflect East
duction plans handed down from the state German scarcities, much of the economic
planning commissions have been scrapped movement has been in quantity adjustments.
in all four countries I visited, such govern­ Since East German workers are unwilling to
ment interference is still common. When a take wage cuts and their productivity is
Czechoslovakian government official told lower than in West Germany, unemploy­
me that farms did not need to be reorganized ment is soaring. After price reforms began in
because farm managers have had the right Poland, it took about six months to reach 5
to do this for the last eight years, I replied percent unemployment, and it looks as
that one farm manager had told me govern­ though Polish unemployment will be less
ment officials had blocked his reorganization than 10 percent at year’s end. In East Ger­
plans until just a few months ago. The many a 5 percent rate was reached in just
bureaucrat’s reply was simply, “What was three weeks, and a rate of 20 to 40 percent
the name of that manager?”
is expected by December.
A telling example of “weak” property
It is difficult to assess the overall response

A

10

to marketization, yet I saw many instances
of entrepreneurial activity. On an East Ger­
man collective farm, a young section leader
had seen that the farm’s repair shop employ­
ing 50 mechanics was underused and that
the farm had a surplus of trucks. He had
initiated a program of buying used cars in
Hamburg (West Germany), having the
farm’s mechanics repair them, and then
reselling them to East Germans. With the
excess trucks, he had started a rural taxi
service. His boss, the collective farm chair­
man, was a handwringer who was doing
nothing, so the young entrepreneurs on the
farm were planning the East German equiva­
lent of a leveraged buyout.
In Czechoslovakia I spoke with a collec­
tive farm chairman who had discovered a
peculiar niche market in West Germany, a
market for what were called “ecochickens”—poultry raised according to
sound ecological principles. When I noted
that wrapping the chickens in cellophane
was not such a good idea because his
customers would also demand an eco-wrapping, the chairman immediately whipped
out a notebook, wrote this down, and
thanked me for the commercial tip.
y contrast I also saw total passivi­
ty and confusion. One East Ger­
man collective farm was in terri­
ble shape. Its capital stock was
depleted and it owed the banks $40 million.
It was using technologies current a halfcentury ago, and its managers had no plans
for meeting the market. When I suggested
that they would be bankrupt within a week
of the currency union, I was told that this
would be impossible because East Germany
had no bankruptcy laws. It pained me to tell
them that such laws would soon be in place.
In Bulgaria I asked the manager of a
greenhouse that grew only roses and carna­
tions just how she determined the proper
mix of the two flowers to bring to market.
Even though she gained a higher profit from
carnations, she did not believe it would be
useful to plant more of them. She explained
that roses had been the original source of
income for the farm, and she saw no reason
to change. She had a lot to learn about
functioning in a market economy.
Marketization also implies competition,
and since most of the enterprises in these
countries are very large, they must be broken
up into their components, which would then
compete against each other. Although this
seems obvious, the government bureaucrats
with whom I discussed the problem had
little understanding of what should be done.
Farmers were terrified of being caught be­
tween a state monopolist seller of inputs and

B

SWARTHMORE COLLEGE BULLETIN

t?»jkptiJïaiOfc V

a state monopsonist buyer of their products.
In Czechoslovakia farms were planning to
process their own products and to produce
many of their own inputs, but given world
trends in these technologies, such small in­
put production or processing cannot achieve
economies of scale.
Dyckerhoft.
In Bulgaria some large farms are refusing
Escaaa ..
to sign any contracts with the state buying
FAG Kugel4'
Feidmur
agencies. They are storing their produce,
Fiachgla
trying to precipitate a food crisis in autumn
Fuchs F
so as to force these state purchasing agencies
Bihdtr
E>M1'
to raise their prices. Although such a tactic
is quite understandable to obtain higher
prices, it also invites governmental interfer­
ence in their internal affairs.
With the exception of East Germany, I
do not believe that these economies will
achieve functioning market systems very
quickly. For the Soviet Union, it will be
ar
even more difficult because of greater ideo­
ig Holding
logical reticence. For instance, even in
Voiding
March 1990, the new law allowing the
'Wm
mm
création of private farms never mentioned
the term “private property.” In other parts
of Eastern Europe, by way of contrast to the
Soviet Union, the major political forces all
seemed determined to move toward
1
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__________ 1 4 93
Third World countries. In
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WÊSÊÊBKBSÊBB&.
the worst case, countries such as
many Eastern
Bulgaria, Romania, and the U.S.S.R. w*
European nations may
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not succeed in creating
governments will not be able to gain political
effective market
legitimacy or overcome the massive political
unrest—the politics of anger—that underlies
economies. Their
the mob action that is destabilizing these
level of economic
nations.
I hesitate to predict what will happen
development might not
next in the region. Because events in these
rise above Third World
nations often have multiple meanings, it is
easy to misjudge their significance. But
standards, and they
every morning I rush to my newspaper to
could become “Latin
read about the latest unexpected political
lurch. The evolutionary—and sometimes
Americanized. ” In the
revolutionary—changes will provide a con­
tinuing drama for years to come.
worst case, some may

B r

Frederic L Pryor, professor o f economics, is
currently completing a book on the organi­
zation o f agriculture under Marxist regimes.
NOVEMBER 1990

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iili.

Big and Ugly?
A ll things considered,
the Lang Performing A rts
Center is a very fin e building
by T. Kaori Kitao
Professor o f A rt History
Editor’s Note: New buildings always engen­
der critical comments. No exception is the
Eugene M. and Theresa Lang Performing
Arts Center, scheduled fo r occupancy in
January 1991. Professor T. Kaori Kitao o f
the Department o f Art, a trained architect
and practicing architectural historian, ad­
dressed some o f the building’s critics in an
article in the September 7 Phoenix. Her
article has been adaptedfo r use here, and we
hope it will serve as an invitation to come see
and judge the building fo r itself.

Many will say the new Eugene M. and
Theresa Lang Performing Arts Center is too
big. Maybe it is, maybe it isn’t. It all depends
on what one considers big; and, since bigness
is relative, then in relation to what is it too
big? Yes, the building is big by the norm of
academic buildings on Swarthmore’s cam­
pus; but is it too big? As a theater building,
it is surprisingly compact, especially if one
considers what it holds—two theaters
(which, when combined by lowering a par­
tition, will make one large hall to take the
place of Clothier auditorium), a theater
studio, two dance studios, an art gallery,
plus classrooms and offices.
The building’s designers, Dagit-Saylor
Architects, should therefore be congratu­
lated for ingeniously interlocking spaces and
facilities in a building that packs in so much
so tightly, for the advantageous use of a
sloping site to keep the building’s silhouette
low (matching Martin, well below the cor­
nice of Parrish, and still lower toward Lang),
and for the three-part horizontal articulation
of the facade that makes the building appear
more like an academic building (which it is
essentially) rather than a commercial theater
12

(which it definitely is not). The College
administration is equally to be congratulated
for adhering so responsibly to budgetary
constraints and for so adamantly insisting on
a series of severe reductions in square foot­
age as the design process went forward. In
other words, the Lang Performing Arts
Center is not actually as big as it might have
been, nor does it look as big as it might have
looked.
The comment that a building is “too big”
could mean, on the other hand, that it is too
big for the site rather than for the needs it
was meant to accommodate. What this
criticism really means is that the building is
overscaled for the space, that it looks too big
for the space it occupies. The issue has to do
with the way a building defines the spaces
around it, and in this regard, I claim that the
PAC works superbly well. A smaller build­
ing—say, 30 percent less in height and
breadth—would have been overpowered
by the masses of Parrish and Martin, like a
wimp between two bullies. Previously, with
the low-lying Hall Gym, the area between
Martin, Lang, and Parrish was spatially
amorphous, a nobody’s land. The PAC
completes the lines of academic buildings
that will eventually enclose the quadrangle
established axially by Parrish and Du Pont
—assuming of course that Parrish Annex,
considered a temporary building for decades
and now staked for future demolition, will
eventually be removed. It also provides a
needed closure to the passage up from
Sharpies, itself prolonged and poorly articu­
lated. And above all it creates a clearly
defined entry plaza for the Lang Music
Building, which was previously tucked away
as though in the College’s backyard.
There are those who wouldn’t have any
building in this area, big or small, but this is
a question of siting. I favored this site over
the alternatives, among which were the site
of the old Tarble below McCabe and a site
more or less where Trotter now stands. But
imagine how much more “too big” the PAC
would have been in those locations. We
must remember that it could not be volumetrically smaller, and if it had been broken
into two or three buildings, one of them still
would have been as tall, given the ceiling
requirement of the theater. Moreover, I
would fight hard against any proposal that
would take away more of the big open green
spaces that are the special assets of this
campus. I would hate to see Swarthmore
give up its pastoral setting and become a
suburban development, with buildings
sprawling out all over, with inert, nonde­
script spaces between, and without ample
vistas anywhere. I argue for keeping our

academic buildings close together in order
to keep open fields intact, as any master plan
(if we had one) might suggest. In short, to
use the urban planner’s jargon, I prefer con­
centration to scatteration.
If the PAC is not too big, is it ugly] No,
ugly is not the word, though if something is
too big, it may be ugly—as some think of a
nose. But is the building deformed, rudely
stamped, and curtailed of fair proportion, as
Shakespeare’s Richard III said of himself?
Most likely those who think the building
ugly have its surface treatment in mind
rather than its form. Some prefer more
color, more texture, more slickness; many
prefer more expensive material, like fieldstone or even marble. Yet an expensive
surface treatment is often one way a weak
architect packages a building in order to
cover up poorly conceived architecture.
Dagit-Saylor’s decision to avoid stone facing
was partly economic, but it was also a
wisdom in design. Fieldstone, for example,
would make the building look colossal.
Even “ugliness,” however, is not always
bad. I.M. Pei’s pyramid for the Louvre is
hated by Parisians, but so was the Eiffel
Tower a century ago. They called it “ba­
roque,” meaning grotesque in the day’s
diction. There were many who considered
the Pompidou Center ugly when it was
built; there are fewer of them today. Frank
Furness’ Victorian buildings in Philadelphia,
like the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine
Arts, were thought to be so ugly and were
so hated that most of his 300 buildings were
deliberately demolished in the last halfcentury. Now the dozen or so that survive
are lovingly admired. The PAC is not ugly;
regrettably, it’s not Eiffel or Pei or Furness.
It ain’t that distinguished.
Others would say that though the PAC is
not ugly, it is boring, bland, and utterly
undistinguished. It doesn’t dazzle. To a de­
gree this was intentional; a building that
calls attention to itself—a supercolossal
piece of sculpture—would have been disas­
trous in relation to the buildings around it,
however artistic or attractive on its own. A
building is not an objet d’art; it belongs to
a community of buildings. The architects
evidently and wisely tried hard to make the
building not stand out, to make it fit with
rather than compete with its neighbors.
Hence its buff color, its flat surfaces, and its
inset ornamental motifs—all admittedly part
of the diction of the current Postmodern
style.
The major challenge for the architects
was to make a building with its own identity
that fits the community, no mean task. First,
Please turn to page 55
SWARTHMORE COLLEGE BULLETIN

BRUCE CRATSLEY ’66

R E A C H I N G F O R A R T , N E W Y O R K , 1989

ften I photograph the unseen, things which are not there,
sensations and mysteries. There is a presence in absence.
My camera work is alchemical, creating a visual poetry of
heart, idea, and spirit. Each picture which succeeds is a gift: I am
a channel, imaging my inner and outer world. In photography I
experience magic.—Bruce Cratsley, 1987

O

DEATH IN VENICE

LIDO 198?

SWAR'f HNiORE < O i l ! GE BUJ.JXTJN

ROBERT FERRO AT HOME, 1987

NOVEMBER 1990

(j |
ÈHM
BEACH, ATLANTIC CITY, 1977

16

SWARTHMORE COLLEGE BULLETIN

J H H i
W lB Ê Ê Ê Ê B Ê Ê Ê tÊ Ê SB Ê B m Ê Ê IÊ Ê Ê Ê Ê B Ê m

SWARTHMpRl

BROOKLYN BRIDGE CENTENNIAL, 1983

Bruce Cratsley ’66 studied art history at Swarthmore and the
University of Pennsylvania and photography at the New
School and privately with Lisette Model. He was associated
for 10 years with photography galleries in New York and in
1986 began to pursue photography full time. His one-man
exhibitions have appeared in New York, Philadelphia, London,
Ferrara, and Venice. Cratsley’s works are in collections at the
Bibliothèque nationale in Paris, the Brooklyn Museum, the
New York Public Library, and Harvard University, and a
retrospective of his work will be exhibited in the new gallery
of the Performing Arts Center on campus in late spring.

NOVEMBER 1990

19

The Summer of ’42
“You know, I love this place.. . . ”
Reflections on Swarthmore then and now
I first walked on this campus as a prospective
student in March of 1942.1 remember very
clearly that on my way to a scholarship
interview, I saw chalked on the sidewalk,
“Beware the ides of March!” Instantly I
knew that this was my kind of place.
My first semester at Swarthmore was the
summer semester of 1942.1 remember it as
a hot, sticky summer with lots of thunder­
storms. I never ever again spent a whole
summer in Swarthmore. I sometimes claim,
only partly in jest, that I once spent a
summer in Swarthmore and I once spent a
summer on the Amazon. On the whole the
Amazon was a more comfortable place.
That summer of ’42 we still enjoyed the
last traces of some of the prewar elegance of
Swarthmore: Meals were served by wait­
resses on tables set with real table linen; the
men were required to wear jackets and ties
for the evening meal; peanut butter and
honey were traditional on the table at lunch­
time, and one was expected to mix these
into a rich spread that was wonderfully tasty
on freshly baked biscuits. China cups were
nested together in fours on top of stacks of
saucers. Old “china hands” could dispense
a saucer and a single cup in one grand
sweeping gesture that must have required
hours of secret practice.
Along the walls of the dining room were
bronze plaques, one for each graduating
class, with the names of all the class members
and the class motto.
In the dorms our rooms were cleaned
daily and the beds made for us by maids
who only occasionally commented on our
messier personal habits. In Wharton C sec­
tion, we had single rooms, with one bath­
room for the whole floor. The campus was
still so segregated by gender that when any

woman other than a maid appeared in the
quad, the shout went up: “Fire in the quad!”
Most of this has changed completely. The
dining hall is all cafeteria style; the cups are
stored in large plastic cup racks; peanut
butter and honey can only be found in those
deep stainless-steel cylinders at the condi­
ment table, along with mustard, jelly, may­
onnaise, relish, marmalade, catsup, and three
kinds of gloppy synthetic salad dressing. No
tablecloths, no linen napkins, no waitresses.
I wonder how many years it’s been since
anyone except a returning alumnus has re­
marked on the presence of a woman in
Wharton quad! The maid service is greatly
diminished. I think you have to make your
own bed now. No freshman is allowed the
luxury of a single room. On the other hand,
many of the dorms now have private or
semiprivate baths.
Times change, customs change, people’s
values change. Many of these changes took
place during the war. I went off to the war
in the middle of spring semester ’43. Going
off to war was surprisingly fashionable in
those days, compared to what we saw in the
’60s during Vietnam. I came back in time for
the spring semester of ’46 and finally grad­
uated with the Class of ’49. For me, aca­
demically, going away to be in the service
for almost three years was a great blessing.
Before I went away, I was once told by
Professor Wayne Garrett, after I overslept a
final exam, that I was the worst physics
student he had ever seen. When I came
back, I was ready to settle down and apply
myself, and I did very well and enjoyed my
studies immensely. My brother Clark [’53]
similarly profited from a hitch in the service
before he came to Swarthmore.
For some years I’ve been a Quaker, and

by Paul Mangelsdorf, Jr., ’49

20

I can no longer in good conscience recom­
mend military service as a therapeutic mea­
sure for late bloomers. Training people to
kill other people is something the world can
well do without. But there must be some­
thing equivalent that would help a lot of
people get far more value from their subse­
quent college experience.
I finally came back to the campus for the
third time in fall of 1961, replacing Irv
Dayton ’48, who had just decided to make
his big move to Montana. After the third
time, I never left, except for summers and a
few sabbatical leaves. And I’m not planning
to leave now. You’ll find me here for quite
a few years yet.
As I say, over these past 48 years, I have
seen a fair number of changes in this College.
It used to be that parents picked the colleges
to which they sent their children. My father,
a professor at Harvard, came here to give a
Cooper Foundation lecture. He came home
and announced that he had found the place
where I should go to college, so I applied
here and that was that. No backup, or
maybe Harvard was my backup, I can’t
recall exactly.
How things change! None of our four
children was interested in my suggestions as
to where they should go to college. The
kinds of things that might make a college
attractive to parents are not the same kinds
of things that would make a college attrac­
tive to a prospective student. Parietal rules,
firm discipline, in loco parentis, were good
selling points as long as the parents were
doing the picking. No more, no more!
What about the educational experience
here at Swarthmore? Has that changed too?
I think so, and I think it has changed in ways
that have not all been for the best. I think
one of the worst influences has been the
emergence of Swarthmore as a name insti­
tution with very high public ratings. When
many of us were students, nobody outside
the immediate area had ever heard of Swarth­
more (“Swarthmore? Isn’t that a girls’
school?”). We knew that it was one of the
best places in the country, but it was a wellkept secret that gave us a lot of pleasure and
satisfaction. Nowadays the students all know
that Swarthmore is supposed to be the best
and that all kinds of very bright people get
turned down by our Admissions Office. No
freshman can believe that he or she actually
belongs here or is really good enough to be
here.
So there’s a lot more anxiety than there
used to be. I remember looking over my
freshman classmates and thinking that the
women seemed very bright, but it looked as
though the College was admitting anything
in trousers that applied. I later found that
22

was not quite true, but it was a very comfort­
ing thought.
One consequence of this anxiety is that
it’s very hard to get people, especially fresh­
men, to ask questions in class. Almost
everyone’s afraid to demonstrate ignorance
in front of classmates or to question the
authority of the instructor. Perhaps also the
TV experience has accustomed people to
passive reception of information and ideas.
In any case it’s too bad. One thing that really
impressed Dad about Swarthmore when he
lectured here was that at Swarthmore the
students asked questions, unlike his own
Harvard students. He was very disappointed
when he came back about 15 years ago to
give another lecture and nobody asked a
question. Needless to say, I too was very
disappointed.
Another odd thing that may discourage
questions is that a great many more instruc­
tors nowadays are teaching courses in par­
ticular academic specialties that they have
thoroughly mastered. Too much mastery by
the instuctor leaves many students turned
off. There’s a lot more natural student inter­
est in a topic that’s new and unexplored,
where the students can quickly get beyond
the instructor’s competence. A course with
two instructors who disagree is also attrac­
tive for the same reason: Where authority
falters or is challenged, student initiative is
aroused.
It might even be advantageous if seminar
instructors were often teaching outside their
specialty, even outside their discipline. The
first time I ever taught quantum mechanics
I was scared to death. It had been one of my
weakest subjects in graduate school. I was
barely competent to put together the weekly
assignments. But the students taught them­
selves, and they taught me! Two members of
the seminar got Highest Honors and went
on to illustrious careers centered on the
seminar material, and another member of
the seminar received a MacArthur Fellow­
ship for her work in an area she first
encountered in that seminar.
I really think there ought to be more place

hen I first
came here as a
student, people had to
go off campus for sex,
for alcohol, and for
chamber music.

in the educational process for the inspired
amateur who’s trying out a subject for the
first time, and I think that was, in fact, more
common in the old days. I was amazed to
read in the biography of Jesse Herman
Holmes, better known to our elders as
“Ducky,” that he jumped from teaching
science at George School to teaching philos­
ophy and religion at Swarthmore with the
benefit of only one intervening year at
Oxford to bone up. What would our Philos­
ophy Department say today if someone
came along with credentials of that sort!
Similarly, the admissions process nowa­
days doesn’t leave much room for the aca­
demic nonconformist. You have to be a
good student all the way through high
school with plenty of extracurricular achieve­
ment to make it past the first cut. I doubt
that my own high-school record would have
passed muster today. My brother Clark had
a really disastrous high-school record, but,
with the connivance of Dean Everett Hunt,
we managed to shoehorn him into the Class
of 1953, in which he finally graduated as the
McCabe Award winner—the outstanding
engineer. And he went on to get a doctorate
at M.I.T. and to teach engineering here and
later at the University of Pittsburgh. In fact,
one of our current engineering faculty
members was a graduate student with Clark
at Pittsburgh. I don’t think our Admissions
Office could take that kind of gamble
today—simply because there are too many
good applicants with really superior highschool records.
I don’t mean to sound as though every­
thing is going downhill around here. Things
change, but many things change for the
better. For instance, take the tri-college
shuttle. There’s a free shuttle bus running to
Haverford and Bryn Mawr every daytime
hour during the semester so that all the
specialized courses at those other two col­
leges are available to our students. Bryn
Mawr has a wonderful program in geology
and geochemistry, of which a number of our
students have been able to take advantage.
And many students from those places take
courses here.
When the Blue Route is finished, the
travel time between here and the Main Line
will be cut to about 15 minutes, making that
shuttle even more useful. Yes, the Blue
Route is coming! You can see it actually
taking shape across the Crum Valley. I
thought it never would. The first semester I
taught here, Clark and I went over to
Marple-Newtown High School to attend
the public presentation of the final plans for
the Blue Route. I have joined protest hikes
along that route all the way from Eddystone
up to Route 30 in Radnor. I have spent a
SWARTHMORE COLLEGE BULLETIN

“There ought to be more place in the educational process fo r the inspired am ateur w ho’s trying out
a subject fo r the fir s t time, ” says Professor Paul M angelsdorf Jr., ’49, who retired last June.

whole academic career at Swarthmore
under the threat of that Blue Route. Now
that I’m retiring, it’s about to materialize.
On the whole I don’t think it is as bad for
the campus as, say, the Dutch elm disease,
but maybe when they start running those big
coal trucks over it, I’ll change my mind.
Another thing that has greatly improved
on this campus is music. Last year at an
occasion honoring Peter Gram Swing, I
remarked that when I first came here as a
student, people had to go off campus for sex,
for alcohol, and for chamber music. That
was stretching a point because Dr. Dresden’s
Monday night gatherings were barely off
campus, certainly not as far away as Plushie’s, the beer joint over on the Pike. I don’t
know where people went for sex! Wasn’t
that the whole idea? “No Sin at Old Swarth­
more!”
Anyhow, we have marvelous chamber
music these days, and all other kinds of
music as well. The Lang Music Building has
managed to provide the focus for an enor­
mous amount of musical talent. Those prac­
tice rooms upstairs are heavily used, and not
just by music majors. Three of our graduat­
ing seniors, especially, have contributed reNOVEMBER 1990

peatedly to our musical offerings. Ossie
Borosh, our star pianist, who came here as
a former student of the late Lili Kraus, is
going on to the Juilliard School in New
York. Baird Dodge, our concertmaster, dem­
onstrated in his senior recital that he can
switch readily from violin to viola and back
again with complete sureness of touch. He
graduated as a chemistry major, but this
next year he will be playing with the Dela­
ware Symphony in Wilmington. Phyllis
Fuchsman, our principal oboist, will be
going to graduate school in environmental
studies. For each of these students, and for
many others, Swarthmore has provided a
unique opportunity for a complete liberal
arts education combined with musical study
and performance at the conservatory level.
Here at Swarthmore and, so far as I can tell,
only at Swarthmore can students pursue
both aims fully without having to make a
choice.
In quite another vein, Roger Smith, who
just graduated as an English major, has
enriched the airwaves with his scholarly
weekly broadcasts from WSRN-FM of
American popular music from the ’20s and
’30s—the heyday of Tin Pan Alley. One of

Roger’s finest shows was his tribute to Irving
Berlin the morning after Berlin’s death was
announced. It surpassed any of the tributes
the networks were doing, even though one
of the WSRN turntables began to misbehave
right in the middle of the show. I might add
that Roger graduated with High Honors and
was elected to Phi Beta Kappa.
Over the years we have accumulated
quite a number of buildings that weren’t
here when I graduated. Willets Dormitory
on the terrace where the College peony
collection used to live. Du Pont Science
Building where the old fobtball field used to
be—the old football field, not the old, old
football field that was right behind Trotter,
where Hicks and Papazian can now be
found. Sharpies Dining Hall, which my
children disapproved of because it was
planted in the middle of the best sledding
slope on campus—but later on two of them
had their first paid jobs on the serving lines
there. McCabe Library where the old
Somerville Gym and swimming pool used
to be—I love that library. The Lang Music
Building—on the outside it looks like a
piece of the Maginot Line, but inside it’s
wonderful. I love the Underhill Music Li­
brary too. The old Cutting Collection of 78
RPM records has expanded to about 10
times the shelf space in LP records—about
40 times as much recorded music available
as there used to be.
Do any of the men here remember
Blanche Devereux and the men’s infirmary
in F section of Wharton? Now there’s the
Worth Health Center, coed of course, with
a full-time professional nursing staff, over by
the tulip trees behind where the old library
used to be. That old library building was
converted to the Tarble Social Center, but it
burned down in 1983 in the most spec­
tacular fire I have ever seen. That silenced
the bells in the clock tower until last year,
when the bells finally returned to ring out
the hours and quarter hours from a new
home in Clothier tower. The rest of the
social center came over to Clothier even
earlier, three floors of activities cleverly
tucked into that vast space where we used
to have Collection, movies, concerts, and
plays. Compulsory Collection expired about
1967: The student body had grown too large
to fit into Clothier and too rebellious to put
up with anything compulsory.
Now I’ve gotten out of strict chronologi­
cal order because after the Worth Health
Center, and long before the new Tarble in
Clothier, we had the new Mertz dormitory
down on the lower campus alongside Ches­
ter Road. Three new buildings that I don’t
have clearly fixed in my time frame are the
Please turn to p age 55

23

COLLEGE

Presidential search,
Swarthmore style:
intense, quiet debate
In small groups across the
campus, in Parrish parlors and
in faculty living rooms,
Swarthmore’s presidency is
the subject of intense but quiet
examination and debate.
What kind of president should
replace David Fraser when he
leaves Swarthmore next sum­
mer? The question has en­
gaged members of the Board
of Managers and the Presiden­
tial Search Committee since
Fraser announced his resigna­
tion last May, and now it has
come to occupy many seg­
ments of the College com­
munity.
A September 14 letter from
the committee to the entire
College community proposed
six key characteristics desired
in Swarthmore’s new presi­
dent. These include strong
academic credentials, unques­
tioned integrity, leadership
and communication skills,
strong interest in fostering a
culturally and racially diverse
community, visibility, accessi­
bility, and excellent interper­
sonal skills. These traits have
become a starting point for the
campus wide discussion.
To solicit faculty perspec­
tives, a series of informal
small-group dialogues be­
tween faculty, Board, and
Search Committee members
has been held. English litera­
ture Professor Philip Wein­
stein, one of three faculty
members on the committee,
said that “while no clear-cut
composite of an ideal candi­
date has emerged from these
meetings, many faculty mem­
bers concurred with the com­
mittee’s feeling that a strong
academic background would
be useful.”
Students have been in­
cluded in the process through

the student members of the
committee, seniors Naomi
Fisher and Sameer Ashar. The
two have been in close con­
tact with a wide range of stu­
dent leaders, asking for their
assessment of Swarthmore’s
needs over the next 10 years
and of how the new president
might help fulfill them. An
October 4 open meeting be­
tween students and members
of the Search Committee was
attended by more than 40 stu­
dents. Fisher said that students
seemed particularly concerned
about questions of cultural
and racial diversity, the future
of the Honors Program, and
the need for better communi­
cation between students and
top administration.
According to committee
chair Samuel L. Hayes III ’57,

the committee had received
“several hundred” nomina­
tions by early October and
would continue to consider
new nominations throughout
the process. Committee mem­
bers are also contacting more
than 100 additional sources
—college presidents, deans,
heads of foundations, etc.
—in their search for the best
candidates. They hope to pre­
sent a final recommendation
to the Board of Managers by
March 2, but Hayes said that
“there is no firm commitment
to this date. If we don’t have a
right recommendation to
make at that time, we will
keep the search open until we
do.”
The consulting firm of
SpencerStuart Inc. has been
engaged to help with the
details of the search. It will
gather information for the
committee and advise on the
process, but, Hayes empha­

sized, “the consultants will not
screen candidates, nor have
they been involved in devel­
oping the profile of the kind
of president we are looking
for.” This is in contrast to the
role of search consultants at
many other institutions, where
the consulting firm often does
the initial screening of candi­
dates for the committee. “We
are looking at every single one
of the nominations,” said
Hayes.
Alumni are invited to sub­
mit nominations to any mem­
ber of the committee, or to its
executive secretary, Constance
Ridgeway, at the College.
Periodic progress reports will
be issued by the Search Com­
mittee, and it is expected
that—within a framework
that guarantees the confiden­
tiality of candidates—a lively
debate over Swarthmore’s
next president will continue
until a decision is made.

JONATHAN WILSON

ï

N ancy Ham lett, associate professor o f biology (right),
w orks with D enise Dittrich o f Strath H aven H igh School
(left) a n d L akiesha D ixon o f Chester H igh School
(center) preparing laboratory bacteria cultures to fre eze
f o r later testing. Dittrich and D ixon were am ong eight
students and three high-school teachers who spent the

sum m er participating in the second y ea r o f the Science
Laboratory S u m m er Research Program. F unded by a
$900,000 grant fro m the H ow ard H ughes M edical
Institute, the program is aim ed at encouraging students,
particularly minorities and women, to enter careers in re­
search and teaching in medicine and the biological sciences.

SWARTHMORE COLLEGE BULLETIN

E

C

Four staff
vacancies filled
Vacancies left by the depar­
ture of four College adminis­
trators were filled over the
summer.
Claire Sawyers has been
named director of the Scott
Arboretum, replacing Judith
Zuk, who accepted the posi­
tion of director of the Brook­
lyn Botanic Garden.
Before coming to Swarthmore, Sawyers assisted in
garden management at the
Mount Cuba Center for the
Study of Piedmont Flora in
Greenville, Del., for seven
years. Prior to that she was a
teaching and research assistant
in the Horticulture Depart­
ment of Purdue University.
She has worked in gardens all
over the world, including
Belgium, France, and Japan.
Sawyers earned a bachelor
of science degree with distinc­
tion and a master of agricul­
ture in horticulture degree
from Purdue and also holds a
master’s degree in ornamental
horticulture from the Longwood Gardens/University of
Delaware Graduate Program.
Joseph Mason was named
assistant dean and director of
the Black Cultural Center,
replacing Patricia Darrah,
who left to develop a special­
ized education program for
inner city children. A doctoral
candidate at the Bryn Mawr
College Graduate School of
Social Work and Social
Research, he was most re­
cently a research assistant to
the dean of the Bryn Mawr
Graduate School. Mason was
previously an adjunct faculty
member at Bryn Mawr, as
well as at the School of Social
Work of Virginia Common­
wealth University in Rich­
mond.
Mason received a bache­
lor’s degree in sociology from
Haverford College and a mas­
ter of social service/master of
law and social policy degree
from Bryn Mawr.

NOVEMBER 1990

Claire Sawyers

O

L

L

E

Jeffrey Lott has been ap­
pointed associate director of
publications and managing
editor of the Swarthmore
College Bulletin.
For the last two years he
has been with Varia, a
pleasure-reading magazine
for physicians, first as special
projects editor and then as
senior editor. Prior to that he
was director of publications
and public relations at Episco­
pal Academy in Merion, Pa.
Lott earned a bachelor of
arts degree from Middlebury
College and a master of arts in
teaching degree from the
Rhode Island School of
Design.
Deborah Gauck ’90 has
been named assistant to the
deans and coordinator of
CIVIC, the campus volunteer
program. She will help admin­
ister programs funded by the
Swarthmore Foundation (see
inside front cover) and other
campus volunteer programs.
While pursuing a bachelor’s
degree in psychology with a
concentration in women’s
studies, she spent her under­
graduate years at Swarthmore
working with rape-crisis,
domestic-abuse, and abortion
centers in Philadelphia.
While a student Gauck re­
ceived several grants from the
Swarthmore Foundation to
work in Chester, Pa., as an
intern and as a court advocate
with Women Organized
Against Rape.

Former Art Department
chair Hediey Rhys dies

Jeffrey Lott

Hedley Rhys, professor emeri­
tus of art history, died Sep­
tember 26 after several years
of failing health. He was 80.
An authority on the Ameri­
can impressionist painter
Maurice Prendergast, he came
to Swarthmore in 1948 and
was chairman of the Art His­
tory Department from 1970
until his retirement in 1976.
Professor Rhys was born in
Wales and came to America

G

E

in the early 1920s. He served
as director of the Works Prog­
ress Administration art pro­
gram for the state of West
Virginia from 1935 to 1938
before earning a B.A. from .
West Virginia University. He
also held an A.M. and a
Ph.D. from Harvard.
An art critic for The Phila­
delphia Inquirer in the 1950s,
Professor Rhys was respon­
sible for the 1960 Cooper
Foundation symposium on art
and science and was editor of
the subsequent book, Seven­
teenth Century Science and
the Arts.

Program attracts
minority scholarsin-residence
Swarthmore is hosting two
scholars as part of the second
year of the Minority Scholarin-Residence Program initiated
by member schools of the
Consortium for a Strong
Minority Presence at Liberal
Arts Colleges.
John Alston, a predoctoral
student in music, has joined
the Music and Dance Depart­
ment, and Yevette Richards, a
predoctoral student in Ameri­
can studies, is in the History
Department.
The program is designed to
encourage African-American
and Hispanic-American schol­
ars to teach at liberal arts col­
leges—institutions that fre­
quently lose out to the large
and wealthy research univer­
sities in bidding for the rela­
tively small pool of minority
scholars. Two types of fellow­
ships are awarded: dissertation
(predoctoral) fellowships for
scholars who have completed
all the requirements for the
Ph.D. or M.F.A. except the
dissertation, and postdoctoral
fellowships for scholars who
have recently been awarded
their degrees.
The program’s first year, in
which 13 fellows were placed
at 11 member schools, was
highly successful. Eight of

25

E

the first fellows have been of­
fered appointments to tenuretrack positions, three have
been given additional oneyear teaching appointments at
their host colleges, and two
have returned to graduate
work.
The consortium evolved
out of a conference on recruit­
ment and retention of minori-

c

ty students at liberal arts col­
leges held at Swarthmore in
1987. It now includes 26
schools. The fellowship pro­
gram was the first consortium
project to be launched. A sec­
ond project began last winter
when a joint recruitment bro­
chure was sent to thousands
of minority high-school stu­
dents throughout the country.

071486028321

Janus guards the
College larder
Larry Schall ’75 remembers
Catherine Lucas, who stood at
the top of the Sharpies Dining
Hall stairs, a latter-day Janus,
the Roman god of entrances
and gates. Among her other
duties, Catherine handed out
the steak tickets on Saturday
nights.
Like Janus, Catherine
seemed to have eyes in the
back of her head. “You could
get a ticket,” recalls Schall,
“then go down to the dining
hall, change your jacket or
hat, and come back disguised
to try for another one, but
she’d always catch you. She
knew every face and every
name, and there was no way
to get through the line twice.”
Catherine retired in 1978,
and Larry is now Swarthmore’s associate vice president
for facilities and services. But
you still can’t go through the
line twice.
Today’s Janus is different.
It’s a computer located in the

26

offices of Morrison’s Custom
Management, the College’s
food service. And its “Cathe­
rines” are magnetic card read­
ers located at the checkouts in
all College dining facilities—
in Sharpies, in Mary Lyon,
and in the snack bar at Tarble
in Clothier. Each student now
carries a credit-cardlike ID
card, which, in the parlance of
our age, is “swiped” through
the magnetic reader. Once
your card is swiped, the com­
puter will bar you from eating
again at that meal, no matter
how clever your disguise.
The system, installed this
fall, is more than just a gate­
keeper, however. What it
means for students is that they
can miss the early breakfast at
Sharpies and still get a mid­
morning snack at Tarble. Or
they can skip the dining hall
dinner and still get a compara­
bly valued meal at Tarble as
late as 1:00 a.m.
In addition to the magnetic
strip, the photographic student
ID cards carry a bar code like

L

E

the ones found on magazines
and cereal boxes. By Sep­
tember 1991 this machinereadable code will be used by
the tri-college library system
to track book circulation.
According to Schall, future
uses of the new card might
include bookstore charges or
even electronic entry control
at College dormitories.
Swarthmore students have
accepted the system with a
minor amount of grumbling in
the pages of The Phoenix, and
Schall reports a “much
smoother than anticipated”
transition. Yet in a college
where the mail is still de­
livered by name instead of
box number and where stu­
dents did not even have ID
numbers until about 1980, it’s
a significant change.
Catherine Lucas, by the
way, has a room named for
her in Sharpies. It is doubtful
that the computer will receive
a similar honor.

G

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South Africa
divestment
is completed
As of September 30, Swarth­
more completed its with­
drawal of investment in all
U.S. corporations doing busi­
ness in South Africa. The
divestment follows a March
1986 policy decision by the
Board of Managers that
pledged the College to full
divestment in a financially
prudent manner if apartheid
were not ended.
The Investment Committee
of the Board estimates that the
divestment policy will cost
Swarthmore about a third of
one percent in lower return on
the approximately $175 mil­
lion in domestic equity securi­
ties held by the College. The
College’s 1990-91 budget,
based on then-current market
values, reflects this lower
return. It shows a divestment
cost this year of $639,000,
according to Suzanne Welsh,
College treasurer.

Victory.. . . R obert Williams, professor and chair o f physical education a nd
athletics, a n d the G arnet cheerleaders pose during H om ecom ing with the
C ollege’s latest acquisition in the team-spirit line— a victory bell that once
graced the World W ar IIL ib e rty Ship S.S. Swarthmore Victory. A lthough
the details o f the sh ip ’s history are m urky, the bell cam e to the College fro m
the U.S. M aritim e A dm inistration thanks to the sharp eye o f M a rk Schlefer,
a maritime lawyer and husband o f M arion K in g Schlefer ’45. Schlefer
spotted the C ollege’s nam esake ship on a list o f m othballed vessels about
to be scrapped and contacted Sw arthm ore administrators. The bell was
buffed to restore its brass, a set o f wheels was built to m a ke it mobile, and
now it is used to signal a College victory in all intercollegiate sports.

SWARTHMORE COLLEGE BULLETIN

It was in the cards
Card trick leads to mathematical discovery fo r David Bayer ’77
“ It was like Andy Warhol’s 15
minutes, but mine was about
five,” says David Bayer ’77 of
the spurt of publicity he and
his collaborator enjoyed for
their discovery that it takes
seven ordinary shuffles of a
deck of cards to mix the deck
thoroughly. News of the dis­
covery appeared in The N ew
York Times, then in Time,
R eader’s Digest, Seventeen,
and even in D e r Spiegel in

Germany. Bayer even man­
aged to squeeze an appear­
ance on G ood M orning
A m erica into his five minutes
of fame.
Bayer, an associate profes­
sor of mathematics at Barnard
College, collaborated on the
shuffling study with Dr. Persi
Diaconis, a Harvard mathe­
matician and statistician. Dr.
Diaconis first interested Bayer
in the mathematical problem.
“ Persi’s a magician— he’s been
a magician longer than he’s
been a mathematician. So he’s
always had an interest in both
cards and mathematics, and in
how people use cards,” Bayer
explains. In a lecture at
Columbia, Diaconis specu­
lated that seven shuffles would
be necessary to mix a deck of
cards, and he explained a card
trick that took advantage of
the fact that a deck of cards is
not well-mixed after only a
few shuffles. Bayer was in­
trigued by the trick and tried
to simulate it on his computer:
“ It was sheer play; I had no
belief whatsoever that it
would lead to anything that
would allow me to be con­
sidered a productive mathe­
matician.” While working on
the program, he talked to Dia­
conis about the shuffling prob­
lem, and in the course of their
conversation they came up
with an idea about how they
could prove that Diaconis’
speculation was correct.
That idea resulted in a
“ truly absurd and longwinded” proof, but once
Bayer and Diaconis had a

46

better idea of what they were
aiming for, they were able to
come up with shorter and
shorter proofs. “ Now it’s actu­
ally something you can show
someone in five minutes. We
were kind of amused and
amazed that no one had
thought of it before.”
Bayer explains what
happens in shuffling by com­
paring it to other “ mixing
phenomena.” “ Say you have a
huge bowl that’s filled with
lots of tiny beads. And say
half of them are black beads
and half are white beads. You
get in there with a canoe pad­
dle and you start swirling
around with the paddle. First
you’ve got these big swirls
going around, and the more
you stir, the tighter the swirls
get. As you keep stirring, all
of a sudden you’re going to
reach a point where it starts to
look like all the swirls dis­
solved into each other, and it
w ill look gray. It’sjust like
cards. The mixing is gradual
from some points of view, but
it takes place quite suddenly
from the point of view of per­
ception, and this effect can be
quantified mathematically.
Seven shuffles is the closest
whole number to where this
really radical perception
change takes place. If you
were to keep shuffling further,
you could get them closer and
closer to perfectly mixed. You

could shuffle 41 times, and the
42nd would make it imper­
ceptibly better, but the sev­
enth shuffle is the last one that
makes it perceptibly better.”
The experiences of bridge
players gave Diaconis and
Bayer one early indication
that they were right that cards
usually weren’t shuffled
enough to ensure good mix­
ing. “ When the best bridge
players started seeing com­
puter-generated hands in
tournaments, they felt that the
computer wasn’t shuffling the
cards right because the hands
they were getting were dif­
ferent from the hands they
would deal themselves. So
they logically suspected the
computer of being the odd
man out. But we believed the
computer’s method of ran­
domizing the deck was work­
ing, so it drew suspicion on
the way people did it.”
So it seemed only fair that
bridge players saw immediate
benefits from Bayer and Dia­
conis’ finding. “ I still get
phone calls from bridge play­
ers saying, ‘We started shuf­
fling seven times, and it really
makes a difference.’ You
might guess that more evenly
mixed hands would be more
balanced, but in fact that’s
totally backwards. Turns out
that the most interesting
bridge hands are the ones with
the wildest distribution of

cards— somebody gets 11
hearts, that kind of thing. The
act of playing bridge leaves
the cards too uniform, and
shuffling seven times breaks
them up so that they’re truly
random, leaving more room
for truly exciting, oddball
hands. So when people
shuffled seven times in bridge,
they got more exciting hands.”
How does this effect the
odds at gambling? Could you
use this information to make a
killing at the casino? It’s pos­
sible. “ People have been using
card sequencing for years to
make lots of money at black­
jack,” Bayer says, and he goes
on to explain. “ What some­
times people do is they’ll
memorize 20 cards in a row.
Then the dealer shuffles, but
the dealers shuffle very poorly
because their main interest is
getting the game on. If they
take 10 minutes for shuffling,
that’s 10 minutes when they’re
not making any money. So
you watch for a sequence of
cards, and say you see one of
the cards you know before a
dealer’s down card, and then
you see another one you
know after the dealer’s down
card, and there’s one missing
in between, then you know
what the dealer’s down card
is. O f course, to do it well you
have to know a dozen things
like that.”
But rest assured, the house
isn’t taking advantage of you
by not shuffling the necessary
seven times. Bayer explains,
“ If you can’t tell what’s going
on and they can’t tell what’s
going on, then it’s random
enough to fool both of you.”
Think mathematics and
you don’t usually think of
card tricks, gambling, and
bridge playing— but Bayer
enjoyed working with some­
thing that people could relate
to. “ Most math and science is
so remote. It’s fun to do some­
thing in which people are
interested.”
— Rebecca A im

SWARTHMORE COLLEGE BULLETIN

Recent Books by Alumni
We welcome review copies o f
books by alumni. The books
are donated to the Swarthmoreana section o f M cCabe
Library after they have been
noted fo r this column.

Emily K. Abel ’64 and
Margaret K. Nelson ’66
(eds.), Circles o f Care: Work
and Identity in W om en’s Lives,

State University of New York
Press, 1990. Focusing on
women who provide care to
children, disabled persons, the
chronically ill, and the frail
elderly, this book explores
what caregiving actually
entails and what it means in
caregivers’ lives.

Peter Bart ’54, Fade

Out: The
Calamitous Final D ays o f
M G M , W illiam Morrow and

Company, Inc., 1990. The
descent of the once-regal
movie powerhouse is chroni­
cled in this inside look into
Hollywood over 20 years: a
time of mergers and junk
bonds, corporate musical
chairs, and the selling off of
the film library and the
company back lot.

controversies, music busi­
nessmen and high-society
groupies, black-tie dinners and
a cathartic rodeo.

DiMaggio ’71, Structures

of
Capital: The Social Organi­
zation o f the Econom y, Cam­

bridge University Press, 1990.
Written for sociologists and
other scholars approaching the
subject for the first time, this
volume represents a wide
range of perspectives on the
sociology of economic life and
presents both a broad over­
view and empirically based
accounts of significant aspects
of economic organization, be­
havior, or change.

Lois Fishman ’72, et al.,
Spain 1990: A B antam Travel
Guide, Bantam Books, 1990.
From Picasso’s G uernica to
the cocina nueva, from the

flamenco to the 1992 Olym­
pics, Spain is one of the hot­
test travel destinations in the
world today. This guidebook
offers tips on hotels and res­
taurants, priorities, language,
and more.

i

L. Nakhimovsky, M. Lamotte,
and J. (Jacques) JoussotDubien '49, H andbook o f
L ow Temperature Electronic
Spectra o f Polycyclic A romatic
Hydrocarbons, Elsevier, 1989.

Compiled for a variety of
researchers in the field of
photophysics, this collection
contains highly resolved low
temperature absorption spec­
tra of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbon molecules.

Richard Martin ’67 and
Harold Koda, Splash! A
History o f Swim wear, Rizzoli,
1990. This book is more than
a chronicle of the attire worn
to the beach or pool in our
century, for clothing reveals—
in every way— a great deal
about our encounter with the
water.

Rachel T. (Thies) HareMustin ’49 and Jeanne

Sharon J. Gates and Pekka
A. Mooar ’75 (eds.), Ortho­

Marecek (eds.), M a k in g a
Difference: Psychology and
the Construction o f Gender,

paedics and Sports M edicine
fo r Nurses: Comm on Problems
in M anagem ent, Williams &

Row, 1989. Citing tales of dis­
covery and disillusionment,
this study charts the slow pro­
gress of science toward an un­
derstanding of radiation in all
its manifestations and tells of
the countless mistakes, poten­
tially dangerous accidents, and
cruel experiments along the
way.

Yale University Press, 1990.
In this book five leaders in
feminist psychology pose new
questions that go beyond cur­
rent debates about how men
and women differ. Arguing
that most differences between
women and men are created
by society, they challenge psy­
chologists to direct attention
to the social relations through
which psychological knowl­
edge is created.

Wilkins, 1989. This guide for
clinicians brings together rele­
vant, significant orthopaedic
information from medicine
and nursing about prevention
and risk reduction as well as
about disease detection and
treatment.

John Diebold ’49,

Joseph Horowitz ’70,

Catherine Caufield ’71, M ul­
tiple Exposures: Chronicles o f
the R adiation A ge, Harper &

The Inno­
vators: The Discoveries,
Inventions, and Breakthroughs
o f O ur Time, Truman Talley

Books, 1990. This is a book of
high adventure that takes the
reader to the scenes of dis­
covery where small groups of
now-famous innovators made
some of the most astonishing
technological breakthroughs
of modern times.

50

Sharon Zukin and Paul

The
Ivory Trade: M usic and the
B usiness o f M usic at the Van
Cliburn International Piano
Competition, Summit Books,

1990. In addition to proposing
steps to make music competi­
tions more benign, the author
focuses on the Eighth Van
Cliburn International Piano
Competition— an event
crammed with concerts and

Bela Balassa and Marcus
Noland ’81, Japan in the
World Econom y, Institute for
International Economics,
1988. The dramatic growth of
Japan’s role in the world
economy is one of the central
events in the second half of
this century. This book ana­
lyzes how this transformation
occurred, what it means for
the world economy and the
U.S., and what future policy
changes are needed to foster
stability and harmony
between Japan and its eco­
nomic partners.

Rachel Pomerantz (nom de
plume) ’69, W ildflower, Bris­
tol, Rhein & Englander, 1989.
Spread over five years and
two continents, this novel
explores the turbulent per­
sonal lives of a group of
young American Jews who
find their way to Eretz Yisrael
as a result of the great reli­
gious awakening of our times.

Robin Ridington ’62, Little
Bit K now Something: Stories
in a Language o f A nthro­
pology, University of Iowa
Press, 1990. The Dunne-za,
the Beaver Indians of British
Columbia, say that people
who speak from the authority
of their experience “ little bit
know something.” This book
contains stories about this
people’s “ thoughtworld.”

Robert Roper ’68, M exico
Days, Weidenfeld & Nicolson,
1989. A sinister account of
two families locked in the vio­
lence of erotic betrayal, this
novel explores the relationship
between a brother and a sister
trying to understand the
underpinnings of an exotic
reality beyond their grasp.

Constance Schraft ’77,
Instead o f You, Ticknor &

Fields, 1990. In this funny and
touching novel, a younger sis­
ter, following the death of her
older sister, must learn to cope
with her nieces, her parents’
separation, and unwanted
attention from the man next
door.

Donald Stokes ’69 and
Lillian Stokes, A Guide to
Bird Behavior, Vol. Ill, Little,
Brown and Company, 1989.
This book is the third in a
series for bird-watchers.
Unlike the other two, which
feature many common vari­
eties, this one highlights many
species that are hard to watch
and others that are uncom­
mon or rare. The H um m ing­
bird B ook, Little, Brown and
Company, 1989. Everything
you need to know about

SWARTHMORE COLLEGE BULLETIN

U niversities
Under Siege
Continued from page 7
distribution requirements—including the­
ology and social analysis—on all students,,
no matter what profession they are being
trained for. Further, they have required
students to do social work—in impoverished
communities and with popular organiza­
tions. Many of the Jesuits serve as pastors in
small rural villages on weekends. After
working all week in their university posi­
tions, they journey for hours to the country­
side to minister to the needs of their local
campesino congregations.
The UCA had been under attack for these
activities from the beginning. Its printing
facilities had been vandalized or completely
destroyed several times. Its library had been
torched. But the most recent attack on the
UCA was the most devastating. On Novem­
ber 11 the guerrilla offensive began. The
army had the UCA under surveillance from
the beginning of the offensive. The military
school and the army high command are
located only a few blocks away, with a high
observation tower from which the army
could observe goings-on at the UCA around
the clock.
On November 13 Father Ellacuria re­
turned from Spain, where he had received
an award. The army entered the Pastoral
Center and did a complete search of all the
priests’ living quarters. Ellacuria let them in
and accompanied them. They found noth­
ing, though they carefully asked Ellacuria
who slept in each room.
On November 16 at 1:30 a.m., about 50
soldiers entered the university and came for
the Jesuits. One group worked on burning
and destroying the downstairs public areas
using flamethrowers. A smaller group went
upstairs. Again Ellacuria opened the door
for them, but this time they weren’t inter­
ested in searching. They took the six priests
out to the garden, made them lie down on
the grass, and shot them, blowing their
brains out. A little while later, they dis­
covered the priests’ cook and her teenage
daughter and killed them as well.
Students moving past the site of this
tragedy looked no different from students at
a private university in the U.S. If the UES
seemed analogous to Temple, the UCA
seemed analogous to Penn. The gap between
the realities of these students and the national
reality was startling. But it occurred to me
54

that Swarthmore is probably at least as
unreal and that I’m just not struck by the
unreality of Swarthmore because I’m so
accustomed to it. The UCA campus is a
remarkably pretty, serene kind of place,
almost totally insulated from what goes on
outside its walls. Except, of course, for the
murdered priests.
We went next to visit the UCA humanrights office and the documentation center.
Though their leaders were now dead, they
continued to function. The Proceso, the
weekly publication that provides an ongoing
analysis of the political and social situation
in El Salvador, continues to be published.
The Proceso reports on national news and
also reviews what is being said in other
publications, notably U.S. publications of
record like The New York Times and The
Washington Post.
After talking to us about the Proceso, our
informant from the documentation center
described his view about the role of the
university in his country. He said that there
were two roads a university could take. It
could run itself along First World lines, as an
ivory tower that could be located anywhere,
and operate in a way that is completely
abstracted from the reality of its particular
location. Or it could get involved. His own
opinion was that the main function of any
university is to cultivate rationality and its
use. In a country like his, which is so
dominated by irrationality, the university’s
task is to introduce rationality. For this rea­
son it should not be detached.
He spoke simply, matter-of-factly. He
minimized the risk involved in his commit­
ment. He didn’t want credit. He just wanted
to do his work. I was struck once again by
the enormous difference between this place
and the institutions I know back in the
States. Were he to say what he just told us
in a faculty meeting at Swarthmore, he
would probably be attacked, accused of
compromising the integrity of the university.
I found myself wondering how we might
import his understanding of what univer­
sities should be to my country.
For the remainder of my time in El
Salvador, and for much of my time since
returning, I have been thinking about the
Salvadoran government’s war against the
universities. The government knows what
it’s doing. The UES and the UCA are a
threat, perhaps the most serious threat the
government faces. As long as they are
allowed to function freely, and as long as
they remain committed to documenting and
transforming the national reality, no amount
of U.S. military support for the Salvadoran
army will stop the Salvadoran people from
seeking justice. As long as the universities

are committed to teaching people about
their economic and civil rights and to helping
them secure those rights, the Salvadoran
people will not suffer their repression in
silence. And eventually they will prevail.
Unless, of course, they’re all killed.
But both the UCA and the UES are
imperiled. They can survive the destruction
of facilities. They can’t survive the destruc­
tion of people. At the UCA commitment to
social transformation was very much in­
spired and driven by the people at the top.
Now they are all dead. There is no guarantee
that the people who replace these murdered
leaders will be able to marshal sufficient
courage and determination within the com­
munity to continue the project. It’s so much
easier—and safer—just to mind one’s busi­
ness and train the next generation of profes­
sionals.
I asked the university people I spoke to
in El Salvador what private citizens and
academic institutions in the United States
could do to help. And what they told me
was that while they certainly could use
material support, far more important was
moral support. It was the support of visiting
delegations like mine that gave them the
courage to continue their struggle. So we in
the States can help with public declarations
of support. We can help by visiting these
institutions and letting the people working
in them know that we’re behind them, and
letting their enemies know that we’re watch­
ing. We can help by making sure that our
congresspeople know about the attacks on
the universities and by demanding that they
urge an end to U.S. support for the attackers.
We can help by establishing formal relations
between these institutions and our own
academic institutions, maintaining a steady
dialogue through faculty (and perhaps stu­
dent) exchange. And we can help by making
the writings of these fallen leaders available
in English so that their ideas about the
proper social role of the university can gain
a wider audience.
This last activity will help the UCA and
the UES far less than it helps us. For by
learning about why and how universities in
El Salvador have chosen to be a moral force
in their society, universities in the United
States may be sparked to play a similar role
in our own society. And should we manage
to transform ourselves in this way, our
students, our faculty, our institutions, and
our society will be greatly enriched.
Barry Schwartz is professor ofpsychology at
Swarthmore and author o f The Battle for
Human Nature. He has been involved for
four years in work to promote just and
humane U.S. policy directed at El Salvador.
SWARTHMORE COLLEGE BULLETIN

to be here! It’s a privilege I know I haven’t
especially deserved any more than my class­
mates—my fellow alumni. It was just a
matter of luck, and I’ve tried always to value
that privilege as I know any of the rest of
Continued from page 23
you would value it, have tried to represent
squash courts—do those date back to Court­ the rest of you and recognize the rest of you.
ney Smith’s time? And the Tarble Pavilion.
Early on I realized that for all of us
And the Ware Swimming Pool. And I’ve left alumni, Swarthmore is a kind of intellectual
out Dana and Hallowell!
home. This is the one place where we would
Then about 1982 Julien ’30 and Virginia like to have our accomplishments known
Stratton Cornell ’30 gave us the Cornell and recognized, the place where we really
Science Library, which is one of my very like to display our trophies. I’ve seen this
favorite buildings. Shortly after that a new over and over again when alumni come
research wing was added on to Du Pont. back to talk with students and old faculty.
Last year we got a new water tower, and I remember especially how pleased Sandra
some of us watched with great excitement as Moore Faber ’66 was when the news that
the old one was pulled down early one she had just been elected to the National
Sunday morning, with a great satisfying Academy of Sciences came through the very
whoomp as it hit the ground, followed by a day she arrived here to give a lecture on her
great clanging as its conical lid flew off recent astronomical work. Having it cele­
down among the trees in the Crum! And all brated at Swarthmore was the best part.
this building continues.
David Baltimore ’60 came here to talk to
The new Performing Arts Center looms the biology students shortly after he received
on the site of the Hall Gym, replacing the
gym and swimming pool. If its cultural
influence on the campus is in any way
proportional to its size, we are in for a major
cultural renaissance!
You’ll also notice the renovations going
on in Beardsley to make it a tad more
congenial to the studio arts.
Continued from page 12
If you walk down to the Crum, you’ll see the PAC contains such diverse functions. In
that the walkways there have been cleared addition, since it may be approached from
and smoothed and protected against erosion three different directions, three of its four
and also that there’s been a lot of sprucing sides must function as main facades. Finally,
up. One student is responsible for that: Seth three existing structures of entirely different
Major, one of our physics majors in the character are around the building. The three
Class of ’91. Seth organized the cleanup sides, unified by general articulation, are
campaign with the help of other student ingeniously differentiated in surface design
volunteers who come out on Saturday morn­ to echo the neighboring buildings that come
ings about once a semester. Tools and sup­ into view in each of the different approaches.
plies have been provided by the College, but This measure of the PAC’s success, detected
the manpower and womanpower has been only after careful inspection, owes greatly to
supplied by the students.
the architects and deserves our appreciative
Even with all these new buildings, the attention.
College still feels the same as you come up
Note, for example, the variety of fenestra­
Magill Walk, with Clothier looming high on tion on the long side elevation, and note
your left and the front steps of Parrish up how the semicircular stair turret serves as a
ahead looking as welcoming as ever. For focal point for those who approach the
years it gave me an odd sensation to be building from the public parking by Du
walking that way hand-in-hand with one of Pont. It leads them to the corner entrance at
my children, in the same place I had walked the right and along the building to the left.
hand-in-hand with their mother when we Note also how the two left-most bays are
were students. Now occasionally I walk differentiated, not only to reflect the build­
there hand-in-hand with my little grand­ ing’s internal organization but also to prepare
daughter—that’s a really odd sensation!— those who approach the corner—like a hop,
like looking into one of those mirrors in the skip, and jump. Since it would be counter­
barber shop where the reflections seem to go active to emphasize all four facades equally,
on and on as far as you can see.
the architects opted to make the one toward
You know, I love this place. It’s been a Lang the building’s showpiece—and it is. It
rare privilege to live and work here—to is an Italian piazza, and it calls for a fountain.
actually be here full time—to even be paid The facade seen coming up from Sharpies is

Sum m er ’4 2

his Nobel Prize—and I’ll bet that the warm
reception he got here was even more re­
warding than the official ceremonies in
Stockholm.
But this thing works both ways—your
need to share your accomplishments with us
is matched by our need to hear about them.
After all, your accomplishments are the
proof of the pudding, the justification of the
Swarthmore education. What you do out in
the wider world in terms of accomplishment,
and citizenship, and service, and scholarship,
and human betterment—that is what ultimately justifies this little enclave of beauty,
and friendliness, and privileged equality.
Anyway, your deeds and your lives are
what tell us whether this privilege, these
resources have been well used.

Paul Mangelsdorf retired this year as Morris
L. Clothier Professor o f Physics. This article
is adaptedfrom remarks he made to a group
o f alumni during Alumni Weekend 1990.

Big and Ugly?

NOVEMBER 1990

the most “boring” and thus most vulnerable
to criticism, but from this direction it is
viewed trom a low elevation and is thus seen
truncated. It makes sense in that it pays full
obeisance to the venerable Parrish to the
right.
It is my contention that what distinguishes
a great building from a good one is surface
treatment; on the other hand, a good build­
ing distinguishes itself from a mediocre one
by the intelligence of its internal organiza­
tion. Architecture, like politics, is an art of
compromise. If the College cannot afford
great architecture, it is fortunate to have
good architecture, a building that serves its
users well even if it does not take their
breath away. If you cannot afford a Mer­
cedes-Benz, you’d be wiser to get a car that
may look like a box but runs well rather
than something that’s smart-looking but
breaks down easily. The PAC promises to be
functionally supportive, and even dazzling
internally.
All things considered, the PAC is a very
fine building, but it takes time to grow on
you, like a good personality that sometimes
comes without striking looks. Dagit-Saylor
may not grace a cover of Time magazine by
this building, but, to say the least, they have
delivered the money’s worth. Big and ugly
is after all pretty good.
55

ALUMNI COUNCIL
hank you for your ongoing work for Swarthmore and for
taking this weekend not only to renew your understand­
ing of the College but to contribute to shaping its future
through questioning and consultation. Alumni volunteers
make an incredible difference to the strength of the
College in innumerable ways, and you—as admissions representa­
tives, class agents, reunion chairs, and Connections leaders—are an
integral part of this enriching tapestry.”— President David W. Fraser,
Volunteers Training Weekend, September 11-12

T

The Swarthmore College Alumni Association aims “to promote
unity and fellowship among the alumni and to advance the interests
of Swarthmore College.” Among alumni immediately engaged in this
work are officers of the association and members of the Alumni
Council.
We print their names, addresses, and phone numbers below with
the hope that you will get in touch with them when you have
questions, suggestions, or concerns regarding the College. The
Connections chairs would appreciate your suggestions for special
events and your offer to help with them. They very much hope to
see you at the next one in your city. Please use the form provided to
let us hear from you
I
M
,
J
o
C
Sincerely,

A n ^u ^T

Participating in Volunteers Training W eekend in Septem ber were (front row)
R oshini Ponnam perum a ’84, R achel W einberger ’80, Brendan Flynn ’86,
Harriet D ana Carroll ’38, Jessica W iner ’84, D on Fujihira ’69; (second row)
Lisa Nicholas ’81, Kathryn P iffat ’86, M egan Laycock ’86, Virginia M ussari
Bates 73, W illiam Carroll 38.

Elinor Meyer Haupt ’55
President, Swarthmore College Alumni Association

The officers of the Alumni Association and the Alumni Council want to hear from you!
Please write to Elinor Meyer Haupt ’55, president, Swarthmore College Alumni
Association, in care of the Alumni Office, 500 College Avenue, Swarthmore, PA 190811397.
Good people for Alumni Council candidates:_______________________________
Good people for Alumni Managers:
Good people for Nominating Committee:
Fd like to serve as a resource for the Career Planning and Placement Office:
fj Serve as Extern Sponsor
] Talk to students about career opportunities in my field
J Provide leads for summer jobs
j] Participate in a career panel on campus
Your job/career description_________________________________

I wish Alumni Council would do something about:
Signed: name and class.
address_____

Alumni Association Officers & Alumni Council
President
Elinor Meyer Haupt ’55
250 Between-the-Lakes Road
Salisbury, CT 06068
203-824-7851

President Designate
Francis M. James III ’57
15 Graylyn Place Lane
Winston-Salem, NC 27106
919-723-4690

Vice President
Gretchen Mann Handwerger 56
3427 34th Place, NW
Washington, DC 20016
202-966-3826

Michael A. Gross ’64
R.D. I, Box 288
Hughesville, PA 17737
717-584-3324
Deborah Carey Lyons ’70
419 West Union Street
West Chester, PA 19382
215-436-5759
Samuel C. Newbury ’67
7422 Ben Hur Street
Pittsburgh, PA 15208
412-731-9569

Vice President

Jane Martin Newcomer ’45
600 Pleasure Road
Lancaster, PA 17601
717-392-6156

William C. Fredericks ’83
17 West 64th Street, Apt. 2B
New York, NY 10023
212-496-1074

David C. Rowley ’65
401 Strath Haven Avenue
Swarthmore, PA 19081
215-328-0103

Secretary

Zone B
(New Jersey and New York)

Margaret L. MacLaren ’49
152 East 94th Street, Apt. 2B
New York, NY 10128
212-722-0698
Zone A
(Delaware and Pennsylvania)
Nancy Fitts Donaldson ’46
765 East Forge Road
Media, PA 19063
215-565-4043

Adrienne Asch ’69
316 West 104th Street, Apt. 3A
New York, NY 10025
212-864-5668
C. Dante DiPirro ’83
4658 Province Line Road
Princeton, NJ 08540
609-921-8366

Alumni Volunteers Make a Difference
Debra Felix ’83
501 West 121st Street, Apt. 56
New York, NY 10027
212-662-9561

Barbara Starfield ’54
2008 South Road
Baltimore, MD 21209
301-367-8572

Anne Smith Weatherford ’51
Route I, Box 102
Black Mountain, NC 28711
704-669-6293

John W. Harbeson ’60
86 Old Post Road South
Croton-on-Hudson, NY 10520
914-271-9706

David H. Wise ’67
3943 White Rose Way
Ellicott City, MD 21043
301-465-9590

Henry O. Leichter ’48
845 West End Avenue
New York, NY 10025
212-749-1616

Zone E
(Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas,
Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri,
Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio,
Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, West
Virginia, and Wisconsin)

ZoneG
(Alaska, Arizona, California,
Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana,
Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah,
Washington, and Wyoming)

Carolyn Shuler Minionis ’56
82 Rushmore Avenue
Roslyn Heights, NY 11577
516-621-5504
ZoneC
(Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts,
New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and
Vermont)
Lucy Hoisington Carver ’48
R.R. 2, Box 103
Lincolnville, ME 04849
207-338-4200
Robert M. Lippincott ’74
60 Meadowbrook Road
Weston, MA 02193-2406
617-899-6006
Beverly Bruhn Major ’57
R.F.D. 3, Box 631
Putney, VT 05346
802-387-5737
Patricia Imbrie Moore ’55
Off State Road, Box 96
West Tisbury, MA 02575
508-693-6716
Colgate S. Prentice ’49
672 River Road
Westport, MA 02790-5161
508-636-2821

Frank R. Borchert, Jr., ’58
2631 Ashton Road
Cleveland Heights, OH 44118
216-932-7139
Barbara Allen Fuchsman ’63
192 Forest Street
Oberlin, OH 44074
216-774-1804
Allen B. Maxwell ’61
2705 West Jefferson Road
Kokomo, IN 46901
317-452-6965
Nancy Roberts ’76
2616 West 55th Street
Minneapolis, MN 55410
612-927-7536
Peter J. Schoenbach ’62
19519 Shrewsbury Road
Detroit, MI 48221
313-342-4613
Jill Kempthorne Thompson ’73
974 Osceola Avenue
St. Paul, MN 55105
(Unlisted)

Stephen C. Schoenbaum ’62
18 Osborne Road
Brookline, MA 02146
617-734-0790

Zone F
(Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia,
Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi,
North Carolina, South Carolina,
Tennessee, territories, dependencies,
and foreign countries)

Heinz Valtin ’49
Route 1, Box 526, Bradley Hill Road
Norwich, VT 05055
802-649-1838

Peter Calingaert ’52
711 Churchill Drive
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
919-929-3908

ZoneD
(District of Columbia, Maryland,
and Virginia)

Sara Guthrie Geers '56
P.O. Box 232
Cuba, AL 36907
205-392-7017

Carol Ann Dubivsky Becker ’57
12 Fendall Avenue
Alexandria, VA 22304
703-823-4878
Gretchen Gayle Ellsworth ’61
1837 Mintwood Place, NW
Washington, DC 20009
202-483-7981
Thomas E. Simkin ’55
4902 Rock Spring Road
Arlington, VA 22207
703-241-3937

NOVEMBER 1990

Margaret Reno Hurchalla ’62
5775 Southeast Nassau Terrace
Stuart, FL 33494
407-287-0478
William D. Jones, Jr., ’54
1051 Coronado Drive. NW
Atlanta, GA 30327
404-237-7442
Robert N. Stauffer ’45
7 Downshire Lane
Decatur, GA 30033
404-636-5167

Franklin J. Apfel ’67
302 Henry Street
Ukiah,CA 95482
707-463-2473
Ann Baerwald ’60
4938 Alhama Drive
Woodland Hills, CA 91364
818-887-2568

Boulder
Diana Royce Smith ’68
1930 Oak Avenue
Boulder, CO 80302
303-443-8629

Chicago
Mary Schless’81
2553 North Southport, #2R
Chicago, IL 60614
312-549-5340

Hartford
Brendan T. Flynn ’86
22 Farms Village Road
Wethersfield, CT 06109
203-721-9267

Los Angeles
Consuelo Staisey Woodhead ’70
500 Prospect Boulevard
Pasadena, CA91103
818-449-8581

Dana Carroll ’65
498 11th Avenue
Salt Lake City, UT 84103
801-533-0989

New Haven

Carol Thompson Hemingway ’52
250 Moss Bridge Road
Bozeman, MT 59715
406-586-3233

Rikki Abzug ’86
66-15 Wetherole Street
RegoPark, NY 11374
718-896-6225

John F. Humphrie, Jr., ’74
4442 South Morgan Street
Seattle, WA 98118
206-723-9165

New York

Catherine Kapp ’66
1903 2nd Avenue West
Seattle, WA 98119
206-283-2124

Members at Large
Joan Heifetz Hollinger ’61
735 The Alameda
Berkeley, CA 94707
415-528-8504
Alice Handsaker Kidder ’63
239 Randall Road
Berlin, MA 01503
508-838-2586
Lowell W. Livezey ’66
5400 South Eastview Park
Chicago, IL 60615
312-324-7250
Lynne A. Molter ’79
115 Forest Lane
Swarthmore, PA 19081
215-328-8078
Gloria Thomas Walker ’85
745 Baltimore Pike, P.O. Box 1091
Concordville, PA 19331
215-558-1596

Connections
Boston
Virginia Mussari Bates ’73
115 Ashland Street
Melrose, MA02176
617-665-0623

Donald Fujihira ’69
1199 Park Avenue. Apt. 7B
New York, NY 10128
212-722-2741
Rachel Weinberger ’80
878 West End Avenue, Apt. 5D
New York, NY 10025
212 - 222-0211

Philadelphia
Carolyn Morgan Hayden ’83
116 Willow Way
Folsom, PA 19033
215-328-2954

San Francisco
Sohail Bengali ’79
3643 Glenwood Avenue
Redwood City, CA 94062
415-367-1613

Seattle
Constance Gayl Pious ’53
3602 East Schubert Place
Seattle, WA 98122
206-325-4789

South Florida
Craig E. Stein ’78
5700 Collins Avenue, #8M
Miami Beach. FL 33140
305-865-4760

Washington, D. C.
William R. Carroll ’38
4802 Broad Brook Drive
Bethesda.MD 20814
301-530-0459

Amanda Orr Harmeling ’73
108 Chestnut Street
North Reading, MA 01864
508-664-2432
57

1991

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ALUMNI
COLLEGE
JUNE 5 ,6 ,7
The Soviet Union Today:
Challenges and Prospects

Mozart, Jazz, and
Intelligent Listening

The twin policies of perestroika and
glasnost have sparked enormous
changes in the Soviet Union. What are
the challenges facing the Soviet people
and their government? What are the
prospects for the 1990s? Lecturers
include Robert Weinberg (chair),
nationalism and religious revival;
Laurie Bernstein, women’s movement;
Thompson Bradley, cultural change; and
Frederic Pryor, economic reform.

Explore the relationship of composer,
performer, and listener through a
Mozart string quartet and two jazz
compositions involving Charlie “Bird”
Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, and others. Peter
Gram Swing, Daniel Underhill Professor
Emeritus of Music, has designed the
course to teach intelligent listening. It
will culminate in a concert for string
quartet including works by Mozart,
Borodin, and Shostakovich.

Complete inform ation and registration form will be m ailed in fanuary.

Swarthmore College Bulletin, Swarthmore, PA 19081-1397

STRETCH
YOUR
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IN