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EDUCATION IN FRANCE
CONTINUED FROM PAGE 2

hardship for the manufacturers who had
to struggle with competitors in .other
countries having depreciated currencies
Agriculture was practically forgotten and
is today almost a passing industyy. It’ is
a serious question whether Great Britain
could have fqllowed. any other policy.
But it is interesting how different was
the policy of France.’ France _ stabilized
the. franc. at one-fifth of its pre-war
value, thereby practically: legalizing a
capital levy of 80 per cent. This was a
hardship: for the financial classes and the
rentier, or passivé class in economic so-
ciety, but it saféguarded the entrepreneur
and the peasant as the active classes. °

 

 
  
  
 

Moreover, the Frenchman rejoices in
the balance between agriculture ‘and “fn?
dustry that makes his country a far more
self-sufficiig country than Great Britain.
He believes that the marvelous industrial
and imperial expansion of Great Britain
in. the nineteenth century resulted in the
accumulation of great wealth. but at the
expense of an exploitation of the mass
‘of its people. ‘Moreover, he thinks he
has solved great problems which ' still
confront the British, such as the land
question, the relation between church
and state, the dispute between the. lay-
man and the churchman about the school.
Europe passed through a terrible catas-
trophe in the great war. France emerged
victorious. It is true it was with the assist-
ance of her Allies, but. the Frenchman
considers that his institutions stood .the
strain well, that they have justified their
eXistence, and that they should be con-
served. There are. few institutions of
which the Frenchman is more proud
than his system of higher education, the
lycee and the university.

The French Revolution put the middle
class in France in ~control. It
strengthened its control ever since ane
has no intention of relinquishing it. That
control is. maintained largely through ‘the
educational system. The lycee 1s a school

 

‘for the children of the bourgeoisie, is,

organization and its small fee suffice,
generally spgaking, to keep out the chil-
dren of the ouvriers. In France entrance |

to all the professions, to the higher civil} -

service, in fact to the controlling forces |

in social life generally, is via the lycee. |

The movement in favor. of the ecote
unique, which would build secondary
education upon an elementary school
alike in its curriculum, whether it is a
free school or a pay school, naturally |
has the support of the Socialists, but it
is opposed by the middle classes and by
the officials in control of French educa-
tion. It has much less chance of success
than-has the similar movement in Ger-
many forthe Einheitschule. As—-things
look now,’ the system of higher eéduca-
which. the french have great
and a_ satisfaction almost
yamounting to.complacency, will probably
remain unchanged for a long time.

in

This is as true of. the university as of
the lycee. Its organization and adminis-
tration remain largely as before the war
but there has undoubtedly been a great
vitalization of spirit. Moreover, the
tendency ~~ towards” greater” “autonomy

"ed her in 1860, and in 1878 threw her

hen D’Annunzio was a leading spirit.

‘tation.

hast

 

 

 

among thé“provincial-universities- is- quite
pronounced.~as is especially ‘evident
the reorgan.zed university at Strasbourg.
But the developing of the Cite Unie |
versitaire at Paris, where, within a dec-
twenty couniries will “have
erected national houses.for..their__stu- |
dents studyingat the University of Paris, !
will unquestionably tend still further to|
exalt that university as against all the |
other French universities. ‘If the plans |
of the University of Paris are realized,
‘the University wil] not only resume the
place: it had the Middle Agés,. but
will in all probability become the greatest
center of education and culture in the
world.

some

in
STEPHEN 'P. DUGGAN.

Dr. Raiguel Gives Vivid

Impression of Mussolini
Dr. George E. Ratenel, in a brief talk

 

usual crowded Current Events audi-
ence, gave -his own impressions of. the
Fascist dictator on Tuesday evening.
Mussolini’s regime is a “spirithal in-
terpretation: of Italian Nationalism,’
Dr. Raiguel pointed’ out. He had
questioned Mussoliii on this point. “My

in ”

 

regime has nothing to do with politics.
It is the organization which best ex-:
presses Italy,” the dictator replied.

Dr. Raiguel did not ignore the bad
points of Fascism: 1s autocratic con-!
trol of the legislature. its minute regula- |
tion of petty offenders. its aggressive ,
foreign policy. But he tried. to give |
Mussolini’s own conception of his mis- 1
sion in Italy.

u“

 

interpretation of Italy’s attitude to-
wards her natural enemy—Franc&
France, which, she thought, had cheat-

into the arms of the Triple Alliance.
The speaker discribed Italy’s. attitude
in the war, the, accusations that were
brought against her, the dramatic: vic-
tory on the Piavg, which began the
work of freeing fii, from ‘Austrian
armies. ‘* y, wi, e
Dr. Raiguel’s impressions 6f Italy
since the war were given a niore per-
sonal point of view. He was in Milan
in 1921 when there occurred the Fascist
revolt; the revolt of yduth against the
conditions in Italy before Mussolini,

whe

Four years later Dr. Raiguel was able
to measure the.change that’ Mussolini
—cught. Coming down’ from
Stresa he was asked to take,his feet
off the seat, and he saw some other
men pay a fine of ten lira for the same
offense. His baggage was. not lost, his |
compartmént was clean, he saw order |
in the streets and new methods of sani- |
Although he was told this was |
accomplished at the price of graft and
corruption he remembered the dirt and
negligence of the old days and breath-
ed sigh of relief.

In Rome Dr, Raiguel was practically
strangled by, red tape before he got to
see Mussolini. Finally, by arising at
dawn and waiting for hours, it was ac-
complished. Mussolini had been hav-
ing his portrait painted, was bored and
would see him. He went in with pre-
pared questions in order to avoid the
usual pitfalls of “What will happen
when you'die?” or “Have you cancer?
And if not, why not?”

Mussolini said he had not betrayed
but restored the Constitution. The
legislature had* been absolutely — all
functions to itself. The Dictator dis-
tributed them more nationally.

“How do you control the parliament-
ary debate?” the interviewer asked. A
‘flash of autocracy: “The Parliament
discusses what I wish it to.”

 

 

Mussolini explained Ttalian hostility
towards America in terms of the im- |

: : a
migration quéstion. - ~ After three and

four generations. we do not accept an
Italian_as one of us; he is stillean alien,
an outcast: Yet, the Swedish, Dutch
or. Polish immigrants are no_ better,
fistamentally. Mussolini drew a con-
trast between Italians returning from}
Brazil'and from the Argentine... From
the Argentine they return second class
or first, with diamond studs,: to get
the wife and children. ; From. Brazil
‘they come back to stay, empty- -handed,
third class as they went out.

Italiati aggressiveness was explaineda| +

by the. Fascist Dictator French
firmed preparedness. He spoke of the
Tyrolean malconterits as a minority
which ‘nhust become reconciled. Mus-
solini does not approve of minorities.
He is, therefore,.a true democrat, rest-
ing upon the needs and will of the
majority, implacable to minorities, This
is the modern democracy. A political
organization in which the will of all the
people has full scope would be mere},
anarchy. 4, us

Student Travel

It Is Difficult to Interest Ameri-
can Students in Aspects. of
European Life.

 

By Miss Agatha C. Fedak ~

(Note: Miss Fedak is a Hungarian
student of the Language Faculty in the
University of Budapest, She studied
last year in America, and assisted Miss
May.C. Hermes, Eaglish organizer of
student travel, in the work of organiz-4
ing travel for the (N. S. F. A. (National
Student Federation of America). An
effort wiih, So to correct the dif-
ficulty, Miss Fedak points out, by the
formation of a\ “Campus International
Committee” at\each college, with a
chairmafi oe responsible for
knowing about and encouraging the in-
ternational work bei ng done, and serv -
ing as a contact with student’s organ-
izatjons such as, the\ N. S. F.,A.)

“Fhe leading spirit\ -of—our™ century
evidently is integnationalism. We don’t

 

 

 

@

  
   
    
   
 
 
 
 
 
  
 

   

aes | i the co

_will- come to the.st
carton

2.

w. C. FIELDS
Comedian extraordinary
featured in the newest
edition of the “Vanities.”

counsel.
OLD GOLDS.

(SIGNED)

  

The first
college of
Cambridge
University »
was founded
in 1284.
Seven :
centuries of
bistory and
development
bave endowed
this old-world
University
with scenes
and traditions
: that are
intensely
interesting to
American
students.

   

le

q Glorious Adventure
ft OF All ber ical AY Cambridge, the mighty

and modern, is still steeped in the greatness of .
yesterday.-Picture King’s College with its dream
of lace-like vaulting. Venerable“Peterhouse.
Emmanuel, mother of American Universities,
whiclssent'seventy sons to Winthrop in America.

Imagine the loveliness of the Tudor and the
Renaissance—at their best in Cambridge; the
gentle sloping lawns; the world renowned river
Cam; great, old trees... bathed i in a golden sun.

Then leisurely wander to enchanting Ely, the

home of the Watchful Hereward; to Wondrous ~~
- Peterborough, to. Sulgrave of the Washingtons;

to Norwich, Lincoln, York and Durham. The -

entire East Coast of England is a paradise of

excursions.

Cambridge will more than repay a visit.
Write for the free illustrated booklet
No. 8, giving full details and in formation.

H.J. KETCHAM, Gen. Agt., 311 Fifth Ave. N.Y.

ih

London
and North Eastern
esi

OF ENGLAND AN SCOTLAND.

 

 

—__=

her in the 4" row

a

bark has drowned out my best wise-crack.

He isn’t barking on purpose,

He should,

ence with this smooth and throat- -easy_ cigarette, | don’t

  
    

ge door...ihere’sa '

of Old Golds waiting for him!”’

“Of course, I’ve never said the above! But how I’ve been

tempted to, when a heavy bass whoop or a shrill soprano

“But it isn’t good cricket to publicly embarrass a cougher.

He needs quiet, friendly

in confidence, be told. to smoke

“You'll enjoy the show better... and so willl. . . if we can

. just get this tip over'to him. For, from my own experi-

" believe there’ sa cough i ina capacity house-ful of them.”

¢

   

Why not .a cough

in a earload?

OLD GOLD cigarettes are blended from HEART-LEAF to-
bacco, the finest Nature grows... Selected for silkiness
and ripeness from the heart of the tobacco plant...
Aged and mellowed extra long in a temperature of mid-
July sunshine to insure that honey-like smoothness. :

On your Radio... OLD GOLD—PAUL WHITEMAN HOUR

- Paul Whiteman, King of Jazz, with his complete em

orchestra; broadeasts the OLD GOLD hour every Tues-

fms day,
enti

-

from 9 to 10 P. M., Eastern Standard Time, over
re network of Columbia Broadcasting System. ~~...

 

a chocolate...light an Steg Gold..-end- enjoy | both!

«

 

Dr. Raiguel- began with-an historicat———- “— os ecg

 

ESSE, SSDS" eet saosgete seieasceaeeaneea ene

 

SV. Lacliard Ce. at TS “

 
 

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